CASTANEDA, Shaina Mae

BSN-1B

CHAPTER 18: F
108.) How do the kidneys help to maintain homeostasis?
By producing and secreting urine, the kidneys extract waste products from digestion
such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine. Sulfate and phenol waste, as well as excess
sodium, potassium, and chloride ions, can be found in urine. The kidneys contribute to
homeostasis by controlling the concentration and volume of body fluids.

109.) How do the kidneys compensate for excessive perspiration?

The kidneys compensate for unnecessary perspiration by lowering the volume of
moisture filtered from the blood. They regulate the blood's water content and thickness,
keeps blood pH stable and Exclude waste materials from the blood.

110.) Explain the part the kidneys play in the regulation of erythrocyte concentration.
When there is a lack of oxygen in the blood, the kidneys release erythropoietin, which
increases erythrocyte concentration. This encourages bone marrow to develop more
red blood cells. Erythropoietin is a protein hormone that is needed for the formation of
red blood cells (erythrocytes), which in turn provide oxygen to all tissues in the body.
The kidney produces this hormone, and its release is regulated by the amount of
oxygen supplied to that organ.

111.) Describe the role of the kidneys in teeth and bone development.
The kidney is the primary organ involved in calcium and phosphate homeostasis
control, which is required for bone mineralization and growth. Moreover, the kidneys
subsidize to calcium homeostasis by regulating the reabsorption and excretion of
filtered calcium through processes controlled by PTH and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.

112.) Why isn’t hemodialysis a perfect substitute for kidney function?

The primary goal of dialysis is to restore compromised renal function. When your
kidneys are impaired, they lose their capacity to effectively extract wastes and extra
fluid from your bloodstream. Nitrogen and creatinine waste accumulate in the
bloodstream.

113.) Explain renal calculi and their treatment.

 CASTANEDA, Shaina Mae
BSN-1B

Kidney stones or renal calculi are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form within
the kidneys. Among the various causes of kidney disease are diet, extra body weight,
certain medical disorders, and certain vitamins and drugs. The bulk of renal calculi are
calcium-based, with urare crystals coming in second. The basic denominator in all forms
of renal calculi is urinary supersaturation. Calcium oxalate stones may form in the renal
papilla in some cases. Most small kidney stones won't require invasive treatment. One
may be able to pass a small stone by Drinking water as much as 1.8 to 3.6 liters a day
will keep the urine dilute and may prevent stones from forming. Unless the doctor tells
otherwise, drink enough fluid to produce clear or nearly clear urine. Anti-inflammatories
or pain relievers in addition, can alleviate moderate pain, the doctor can prescribe
ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, and others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve). Lastly, Medical
treatment may prescribe medication to help pass a kidney stone. An alpha blocker is a
form of drug that relaxes the muscles in the ureter, allowing to move the kidney stone
more easily and with less discomfort. Tamsulosin and the drug combination dutasteride
and tamsulosin are examples of alpha blockers.

114.) How Does The endocrine system aid the kidneys to maintain homeostasis?
Since hormones control the function of body cells, the endocrine system plays an
essential role in homeostasis. A stimulus regulates the release of hormones into the
blood. The stimulation, for example, induces either a rise or a reduction in the amount of
hormone secreted. These hormones, known as natriuretic hormones, cause the kidney
to excrete more water and electrolytes, causing the plasma output to return to normal.
Hormonal processes are also responsible for the homeostasis of nutrients and fuels
needed for body metabolism. By producing and secreting urine, the kidneys extract
waste products from digestion such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine. Sulfate and
phenol waste, as well as excess sodium, potassium, and chloride ions, can be found in
urine. The kidneys contribute to homeostasis by controlling the concentration and
volume of body fluids.

CHAPTER 19: F
182.) Why are meiosis and mitosis so important to human reproduction?
Mitosis and meiosis are both processes in which cells divide to produce new cells.
Meiosis produces the cells necessary for sexual reproduction, while mitosis replicates
non-sex cells required for growth and development. They form the cellular base for
balanced growth and sexual reproduction.

183.) explain why it is so important for a pregnant woman to refrain from taking drugs
and alcohol and maintain a proper diet.
 CASTANEDA, Shaina Mae
BSN-1B

Using alcohol while pregnant, the infant is at risk of developing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum
Disorder (FASD). FASD is the most common recognized cause of childhood
developmental disabilities. Using medications during pregnancy or when breastfeeding
may also be harmful to the baby. Whereas, eating a balanced diet during pregnancy
has been attributed to safe brain growth and birth weight, as well as lowering the risk of
certain birth defects. A healthy diet can also lower the chances of developing anemia,
as well as other painful pregnancy symptoms including nausea and morning sickness.

184.) Explain the significance of the placenta.

During pregnancy, an organ called the placenta grows in the uterus. This structure
transfers oxygen and nutrients to the developing baby while simultaneously extracting
waste products from her blood. The placenta binds to the uterine wall which gives birth
to the baby's umbilical cord.

185.) What is the difference in the supply of the ova and sperm?
At the time of her birth, a woman is born with a certain number of ova, or eggs. She
does not produce any more eggs in her lifetime, but instead loses one or more each
month due to menstruation. A woman cannot use them until menopause. On the other
hand, there is an infinite abundance of sperm which man produces sperm as needed
and can continue to do so until he dies.

186.) Explain the difference between sterility and impotence.

Impotence, also known as erectile dysfunction, is essentially the inability to obtain or
maintain a solid enough erection for sexual intercourse. Sterility, also known as
infertility, occurs when the body does not contain “good” sperm—that is, not enough
sperm is produced, or the sperm does not work properly.

187.) Describe the functions of the male accessory reproductive glands.

Male accessory glands are specialized structures that manufacture fluids necessary for
sperm motility, nourishment, and defense. These are the subjects discussed in today's
lecture. Both of these glands contribute to the production of sperm in males. The male
accessory glands synthesize and secrete a complex mixture of proteins, carbohydrates,
lipids, and amino acids that are transmitted to the female during copulation. The primary
role of accessory gland items is to aid in the movement of sperm to the female.
 CASTANEDA, Shaina Mae
BSN-1B

188.) As women age, a primary change is the onset of menopause. What changes
happen to men?
Men, unlike women, do not undergo a significant, rapid (over many months) decline in
fertility as they age (like menopause). Instead, shifts arise progressively during a phase
known as andropause. The testes are the most affected by aging changes in the male
reproductive system. The density of testicular tissue reduces. Men’s testosterone levels
will normally begin to decline as you mature. According to the Mayo Clinic, testosterone
levels drop by 1% each year after men reach the age of 30. Any medical conditions may
cause testosterone levels to drop sooner or more dramatically.

189.) Distinguish between a gynecologist and obstetrician.

A gynecologist is a doctor who specializes in caring for a woman's reproductive
wellbeing from the moment she has her first menstrual before she reaches menopause.
Every disease affecting the reproductive system, such as those affecting the cervix,
uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, or fallopian tubes. A gynecologist diagnoses and treats
vaginal infections. In addition, A gynecologist can identify and treat problems like
Menstruation irregularity, infections of the cervix, conditions that inflict sex pain,
reproductive system cancers are a form of cancer that affects the reproductive system,
pelvic tissue prolapse, endometriosis, polyps in the cervix and vaginal cavity, Cysts of
the ovaries and Fibroids in the uterus
While An obstetrician is a doctor who specializes in obstetrics, which includes all facets
of maternity care, from maternal to post-natal care. A gynecologist does not carry
infants, while an obstetrician does. An obstetrician may also recommend fertility drugs
to help you get pregnant. Obstetricians are also qualified to deal with maternity risks like
Ectopic pregnancy occurs as the embryo develops outside of the uterus, Fetal
depression symptoms occur when the fetus is not doing well for a variety of causes,
placenta complications, preeclampsia is a medical condition that occurs while a woman
is pregnant and Cesarean section is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby.

190.) Distinguish between a pediatrician and a neonatalist.

The distinction between a pediatrician and a neonatologist is based on their level of
expertise. A general pediatrician sees infants on a daily basis and treats them with a
host of illnesses. Neonatologists are solely concerned with newborns' health and the
causes that can influence their survival and development.