CLIMATOLOGY

Submitted by chahat( 17071978131 ) SEM : 3 , SEC : A

Q1. Explain the calculation of C.E.T with help of nomogram

For finding C.E.T

• Measure the GT(Globe temperature) or DBT (dry bulb temperature)

• Measure WBT (wet bulb temperature)
• Measure Air velocity with anemometer
• Locate GT or DBT on L.H.S of nomogram
• Locate WBT R.H.S of nomogram
• Connect the two points with line
• Select appropriate curve to air velocity
• Mark the point of intersection between Air velocity and draw the line.
• Read off the value of the short inclined line.

FOR EXAMPLE : let say DBT or GT = 30°C WBT = 26°C

average air velocity = 1m/s

hence following the above steps to calculate C.E.T we have C.E.T = 27.5°C

if DBT or GT = WBT this means the air is highly saturated, that is ~100% humidity

hence, C.E.T = DBT or GT = WBT

Q2. Explain the subjective variables of human comfort-

The sensation of comfort or discomfort depends on various climatic variables

• clothing

Clothing can be varied at the discretion of the individual. A person wearing a normal business suit and cotton underwear
will require a temperature about 9°C lower than a naked body. And in peak summer of 40°C we avoid wearing thick
fabrics instead of this we wear thin cotton clothes that absorbs sweat and make us feel comfortable and in winters we
wear woollen clothes to trap our body heat for insulation.

• Acclimatisation
Exposed to a new set of climatic conditions, human body will reach full adjustment in about 30 days and by that time the
thermal preferences of the individual will change. (A person in Amritsar may prefer an average room temperature of
25°C, but after spending a few months in Himalayas, may find the same temperature rather hotter and would prefer a
temperature around 15°C.)

• Age and sex

This influence thermal preferences as the metabolism of older people is slower, therefore they usually prefer higher
temperatures. Women also have slightly slower metabolic rates than men so their preference is on average 1°C higher
than that of men.

• Body shape

The surface to volume ratio, also has an effect. A thin person has a much greater body surface than a short, fat person of
the same weight, can dissipate more heat and will tolerate and prefer a higher temperature.

• Subcutaneous fat

Fat under the skin, is an excellent thermal insulator. A fat person will need a cooler air to dissipate the same amount of
heat.

• State of health

It influences thermal requirements. In an illness the metabolic rate may increase, but the proper functioning of the
regulatory mechanisms may be impaired. The tolerable range of temperatures will be narrower. If the room temperature
is comfortable and soothing we feel happy and relaxed & and if it is not than we feel exhausted even doing nothing.

• Food and drink

Our Diet affect the metabolic rate, which may be a reason for the difference in diet of humans between winters and
summers. In summers we avoid eating fried and food that hard to digest to slow down metabolism rate that produce heat
and prefer more to drink and beverages. And vice versa for winters.

• Skin colour

Skin colour may influence radiation heat gain. It has been demonstrated that the lightest skin reflects about three times as much solar
radiation as the darkest, the light skin, however, is substantially more vulnerable to sunburn, ulcers, cancer and other sun caused
damage. Dark skin contains appreciably more melanin pigment, which prevents the penetration of damaging ultra violet rays. Dark skin
also increases the heat emission from the body in the same proportion as it affects absorption. Thus skin colour has no effect on thermal
preferences, but is more resistant to the damaging effects of sunshine.

Q3. Differentiate the following-

E.T AND C.E.T

E.T
The Scales of effective temperature take into
consideration the temperature, humidity and speed of
the air. By taking dry bulb temperature in
consideration and not carrying effect of sun radiation
in the temperature, the result is described as the
effective temperature.
NOTE: But this E dot T will no longer Take in
consideration due to absence of sun radiation while
calculating.
C.E.T
The skills of effective temperature take into
consideration the temperature, humidity, and speed of
the air. The effects of radiant heat can be included in
an assessment of effective temperature by using the
globe thermometer temperature instead of the dry
bulb temperature in those cases when the reading of
the globe thermometer is higher than the dry bulb
temperature. In such cases the result is described as
the corrected effective method.

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D.B.T , W.B.T AND G.T
Dry-bulb temperature (DBT)
The temperature of air measured by
a thermometer freely exposed to the air, but shielded from radiation and moisture. DBT is the
temperature that is usually thought of as air temperature, and it is the true thermodynamic
temperature. It indicates the amount of heat in the air and is directly proportional to the
mean kinetic energy of the air molecules.

Temperature is usually measured in degrees Celsius (°C)

Wet-bulb temperature (WBT)

The temperature read by

a thermometer covered in water-soaked cloth (wet-bulb thermometer) over which air is passed. At
100% relative humidity, the wet-bulb temperature is equal to the air temperature (dry-bulb
temperature), at lower humidity the wet-bulb temperature is lower than dry-bulb temperature because
of evaporative cooling.

Temperature is usually measured in degrees Celsius (°C)

Globe temperature (GT)

The combined effects of radiation, air temperature and air velocity on human comfort. It consists of a
hollow copper sphere painted matt black
to absorb radiant heat, with a temperature sensor at its centre. When it reaches a steady state (after 15
minutes or so depending on the size of the globe and the environmental conditions) the heat exchanges

by convection and radiation will be in equilibrium, and the temperature recorded by the sensor will be
somewhere between the air and radiant temperature. This is referred to as the globe temperature or
black globe temperature and resembles the

thermal conditions felt by the human body. Temperature is usually measured in degrees Celsius (°C)

CONDUCTION , CONDUCTIVITY , AND CONDUCTANCE

Conduction

Transfers heat by direct contact and molecular collision. And hotter reason will transfer thermal energy
to a cooler region. And rate of transfer depends on difference between temperature between the two.
More the difference in the temperature faster is the conduction of heat take place and vice versa.

Conductivity

conduction through a body or through bodies in direct contact, the spread of molecular movement
constitutes the flow of heat. The rate at which such molecular movement spreads varies with different
materials and is described as a property of the material , its thermal conductivity It is measured as the
rate of heat flow through unit area of unit thickness of the material, when there is a unit temperature
difference between the two sides

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Conductance

Conductance is the heat flow rate through a unit area of the body (i.e. the density of heat flow rate)
when the temperature difference between the two surfaces is 1°C. The corresponding properties of a
body of a given thickness are described as

C=1/R

Where conductance (C), resistance (R) are inversely proportional to each other.

Q4.Explain the role of C.E.T analysis in determining the relationship of climate and human
comfort .

• Human comfort refer to subjective feeling of temperature in our surroundings.

• Optimum levels of thermal comfort helps in maximizing human productivity.
• To measure thermal comfort we study various factors:- 1. Air temperature (GT)
2. Humidity (WBT)
3. Air velocity
• 4. Radiation
• 5. Subjective variables
• C.E.T helps us to establish a relation between these factors with the help of Nomogram.
• We measure the different variables on the macro level or micro level and take that observation
in consideration to find the conditions for human comfort on a particular city or also at a site
level.
• For ex:-
We have the following data for particular site
GT = 35°C,
WBT= 25°C (this is due to less RH, as air has capacity to hold moisture then it has already)
Air velocity = 3m/s
Then using nomogram refer in Q.2 above we find C.E.T that is equal to approx. 29°C.

• As this temperature range and effect of temperature that human body can feel is take in
consideration to design a building for a stakeholder.
• And refer to these indices we are able to calculate the temperature that has to be felt rather than
the actual temperature that our surroundings hold.
• So in this way we analyse C.E.T for a particular climatic zone and find the actual effect of
temperature to that surroundings for better experiences.

Q5. Write notes with illustration-

Psychrometric chart

The series of articles on properties of air discussed important properties of air like relative humidity,
dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature. We use psychrometric chart to see how the air behaves
when it is subjected to changes in temperature and humidity to suit the various applications for which
the air conditioning is meant. The behaviour of the air can be studied very conveniently and accurately
by using a psychrometric chart.

For ex:- refer Fig. 12

Relative humidity is horizontal line
DBT is vertical line & WBT is diagonal line

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For finding RH
Let say DBT= 30°C, WBT=25°C
Now find the intersection of DBT & WBT lines

we find that it will comes out to be approx. 77.5% now relate that intersection to the curved line of RH%

Temperature Isopleths

Isotherm, line drawn on a map or chart joining points with the same temperature. Isotherms are commonly
used to show the distribution of temperature at the Earth’s surface or on a chart indicating constant level or
constant pressure. They are also used to show the time variation of temperature with height in the
atmosphere. As easily visualized from a graph showing temperature as a function of depth and time. A
convenient way to compare thermal climates is to plot the temperature for each location as a function of time
of day (vertical axis) and time of year (horizontal axis).

for example- for New Delhi if we say, during March, the temperature for the region during the time of 12PM
to 9PM is on an average is from 15-18°C

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Climate Graph

A climate graph is a graphical representation of a location’s basic climate. Climate graph displays data for
variables for example monthly average temperature, precipitation, sun radiation, rainfall, wind direction.
These are useful tools to quickly describe a locations climate

USES : The patterns in a climograph describe not just a location's climate but Also provide evidence for that
climate's relative location. For example, a Climograph with a narrow range in temperature over the year
might Represent a location close to the equator, or alternatively a location Adjacent to a large body of water
exerting a moderating effect on the Temperature range. Meanwhile, a wide range in annual temperature
might Suggest the opposite. We could also derive information about a site's Ecological conditions through a
climograph. For example, if Precipitation is consistently low year-round, we might suggest the Location
reflects a desert; if there is a noticeable seasonal pattern to The precipitation, we might suggest the location
experiences a monsoon Season. When combining the temperature and precipitation patterns Together, we
have even better clues as to the local conditions.

Climate graph of London , England , UK

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