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Final project report: Design and implementation of a regulated power supply

with over load protection

Research · December 2018

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 1

Final project report:

Design and
implementation of a
regulated power supply
with over load protection

1
Rigoberto Ruíz Contreras and 2Héctor Eduardo Ramírez Castañón.
1, 2
Universidad Autónoma de
Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
1ruizcontrerasrigoberto@gmail.com
2al223960@edu.uaa.mx

Abstract. The present report exposes the way that was design a 1.25V to -12.5V,
1.5A and a -1.25V to -12.5V, 1.5A regulated direct current power supply with short-
circuit protection. It will present the calculations to obtain the power supply
components, as well as the justification on the way that was made.

Key words: Power supply ∙ Linear regulators

Resumen. En el presente reporte se expone la forma en la que se diseñó una fuente

de alimentación lineal de corriente directa con una salida de 1.25V a 12.5V, 1.5A y
otra salida de -1.25 a -12.5V, 1.5A. Se presentarán los cálculos realizados para
obtener los componentes de esta, así como la justificación de la forma en la que se
realizó.

Palabras clave: Fuentes de alimentación ∙ Reguladores lineales

1 Theoretical framework

Calculations for the design of a linear power supply

When we want to design a power supply, we need to know the final application of it,
because, according to this, it will be convenient make a linear or switched power supply.
Here we are going to make a linear power supply. This kind of power supply consist of
several stages. In the first one we receive an alternating current input, which we reduce the
amplitude and we magnetically isolate using a transformer, then, by rectifiers, we convert
the alternating current in to direct current. After this, we filter the signal to a dc level and
finally, we use a regulator to obtain a desired fixed dc voltage. This voltage keeps at the
same level even if the dc input voltage varies or the output load changes. These stages are
represented in the block diagram of the figure 1. [1, p. 783]
2

Figure 1. Block diagram showing parts of a power supply.

Transformer
The ac in will depend of the region in that the power supply will be use. In Mexico, the
alternating current signal of the home networks is 127VAC@60Hz, knowing this, we
must consider use a right transformer, because, we want a suitable ac voltage in the
secondary of the transformer for the realization of the power supply.
Rectifier
The rectifier circuits take care of convert the alternating current voltage in to direct
current voltage. There are many types of these, the most common is the full-wave
rectifier, and there are two types of this: middle bridge rectifier and full bridge rectifier.
Full-wave bridge rectifier
The full-wave bridge rectifier consists in four diodes connected as shown in the figure
2, where the resistor R represent the load connected to the circuit, the 𝑣𝑖 voltage is the
sinusoidal voltage input and the 𝑣𝑜 voltage is the direct current voltage output. In the
figure 3 can be appreciated the waveforms of the input and the output signals of a full-
wave bridge rectifier. [1, p. 73]

Figure 2. Full-wave bridge rectifier. [1, p. 73]

Figure 3. Input and output waveforms for a full-wave rectifier. [1, p. 73]

Center-tapped transformer
Another popular full-wave rectifier is shown in the figure 4, this configuration consists
in two diodes connected as seen in the figure. As we can see, we need a center-tapped
 3
transformer to use this configuration and the amplitude of the voltage at the load will be
the voltage between the center winding and one of the other two. [1, p. 77]

Figure 4. Center-tapped transformer full-wave rectifier. [1, p. 77]

The waveform of this rectifier will be the same as in the previous case. (see figure 3).
Filter
One of the most used filters is the capacitive filter. This one consists of a capacitor at
the output of the rectifier, as shown in the figure 5. See that, when the capacitor is
disconnected, the output of the rectifier has a considerable ripple and, when a capacitor is
connected, this ripple will decrease. [1, p. 786]

Figure 5. Capacitor filter operation: (a) full-wave rectifier voltage; (b) filtered output voltage. [1, p. 786]

Note that, in case of not existing a load connected to the capacitive filter, the dc
voltage of this one would be, ideally, the maximum voltage 𝑉𝑚 . However, the calculations
must be done when some load is connected, because, the objective of a power supply is to
connect it to some load which is going to be energized by the power supply. [1, p. 786]
Figure 6 shows the waveform in the capacitive filter. Note that, the time 𝑇1
corresponds to the time in which the diodes of the rectifier conducts and charges the
capacitor to the maximum voltage 𝑉𝑚 . Otherwise, the time 𝑇2 corresponds to the moment
in which the voltage is reduced below to the maximum voltage, so there is a discharge in
the capacitor through the load. [1, p. 786]
4

Figure 6. Capacitor filter: output voltage waveform [1, p. 787]

Let’s note that the waveform of the capacitive filter has a level of 𝑉𝑐𝑑 and a ripper
voltage 𝑉𝑟 .

Figure 7. Approximate output voltage of capacitor filter circuit [1, p. 787]

Monolithic linear regulators

The most used IC regulators are the three pin regulators. These has a pin for the
unregulated input voltage, one for the regulated output voltage, and one for ground. Also,
this kind of regulators are easy to use because the only need two optional bypass
capacitors to work. [2, p. 978]
Basic types of IC regulators
The IC regulators have commonly the types of output voltages: fixed positive, fixed
negative and adjustable. They are also classified as standard, low-power and low dropout.
In general, an IC regulator, can have a load current of more than 1A. [2, p. 978]
The dropout voltage of an IC regulator is defined as he minimum headroom voltage
needed for regulation. The standard dropout voltage for IC regulators is 2 to 3V. This
means that the input voltage has to be at least 2 or 3V higher than the output voltage. In
some cases this couldn’t be, for this, we need to use low dropout voltage regulators, this
ones only needs dropout voltages between 0.15V and 0.7V.
The LM78XX series
This series are typical from the three terminals regulators family, where the XX
corresponds to 05, 06, 07, 08, 10, 12, 15, 18 o 24. Each of these provides positive outputs
equivalents to the number XX. The next figure shows the block diagram of these devices.
 5
[2, p. 979]

Figure 8. Functional block diagram of three-terminal IC regulator [2, p. 979]

It is advisable to bring the regulator closer to the capacitive filter, on the contrary, the
cables (or tracks) inductance will be enough to generate oscillations in the IC. Anyway,
the manufacturers recommend include a bypass capacitor 𝐶1 to the input of the regulator.
Also, to improve the transient response of the output voltage, a secondo bypass capacitor
𝐶2 is used on pin 3. [2, p. 980]

Figure 9. Input capacitor prevents oscillations and output capacitor improves frequency response.

It will also be necessary to check the maximum input voltage that the regulator
tolerate, because, of being excessive, the dissipated power of the regulator will be so that
the regulator could be damaged. [2, p. 980]
It is advisable to add a heat sink to the regulators to avoid failures due to overheating,
especially if it is going to be exposed to loads that demand a lot of current, or if the
dropout voltage is high.
Adjustable regulators
Adjustable positive linear voltage regulators
Voltage regulator are also available in circuit configurations that allow the user to set
the output voltage to a desired regulated value. The LM317, for example, can be operated
with the output voltage regulated at any setting over the range of voltage from 1.2V to
37V and can provide over 1.5A of output current to a load. The next figure shows how the
regulated output voltage of an LM317 can be set. [1, p. 802]
Resistors 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 set the output to any desired voltage over the adjustment range
(1.2V to 37V). The output voltage desired can be calculated using
𝑅2
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 (1 + ) + 𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑅2 (1)
𝑅1

With typical IC values of

𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 1.25𝑉 and 𝐼𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 100𝜇𝐴
6

Figure 10. The LM317 three-terminal adjustable positive voltage regulator [3, p. 871]

The capacitors are for decoupling and do not affect the dc operation. Notice that there
is an input, an output, and an adjustment terminal.
Adjustable negative linear voltage regulators
The LM337 is the negative output counterpart of the LM317 and is a good example of
this type of IC regulator. Like the LM317, the LM337 requires two external resistors for
output voltage adjustment as shown in figure 11. The output voltage can be adjusted from
-1.2V to -37V, depending on the external resistor values. The capacitors are for
decoupling and do not affect the dc operation.

Figure 11. The LM337 three-terminal adjustable negative voltage regulator.

Supply characteristics
The quality of a power supply depends on its load regulation, line regulation and
output resistance.
Load regulation
Figure 12 shows a bridge rectifier with a capacitor-input filter. Changing the load
resistance will change the load voltage. If we reduce the load resistance, we get more
ripple and additional voltage drop across the transformer windings and diodes. Because of
this, an increase in load current always decreases the load voltage. [2, p. 960]
Load regulation indicates how much the load voltages changes when the load current
changes. The definition for load regulation is:
𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100% (2)
𝑉𝐹𝐿

Where 𝑉𝑁𝐿 = load voltage with no-load current

𝑉𝐹𝐿 = load voltage with full-load current
With this definition, 𝑉𝑁𝐿 occurs when the load current is zero, and 𝑉𝐹𝐿 occurs when
the load current is the maximum value for the design. [2, p. 960]
 7

Figure 12. Power supply with capacitor-input filter. [2, p. 960]

Line regulation
In figure 12, the input line voltage has a nominal value of 120V. The actual voltage
coming out of a power outlet may vary from 105V rms to 125Vrms, depending on the time of
day, the locality, and other factors. Since the secondary voltage is directly proportional to
the line voltage, the load voltage in figure 12 will change when line voltage changes. [2, p.
961]
Another way to specify the quality of a power supply is by its line regulation, defined
as:
𝑉𝐻𝐿 − 𝑉𝐿𝐿
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100% (3)
𝑉𝐿𝐿

Where 𝑉𝐻𝐿 = load voltage with high line

𝑉𝐿𝐿 = load voltage with low line
Output resistance
The Thevenin or output resistance of a power supply determines the load regulation. It
a power supply has a low output resistance, its load regulation will be also be low. Here is
one way to calculate the output resistance:
𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = (4)
𝐼𝐹𝐿

Figure 13 shows a graph of a load voltage versus load current. As we can see, the load
voltage decreases when the load current increases. The change in load voltage (𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿 )
divided by the change in current (𝐼𝐹𝐿 ) equals to the output resistance of the power supply.
The output resistance is related to the slope of this graph. The more horizontal the graph,
the lower the output resistance. [2, p. 961]

Figure 13. Graph of load voltage versus load current.

8
2 Calculations and design

First of all, it will be necessary to stablish the characteristics of the power supply. In
this case, the power supply is going to have two variable channels, the first one between
1.25V and 12V, the second one between -1.25V and -12V, each one of these with a
current limiter of 1.5A and short-circuit protection.
Transformer
Knowing this, a general design can be proposed. According to the block diagram of
the figure 1, the first thing in the design is the transformer. For the characteristics of this
power supply, a center-tapped transformer of 127VAC to 24VAC with a capacity of 3A
would be enough. A center-tapped transformer is more convenient because of the price
and, of course, because these ones only needs two diodes to rectify the signal.
Rectifier
After this, the rectifier diodes could be selected. In this case, any of the 1N000X
family would work, but for prevent overheating, 1N5408 diodes were selected. These ones
could support until 3A of constant current and non-repetitive current peak until 200A.
Observation 1: Note that the power supply is going to need one positive rectifier for
the first channel and one negative rectifier for the second channel.
Now is time to do the calculations of the peak current in the diodes, to ensure that the
diodes will work properly, but, for this calculation, is necessary to know the ripple voltage
and for this, is necessary to know which IC regulator is going to be used.
For the characteristics of the power supply, the regulators have to be variables. For the
first channel there is a variable regulator which could be useful, the LM317, and for the
second channel, there is another one, the LM337. Both of these supports load up 1.5A.
In the datasheet of each regulator you can see that the regulator has a dropout-voltage
of 3V, this means that, for the maximum output voltage, we are going to need, at least,
15V. Then, if the center-tapped transformer is of 127VAC to 24VAC, the maximum
amplitude at the secondary is going to be
𝑉𝑚 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 ) = 12𝑉 ∗ √2 = 16.97𝑉 (4)
And, because of the middle bridge rectifier
𝑉𝑚 (𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑟) = 16.97𝑉 − 0.7𝑉 = 16.27𝑉 (5)
Knowing this, the peak to peak ripper voltage would be
𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑟 = 16.27𝑉 − 15𝑉 = 1.27𝑉 (6)
Capacitive filter
To obtain this voltage the capacitive filter is used. See that
𝐼𝐶𝐷 1.5𝐴
𝐶= = = 9.843𝑚𝐹 (7)
𝑓(𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑟 ) (120𝐻𝑧)(1.27𝑉)
Observation 2: Note that the frequency is 120Hz because of the rectifier.
Then, the filter could be a two 4700µF in parallel, because there is no commercial
value for 9.843mF capacitors, and its voltage capacity would be 25V.
Observation 3: Because of the observation 1, note that the capacitors need to be
placed properly respecting the polarity of the terminals. The negative terminal with the
most negative point in each channel.
Voltage regulator
As we mention in the rectifier section, the voltage regulators that will be used are the
LM317 and the LM337 and for each one there is going to be a different rectifier.
 9
Positive voltage regulator
In the LM317 datasheet, there is a one recommendable configuration for the regulator,
with by-pass capacitors and its values. Also, there is an equation to obtain the output
voltage according to the adjustable resistors. The equation is
𝑅2
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 (1 + ) + (𝐼𝐴𝐷𝐽 ∗ 𝑅2 ) (8)
𝑅1
Then, if the maximum output voltage is going to be 12V and the datasheet mention
that the voltage reference is 1.25V, the adjust current 50µA, and the resistor 𝑅1 240Ω, the
resistor 𝑅1 is going to be
12 = 1.25 + (5.208𝑚)𝑅2 + (50µ)𝑅2 (9)
𝑅2 = 2045Ω (10)
There is no a commercial potentiometer of 2045Ω, then, with a 5kΩ potentiometer and
an auxiliary parallel resistor
(5𝑘Ω)𝑅𝑎𝑢𝑥
2045Ω = (11)
5𝑘Ω + 𝑅𝑎𝑢𝑥
10.22𝑀Ω2
𝑅𝑎𝑢𝑥 = = 3459Ω (12)
2955Ω
A commercial 3.3kΩ resistor would work.
Negative voltage regulator
Like the LM317 datasheet, the LM337 datasheet has a recommendable configuration
as well as an equation for the output voltage. The equation is
𝑅2
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 (1 + ) + (𝐼𝐴𝐷𝐽 ∗ 𝑅2 ) (13)
𝑅1
When 𝑉𝑜 is negatives and 𝑅1 is 120Ω, 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 -1.25V and 𝐼𝐴𝐷𝐽 50µA. For the adjust
variable resistor
−12 = −1.25 + (10.42𝑚)𝑅2 + (−50µ)𝑅2 (14)
𝑅2 = 1027Ω (15)
A commercial 1kΩ resistor would work.
Schematic
Then, respecting the schematics on the data sheet, the connection of the components
would be as shown in figure 14. Note that, the ac voltage input is represented with two
sinusoidal sources that represents the three winding of the transformer.
Also see that, in the schematic are two others power supply, one of 5V and one of -5V.
Those was made to supply energy to the short-circuit protection circuit.
10

Figure 14. Power supply schematic

Short-circuit protection
The most common, useful and simple short-circuit protection is the fusible. To
calculate an appropriate fusible, we know that the power at the two windings of the
transformer is the same, so
𝑃 = 𝑣𝑎 ∗ 𝑖𝑎 = 𝑣𝑏 ∗ 𝑖𝑏 (16)

Where 𝑣𝑎 and 𝑖𝑎 are the voltage and current at the primary and 𝑣𝑏 and 𝑖𝑏 are the
voltage and current at the secondary. Then
127𝑉 ∗ 𝑖𝑎 = 24𝑉 ∗ 3𝐴 (17)
So that
𝑖𝑎 = 566.9𝑚𝐴 (16)
Then, the fusible is going to be a 250V-0.5A.
This fusible is good to protect our power supply, but not enough. For more precision
and to protect the internal components and the load, a short-circuit protection circuit must
be used.
There is a lot of option to implement circuits like this. Here, the circuit at the figure 15
will be implemented and then the explication on the way it works.
 11

Figure 15. Schematic of the short-circuit protection circuit for the positive channel

The schematic is composed by four blocks. The first one is to make a reference voltage
and is composed by the resistor R8, R9, R10 and the Zener diode D9. The diode has a
voltage of 4.2V and the resistor make a voltage divider. The second one is composed by
the operational amplifier configured as a comparator. Then, the third one is composed by
a thyristor and a relay, this one works to disconnect the load when there is a short circuit.
And finally, the load section and the short voltage resistors.
Note that the load is going to be connected where is the current source I1 and the
power supply between Vcc+ and ground. When the load demands 1.5A, the voltage at the
node Vc+ will be
0.47Ω
𝑉𝑐+= ( ) ∗ 1.5𝐴 = 0.235𝑉 (16)
3
So, in the voltage divider at the operational amplifier, the minus voltage needs to be
this voltage, then, when the load demands more than 1.5A, the voltage Vc+ is going to
increase and the comparator is going to put the output in high level creating a current in
the gate of the SCR, then, with the SCR active, the relay is going to disconnect the load.
For the voltage divider, the minus voltage of the comparator is
4.2 ∗ 10𝑘Ω
𝑉−= = 0.221𝑉 (16)
190𝑘Ω
Then, the relay will disconnect the load when the current approaches 1.5A.
This schematic works for the positive channel. For the negative channel, the schematic
would be the same with some modifications. This is shown in figure 16.

Figure 16. Schematic of the short circuit protection circuit for the negative channel
12
3 Simulations

After the calculations and design, there is a lot of tests that need to be done to ensure
that everything works correctly. First of all, the diodes current. The next graph shows this
with a full load. Note that the current peaks are between the diodes current range.

Figure 17. Rectifier diodes current

And the output current with full load would be the graph shown in figure 18.

Figure 18. Output current with full load

The ripper voltage with full load and with no load is the next one. This is one of the
most notable changes in the waveform and, comparing this one with the output voltage,
 13
the graph would be the next ones.

Figure 19. Ripper and output voltages with no load

Figure 20. Ripper and output voltages with full load

According to this, all would work properly. So, the next test is going to be for the
short-circuit protection circuit.
In this case, the best way to probe that the short-circuit protection is working is with a
DC sweep simulation, in which the current at the load will changes progressively. The
results for the positive and negative channels are shown in the figure 21 and figure 22,
respectively.
14

Figure 21. Voltages at the comparator for the short-circuit protection circuit for the positive channel

Figure 22. Voltages at the comparator for the short-circuit protection circuit for the negative channel

As we can see, in both cases, when the current is close to 1.5A the output of the
comparator changes to high level.
According to these simulations, all would work properly, but it is important to know
that, until this point, all is ideal. In the implementation section it will look that the ideal
things are not always the best. But anyway, this approximations to the reality will help to
have an idea of what is going to happen in the implementation.
Because of this, the load regulation, line regulation and output resistance tests will be
done after the implementation section with real prototypes.
 15
4 Implementation

For the implementation it is going to be necessary to design three printed circuit

boards: for the power supply, for the positive protection and for the negative protection.
This will be so because the design of the protections is a generic one, so, the protection
circuits are going to work with any power supply.
In the following figures you can see the design of each printed circuit board.

Figure 23. Silkscreen top for the power supply

Figure 24. Copper bottom for the power supply

16

Figure 25. Silkscreen top for the positive protection

Figure 26. Copper bottom for the positive protection

Figure 27. Silkscreen top for the negative protection

Figure 28. Copper bottom for the positive protection

 17
After this, the designs were physically implemented. The final results are shown in the
following figures.

Figure 29. Printed circuit board of the power supply

Figure 30.
Top: Printed circuit board of the negative protection
Bottom: Printed circuit board of the positive protection
18
5 Tests

With the obtained prototype, it is time to do the final tests . To know the capabilities of
the power supply, the most relevant tests to do are the ones mentioned on the theoretical
framework: load regulation, line regulation and output resistance, and these ones will be
done in both channels.
For the first one, the obtained output with no load and with full load are shown in
figure 31 and 32, respectively.

Figure 31. Output voltage with no load for positive channel

Figure 32. Output voltage with full load for positive channel

Observation 4: The output voltage was selected knowing that with that voltage, the
selected load (two 10Ω/10W parallel resistors) would demand the maximum output
current.
So, according to the equation (2), the load regulation for the positive channel is:
 19
𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿 9𝑉 − 8.42𝑉
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = 6.888%
𝑉𝐹𝐿 8.42𝑉
And, using equation (4), the output resistance for this channel is:
𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿 9𝑉 − 8.42𝑉
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = = 386.7 × 10−3 Ω
𝐼𝐹𝐿 1.5𝐴
“The smaller the load regulation, the better the power supply.” [2, p. 960], so, this
channel of the power supply is not that bad, but it’s not god enough.
For the negative channel, the voltages are the shown in the following two figures.

Figure 33. Output voltage with no load for negative channel

Figure 34. Output voltage with full load for negative channel

Like the positive channel, according to the equation (2), the load regulation for the
negative channel is:
𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿 −9.03𝑉 − (−8.42𝑉 )
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = 7.245%
𝑉𝐹𝐿 −8.42𝑉
And, using equation (4), the output resistance for this channel is:
20
𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿 −9.03𝑉 − (−8.42𝑉)
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = = 406.7 × 10−3 Ω
𝐼𝐹𝐿 −1.5𝐴
Like the positive channel: “The smaller the load regulation, the better the power
supply.” [2, p. 960], so, this channel of the power supply is not that bad, but it’s not god
enough.
The line regulation test wasn’t done, because we can’t control de line voltage level.
But is interesting to see the voltage level at the transformer when a full load is
connected to both channels and when is no load connected. See that the voltage at the
transformer decreases when a full load is connected.

Figure 35. Voltage in the secondary of the transformer with no load

Figure 36. Voltage in the secondary of the transformer with full load

Now, according to the datasheet of the LM317, the load transient response would be
like shown in figure 37.
 21

Figure 37. Load transient response [4, p. 6]

The obtained response for the designed power supply is shown in the following
figures.

Figure 38. Load transient response for the positive channel

Figure 39. Load transient response for the positive channel

 22
Observation 5: The transient response test was done with a full load for the positive
channel and using a TIP41 transistor as a switch with a function generator with a signal of
1KHz.
As we can see, the obtained peak to peak voltage is very similar to the shown in the
datasheet. In the range of 0.9V and 1.1V.

6 Conclusions
One of the most important sections of every dispositive we use is the power supply.
This is the responsible of power the circuits that make our devices work, and on this
depends the useful life of many diapositives. That’s why the design of the power supply
must be done in the better way.
After design this power supply we realized of how complex could be designing a good
power supply. There is lot of things to consider, since the characteristics of the input and
the output, to how efficient must be.
Also, we are amazed with how useful the courses of our career have been. The
mathematical basis and all the circuits theory helped with the problems we must solved on
the design, and, of course, the simulations that we made here were very useful to know if
we were in the right way.
Anyway, the objectives set at the beginning of the project were achieved and the
prototype of the power supply work properly and according to the characteristics we set.

7 Bibliography

[1] L. N. Robert L. Boylestad, Electronic devices and circuit theory, Pearson, 2013.
[2] D. B. Albert Malvino, Electronic principles, New York: McGraw Hill Education,
2016.
[3] T. L. Floyd, Electronic Devices, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2012.
[4] Texas Instruments, "LM317 3-Terminal adjustable regulator datasheet," Septiembre
2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/slvs044x/slvs044x.pdf. [Accessed
Noviembre 2018].

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