GASCalc™ 5.

0 Calculation Reference
Service Line Sizing
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Background Information
Equations
Example Calculation
General Calculation Procedures
Notes & Considerations
Screen Description
See Also

General Calculation Procedures

To calculate the various values associated with the service line sizing calculation, complete the following steps:

! Select the Service Line Sizing menu item from the Pipe menu list. The Service Line Sizing calculation
screen will be displayed.

! Select the Clear command button to set all of the values to an empty (null) value.

! Select the Base Conditions command button. The Base Conditions screen will be displayed.

! Enter an appropriate base pressure and temperature value.

! Select an appropriate file or the None option from the Use Gas Properties File list. If the “None”
option is selected, enter the appropriate gas property values.

! Select an appropriate method from the Atmospheric Pressure Method list.

! Select an appropriate method or the None option from the Compressibility Method list.

! Select the Apply command button to save the changes and return to the current calculation screen.

! Click on the red label associated with the item to be calculated (the unknown) until the label is underlined.

! Click on the blue label associated with the item to be calculated (the unknown) until the label is
underlined.

! Select the desired dimensional units for all of the data items.

! Enter a value for all known data items.

! Select the Calculate command button.

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Example Calculation

Calculate the minimum required service line diameter associated with the following supply, service line, and demand
conditions, using the IGT-Improved pipe flow equation:

Tap/Connection Type = 3/4" Polyethylene Punch Tee with 0.5" cutter

Supply Pressure = 15 Psig [1035 mBar]
Supply Elevation = 0 Feet [0 Metres]
Temperature = 60 Fahrenheit [15.6 Celsius]
Excess Flow Valve Type = UMAC Series 300

Service Line Length = 100 Feet [30 Metres]

Pipe Efficiency = 0.95 Decimal

Load = 200 Cfh [6 m3h]

Termination Pressure = 10 Psig [700 mBar]
Termination Elevation = 0 Feet [0 Metres]
Riser/Termination Type = 3/4" Plug Valve

Base Pressure = 14.73 Psi (Abs) [1016 mBar (Abs)]

Base Temperature = 60 Fahrenheit [15.6 Celsius]
Gas Composition = US Standard sample gas mixture [UK Standard sample gas mixture]
Atmospheric Pressure Method = AGA
Compressibility Method = None

No fittings are attached.

Allow multiple pipe sizes to be used.
Select pipes from the MDPE pipe sizing group. Group 1 or [Group 3]

To perform the calculation, complete the following steps.

! Select the Service Line Sizing menu item from the Pipe menu list. The Service Line Sizing calculation
screen will be displayed.

! Select the Clear command button.

! Select the Base Conditions command button. The Base Conditions screen will be displayed.

! For the Pressure, enter 14.73 Psi (Abs) [1016 mBar (Abs)].

! For the Temperature, enter 60 Fahrenheit [15.6 Celsius].

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! From the Use Gas Properties File list, select us standard.prp [uk standard.prp].

! From the Atmospheric Pressure Method list, select AGA.

! From the Compressibility Method list, select None.

! Select the Apply command button.

! In the Service Line section, click on the Diameter label until it is underlined. From the Diameter
dimensional units list, select Inches [Millimeter]. Click the Maximum Velocity label until it is underlined.
From the Maximum Velocity dimensional units list, select Feet/sec [Metres/sec].

! In the Supply Conditions section:

! From the Tap/Connection Type list, select PT PE 3/4x.5.

! For the Pressure, enter 15 Psi [1035 mBar].

! For the Elevation, enter 0 Feet [0 Metres].

! For the Temperature, enter 60 Fahrenheit [15.6 Celsius].

! From the Excess Flow Valve Type list, select UM 300 3/4P.

! In the Service Line section:

! For the Length, enter 100 Feet [30 Metres].

! For the Pipe Efficiency, enter 0.95 Decimal.

! From the Pipe Flow Equation list, select IGT-Improved.

! Select (check) the Allow Composite/Multiple Pipe Sizes option.

! From the Sizing Group list, select Group-1 [Group-3].

! In the Demand Conditions section:

! For the Load, enter 200 Cfh [6 m3h].

! For the Pressure, enter 10 Psi [700 mBar].

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! For the Elevation, enter 0 Feet [0 Metres].

! From the Riser/Termination Type list, select 3/4 V-Plug (Crane).

! Select the Calculate command button.

Note: If ½" CTS pipe is allowed to be used during the pipe sizing, the calculation routine will select it as the
minimum pipe size. If this happens, an error message will appear stating the minimum severed flow is less than the
maximum trip point of the EFV. This means that the capacity of the EFV is too large compared to the capacity of the
calculated service line size. Several options are listed for correcting the issue. In this case lets choose a smaller
capacity EFV, say UM 350 1/2P CTS. Reselect the Calculate command button.

Results - The results should be similar to the following...

Diameter: 0.2.88 Inches [7.484 Millimeter]

Maximum Velocity: 30.6 Feet/sec [10.1 Metres/sec]

Equivalent Length: 21 Feet [20 Metres]

Pressure Drop: 5 Psi [335 mBar]
Min(imum) Severed Flow: 962 Cfh [26.66 m3h]
Min(imum) EFV Trip Point: 495 Cfh [14.02 m3h]
Max(imum) EFV Trip Point: 644 Cfh [18.24 m3h]
Max(imum) Protected Length: 228 Feet [65 Metres]
Max(imum) EFV By-Pass Rate: 22.49 Cfh [0.637 m3h]
EFV Reset Time: 30 Seconds [28.2 Seconds]
Selected Pipe Sizes: 1/2P-S7 CTS [16P-S7]

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Screen Description

The various values associated with the sizing and design of a service line may be calculated using the Service Line
Sizing calculation routine. To perform a calculation, select the Service Line Sizing menu item from the Pipe menu
list. The Service Line Sizing screen will be displayed. The features associated with the screen are described as
follows.

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Data Items

Allow Composite/Multiple Pipe Sizes - A checkbox used to indicate whether multiple pipe sizes or a single pipe
size is to be allowed when selecting matching pipe size/type values. Select (check) this option if desired. This item
is only displayed and enabled when the Diameter value is unknown.

Diameter - A data list used to enter, select, or display the inside diameter of the service line. Either select an item
from the list, enter a value by typing it into the data field, or select the ? command button to select a size using the
Pipe Selection screen. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.

Excess Flow Valve Type - A drop-down list used to select the excess flow valve type. Either select an item from the
list, or select the ? command button to select a type using the EFV Selection data screen.

Fittings/Components - A panel used to display and edit the components associated with the service line. The
component list can contain pipe and fittings. Use the command buttons directly below the list to modify the contents
of the list.

Length - A data field used to enter or display the hydraulic length value of the service line. If the value is known,
enter a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.

Maximum Velocity - A data field used to enter or display the maximum velocity of the service line. If the value is
known, enter a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected
dimensional unit.

Pipe Efficiency - A data field used to enter the flow efficiency value of the service line. Enter a value by typing it
into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.

Pipe Flow Equation - A drop-down list used to select the flow equation to use during the calculation. Select an item
from the list. The unknown value should be recalculated if the flow equation is changed.

Riser/Termination Type - A drop-down list used to select the type of fitting used at the terminating end of the
service line. Either select an item from the list, or select the ? command button to select a size using the Fitting
Selection screen.

Sizing Group - A drop-down list used to select the pipe group to select the acceptable size/type codes from when
the Diameter value is unknown. Either select an item from the list, or select the ? command button to select a size
using the Sizing Group screen.

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Demand Conditions -

Atmospheric Pressure - A data field used to enter a specific atmospheric pressure value for the termination
location. The item is only displayed and enabled when the Atmospheric Pressure Method in the Base
Conditions is set to “None - Entered Value”. If the field is displayed and enabled, enter a value by typing it
into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.

Elevation - A data field used to enter the height above mean sea level of the termination location. The item
is only displayed and enabled when the Atmospheric Pressure Method in the Base Conditions is not set to
“None” or “None - Entered Value”. If the field is displayed and enabled, enter a value by typing it into the
data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.

Load - A data field used to enter or display the gas demand on the service. If the value is known, enter a
value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.

Pressure - A data field used to enter or display the operating pressure at the terminating end of the pipe
segment. If the value is known, enter a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed
in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.

Supply Conditions -

Atmospheric Pressure - A data field used to enter a specific atmospheric pressure value for the tap location.
The item is only displayed and enabled when the Atmospheric Pressure Method in the Base Conditions is
set to “None - Entered Value”. If the field is displayed and enabled, enter a value by typing it into the data
field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.

Elevation - A data field used to enter the height above mean sea level of the tap location. The item is only
displayed and enabled when the Atmospheric Pressure Method in the Base Conditions is not set to “None”
or “None - Entered Value”. If the field is displayed and enabled, enter a value by typing it into the data field.
Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.

Pressure - A data field used to enter or display the operating pressure of the main that the service is
connected to. If the value is known, enter a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is
expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.

Tap/Connection Type - A drop-down list used to select the service line to main tap or connection type.
Either select an item from the list, or select the ? command button to select a type using the Fitting Selection
screen.

Temperature - A data field used to enter the gas flowing temperature value. Enter a value by typing it into
the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.

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Calculated Items

EFV Reset Time - Displays the estimated time required for the specified excess flow valve to reset after it has been
activated and the downstream facilities have been restored to a gas tight condition.

Equivalent Length - Displays the total equivalent length value for all of the fittings and components associated with
the service line, including the tap, excess flow valve (EFV), and termination.

Maximum EFV By-Pass Rate - Displays the calculated maximum by-pass flow rate through the specified EFV after
it has been activated.

Maximum EFV Trip Point - Displays the calculated upper range of flow through the specified EFV that will cause
the valve to activate.

Maximum Protected Length - Displays the calculated maximum length of the service line that the specified EFV
can effectively protect.

Minimum EFV Trip Point - Displays the calculated lower range of flow through the specified EFV that will cause
the valve to activate.

Minimum Severed Flow - Displays the flow rate that would occur if the line was completely severed at the
termination end.

Pressure Drop - Displays the calculated linear pressure drop for entire service - from tap to termination.

Selected Pipe Size - Displays the selected pipe size or sizes and the associated pipe lengths. Information is only
displayed when the Diameter value is calculated.

Command Buttons

? - A command button used to display a data selection screen for the associated item. Use the various data lists on
the screen to select a value, then select the Apply command button to assign the selected value and return to the
calculation screen.

i - A command button used to display information about the associated item. The contents of the information screen
generally reflects the various data values contained in the associated Property Table. Select the Close command
button to return to the calculation screen.

Add - A command button used to add an item to the Fittings/Components list. When selected, the Piping Components
screen will be displayed. Enter the desired data values and select the Add/Insert command button. The new item will
be added to the end of the list.

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Base Conditions - A command button used to access the Base Conditions screen. When selected, the Base
Conditions screen will be displayed. Make any desired changes to the settings, then select the Apply command button
to save and apply the changes to the current calculation screen.

Calculate - A command button used to calculate the value of the unknown (underlined) parameter.

Cancel - A command button used to close the screen without saving any changes.

Clear - When associated with the Fittings/Components list, it is a command button used to remove all of the
components from the associated list. Otherwise, it is a command button used to set all of the data items to blank (null)
values.

Close - A command button used to close the screen and save the current data values.

Delete - A command button used to delete an item from the Fittings/Components list. When selected, the currently
highlighted item will be deleted from the list.

Help - A command button used to display this Calculation Reference.

Insert - A command button used to insert an item into the Fittings/Components list. When selected, the Piping
Components screen will be displayed. Enter the desired data values, then select the Close command button. The new
item will be added to the list immediately before the currently highlighted item.

Notes - A command button used to display the Calculation Notes editor screen for the current calculation.

Open - A command button used to open a previously saved calculation file. When selected, the File Selection screen
will be displayed. Enter or select the desired File name, then select the Open command button.

Print - A command button used to print the contents of the calculation screen. When selected, the Print Settings
screen will be displayed. Make any desired changes to the printer settings, then select the Print command button.

Save - A command button used to save the contents of the calculation screen to a calculation file. When selected,
the File Selection screen will be displayed. Enter or select the desired File name, then select the Save command
button.

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Notes & Considerations

! The Calculation Notes editor screen allows the User to add a specific title and/or notes to the current calculation
values.

! The red colored labels indicate which items may be calculated. An underlined (selected) label identifies the item
to be calculated as unknown. Only one item at a time may be selected to be calculated, the remaining items must be
known. To identify which item to calculate, click on the label associated with the desired item until the label is
underlined.

! The blue colored labels indicate which items may be calculated. An underlined (selected) label identifies the item
to be calculated as unknown. Only one item at a time may be selected to be calculated, the remaining items must be
known. To identify which item to calculate, click on the label associated with the desired item until the label is
underlined.

! The Maximum Velocity value can be entered or calculated. When the value is entered and the Diameter item is
calculated, the Maximum Velocity value is used as a design parameter when computing the required service line size.
In this case the minimum pipe diameter is calculated, and the pipe sizes are selected, such that velocity in the service
line segment does not exceed the specified value. When the value is calculated, it is computed using the smallest
component diameter and the lowest pressure value along the service line segment.

! When the service diameter is set by selecting a size/type code from the Diameter list, the appropriate inside
diameter value will be read from the Pipe Property Table and used as required by the calculation.

! When required by the calculation, the inside diameter for an assigned pipe segment is automatically set to the
appropriate value by reading it from the Pipe Property Table.

! When required by the calculation, the equivalent diameter and length for an assigned fitting is set to the appropriate
value by reading it from the Fitting Property Table.

! Pressure values displayed or entered using this calculation screen, are represented in gauge pressure values.

! The flow rate value displayed or entered using this calculation screen represents the value in “standard” volume
units. A standard volume means that the value has been adjusted to the base pressure and temperature specified in
the Base Condition values.

! When sizing a service line, it is good practice to use the lowest anticipated operating pressure of the main that the
service line is connected to for the supply pressure value, and to use the total connected load for the load value.

! The Elevation values are used to calculate the atmospheric pressure at the tap and termination locations. The
hydrostatic head is not considered when calculating service line sizing values.

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! An EFV does not activate at a consistently specific flow rate. It will activate within a range of flow rates. The
Minimum and Maximum EFV Trip Points represent the lower and upper bounds, respectively, of the activation range.

! The Minimum Severed Flow rate represents the estimated flow rate that would occur if the line were severed at
the termination end of the service line. This value represents the lowest flow rate that would occur if the line were
completely severed. The value is limited to choked (sonic) flow. The Maximum EFV Trip Point value should be less
than the Minimum Severed Flow value, or the valve may not “trip” (activate) if the line were severed near the
termination end. The Minimum EFV Trip Point should be less than the Minimum Severed Flow rate value.

! The Minimum EFV Trip Point value should be larger than the Load value or the EFV might activate and interrupt
flow through the service under full demand conditions.

! If the Diameter value is unknown and calculated:

• The calculated Equivalent Length value is based on the diameter of the largest selected pipe size.

• The calculated EFV Reset Time is based on the accumulated volume of the service line pipe segment and
the pipe segments in the attached components list.

• The calculated Minimum Severed Flow is based on the diameter of the smallest selected pipe size.

• The calculated Maximum Protected Length is based on the diameter of the smallest selected pipe size.

! To modify the Fittings/Components list, use the following command buttons:

• Add - To add a component to the list, select the Add command button. The Piping Components screen will
be displayed. Select the desired pipe or fitting, then select the Add/Insert command button to add the item
to the component list.

• Clear - To remove all components from the list, select the Clear command button.

• Delete - To remove a component from the list, highlight the item and select the Delete command button.

• Insert - To insert a component in the list, highlight the item in list located where the new component is to
be placed before, then select the Insert command button. The Piping Components screen will be displayed.
Select the desired pipe or fitting, then select the Add/Insert command button to insert the item into the
component list.

! To specify the number of digits to display to the right of the decimal indicator, double-click in the associated data
field. The Decimal Specifications screen will be displayed. Enter or select the desired number of digits, then select
the Apply command button to save and apply any changes.

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Background Information

In the past, many times sizing service lines was ignored, trivialized, or based on rule-of-thumb criteria. Especially
with the increased use of excess flow valves (EFV), accurate sizing of a service line is more important. Proper sizing
will ensure reliable and adequate service to the end user, and will help ensure proper operation of the EFV.

To properly size a service line, consideration must be given to all portions of the line - from the tap to the service
termination, including any fittings or valves installed along the service route. Each component of the line contributes
to the total pressure drop across the line. With that in mind, the pressure drop associated with each component needs
to be analyzed. Analyzing the pressure drop across each component could involve performing an actual pressure drop
calculation for each item, or more commonly including the component in a comprehensive calculation using what
is known as the equivalent length value for each component.

Equivalent length refers to a value that represents the equivalent hydraulic length of the component, in terms of a
specified inside diameter or pipe size. When used in a pipe flow equation, the equivalent length results in a pressure
drop value equivalent to that which would be caused by the component under similar flow conditions. In other words,
if the pressure drop across a component, such as a 2 Inch valve is 0.4 Psig, the equivalent length of the component
would be equal to the length of 2 Inch pipe required to produce a 0.4 Psig pressure drop under similar flow
conditions.

When sizing main lines, often the influence of fittings is ignored. In the case of main lines, the equivalent length of
the fittings or valves installed in the main is often very small compared to the overall length. However when sizing
service lines, the total equivalent length of the installed fittings may be substantial when compared to the physical
service line length, and in many cases may be greater than the physical length of the service line. Items such as pipe
taps and EFV’s tend to have fairly large pressure drops and equivalent lengths associated with them. Excluding them
from the sizing calculations can considerably underestimate the pressure drop across, and the capacity of, the service
line.

Some design criteria and standards establish a specific limit on the velocity associated with the gas flow through a
pipe. Because of the often small diameter associated with service lines, it is not uncommon to obtain relatively high
velocities compared to main line applications. If velocity is a required design criteria, the estimated maximum
velocity can be calculated and controlled by varying the pipe size. Increasing the pipe size will decrease the velocity
for similar flow conditions.

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Equations

As implemented in GASCalc, the service sizing routine incorporates many of its individual calculation routines into
a single service line sizing routine. The routine allows entry of a full range of components, starting at the tapping tee
at the main and ending at the service “termination” at the inlet to the service regulator. The User can include as much
or as little of this detail as is appropriate.

With the exception of the EFV calculations, the equations associated with the various calculations are described in
the specific calculation routines. The service line sizing routine is actually a “method” of calculation, as opposed to
a single equation. The general method of calculation is to compute pressure drop values for each of the various items
associated with the service line. The method assumes that the “service line” starts at the tap and ends at the
termination in the following order:

Pipe Tap
Excess Flow Valve
Attached Components
Service Line (Pipe) Segment
Termination

The pressure drop values are computed as described below.

Tap/Connection Pressure Drop

The pressure drop across the pipe tap is calculated using the assigned equivalent length value for the tap or
connection. If no tap or connection is specified, the pressure drop across this item is assumed to be zero. When a
“tap” is selected from the Tap/Connection Type data list, the equivalent length associated with the fitting is
automatically extracted from the Fittings Properties table and adjusted to the specified service line size. The pressure
drop across the fitting is calculated using the specified pipe flow equation, pipe efficiency value, and the other
specified flow and operating conditions. The inlet pressure to the pipe tap is the same as the specified supply (main)
pressure value.

Excess Flow Valve Pressure Drop

The pressure drop across the excess flow valve (EFV) is calculated using the assigned equivalent length value. If no
EFV is specified, the pressure drop across this item is assumed to be zero. When an EFV is selected from the Excess
Flow Valve Type data list, the equivalent length associated with the EFV is automatically extracted from the EFV
properties table and adjusted to the specified service line size. The pressure drop across the EFV is calculated using
the specified pipe flow equation, pipe efficiency value, and the other specified flow and operating conditions. The
inlet pressure to the EFV is the same as the outlet pressure of the tap or connection item.

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Component Pressure Drop

The pressure drop across the various components attached to the service line is calculated using the specified inside
diameter and length value for pipes, and is calculated using the associated equivalent diameter and equivalent length
value for fittings. Each of the diameter and length values are adjusted to the specified service line size. The pressure
drop across the combined components is calculated using the specified pipe flow equation, pipe efficiency value, and
the other specified flow and operating conditions. All of the components are assumed to be attached directly to the
upstream end of the service pipe segment. The inlet pressure to the component list is the same as the outlet pressure
of the EFV item.

Service Line (Pipe) Pressure Drop

The pressure drop across the “pipe” portion of the service line is calculated using the associated or specified inside
diameter value, specified pipe length value, pipe flow equation, pipe efficiency value, and the other specified flow
and operating conditions. When a pipe size and type code is assigned to the Diameter field, the inside diameter
associated with the pipe is automatically extracted from the Pipe Properties table. The inlet pressure to the service
pipe segment is the same as the outlet pressure of the component list.

Termination Pressure Drop

The pressure drop across the “termination” is calculated using the assigned equivalent length value. When a
termination fitting is selected from the Termination Type data list, the equivalent length associated with the fitting
is automatically extracted from the Fittings properties table and adjusted to the specified service line size. The
pressure drop across the fitting is calculated using the specified pipe flow equation, pipe efficiency value, and the
other specified flow and operating conditions. The inlet pressure to the termination is the same as the outlet pressure
of the service line pipe item.

Minimum Severed Flow

The minimum severed flow rate value is calculated by assuming that the termination end of the service line is
completely severed, unobstructed, and open to the atmosphere. The maximum flow that can be passed through the
service line and components is calculated under these conditions.

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EFV Specific Values

When an excess flow valve (EFV) is included in the service line, various values associated with the value are
calculated and displayed. Except for the estimated reset time, these values are extracted from values contained in the
EFV properties table. The values in the EFV Properties table have been extracted from various manufacturer
literature.

Maximum By-Pass Rate - This value is extracted from the EFV Property Table and adjusted for the specified
dimensional units. The value in the EFV Property Table is taken from the associated manufacturer’s
literature as referenced in the table.

Maximum EFV Trip Point - This value is extracted from the EFV Property Table and adjusted for the
specified dimensional units. The value in the EFV Property Table is taken from the associated manufacturer’s
literature as referenced in the table.

Minimum EFV Trip Point - This value is extracted from the EFV Property Table and adjusted for the
specified dimensional units. The value in the EFV Property Table is taken from the associated manufacturer’s
literature as referenced in the table.

Maximum Protected Length - This value is calculated by determining the maximum service length that can
flow a rate at least as large as the Maximum EFV Trip Point value for the specified EFV.

Reset Time

The reset time is calculated using the following.

Reference 1

Equation Variables

Unless noted otherwise, the following base units and variable definitions apply to all of the methods and equations
described in this section:

RT = Reset Time, Seconds

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QMAX = Maximum Reset Flow Rate, Cfh

References

1. None - Derived.

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See Also

Atmospheric Pressure Calculation Reference

Average Pressure Calculation Reference
Average Temperature Calculation Reference
Base Conditions Help Reference
Compressibility Factor Calculation Reference
Demonstration Guide Example
Pipe Flow Calculation Reference
Property Table Editor Help Reference
Velocity Calculation Reference

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