om September, 1969 nys Journal of the HYDRAULICS DIVISION Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers FLOOD WAVE MODIFICATION ALONG PRISMATIC CHANNELS ‘By Giampaclo Di Silvio! wTRoDUcTION Several exact methods have heen developed to predict the modification of a flood wave propagating along a chansel (25; all these methods are based on the numerical solution of the partial differential equations of gradually varied ‘unsteady flow, also known as De Salat Venant's equations Weo cee tee eee @D Milo ye Tore mere eration of a 3 commer paras ae ben Pe ey np te ee “Eek ety Lager taeda et 9 sai ae pecaric tn ioe a mee Sigraton Spe Wace rica css Sesto ret See ae ee prt cto eee Se tT Cee pi el it hprua etcneptle SES pretnat opens he secede wre hoe? aah drm Papa ti ect tl y's ec 4/2 nrc dace artnet eter nt are ain tata ati aris in ve ppg sn cane soos Re Ser ig Sato ye wnbes tes Oe ee any odaton oe peat chanelor sane woe mote inp rp cnet wines “rat ioe ie we dnd Palas Sega pa Seer ae ne Soon wlan shen: ere 1880 a8 Sp cee : Pees)1890 September, 1969 ays methods, based on the “storage equation,” also neglect all dynamic effect And, when applied to regular channels, practically coinlde with te Kinematic wave approach, Tn the case of prismatic channels without lateral inflow, several solutions of the De Saint Venant's equations have been developed imposing atierent Simplifying assumptions, Most of these approximate solutions are based upon a linearization of Ba, 1, whieh ia valid only for small perturbations with respect to the base flow (is{16,21 and 22), and do not apply to large flood waves. ‘For waves of faite auplitad, other aolution (37,12) have been obtained by neglecting some terms of the dynamic equation and making diferent as~ sumptions for the wave-crest shape. These solutions show a subsidence of the propagating wave and provide approximate formulas forthe attenuation ate, 1 the following sections, long waves of any regular shape and amplitude propagating over a pre-existing uniform flow are considered. If none of the ferme of the dynamte equation are neglected, it will be pointed out that at tenuaion is not always to be expected, and a criterion will be atated tod criminate between attenuating and amplifying waves. Subsoquently, the hypothesie stating thatthe wave has, and keeps, a tri- angular shape along {le propagation will be made, With tis ypothes {is Possible to develop an approximate solution giving the attenuation oF amplifi- ation ofthe wave peak, as wellasthedeformation of itstriangular shape, wit Feepect to time, WAVE-CELERITY AND PEAK MODIFICATIONS Inthe past contory (912,20) has teen shown that, during a flood, a given ischarge @ propagates downstream with a celerity 29 This eqaton follows immediately from Bay when 40+ Sac» arno that is, when one moves following @ constant discharge, Q. During the flood, 18 the relationshipin a given tection © of the aischargean the erons-sectional area is known, the celerity ofeach part of the wave can be evaluated €= (8) oo eeese tener eeeee tees In the kinematic-wave approach, @ = Q(4) is supposed to be 2 fixed, known ‘eationship givenby theaiscnarge rating curve under uniform flow conditions Ie must be emplasized, however, that If ine section the discharge rating curve remains unchanged during foot, the hydrograph passes through the section withoutany peak variation. As a matter of fact, any discharge (includays FLOOD WAVE MODIFICATION 1501 Ing the peak discharge) should propagate downstream with a finite celeity fetal to the slope of the uniformiflow curve @ = QU) at the corresponding ‘Sage, so that the wave will eventually deform, but ot attemate or ampli. Tn ealty, the relation @ = Q(A) during the passage of the wave Is bot &x- actly equal tothe unlform-flow eutve, Because the presence of dynamic terms hoglected in the kinomatic-wave approach, the discharge corresponding to fiven stage is, in general, efferent during the rising limb and the receding fone. The result is that ihe diseharge-rating curve in unsteady conditions Shows the well known loop which ia Ne cause of the wave attenuation or ame plication. Ifthe discharge in the {roa of the wave is larger than the cor Fesponding discharge in the rear, the wave Is spread out and the peak 1s, lowered; conversely, if the discharge inthe rear is larger than in the front, the wave is compressed and the peak is raised. In the following paragraphs the discharge rating curve in unsteady flow condition will be examined and a eriterion wil be achieved for recognizing attenuating and amplifying waves. GENERAL FORM OF DISCHARGE RATING CURVE TN PRISMATIC CHANNEL: LOOP ‘The discharge rating curve of a channel section isthe relationship between ausckarge and geometric characteristice ofthe section, ‘This Telationship Is ven by an equation of the type 1 the flow is uniform, it follows from Eq. 2 that Sy = 5, and the relationship Detween area and discharge Se Gloom me 4 cece In penrlcte srr ten i ir om Bt he relay tose nd sks oe [E(B EB ee BYP ore wor sna A joint orm hs rtp may te wien contra ube et ey iad ta ee pee eee ena (S28 BT" A) — Tor a given cross sectional shape, the ratio R/Ry depends upon the ratio A/ Ap therefore, after having chosen the conatanta m And Py QL [yA (m1 a, ee A ty Sf en wea” 4) a in whieh thefunton /(A/Ap)i8acharactriaticot each cross ection shape 1.11 i the relattonahip between ondimensonal ares and caehange In1592 September, 1960 ays civon section of the channel during the passage of a given wave; ie, tis the equation of the loop drawn on the plan @/ Versus AVA "Two typical loope are sketched in Fig. 1, together with the corresponding hydrogeaps, Q = Q(), Exch point of the 1oop fs marke bythe time in whieh the corresponding discharge andarea are crossing the section, and, in partic= lar, the points ty, fg, ty correspond Tespectively to the Ume in which tie ‘maximum area, 1., maximum depth, the maximom discharge and the maxi~ ‘mum velocity are passing. is possible to recognize that the time runs along the oop eousterclock 4, HIG, 1.-L.00P OF THE DISCHANGE RATING CURVE AND CORRESPONDING [BYDHOGHAPHS FOU: () APTENUATING WAVE, AND () AMPLIFYING WAVE wise f the ware is decaying and clockwise if the wave is amplifying. At the lime ¢ = fg (maximum discharge flowing through the section), ves 29 = aus 03) {in which dQmay/d 18 the modification rate along the channel of the maximum Tocal discharge; thi value will be negative ifthe waves atteniating and pos itive Ifthe wave is amplifying; aecordingly, using Bq. 1, it wil be ound thatays FLOOD WAVE MODIFICATION 1599 the respective cross-sectional area increases (!4 > (for attenuating waves, and decreases (tq « fg) for amplifying waves ATTENUATING AND AMPLIFYING WAVES Because the quantities 2h/A, (X/f) (20/8) and (o/t) (20/8) are generally unknown, the exact determination of the Toop can be achieved, of course, only by the complete solution of Eqs. 1 and 2; however, a good representation of te loop ean be achieved. Firat evaluate the flowing discharge in the middle of the wave, Lc, the Instantaneous discharge corresponding tothe cross-sectional area, ae Anp ae voeteeeceeeeeee From continuity Bq. 1 i follows that . os sees 08) 1s the slope of te already mentioned loop (onthe plane A versus @) which de Seribes what happens ina given section, x, ataiferent times. ‘On the same plane 4 versus Q, an analogous Loop can be. drawn whlch do- seribes what happens ata given time, f, inthe different sections of the chan hel; the slope ofthis second loop isthe value In the second parenthesis SA Be -(B) ce vee 1 ed tt hte athe wave comely ecb a amy Ceiba ft at gp enh dantedy wate san wll) & ly Sting te ascond ye enc ted yrs The fn of open cvrlted ns sont way. Howeer, fr tne abed ang stew ee leer aon id tno sary cea he loge tn ile os enh nore Stel the earesonig seo te uiormtow tan cave, O80) ‘a, of eure entre whe fo nd a htop oft ry owen te Ya than a) ay sate ie esd ot) ‘tue saint arn or el ther, hverr, canbe won at (G2), @), « (2), an 19 5,11 become:1594 September, 1968 nys Q_ Ay (é [i Q{aA\ P) 8Q\uP ‘A as) E(B AL-SL- SANE Bow oe (89) <0 eee cccccceccsseeeseestesseeeeees am {in which o isa characteristicof the section shape and friction formula, defined 3 o= Bs.) : eo) forthe usual erous-secional shape, te vue oa pstive vl, ang- {ne from 0,0 O1; bt nie etre uppor pat else esto I ay a= Eno teame ae ig hs meanes wet P(A) enenee an @ fie phe [dats a ws la] “the value of 90/88 postive onthe rising lim and neptive on the receding Limba the wave. Therefore, the discharge duringthe rising limb wil Belanger than the corresponding ullorm flow discharge i (ote <1 ceceeeeeeseeeeeceeeesese (28) ‘Under thls condition i 1s alsotruethat the discharge duringthe receding limb is smaller than the ‘uniform discharge: j.¢., the time runs along the loop countercloclvise, which means thatthe wave is atfenuating. On the contrary, « (Fofgea > cette eeteeeeeeeeee (8) the time runs along tho lop clockwise, and the wave is amplifying, ‘The conditions are thet established under which a food wave can amplify (e., increase its maximum discharge) as t propagates downstream. Whi 11s true that in an open section channel below the critical conditions (F< 1) the wave invariably attenuates, the possiblity exists for amplification ofthe ‘wave flowing sufficiently above the critical conations In a relatively shallow ‘hannel Or near tho upper part ofa closed section, ‘The condition expressed bythe inequalities of Ege. 22 and 25 is practically Independent of the form of the wave provided it Father regular. ‘Ts con- dition is equivalent to the “stability criteria” obtained in other ways by many Authors for an infinitesimal disturtance (6,614.9 and 24). Indeed, when the ‘ondimensional quanity F9 ie referred to the base flow, it ie known as the “Voderatkoy Number” of the uniform stream, aa it se called by the Russian authors (16). For a wave of finite amplitude, however, the “Vedernikov num=ays FLOOD WAVE MODIFICATION 1805 bor* should be referred to the middle of the wave height, as was done previ= DISCHARGE RATING LOOP FOR TRIANGULAR WAVES Rill now be aasumed that the hydrograph @ = Q(t) in any section of the ‘cuannel ean be fitted by a triangular shape. In this case (Pig. 2) the inverae of celerity (4/dQ)y varies linearly withthe discharge, 0; this means that the % wh f S & lave . (GRAPIIG OF: (a) ATTENUATING WAVE; AND (9) AMPLIFYING WAVE ~ {ro limbs of the corresponding loop on the plane @ versus A must be two ‘ranches of a parabola having its axis parallel to the axis. ‘Under these assumptions, the maximum discharge and maximum cross sectional area tend to occur at the same Instant, that i, at the wpper inter Section of the two parabola ‘AL this instant, a discontinuity will occur on the slope of the loop, that is on the celery ofthe wave at the tro sides of the crest. However, ifthe I00p is rather narrow, there should be itl difference between the two celerities1596 September, 1960 ays and they should not differ slnificantly from the value 40/4), ofthe uniform flow curves The same will be true for the loop describing what happens along fhe ehannel ata given instant in short, if each bydrograph were tobe replaced by a triangular shape, the same approaimation valid in the middle of the loop, namely (9), = (88) (Dy reece reece would be utilized at the top, a8 wel ‘Owing to the discontiuty of 99/2, calculating the discharge onthe op by means of Eq. 21, fo diferent soltions valid at each of the two sides ofthe Denk will be obtained. In otter words, the same peak discharge should flow {hrough the section vith two efferent depths, that is with e step onthe water surface just at the top of the wave. Ttscems reasonable to suppose that the fetual depth will have the mean value of these two; therefore, one ean write the following expression forthe peak discharge Bt ms [P| (FM), Ci) In writing Ba, 25, the quantity raised to 1/p power was linearized, ance the {deviation trots the weiform flow conditions ia relatively atl! (aanTow loop). ‘Alter Bq. 25, the peak discharge is alvays larger or smaller than the corre~ {ponding uniiorm flow diecharge, according to whether the rising dvration of the wave is shorter or larger than the receding one. ‘Bq. 25 permits calculating the value of the mastimum discharge in a given section ifthe maximum depth and te duration of each limb are ksown. Owing to the narrow loop, the values af @ and P Inside the brackets ean be well re= placed, inthe computations by the corresponding values for the ualfor flow ‘Finally, from Bg. 21, rewrite the expression giving the discharge at the smidale of the loop (4 = A) Boho te [TS] Flea ) es Sb ww late) Bl (A) em for the receding Im, in both of which the quantity raised to 1/p power has Deen linearized, In conclusion, inthe ease of triangular hydrographs, the loop willbe com- posed of two branches of a parabola passing through three known plats: at base fow, at the miadie ofthe wave and at the peak. Knowledge ofthe loop sn given soetion implies inovledge of the celerity at each point ofthe wave, fd consequenty the rate of deformation ofthe wave inthis section, nthe following paragraph, the rate of deformation ofa triangular wave tn ‘given section wll be calculated afterward, an atlempt will be made to inte=ays FLOOD WAVE MODIFICATION 1807 grate this deformation rate to predict the shape of thehydrograph at any sec- tion downstream. DEFORMATION RATE OF TRIANGULAR WAVE ‘Assume on the plane @ versus f the trlangular hydrographs atthe sections sand v + dx (Pig. 2). ter the astance ds, owing to the diferent celerity of ius point, the nydrograph will be deformed. It is possible, in general, to di Lunguish trokinds of deformation: a distortion of the wave that i a variation of the ratio between rising and receding limb) andan atensation or ampliien- tion of the peal "The distortion is de tothe different celerity between the upper part and tae Lower part ofthe wave. As the ypper part is uevally traveling faster, the ratiobetween the rising and recedinglimbs becomes smaller andsmaller and In te absence of attention, the rising Limb should tend to be steeper and stoeper up the breaking. A") ean oN \\ Ay |p ale ITS A> i FN Flo, 3, 1 . feet cy Consequently, the curves in Figs. 4, 5,6, T,and 8 havebeen assembled indif= ferent graphs accordingto the prevailing attenuation or distortion the waves, ‘Note tia all the curves onthe gragha havebeen discontiaued and marked by a ot at the Instant in which duration of either mm becoties zero; this instant vill be called “breaking point” as i givea a rough idea ofthe time apent by ‘rave before breaking; however, the De st. Venan’s equations do not spply any longer when the wave approaches the breaking conditions and streamline cur~ vature and vertical velocity become importa. ‘A second interesting regult is that a5 long as the wave ie far enough from ‘he breaking point, the peak discharge of the wave a only slightly affected by le deformation ratio value. In other words, all the curves giving Py/P are _guite close to the one marked by D = 0, regardless of the different values of _This result permits obtaining a simple formula for calculating the wave= peak attenuation and amplification. As'a mater of fact, when D = 0, the sy fem of Eqs. 51 and 52 becomes ar (a4 i. 6(4- #) . veces 8) om (aa a(h- 3) coven ‘he rltonship etveen pe charge an ine wl » E . ) which is the equation of the curves marked D = 0 in Figs. 4, §, 6,7, and 8, Jn a strict sense, this equation is validly for waves whieh fel no istortion 0), which is true only If the uniform-flow curve @ = Q(A) ls a straightHyS FLOOD WAVE MODIFICATION 60 ling; stappears onthe graphs, however, that Bq. 60 may approximately be used to predict the peak variation (provided the waves are sot too close to thelr breaking point) regardless of the value of deformation ratio D. Before closing this ection ote thatthe most questionable pointof the sug~ ested procedure is the assumption that waves eop a triangular ahape along fhetr propagation. A number of natural hydrographs, however, are quite well fitted by a triangular shape, at least in their main body, and this condition 1s {generally maintained as they propagate downstream, AB will be shown inthe fet section, 2 comparison with experimental tests shows that the tlangular traves caleuated with thie procedure at afferent times mateh satistactorly ‘vith te actual ones, though not exactly triangular. COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ‘The experimental results used for this comparigon are dravn from an savestgition performed at the Hydeaulle Research Station of Wallingford, England (2). “Phe teats were performed on a 300-f Length of 3-in. nominal pipe, and ‘cover a wide range of condition (pipe slape, base-tlow depth, wave-peak ‘charge, duration of wave), up toa tal of 144 runs, "Por brevity, nly 15 runs are taken into consideration here, namely those ‘TABLE 1.-SERIES CHARACTERISTICS Op ineabio | dy incu | Py se cao eth series | 5 | site Seema | tet per cect | tcf per secant | F| conte o |e w wm | o | 3 |e ater cra [ie | having the bae-flow depth 0.28 times the diameter, and having the inital wave~ eal dep of about 0.8 times the diameter ‘During the experiments the peak depth has been measured (together with the time of passage) in five diferent section, located at distances of 7.5, (1.514, 127. 187.5 and 247.8 t from the pipe entrance. In the graphs of Fig, 9, the Ue ie measured starting from the instant in which the maximum {iacharge entered the pipe "The shape of the iltial hydrographs was atsally trapezoidal, with equal ‘duration{or rising and receding ime and witha dvell atthe peak one eleventh fof the overall period however, for the calculation of the wave attenuation ac~ ‘cording to Bq, 00, the inital hydrographs have been considered tohave a sym= metric triangular shape, with the same volume and the same peak discharge a the actual ones. ‘As the experitiental fullspipe dhechange was available for each run, the depth corresponding tothe Sati peak discharge has been computed according {othe uniform-flow relationship (after the Manning formula) provided by Tale 2'in Append I. Subeequenty, by means of Table 2, the attenuation coefficient at the middle of the initial wave bas then been computed and directly used inthe a. 00, regard September, 1969 ays of his variation during the wave propagation, Finally, the peak dlacharges obtained by the Ba. 60 have been converted intopea dea (again according to the uniform-fow telationship) and compared with the exe perimental measurements, ‘The 15 runs are grouped in five sertes, marked by a different value ofthe & oof ees : ‘slope; furthermore, as all the waves of each series have approximately the same initia peak discharge, each series Is also marked by the same Frovde fsumber and attenuation cocifictent, The characteristic quantities of each series are indicated in Table 1; three diferent waves were tested in each series, with initial durations of about 75 seo, 40 se and 20secays FLOOD WAVE MODIFICATION 1009 In Fig.9, showing bothcalculated andexperimental results, the significance of the attenuation coetfictent S@ confirmed, As a matter of fact one may see that the lager Ie the ratio a/, the faster is the wave attenuation, "The agreement between calculated apd experimental results appears to be generally good for all Tuns, and alwaye within the tolerance of the measure= sont of po depth (bout 0,05 alam), Surprisingly, however, the agreement 4s atl good for the waves marked by high values of a/7,, (ive, with a wide oop in the discharge rating curve), for which the suggested approach Is sup posed to fall. Comparison vith experiments (18) has been made also. Note ‘that in these last experiments the base flow was not exactly unlform, so that1810 September, 1969 ays theory is somewhat strained also in this case, however, Eq. 60 gave all the same natisinctory rewults, coxeLusions 1. By manipulating the De St. Venant’s equations, the general form of the ‘ischarge rating curve in channel for nonuniform unsteady flow has been deduced. 1thas been recognized that any Long weave, propagating over a pee {existing uniform flow, may atteneate as well at amplify ‘teelf depending on a parameter (characteristics of the wave itself) that has the same form of the So-called Vardenikor number, 2, Inthe case of triangular waves, a set of graphs has been dedeced and may be used to predic, in me, the atensation (or amplification) of given ‘wave, its distortion and eventuaily its breaking. The wave behavior ie sil {taneously controlied by two parameters called “attenuation” and "distortion oetticient 3. A more approximate but simple formula has been deduced to caleulate ‘he peakattonuation oramplification, ot dependingon te distortion coeficient 4s comparison tas been mado between experimental results and te 30 lution provided bythe preceding formula; agreementappears satisfactory, al~ ‘hough actual waves are not exactly triangular a supposed in the theory ACKNOWLEDGMENT ‘This work was done with the support ofthe Engineering Research Center ¢ Colorado State University, and the writer acknowledges with gratelul ap Dreciation the help of Jocalya Brewer inthe computer program. APPENDIX I.—GHOMETRIC AND HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS (OF CIRCULAR CHANNEL SECTION ‘To facilitate the computations for the waves in part-fullplpes, aome geo metric and hydraulte characteriati ofthe elneular channel section are Supe plied inthe following section, assuming tht the Gauekler-Striekler-Aaaning formula is valid, For different values of the filling angle, a, the following quantities in the uniformfiow conditions are givon asa funeiton of the fullspipe discharge, ‘Gp, and the pipe diameter, 22 water depth 2 = 3 (1 - cos $) 5 ~ Wotted area ft = 3p. aging (62) Hydrate radius # = 3 (1 - 2i2-#) (63) votcy = (1 #2) °ays FLOOD WAVE MODIFICATION renweit September, 1960, ays bist @ =(1- sa)" aga ‘o inematic-wave celerity 2 3 (a= sin ayisin a = a cos 0) p £- route mnber TE wy tie g)- iE) APPENDIX Il “REFERENCES at ME Btn nodaton othe MethadofCharseriis, Ameian Evi Pabihing Contec New Var 2 Atle Ps and Haron, A.J. M.A of Fld Waves in Pal Pp” Pred Beton el haya Cale "Note sr Is Prsion des Cr” Paper No.3, Ama der Pot Chow, at S.Crapa, "The Cerone Psy of Rove Farman US, Natl Buena 6. Dre, RF and Poble, VF. “Resistance Elects on Hy rac Isai.” Interscience opti Waremaks, Vol eeNo. 1s 1998 1 Gia Flood ouing Eager ly, ete by H, Rowe New Yor, ohn Wi nd Son, 1950, 9 Gin M.A. Frat dali, rinse Naina, Pri 18 10-Mendeon St. "Paod Wane Pama Coane Jornal othe Hydra Divo, ASCE Val 9, N@, HY, Pow Pape aly, Np. 3-67 "Rega 6 Pats rin fy Plow Step han 12 kite, “oie dy Mouvement Nonpermasen Ou Lids” Paper No, 48, Aanaler der "Lil Mind Whitham GB, “On Kinetic Wass J, Fad Movement ia Lon Rr" Proceeds, Royal Sci of Londen 4239, 158 14 Ma,’ Amerssemen ds Iumecence,” Reve Goede Hydaulge, Vl 's Mishel 1S "Comparton of Mathematica! Vers Experimental Food Wave Ateneton inays FLOOD WAVE MODIFICATION eis orl igi psn he Calor St sve in 7, ur alien 16 Monts La Formason Spnines de Tren! (Onde Canla Penna Molo Fare” 17 un SS the Una eS Flo Sim rant te ed ot Sal); Poof Siar Hae, Mean Vo We 19 Sohne J.C "Dion of Lane Wave Egcibum sd Sai,” Internationa Asoc ‘oem pwn Uta aS 5 ‘Rahs Po ASCE, NL 3 Sip“ Popprin il Cnt Nea fore Sr Vo. 2. Ne 490 BSG: Ss ena taser C= cern sana sept Rn ‘Chat Madoran rd Sees Ses a Sh Pa Sd 24 Neraenion, VV Mini J. Vand Plapor, MV Newanovincels diene ode ‘etnies NURS Mtoe ih 21 Sep NMS el Dil id ewig Mots an Use Foe i chan" Cee! Sry Waray eer, Wagan, U's Goran Fost ie APPENDIX IL. -NOTATION "The following symbols are used in this paper: sectional area; sectional area ofthe fll channel; a Sectional area ofthe bate flow; a ctonal ares at the peak; a sectional area atthe middle of the wave; 4 = altemuation coettcient (constant along the propagation); 4 = atlenuation coefficient measured atthe peak o the initial wave; 4 attonntion coffitent measured at the middle ofthe initial wave; 2 = wath of free surface; = wave celeritys 6, = eelerty ofthe mean discharge (@y + @5)/25 Cy = eelerity of the peaks C= celerity of the wave-foct on the front; (0 = lerity of the wave-foot on the Tears ‘elerty ofthe wave-top on the front elerty of the wave-top on the Feary Aistortion coefficient (constant along the propagation); ‘istortion coefficient measured at the mide ofthe Inthal wave; Getormation ratio; Froude number 1@E7ER; rarity acceleration; meadesis September, 1969, ays fh = water depth; 1 = constant nthe friction formula depending onthe roughness of the chan- el (Or instance, K = 1.48/n in the Manning formula) im = constant inthe friction formula (for instance, m = 2/9 inthe Manning formula; Teslatance coefficient inthe Manning formula; Deak discharge above the base flow; {nal peak discharge above the base flow; Constant in the fietion formula for Instance, p= 2 inthe aning flscharee: fischarge ofthe fll chan! tmnse-flow atsenarge; peak discharge; ‘wiform-flow discharge corresponding to Ay: uniform-fiow discharge corresponding t A; hydraulic vaiua; hydraulic radius of the fll channel; pipe radius: ‘lope of the bottom; Irietion slope (energy gradient); duration of the wares fnstal curation of the wave TT = duration ofthe rising limb; duration ofthe receding limb; {4 = Instant of passage ofthe maximum depth; Instant of passage of the maximum discharge; Instant of passage of the maximum velocity; propagation time of the peal Dropagation time of the wave-foot on the fronts 1 = propagation time of the wavecfoot on the rear Bropagation time of the wave-top onthe fron; Dropagation time of the wave=top on the Fear; = water velocty; top = water velocty of the fll channel; X= channel Leng; filing angle of a circular pipe: delay time ofthe wave-to, vance Une of the ware-top; ‘etied perimeter; Characteristic ofthe channel shape and the (rietion formula; Geviation from the uniformeflow conditions ofthe peak discharge; deviation rome vlorm-ow onions of te dichargecorrenpond- ing to A (rising ib); 1" = deviation from teunlform-flow conditions ofthe discharge correspond- Ing to A (receding limb); and y= (Gyn * 9512) ~ 2,(S177 FLOOD WAVE MODIFICATION ALONG CHANNELS | [By WORDS: stetin anpltnnstnls urn) atten, [| alls ond forcast: ara ier eater nes Bua a rapa oetm rere garage ‘criterion for discriminating ateauatlca and amplification of flood waves ts stated, that esas dle tg narra Sein ene ea ere ee, Seeds Sihoear i eeerreeieene peyton iat eres metre se menisci ‘Sevod' wi the lt actin snd sum tab gts sniaarty soe aay sles Exe sie canis coer ceca ss Novis, Pre. Paper