_ comuption scandal that blossomed in | frustration ave ever more frequently intensified by the revelation of corruption, 1 property of Oxtord Univers Press ONE———_—~ AN INTRODUCTION TO TWENTY-First CENTURY LaTIN AMERICA million people took to the streets in Brazil in June of 2013 to challenge govern- ment unresponsiveness to their needs direction of a government led by Bi Protests and political maneuvering ans culminated in the impeachment only to have thousands go into the streets to protest Dilma Rous ‘Michel Temer in 2017. The people are on the move in Latin America and their | aders out of office in gentina, and Bolivia and force policy change and many other assive demonstrations against the gov zac in 2017. A whole generation of more respon ‘helm in the region and Wen conservative politcal forces to challenge anc Force progressive lenders ou of office in Fondures, Paraguay, A gating, and Brazil And a new generation of media-savwy, participating ize are sbiizing in original and increasingly intense ways throughout the hemisphere. The Waditional donunance of the United States and international Snancial igstita: tions like the International Monetary Fund’ (IMP), is being challenged throughout the region, and China is becoming a much more important playerin Lain America ere put aside as Bllvishas been governed By i hrsbindigenout pres. womettsecently served as elected presidents in Brazil, Chile, Costa Rice and Argentina; and a progressive aril headed Uruguay. Such are the changes that are bulfeting the region. Latin Americaa term a Frenchman to describe this area—is not a homogeneous part of the order that runs from Florida to Califor i 10 establish its place inthe world in the twenty-fst cenfury- A diverse area of fventy nations and peoples that includes Mexico, Central America, the Spanish- and French speaking Caribbean nations, A‘Sale or resale ofthis instructor's Eton is proifs beck the property of Oxford University Press 2 Polis of Latin America ‘An Intraduction to Toenty-Fiet Century Lai America 3 and the Spanish and Portuguese nations in South Americe Latin Ameria is home | on the Latin pat ofthe epion, although the Fnglish- and Dutciv-peakng countries to Some 625 million people (more than 8 percent of the world’s population Who | wil be included in some of the maps and tables and are occasionally eferred to welaeprisent the rik racial and cultural versity of te human famaly Although | forthe sae of comparison Nor would we minimize ther importance os the say ‘omumonwealth, some also include Puerto Rico as part of Latin America | similarities they share with the Latin pat ofthe Avesiren Geography ‘areas such as what is now Nigeria, the Congo, and Angola; Jews from Europe | diverse; it runs from 32.5° north latitude to 5: elsewhere; Arabs and Turks fem countrias suchas Lebenah SF EpyL we | ines Wak ware squace Kilometers (6 million square miles) it Tukey; Japanese; Chinese; and different peoples from the Indian subcontinent | is one of the largest regions Oe World Taken on Ove whole tis aiost aang These and otter ada! and cultural groupings have combined crete moderne | fe Uniied States and Canada combined and lange tan Buacoe ‘ ‘ariel. The dynamic way the races have combined in Latin] Theclimat and topopraphiccrsety of Late Aer mark the Latin American region would be | ofenvzonments preter thn in North America aa ecopes ras oe fusion ofthe world’s major acal groupings io anon nea Sd, thom sr, feniperate grsdand, coniferous forest, andl race. (MD _ 4 «usin Ameria sil fas some places where the siesta follows the age midday |The Andes extend fom te Casbbenh island of honed tenn oot hee meal. More commonly, the modern Latin American has a heavy meal in an urban the southers tp of South America ted form the laneat ocean eee ee seting and returns othe jo forall afemnoon of work. The rapid pace of global | They ae ost moninen el the west coast of South America, Many ization, urbanization, commercialization, incustrialization, and politcal mobiliza-| peaks are over 5486 meters (18,000 feet); Mount Aconcagua in northern Argentina ox conta i change the Tace of the region. Nicaragua, Guatemala | reaches almost 6982 meters (2840 fet) and ithe highest pelt in the Wetore aiid Costa Rica stil gear Yu x much of their economies around the export of excellent | Hemisphere. Snow-eapped peaks can be found from Venesecls in anntare Saath cote, Meanhil making more and-more autores and automobile} Amada to Argentina and Chale in the south fault nett race tone compre a intra eek ee ee ea through the middle of Mexico and Central America and down the we between Mexico, Canada, and the United States); Breas ling Ts parsonges] af Souts Sees runs through the Caribbean make the te Blanes, jet rine, and modem fighter aicralt ithe globulin itera] prone to arthuah Volanses refund in Meso, ine Cortbens ewe Ce Barket while oping a common market i the Southem Cone of South} and South America. Otter major geographic area include the Guiana Highlands) new clothing-assembly plants are moving to Nicaragua and} in northern South America, the Brazilian highlands, and the Pampas in the south, ta Rica is manufacturing intel chips and exporting software for} Kversjeteninchde the Orinoco inthe aot the Rode le Plate te ae hospital adzistration on inthe snide ofthe South American continent “atin America constittes an enormous and extremely ich zegion) The ata} Even athe sme nitude, on canal ery drei Ai ranges from Cuba and Mexico in the north to ‘phenomenon is called, refers fo the range in alitude from sea lev tp in Tera del Fuego some 7,000 miles othe thousands of meters that occurs as one travels as few a 80 lometrs (0 iscalled by many ofits Spanish-speaking ink F horizontal makes for ve geography and population. Geography fees the mainland fegion of Lat Reve lot two a5 sen in the United St eptualized in Latin Americe ‘Mexico south as one conti | encompasses hot and humid 7000 ineters (25000 feat) Subropone thd South Arsen The term Lt Amerea isan ingenious siempt to link aus a wd ‘South OF the United States that speak Latin-based (Romance) languages: Spanish, | pladaiy sulted Tor growing or, 5 Portugues and French ina mow gerenl sete Leteeceer eee fa LOO lad non aud Sob Par Doe Te enc canbe said nce th English and Dtchapestang parts ofthe CasBbeanandf fon cope equrng ey aed Lee cia ae ee South America as well as Belize in Cenial America? Bes ieee oP een lands) and coffee (cooler, shaded highlands), can be grown in the same Caribbean, wlfves Central America, theSale or resale of this Instructor’ Eton is pris bok is the property of Oxford Univers Press. ‘ Polities of Latin America F sem Mtlatroducton to Taenty First Century Lain America 5 wo island (Jamaica) or small Central American nation (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Nicara-| part of indigenous culture in most of the Andean gua, Honduras, or Guatemala) Tes interesting to note that there are some crops that are extremely adaptive and can grow ata variety ofaltitudes/Cophis grown through out Mexico, Central America, eat region and forined an essential part off 2 forty years has seen Brazil rainforest. This represents an area about the Physical Map of LATIN AMERICA 400400 000 ios — Seale 1:120,000,00 is, =, and foreign businesspeople arrived each day see how they could carve a fortune from the land and resources in the forest. meSale or resale of this nsrutor's Ea 6 Politics of Latin Amerin The stn cult pe eh ln mo ober nie Jn places like the huge oper-pit gold mine at Serra Pelada, Indigenous popula tions, like the Yanomami, are pushed farther into the jungle and even shot "esis the encroachment on their ancestral lands. When other loalinhsbitent, rubber tapper Chico Mendes or envizonmental activist Sister Dorothy, ty 1 resis the brutal destruction of the rain forest, they are often bullied by local officie zenderos (lage landowners), o their hired henchmen os as were Mendes and Ssbe Dorothy, assassinated. —— The rain forest problem in Brazil alone is enocinous. In 996, the Brazilian gover ‘ment released figures indicating that destruction of the Amazon rain forest eachel| record levelsin the vand-burn fashica| the vegetation is burned to prepare the land for agriculture or pasture. This meas that not only are thousands of oxygen-producing trees lost every year but also enor| ‘mous amounts of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere when the biomas is bumed. This process is also accelerating in Central America and the rain fore ee ‘The immense Iguazu Falls on the Brailian- Argentinian border. (Cro Magnon/Alamy Inge) | zation in central Mexico, is he property of Oxo Universy Press ‘Ar Introduction to Teenty-Fist Century Latin America in southem Mexico. Since 1960 almost 50 percent of Central American forests have Stonmentaliss see the resultant drastic reduction in oxygen pro carbon dioxide as significant causal factors in the ate change develop and as ts population grows, its ecosystems ait, Brazil, and elsewhere, the ecosystem hat sulfered severe stress because ofthe intense population density, the trees have been cut down for building mteHals and lrewore- oF binds and other dependent species elsewhere, the commercializ: cles that favor large comm to increase and degradation. This set te sige fer Pee ain and mud owed net {own the hills and into heavily populated areas are put under increasing stre Desertification is advancing. tion alone have affected abo 5, 200 million hectares (494 acres) oF Tanel—almé3t one-third of the total veg- ‘ated land—were moderately or severely degraded, The People {atin America is endowed with enorshous human resources. ts 625 million people ‘eine Wom all comers of the globe and afe idk in their diversity and skills. Fertility {ates are high in Latin America, and population grovrth rates have been some of Bo wstin the World. Currently, these rates have declined to2 percent per year or less Ben at this ate the population wl ouble approxima erg ok ee ‘The original iakabytants a the region crossed fo the Wester Hemisphere on tbeBaing land and ie bridge that once united Asi and NonhAmeni fre tan _ Boned some 20000 t0 35,000 years ago dusng tne lee Age. The Sek caving Soved into NowthAmericaand then spread he Carbbecm end ng _ America to South America. Varied indigenous civilizations gt oe Renken fon By the time ese arrived in the ate 14008 easly is Figure). Population concen we Aztec Gvi- Maya civilization in southern Mexico and northesn Central America, and the Inoan Empire in the west coast central Andean in South America. Other groupings could be found thioeghout the region, includ- ing the Carbs, Tainos/ Arawaks, Guarani, and Araucanian, These peoples snd thelr _Fopulation was drastically decimated and additonal inexpensive labee me once 2 eC = = Wei este espn, Keehn, aeroerns —Sale or resale of tis Instructor's Eton ls pro is books the property of Oxord University Press 8 Pots of ain Aeron “a ntraaction Tety-Frst Cntr Latin America ‘ fae Gpate dvi F eas pif be lo Baas survived the Middle Passage from westem and southern Afric to Latin Ameri) and wasnt the property of ny one coon, Land ether existed ina state of nate ox gad the Canbbean The clr religion, and cusne they bought with them woud]. was Wed Or aihed cole yond ior te aioe oe na We forever change the face of the societies they helped to fora, Indeens harmed or destroyed and always fo De used forthe Benet of al cea Africans populated Latin America during the first centuries-The fact that early Span-| sards and Portuguese came without their families and claimed access to women in subordinate positions began a process of cial melding that continues tothe present { day. These pairings and their children were thrown together in dynam news costes rate people used but did not abuse the land. Early reports suggest and generally well distributed tothe ent popula The regime the Tberians brought was far differen mother, was sovereign. Lands that had been inhabited by native peoples for thousands of years were unkesitaingly claimed for Spain and Porteest, Those who had been living on the and and Working it were thought to have saly thece Tigh's granted by the crown. Europeanization had begun. Hereafter the land wees fobs wedcthma) and abused forte benedt of We core ae subjects. The ative peoples, their needs. and their descendants were and would contovee toe secondary and subordinate. The land and the people wh lived av harmony With sEywould no longer be respected. There were empires to begin fortunes to bemade. Fegan be larpeone ys zo coder ‘At ete of he conquest ae Tae an chy 1508, plac tad Ponta ‘were very much dominated by feudal institutions. The lands was ‘Ro exception. Both countries were dominated by huge feudal estates and ‘powerful Jandlords. The peasants were poor and subordinate, This would be the bsis ofthe - system brought to tienewly conquered ands. Initially, the Spanish and Portuguese 3c the native peoples in a specie : and encom native peoples and the land on Which they lived as long as sponsibility for Chustanizing them) were given fo the amguisadores unl otfeoig whom the Goin owed favors or debts. Thus, Furopeans soon establched dena, average stretches of land ard the people ware later tumed into large landed estates, = en from the huge feudal landed estates in the Iberian les Mesto mulation and amb (he chidzen ef sons betroen nine pe tid Aftans appeared in poving sanben, sn ‘atin Americans tace their ancestry to Amercan, Tecan and/o (Gian sources, Howreves by the feneal realization hat new ibores {the growing nations. Mostnatons hed sulawed insey ty Ge anwar ee Gea ran was th ast slavery was cumced thon tts ‘dant and inexpensive labor were often needed, Chinese Peruin toler arf the neler onan The alan were luted to Argentnw and southern Braz wosuppiy he ates a growing agricultural and industrial production. Workers and indentured servant from Inia andthe Chinese mala were trough te be eh Stee Bah South Anveric Many Buropenns cae es ania oe or from other nations to make their way in these new societies. French, Germans Swedes tah, Poles, and ohers fom Eacopesaived oh bea Aes inake a better life or as refugees from famine, way, and revolution: Farge came To 388K Opportunity and escape’ pogroms and pemecution, Japanese vane Souther Brand to sher courts ie Dent or bets se toe a ei passages pad bythe Japanese govemumen (which weres tw aleve por lation pressures on the home island) Turk and Arnis caso opine sees zons. As the United States expanded its economie sphere into Latin America sad te arbbean,aciaie US. citizens chose to stay in the lands where they went to make} fundreds of thousands of sotee th ng, their Tortunes. One, an early aviat ame to-Pera) stayed to found what was} They were ruled over 1S Seraramcrnanen otra fem sey ena Vie ‘War Il began a new wave of immigration from Spain and other countries taker over by the Tuscany Jews and others Siete By See aa e neutrality during World War TI to make their way to countries like Argentina an Paraguay.) Today, new immigrants from Eastern Europe and elsewhere continue to arrive to make their places in these dynamic new societies, Che Land} "ine, many of the fundor-woe divided or othervise changed and on lern-day large landholdings: haciendas, fazendas Gn Brazil), and estancias ina. Sill owned by one limly ani cooprene Pe BS fhe (acre tonal edge ¢ 7) the land and seources in the countyelde Pee cease tence altests to the concentrated nature of land ownership in Latin America en ene OF tend ownership in Tatin America ‘ama, the giver of al life, The land was a sacred trust, tobe used with respect and car py frelonSale cresale of his nro’ Eston pots bck he propery of Ox Unversty Fess, » Plt of Latin America ‘An Itracsion to Tooy iret Century Latin America TABLE. (Minfntios and Latino in Stet Counties: Traditional Landhla Patterns, 1970 ad b Latifundios rcent of the landholdings comprised 22 percent of the land, while the large 2 percent of the farms had 65 percent of the land. In El Salvador in 1971, 4 perce of the landowners (the latifundistas) owned 64 percent of the land, and 63 percent ch “the landowners (the msnifundistas and mi Tt GFOpS like beef or soy, yet in| ford beef or other meats more a ‘The food and income from this small holding must be WA tesa labor one low landless. There is also a ior, Guatemala, and Peru. Conse-=” _ and landless Taborers to sustain ization, and relat oh Bf agricul put even greater stress al & (g? the mizrfundistas and many OF the minifundiste, The reduction in demand for Pe off the land in record numbers. Brazil, io’ "labor has forced! many to abandon their holdings altogether and fee tthe eit 9" _-» Kope of better opportunities Inrecent tines = 'azan region to mine gold or engage ina cycle offlash-and-barm “ulture that pushes them ever eviinnin iz farther into the virgin rain forest. More genc iral refugees flock to the cities, where they e y try to establish themselves in the in the absence of mechanization is Tapidly giving Way to more capital-intersi shanty towns that ring large urban centers. g production tat relies on mechamization andmore tense use “eenbpols ‘lecessary), chemi ars, and the application of ing Achas boon he casein US- agriculture land als in be proce solide into anger unis hat ls ot echt Eases see Henle ‘The Mega Cities: UrbanizationTABLE2. Basic Statistics for Latin America, Canada, and the United States be Bilis apne aggee Tis ie be Pee oy at ue uils aie lh uae Urban "orMore (Intemational ) ‘bal Anoval Population Population @015) im Growin Population Inkabitants (la lions) " Gntermationl 8) ns) Country thousands) Rate) (9) 2015) Sale or resale of tis Instructor's Eton sp agr3g2%g agngeeggereg sas SSSRRISE ZGASASRRSER Ase { ¥ ehahotne qackuStaates ke BR228852 BSRSBREReREe RSE i : fr Latin Americ ed he Caribe new cep gsc. eas! 2015 le tere ed Gm 013 fon een 2 Daa a5. 0 alam 20, os 25 om tpsi//wwrw.cia gov /brary / publications /the-world-factbook/rankoader/207irank.htm_ “Data from 2013 Woeld Factbook estimates. out ane anaes aa ns Aa u SSBRERRA TERAZRLIRRS ELS i 5 ASESS925 sennessanzas gay] 4] i z ShecceRe egeeagzsaana 53% Ii i (eagle a Sa ag 8 SEF ien)' i hn fed beet | PS Heaedls Midd RH gh sands suffer and many die from pollution-induced respira + Gity is immense books the property of Oxford Unversity Press ‘Am Introduction to Tenty-First Century Latin America 3B the lng yin the worl and BoRTGS ATS Sh cy ital of Argentina, has ‘more than 12 milion. By 1990 Latin America had 40 cities with | million or more in ‘Tabifants. This was more than Canada and the United States combined. More than 140 million Latin Americans live in these modern megalopolises compared to fewer ‘han 100 million in the United States. Urban areas in Latin America continue to explode with new people as more children are born and millions flock to the bright ‘ity lights each year. Municipal services can in no sep up with the stead stream of new arrivals. The streets are logged with all types of vehicular traffic, and {he air is polluted by thousands of cars, trucks, and buses. Mexico City has some ofthe most pooled air n the work ‘Oxygen is soldat booths on the street. Thou- roblems. Mexico ‘mimanageab| ‘fife forall too many of i res for is iteasy to escape. It can _ Yerse it Sio Paulo suffers from similar problems and, like Mexico City, has a very s, but they rarely cover more than a few areas ofthe city, may be more e. ‘Pensive, and cannot keep up with the grawing number of new neighborhoods and “urban squatter settlements, - 1, Ditens one-third or moze ofthe population in the lange cities lives in slums and shanty towns. Of the 18 milion eople in greater Sao Paulo, close to 8 million live ‘in the ves, as the urban slums are called in ase many Rew a quickly where unused land is legally occupied, cy son ‘its are often minimal or unavailable altogether Living conditions are feqeentiy homtible, with no running water sewer, or trash collection (see Table 7 in Chapter 5} then lactic provided by legal pe norte en cree eySale or resale u Politics of Latin America is books the property of Oxford University Press. ‘An Introduction to Tenty First Century Latin America 5 mele an the huss living and sleping on the sre in mot ofthe major cies Many middle and wpperclss drivers ae aiid Yo sep a tatie ig particu af nightin many aves Fortes | point oreven by conti! ati Aner ear cine in adel We aa? | fomicil levels, Economic and socal disparities, the suffering caused 16 Intorse: tional Monetary Tund-diciated economic adjusinente nats : _ Gf globalization, a brand of free market ecenie poli called tinier es, Gap nao ‘sacking. and the fallout fom tho gacols oe ‘oughout the region all add to the general level of vioten: gh Yor instanae (Photo by Patrice Olsen) the poor and marginalized. However, the once-majestic colonial centers are noy generally overwhelmed with traffic problems and pollution, Towns in Portugues! Ainerica were not always planned affairs; often, they grew around a fort or busines} center and then expanded. In all of Latin America, the worst slums are still genes ally found on the peripheries of the cities, although poor neighborhoods and seal tered makeshift dwellings can also be found inside traditional cities, as is the ca in Rio de Janeiro, Many of the wealthy and upper ier to well-protected, gated, and guarded urban high-rises or flee the centers if populate more removed, attractive, exclusive neighborh« acterized by gata ‘and guards and high-walled, luxurious houses or high-rise condominiums state i expense weigh are also being constructed to cater to the housing needs of the rest of the growizy Crime and mea- riddle lass which is also flocking o shopping centers and malls in growing mus Bs bers. The contrast between the lives of the urban poor and their ‘lass fellow urbanites becomes ever more stark each day and increased in mich 1 the region with the turn fo neoliberal economics, > Tronically, many are afraid to shop outside of the privately guarded malls (Sones centers. Fed by deteriorating socioeconomic conditions forthe poor sonomic refugees, 45. growing flood of refugees to the United States because of high leviss of Seneraly and gang and cartel perseCation in Central America and Mexice i>‘Sale or resale of this Instructors Eston spre fis book ste property of Oxord University Press 6 Polite of Latin America ‘An Introduction to Twenty-First Century Latin America E aiced og acd winning 1970 Peruvian fm La Maral Verde (writen, produced, w tees by Armando Robles Godoy with Maro Robles Godoy) forasgarhc dene see snk : jungle. Yet, the growing personal insecurity and environmental . many \\e? region is suffering would seem to contradict an essential i uaa eae Sh? Het aay dela vida . y ts of Both feud and Underdeve ers and plants Production of cash crops for export an mace an Are forced to sell their labor inthe globalized national economy ler farmers ). Cieo Mendes, Defender ote Rain Foret. Brookeld, CE Milbrook, 198, to Bra: War on Chien. London: Latin Americas Poreee oh gs Donovan, and Kenich Abe Exons Conf nd Depa! Fores. Dordrecht, The ‘and in cities like Mexico City, any person of means or position must also live in. of kidnapping for ransom or extortion. Thus, rapid urbanization, industralizati and the persist sroblems suchas ARSENE NG be nceniese aa ee (Weep econ cero fo 62 fat tow Notes A. The Brill. News York: Addison-Wesley 1995, tines flim Vanderness, Breit of Biers: ie Tth out Ratiet Destruction,Se resale is nrc Eaton rib bookie rope of Oxo Unersy Pree 8 ET WO Earty History Fiuas anp Vineos ye Bye ri. Brazil, 960. A madcap introduction to Beal. ide de Dewy of God, Beal, 2008, A modem classic on (very) violent gang etvity in he large ‘slum in Rio defanio, {ie Wier fr Chole Mexico, 1992. Excellent portrait of Mexican family, food, an the daughter wa Says at home to care for her mother Wesstres Itp:/lsicuteasdu/ Latin American Center Homepage, Univesity of Texas. hip://wowbleplanetbiomes.oxg/ Onin forests in the Amazon