Bio-diesel Implementation

In Indonesia Automotive Sector

Abdul Rochim
South Balikpapan; 17 Juli 2018
Technical committee of Bio Energy - EBTKE
I. Introduction

Plug Hybrid Vehicle

 1.1 Kinds of Biofuel for Automobile (example)
Current Biofuel
for Gasoline
Fermentation
Sugar cane Ethanol
Sunlight CO2 water

Saccarification

Sugar
Corn Fermentation
Buthanol
Pretreatment
Wood, Saccarification Fermentation
・ Propanol
Glass
Waste
・ Ester Current Biofuel for
FAME
Soy Oil Diesel Fuel
Palm Oil Hydrotreat
etc. HVO
Gasoline

Gasification Synthesis Diesel

Synthetic Fuel
Pyrolysis G/D
Liquid

Algae Liquid Fuel

FAME: Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
HVO: Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil
Ethanol
1.2 Bio Diesel adoption Plan in The World (Regulation Base)

Source: JAMA
 1.3 Biodiesel (FAME) Map
Sweden Finland
RME RME
Different types of biomass are used around the world.
U.K.
RME Animal oil These will be more diversified in the future.
Waste
edible oil
Germany
France RME
RME
Sunflower oil Austria USA
Portugal RME Soybean
Waste Czechoslovakia China Waste
Sunflower Jatropha edible oil
oil edible oil RME Japan
Waste edible oil
Spain Italy
Waste edible oil
Sunflower oil
RME The Philippines
Coconut
Jatropha
India
Brazil
Jatropha Thailand
Palm, Jatropha, Soybean
Coconut, waste edible oil Palm
Sunflower
Malaysia Cottonseed
Indonesia
Palm
Palm
Jatropha
Australia
Waste edible oil
Animal oil
Palm (planned) New Zealand
Animal oil (planned)
RME：Rapeseed Methyl Ester Palm (planned)
 1.4 Bio Diesel adoption Plan in Indonesia
1. Based on ESDM (Ministry of Energy Mineral Resources) Ministry Decree
No. 20/7.2014, that for mandatory implementation B20 started since 1st
January 2016, and B30 will implement on 1st January 2020.
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
FAME Content 30%

FAME Content 20%

FAME Content

FAME Content
15%
B30
FAME Content
5 ~ 7.5%
10%
B15
B20
B5 ~ B7.5 B10

2. The Bio-diesel 20% (B20) had been implemented more than 2.5 year, for
automotive this is no big issue on mandatory B20 in year 2016, with
indicated by no big concern after market problem and fuel filter replace
related with utilizing B20 on vehicle.
3. For further support KEN (National Energy Policy), government will continue
to implementation B30 in year 2020  Need to anticipate compatibility
automotive product.
 1.5 Energy Mix Policy in Indonesia

Based on the KEN plan, Indonesia is trying to shift the energy consumption from
“Rely on Oil structure” to “Balanced Mixed Energy Structure” in Future.

Energy Mix Policy (2013, 2025 and 2050 Plan)

2013 2025 2050

Oil Coal Gas NRE (New Renewable Energy)

6% 304 MTOE 20%

87 MTOE
10 MTOE 23% 25% 31%
20%
165 M 380 M
TOE* 50% TOE* 980 M
TOE*
22% 25%
24%
30%
24%

Source: KEN, ADM Energy Sector White Paper 2014

Note: TOE: Ton of Oil Equivalent

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 Problem due to not good handling & Storing Bio-Fuel

15 Source: PT. Freeport Indonesia

 2.1 Possible solutions in Indonesia

Characteristics of biodiesel To be studied in Indonesia

Oxidation Stability requirement

Easy to oxidize and 1 Oxidation stability of Palm is better than other FAME.
deteriorate
 Appropriate oxidation specification is required

MG amount criteria
Palm is more easy to produce precipitate, but
Easy to produce precipitate
particular area is tropical region.
(Derived from raw material)
 Need to clear actual temperature and
Appropriate MG/SMG criteria is required.

Request to the Government

Highly-soluble
Gradual increase of FAME content and announce to
⇒Peeling of sludge(Soap effect)
people before using it.

B20 would be feasible with certain condition.

 2.1.1 RIG TEST
Rig Test was conducted @ Denso Japan Laboratory and witnesses by
Indonesian Government Delegation on: December 3, 2014
RIG TEST RESULT
General Conclusion
• Oxidation doesn’t occur
• Government agreed to revise the standard of OS (Racimat Mthd. 6 hrs.  8 hrs.)
 2.2 Possible solutions in Indonesia

Characteristics of biodiesel To be studied in Indonesia

Oxidation Stability requirement

Easy to oxidize and
Oxidation stability of Palm is better than other FAME.
deteriorate
 Appropriate oxidation specification is required

MG amount criteria
2
Palm is more easy to produce precipitate, but
Easy to produce precipitate
particular area is tropical region.
(Derived from raw material)
 Need to clear actual temperature and
Appropriate MG/SMG criteria is required.

Request to the Government

Highly-soluble
Gradual increase of FAME content and announce to
⇒Peeling of sludge(Soap effect)
people before using it.

B20 would be feasible with certain condition.

 2.2.1 Fuel Quality (B0, B100 & BXX) & Precipitation TEST
B100 PRODUCERS TESTING ACTIVITIES
 Biodiesel Samples MG Chemical B-XX BLENDING
 8 Producers Precipitation Test in Cooling Chamber
High MG ~0.8%
10oC 15oC 20oC 25oC Sim 1 Sim 2
Q1 Average MG

B-100 Analysis
Q3
FUEL STATIONS @ 6 samples
@ 5 samples  Each sample is placed in the separating funnel.
Sample for % Biodiesel
 Soaking packages of 8 samples for 1 week in 4 different
quantity test (fuel station:
temperature conditions (10, 15, 20 and 25 oC), and in
Pertamina)
simulated temperature conditions (reflecting 2 locations).
 Filtering the sample, and weighing the precipitate.
Fuel Station

Precipitation Outdoor Test in 2 Cities

Q3
@ 6 samples

B-XX Analysis
@ 5 samples
Bukittinggi
B0 SUPPLY
 B0 Samples Lembang

Q2
 Each sample is placed in the separating funnel.
 Soaking packages of 8 samples in 2 locations for 1 week.
 Filtering the sample, and weighing the precipitate.
B-0 Analysis
 PROCEDURE OF PRECIPITATION TEST
B-xx samples (100 cc) Compressed air
(at final stage, if necessary)

Melting point :
• Mono-palmitin (MG) :
74oC
100 ml • Mono-stearin (MG) : 70oC
Boiling point :
100 ml
• Petro-ether : 60oC

VACUUM DRYING
(at room temperature)

Petro - ether

WEIGHING
PRECIPITATE

VACUUM FILTRATION WASHING PRECIPITATE

Chambe Outdoor
r
COOLING CONDITIONS
Measuring 100 ml, 11 sample Weighing Pouring Weighing
Empty Funnel 100 ml Sample Sample in Funnel

Cooling Chamber Bukittinggi Lembang

 Pouring sample Process Vacuum Petro Ether
Weighing to filter holder Filter holder Cleaning
Filter Paper

Collecting Precipitation
Weighing Filter Paper + Precipitation to Desiccator
(Dry Condition)
Filter Paper + Precipitation
(Wet Condition)

Process Vacuum in Desiccator

 ANALYSIS & RESULTS
Some Specifications are no t comply
B100 Analysis SNI 7182:2015 requirement

Samples from Producers (B100)

SNI
Property 7182:2015
Limit BKS BTM MDN PKU 1 PKU 2 PKU 3 GRK 1 GRK 2

Acid Number, mg KOH/g 0.6, max 0.581 0.425 0.431 0.615 0.311 0.288 0.147 0.226

Total Glycerin, wt % 0.24, max 0.2308 0.0060 0.0141 0.2595 0.1789 0.1942 0.2670 0.1863

Free Glycerin, wt % 0.02, max 0.0081 0.0022 0.0090 0.0094 0.0129 0.0118 0.0038 0.0034

Water and Sediment Content,

0.05, max <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
vol %

Ester Content, wt % 96.5, min 97.25 99.75 99.78 99.70 99.86 99.86 99.92 99.88

Oxidation Stability, hrs 8, min 17.43 10.60 5.30 42.67 23.75 34.57 30.52 31.88

Max Avg.
MG Content, wt % 0.8, max 0.6548 0.1270 0.0729 0.4139 0.5551 0.3289 0.4324 0.3170

Note :
- BKS : Bekasi; MDN : Medan; BTM : Batam; PKU : Pekanbaru; GRK : Gresik
 Simulation Air Temperatur Lembang & Bukittinggi (2014 ~ 2015) based on BMKG (Minimum)
Lembang : based on Data 2015 ==> 26 July 2015 and Bukittinggi : based on Data 2014 ==> 21 July 2014
Minimum Temperature (°C) on July 2014/2015
Date/Clock 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
LEMBANG 14.7 14.2 14.0 13.6 12.6 12.4 14.2 15.9 17.3 18.9 21.9 23.4 24.3 24.7 24.4 24.0 23.3 22.1 21.0 19.3 16.4 16.2 14.9 14.9
BUKITTINGGI 17.5 17.6 17.6 17.0 16.6 16.3 16.4 18.2 22.2 24.2 25.5 27.1 27.1 27.6 27.5 28.1 28.6 27.5 23.2 20.8 20.0 18.4 18.8 18.6

31.0
30.0
29.0 28.6
28.0 27.6 28.1
27.5 27.5
27.0
26.0 We take the lowest temperature 25.5
27.1 27.1
25.0 24.7
24.0
23.0 condition in Lembang 12.4 o C 24.2
23.4
24.3 24.4 24.0
23.3 23.2
22.0 22.2 21.9 22.1
21.0 21.0 20.8
20.0 20.0
19.0 18.9 19.3 18.8
18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6
17.0 17.5 17.6 17.6 17.3
17.0 16.6
16.0 16.3 16.4 15.9 16.4 16.2
15.0 14.7 14.9 14.9
14.0 14.2 14.0 14.2
13.0 13.6
12.0 12.6 12.4
11.0
10.0
9.0
8.0 LEMBANG
7.0
6.0 BUKITTINGGI
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Graph of Comparison Precipitation at Various Temperature Conditions :

High MG Content (0.8 wt %) Average MG Content (0.3 wt %)

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 Combining The Lowest Temperature & Precipitation Result
High MG Content (0.8 wt%)
0.14
B15 BKS
0.12
Amount of Precipitate, wt %

0.106 B20 BKS

y = -0.0004x2 + 0.0071x + 0.0686
0.10 R² = 0.9793
0.088 B30 BKS
0.08
0.073
y = -0.0002x2 + 0.0047x + 0.0344
0.06 0.062 R² = 0.8807
0.054
0.046 0.048
0.04
0.027 0.030
0.02 y = 9E-05x2 - 0.0055x + 0.0988 0.019
R² = 0.8661 0.012
0.010
0.00
10 12.4 15 20 25
Lembang Temperatur ≥ 12.4 (°C)
Temperature ( C)
MG: 0.8 B30 x=12.4 0.095136 With the trend line correlation
MG: 0.8 B20 x=12.4 0.061928 precipitation vs. temperature of B15, B20
and B30 on High content MG (0.8 wt%)
MG: 0.8 B15 x=12.4 0.044438 @ temperature 12.4 o C
Avg MG Content (0.33 wt%)
0.06
B15 PKU
Amount of Precipitate, wt %

0.05 0.0490 B20 PKU

y = 4E-05x2 - 0.0028x + 0.0719 B30 PKU

0.04 R² = 0.8242
0.0354
0.0324
0.03
0.0240 y = 7E-06x2 - 0.0009x + 0.0329
0.0220 0.0225 0.0225
0.02 0.0186 R² = 0.909
0.0161 0.0152
0.0120
0.01 y = 9E-05x2 - 0.0042x + 0.0555
R² = 0.7434 0.0060
0.00
12.4
10 15 20 25
Lembang Temperatur ≥ 12.4 (°C)
Temperature ( C)
MG: 0.33 B30 X=12.4 0.04333 With the trend line correlation
MG: 0.33 B20 X=12.4 0.022816 precipitation vs. temperature of B30;
B20 and B15 on Average content MG
MG: 0.33 B15 X=12.4 0.017258 (0.33 wt%) @ temperature 12.4 o C
In case B20:
If we assume current B15 with high MG content is suitable condition for Indonesia
circumstance, so for B20 we have simulation data as bellow:
MG Precipitate
B20 MG VS. Precipitate
(wt%) (wt%)
MG Precipitate
B20 High (0.8 wt%) 0.8 0.061928
(wt%) (wt%)
B20 Average (0.33 wt%) 0.33 0.02281632 0.8 0.061928
MG Precipitate
B15 MG VS. Precipitate

B15 High (0.8 wt%)

(wt%)
0.8
(wt%)
0.0444384
? 0.0444384

B15 Average (0.33 wt%) 0.33 0.0172584 0.33 0.02281632

? = 0.8 - [ 0.062 - 0.044 x (0.8 - 0.33)]

0.062 - 0.023
= 0.8 - [ 0.462 x 0.47 ]
= 0.8 - [ 0.217 ]
B20 Proposal:
= 0.583 ≈ 0.58
Maximum 0.6 wt%
In case B30:
If we assume current B15 with high MG content is suitable condition for Indonesia
circumstance, so for B30 we have simulation data as bellow:
MG Precipitate MG Precipitate
B30 MG VS. Precipitate
(wt%) (wt%)
(wt%) (wt%)
B30 High (0.8 wt%) 0.8 0.095136
B30 Average (0.33 wt%) 0.33 0.0433304 0.8 0.095136
MG Precipitate
B15 MG VS. Precipitate
(wt%) (wt%) ? 0.0444384
B15 High (0.8 wt%) 0.8 0.0444384
0.33 0.0433304
B15 Average (0.33 wt%) 0.33 0.0172584

0.095 - 0.044
? = 0.8 - [ 0.095 - 0.043
x (0.8 - 0.33)]
= 0.8 - [ 0.98 x 0.47 ]
= 0.8 - [ 0.461 ]
B30 Proposal:
= 0.339 ≈ 0.34
Maximum 0.4 wt%
Recomendation
1. The precipitation from FAME blended fuel clearly has been observed under real
circumstance in Indonesia especially for “cold cities” condition (in this test we
simulated @ 2 cities : Lembang – Bandung and Bukittinggi – Padang).

2. For implementation B20 and B30 in future, need to improve B100 Spec. (SNI. 7182
- 2015), the specification of Mono Glycerine (MG) content from Maximum 0.8 wt%
becomes :
A. For B20 MG content Maximum 0.6 wt%
B. For B30 MG content Maximum 0.4 wt%

3. Current status for B100 produced in Indonesia, assume based on our proposal:
Samples from Producers (B100)
MG Content, wt % Limit
BKS BTM MDN PKU 1 PKU 2 PKU 3 GRK 1 GRK 2

Result MG Content, wt % 0.6548 0.1270 0.0729 0.4139 0.5551 0.3289 0.4324 0.3170

SNI: 7182 - 2015 0.8, max O O O O O O O O

Recommendation for B20 0.6, max X O O O O O O O
Recommendation for B30 0.4, max X O O X X O X O
 III. Activity For Improving B100 SNI Specification
ITEM ~ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

B30
B20
B15
Regulation Biodiesel B10
Mandatory B5 ~ B7.5
B0

Euro II
Emissison Regulation

SNI 04-7182 - 2006 SNI 7182- 2012 SNI 7182- 2015

B100 SNI Standard
No No Concern due to FAME
Spec concern Concern SNI Specification: SNI Specification:
content < 7.5 % SUlfur 100 ppm Max SUlfur 50 ppm Max
due to ==> Monitoring Target Propper
Acid Value 0.6 mg KOH/g max Acid Value 0.5 mg KOH/g max
FAME B100 SNI Spec
0% Phosporus 10 ppm Max Phosporus 4 ppm Max
for B30
OS Racimat 6 hrs OS Racimat 8 hrs
MG Content None MG Content 0.8 Mass % Max

Gaikindo Proposal for Proposal Toward B20:

SUlfur 10 ppm Max
improve B100 Spec New Proposal
Acid Value 0.5 mg KOH/g max
Phosporus 4 ppm Max based on test
1) OS Racimat 8 hrs result ???
3) MG Content 0.35 Mass % Max

1. Conduct Injector Rig Test @ Denso Japan

Support Test for getting
data. 2. Conduct 100.000 km Endurance Test Need additional test:
1. Expanding Precipitate Test
3. Conduct Precipitate Test 2. Rig Test Fuel Filter clogging
3. Euro IV Test
4. Endurance 100.000 km for B30

Improving SNI B100 needed when increasing bio-diesel blending content

 Developing B100 SNI Specification
No Property SNI 04-7182-2010 SNI 7182 : 2012 SNI 7182 : 2015
1 Density @ 40°C, kg/m3 850 - 890 850 - 890 850 - 890
2 Viscosity @ 40°C, cSt 2.3 - 6.0 2.3 - 6 2.3 - 6.0
3 Cetane number, min 51 51 51
4 Flash Point, °C, min 100 100 100
5 Cloud Point (CP), °C, max 18 18 18

6 Copper corrosion, 3hr @ 50°C, merit (class), max No. 3 No. 1 No.1
Carbon residue 100% (CCR), wt%, max, or 0.05 0.05 0.05
7
Carbon residue 10%, wt%, max 0.3 0.3 0.3
8 Water and Sediment %-vol. 0.05* 0.05 0.05
9 Distillation Temperature T90, °C, max 360 360 360
10 Sulfated Ash, wt%, max 0.02 0.02 0.02
11 Sulfur, ppm, max
Some properties 100 100 50
12 Phosphorus, ppm, max
have been improved 10 10 4
based on Indonesia
13 Acid value, mg KOH/g, max 0.6 0.6 0.5
circumstance
14 Free Glycerin, wt%, max 0.02 0.02 0.02
15 Total Glycerin, wt%, max 0.24 0.24 0.24
16 Ester content (concentration), wt%, min 96.5 96.5 96.5
17 Iodine number, g/100g, max 115 115 115

18** Helphen Test Negative ---- ---

Oxidation Stability Rancimat method, minute, min --- 360 480

18
Oxidation Stability PetroOxy, minute, max --- 27 36

19 Monogliceride % - Mass, Max --- --- 0.8

Note:
* Possibility conduct seperate test with content of Sediment Max. 0.01 %-volume.
** Property No.18 on SNI 04-7182-2006 was changed from Halphen Test become Oxidation Stability Test
IV. JAMA Stance Point of B20
http://www.jama.or.jp/eco/wwfc/pdf/FAME_JAMA_Supplementary_Position_Statement_December2016.pdf
 Quick Report FGD Utilization of Biodiesel 30% (B30)

Meeting Information
Day/Date : Tuesday ~ Thursday, 19~21 December 2017
Place : Bandara International Hotel - Tangerang
Purpose : Gathering information research for B30% came from stakeholder (academy,
Government research, and industry) to make roadmap implementation B30 on 2020.
Attendances : ESDM, ITB, GAIKINDO, BPPT, APROBI, IKABI, and PERTAMINA

Summary of FGD B30:

1. Result and recommendation researcher (stakeholder) for implementation B30 in year 2020 as bellows:

No Institution Suggest/Recommendation for Implementation B30 in year 2020

1 ITB /IKABI To implement high concentration biodiesel >B20 needed biodiesel with high performance, research in Indonesia should be go to
(Pak Tatang H) research for high performance biodiesel, in case of Thailand using H-FAME but still expensive. Mr. Tatang propose some technology
to make high performance biodiesel with low cost, now still under study in ITB.

2 PERTAMINA PERTAMINA present their research regarding HVO (biodiesel high performance), but still high paraffin content, need trial demo plan
to know their capability to product HVO (production scale).

3 BPPT-BT2MP BPPT collaborate with Pertamina and Toyota make study regarding alternative combination B30 between base fuel, FAME and HVO.
The result are B30 have tendency to reduce emission CO and HC but increase NOx, with additional HVO in B30 can improve
performance and fuel consumption. The recommendation from team are need to continue study B30 for Euro 4 emission and
research based fuel effect to improve B30 quality.

4 LEMIGAS Need study for Solar 48 spec for B30 by change FAME content and additional parameter CFPP and Cleanliness. Need study for
handling and storage B30 and need conduct Road test before implementation B30.

5 TOYOTA Propose MG content for B30 should decrease for 0.8 % MV become 0.4 % MV, and inform JAMA research regarding effect
precipitation if using high blend HVO more than 20% content, need improve HVO with isomerization process.

6 HINO Hino conduct research for Euro 4 emission with result only spec fuel Euro 4 and JIS#2 have pass but another fuel spec fail, high sulfur
content cause increase emission. Hino recommendation to conduct test Euro 4 with B30 spec.

7 BPPT-Expert B30 specification need conduct some evaluation before Road Test, compatibility material study needed before implementation B30,
(Pak Imam P) need improve B100 specification, and need improve handling and storage guidance to avoid problem on implementation timing.
 Proposal Revision SNI Biodiesel (FINAL COMPROMISE SPECK B100 for B30 blend)
No Test Item Dimension min/maks Limit Value Note
1 Density 40 °C kg/m3 850 – 890
2 Kinematic Viscosity 40 °C mm2/s (cSt) 2,3 – 6,0
3 Cetana Number min 51
4 Flash Point (mangkok tertutup) °C, min 130
5 Copper Corrosion (3 hr @ 50 °C) nomor 1
Carbon Reside
6 - in original sample; or %-massa, maks 0,05
- In 10% distillation residue 0,3
7 Distillation Temperature 90% °C, maks 360
8 Sulphated Ash %-massa, maks 0,02
9 Sulphur mg/kg, maks 10
10 Phosphor mg/kg, maks 4
11 Acid Value mg-KOH/g, maks 0,4
12 Free Glycerol %-massa, maks 0,02
13 Total Glycerol %-massa, maks 0,24
14 Ester Metil Content %-massa, min 96,5
%-massa
15 Iodine number 80
(g-I2/100 g), maks
Oksidation Stability
Rancimat Induction Periode Method 600
16 minute
or
Petro Oksi Induction Periode Method 45
Will be confirm with
17 Monogliserida %-massa, maks 0,6
Road Test Result
18 Water Content (moisture) mg/kg, maks 400 ASTM D 6304
19 Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP) °C, maks 15 Based on Lemigas Test Result
20 Metal I (Na + K) mg/kg, maks 5.0
21 Metal II (Ca + Mg) mg/kg, maks 5.0 40
22 Contaminant Total mg/liter, maks 20 EN 12662/ASTM D 5452
 Summary

1. The mandatory of B20 biodiesel had been implemented since

January 1st, 2016, until now we still keep monitor on the market.
2. For implementation B20, to avoid potential technical problem,
the biodiesel should comply with B100 specification based on SNI
7182 - 2015.
3. Not only good specification of bio-diesel need, but and good
handling until end of customer and storing method must be
concerned, need technical guidance as standard to keep good
quality of bio-diesel it self.
4. JAMA (Japan Automotive Manufacturer Association) had state
their position regarding B20 implementation in Indonesia.
5. To introduce B30 in year 2020, needed improving SNI B100 by
conduct such kind technical research at least same activity on
B20.
 THANK YOU

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