EEE2001

Network Theory
Module 4
Networks with Periodic Non-Sinusoidal Excitation
L2

Dr. S. Hemamalini
Professor
School of Electrical Engineering
VIT Chennai
 Contents
Networks with Periodic Non-Sinusoidal Excitation

• Trigonometric Fourier Series for Non-Sinusoidal Functions -Circuit Analysis

• Average Power and RMS Values using Fourier Coefficients

• Exponential Fourier Series

• Write the Fourier series for the pulse waveform shown in Figure
 The Effect of Symmetry on the Fourier Coefficients

 Symmetry considerations is a method to know in advance that some Fourier coefficients would be zero
and avoid the unnecessary calculation.
 If the series contains only sine or cosine, it is considered to have a certain symmetry.
 There is a technique for identifying the symmetries that exist.

Four types of symmetry may be used to simplify the task of evaluating the Fourier coefficients:
• even-function symmetry,
• odd-function symmetry,
• half-wave symmetry,
• quarter-wave symmetry.
 Even Symmetry

 The function is symmetrical about the

vertical axis:
f t   f t  (mirror at y-axis)

 A main property of an even function is that:

T /2 T /2

f t  dt  2  f t dt
e e
T /2 0
 Even Symmetry

T = T / 2
 The Fourier coefficients for an even function become:

2 T /2
a0   f t dt
T 0
4 T /2
an   f t cosn0tdt
T 0
bn  0 for all n

 It becomes a Fourier cosine series since bn = 0.

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 Odd Symmetry

 A function is said to be odd if its plot is

antisymmetrical about the vertical axis.
f t   f t 

 An odd function has this major

characteristic:
T /2

 f0 t  dt  0
T /2
 Odd Symmetry
 the integration from –T/2 to 0 is the negative of the integration from 0 to T/2

 The coefficients are:

a0  0 an  0
4 T/2
bn   f t sinn0tdt
T
0
 This gives the Fourier sine series.

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 Properties of Odd and Even

1. The PRODUCT of two even functions is also an even function.

2. The product of two odd functions is an even function.
3. The product of an even function and an odd function is an odd function.
4. The SUM (or difference) of two even functions is also an even function.
5. The sum (or difference) of two odd functions is an odd function.
6. The sum (or difference) of an even function and an odd function is neither
even nor odd.
 Half Wave Symmetry
If the portion of the waveform below the horizontal axis in
Figure is the mirror image of the portion above the axis, the
waveform is said to have half-wave symmetry.

 Half wave symmetry compares one half of a period

to the other half.

𝑓 𝑡 + 𝑇 = −𝑓(𝑡)

 Each half-cycle is the mirror (at t-axis) image of the

next half-cycle.
 Half Wave Symmetry
The Fourier coefficients for the half wave symmetric function are:

 Note that the half wave symmetric functions only

contain the odd harmonics .

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 Quarter-wave symmetry
A function that has half-wave symmetry and, in addition, has
symmetry about the midpoint of the positive and negative half-
cycles.
What type of symmetry?
What type of symmetry?
Consider the ramp function shown in Figure.
a. Does this waveform show symmetry?
b. Determine the Fourier expression for v(t).
c. Verify that the a0 term of the Fourier series is equal to the average value of the waveform.
d. From the Fourier expression, is the ramp function made up of odd harmonics, even harmonics, or all
harmonic components? Briefly justify your answer.