GREEN ENGINEERING-1 INSULATION-CONTENT J Andrew

GREEN ENGINEERING-1 INSULATION SPREADSHEETS - CONTENT
Copy write, © Green Engineering Spreadsheets 1 - Insulation, by John R Andrew, 17 Feb 2010
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INDUSTRIAL INSULATION APPLICATIONS
DISCLAIMER: The materials contained in the online course are not intended
as a representation or warranty on the part of PDHonline.org or any other
person/organization named herein. The materials are for general information
only. They are not a substitute for competent professional advice. Application
of this information to a specific project should be reviewed by a registered
professional engineer. Anyone making use of the information set forth herein
does so at their own risk and assumes any and all resulting liability arising
therefrom.
NORTH AMERICAN INSULATION MANUFACTURERES ASSOCIATION (NAIMA)

Insulation and Sustainability
Go to: http://www.naima.org/ for the NAIMA home page.
The use of existing energy-efficiency technologies, such as insulation, are fundamental to
successful sustainable development, as regards both the production and consumption of energy.
Manufacturers of fiber glass
and rock and slag wool insulation are actively engaged in efforts to reduce emissions, demand for
natural resources and energy use at its manufacturing plants.
These reductions are realized through improvements in energy efficiency (maximized insulation
usage), reductions in actual emissions through control technologies, and greater reliance on
recycled materials and rapidly renewable raw materials. However, lack of knowledge
and bias prevent some decision makers from appreciating that not all energy savings available from
the application of insulation technologies have yet been realized and that much greater cost-
effective energy efficiency can still be achieved.
recycled materials and rapidly renewable raw materials. However, lack of knowledge
and bias prevent some decision makers from appreciating that not all energy savings available from
the application of insulation technologies have yet been realized and that much greater cost-
effective energy efficiency can still be achieved.
INSULATION TYPES
Pipe Insulation, Blanket Insulation, Board Insulation, Spray Foam Insulation, Firestop, Insulation
Jacketing, Duct Wrap, Duct Liner, Duct Insulation, Fabricated Insulation, Insulated Pipe Saddles.
Above is the image at: www.thermalpipeinsulation.com/
Above: Mechanical Insulation Contractor based in Providence, Rhode Island.

Office Phone: 401 751-2750 | Contact us | 118 Manton Ave, Box 4 Providence, RI 02909.
PADI Insulation specializes in Industrial Insulating services throughout New England area. Our
services and projects include new construction, renovation and plant maintenance.
We service schools, hospitals, and power plant sites in different industries. PADI Insulation takes
great pride in providing the best insulating materials, superb craftsmanship, and highest quality
of installation and design.
Above is the image at: www.ekii.co.uk/
Above: DOMESTIC INSULATION - COMMERCIAL INSULATION - INDUSTRIAL INSULATION

- - MARINE INSULATION
47A Strand St Sandwich Kent CT13 9EU - Established Since 1986 - HSE Licensed -
Email: ekii@btconnect.com - Free Phone 0800 2118658 - 01304 614647 - Mobile 0771 2068424
Above is the image at: www.sprinkmannsonscorp.com/industrialpipecove...

Sprinkmann Sons Corporation
Providing Continuous Nationwide Service Since 1888
As a full-service insulation contractor, Sprinkmann Sons has the experience and capability to
analyze, design, install and service insulation for any industrial or commercial application.
Whether you need a complete custom-designed insulation system or a retrofitted installation,

we can handle your insulating requirements for: piping, boilers, tanks, turbines and other
industrial equipment, as well as for plumbing and HVAC systems.
We also specialize in the custom fabrication and installation of removable/replaceable

insulation blankets for valves, expansion joints and other areas requiring frequent maintenance.
Above is the image at: www.shure-line.com/piping.html
Pipe Fabrication / Pipe Insulation and Application of Jacketing Systems

ShureLine Construction INDUSTRIAL CONTRACTORS Tel: 302.653.4610
ShureLine provides all of your installation needs for equipment or piping systems. We assist with
industry recommendations about the appropriate materials to use. We address fire and thermal
concerns, where appropriate. As always, our work meets or exceeds ASME and OSHA standards.
Piping
We specialize in the demanding installations often found in complex industrial facilities. Our workers
are specially trained to perform the intricate installations of pipes, pressure vessels and valves using
fiberglass, foamglass, polyiso and calcium silicate systems.
Steam Tracing Systems, Pipe Insulation and Metal Jacketing
ShureLine's skilled craftsmen have years of experience installing copper, preinsulated and exotic
tracing for thermal protection systems
Industrial Process Piping
In addition to plant construction, ShureLine also offers maintenance assistance and supplemental
labor for your in-house shops, including pipe fitters, industrial mechanics
and millwrights.
Pipefitting
ShureLine's experienced and certified NCCER Pipe Fitters, Industrial Mechanics, Millwrights and
fiberglass, foamglass, polyiso and calcium silicate systems.
Steam Tracing Systems, Pipe Insulation and Metal Jacketing
ShureLine's skilled craftsmen have years of experience installing copper, preinsulated and exotic
tracing for thermal protection systems
Industrial Process Piping
In addition to plant construction, ShureLine also offers maintenance assistance and supplemental
labor for your in-house shops, including pipe fitters, industrial mechanics
and millwrights.
Pipefitting
ShureLine's experienced and certified NCCER Pipe Fitters, Industrial Mechanics, Millwrights and
Certified Welders are skilled industry professionals, fabricating and installing various types and
grades of piping including carbon steel, stainless steel, alloys and composite systems. We
specialize in steam, water and process piping in various types of applications in chemical,
pharmaceutical and wastewater treatment plants.
ASME, ASTM Pipe Fabrication
Pipe welding requires technical expertise. ShureLine's highly skilled professionals create welded
joints that meet or exceed ASME and ASTM standards. Our certified welders can also perform on-
site code repairs to vessels, tanks and boilers.
Jacketed Systems
Where jacketed piping systems are required, ShureLine's pipe fabrication shop has extensive
experience with both ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
Above is the image at: www.quietnoise.com/techlite/pipe_insulation.htm
Above: MEMTECH ACOUSTICAL NOISE CONTROL
For immediate service on Techlite Fire Rated Pipe Insulation:

Email salesinfo@memtechacoustical.com
Industrial Noise Control, Noise Reduction Solutions,

Noise Containment, Noise Dampening,
Classroom Acoustics, Industrial Hygiene Services,
Pipe Insulation, Noisekiller
Pipe insulation by TechLite® is ALL FOAM CLASS 1 FIRE RATED and provides a wide service
temperature with low flammability and no fibers to worry about during installation or use.
Above: MEMTECH ACOUSTICAL NOISE CONTROL
For immediate service on Techlite Fire Rated Pipe Insulation:

Email salesinfo@memtechacoustical.com
Industrial Noise Control, Noise Reduction Solutions,

Noise Containment, Noise Dampening,
Classroom Acoustics, Industrial Hygiene Services,
Pipe Insulation, Noisekiller
Pipe insulation by TechLite® is ALL FOAM CLASS 1 FIRE RATED and provides a wide service
temperature with low flammability and no fibers to worry about during installation or use.
Techlite flexible foam pipe insulation has excellent insulation properties with no ozone depleting
substances.
TechLite foam pipe insulation offers outstanding properties, such as classified ASTM C-1410-
2005b. TechLite foam pipe insulation meets or exceeds ASTM-E84-25/50 smoke & flame, high
temperature resistance, low bacterial growth, and outstanding fabrication qualities.
Click on the links below for

more information on our
products and services:
• Site Map • Pipe Insulation • Blanket & Roll Insulation • Board Insulation
• Duct Wrap, Liner, Board, HVAC • Insulation Jacketing & • Fitting

Spray Covers
Foam Insulation • Firestop & Fire Protection Produ
• Fabricated Pipe Insulation • Pre Insulated Pipe Saddles

• Insulation Coatings & Adhesives
• Application Accessories
• Clear-Out Insulation Items • Insulation Comparison

• Manufacturer
Chart Links • Credit Application
Jacketing, Duct Wrap, Duct Liner, Duct Insulation, Fabricated Insulation, Insulated Pipe Saddles
Our Partners Include:
Above: Industrial Insulation Sales, Inc.

Insulation Distributor & Fabricator
Providing quality products & services for over 50 Years
phone: (716) 874-7278 • fax: (716) 871-3498

email: info@industrialinsulation.com
2101 Kenmore Ave.

Buffalo, NY 14207
Phone: (716)874-7278
Fax: (716) 871-3498
Industrial Insulation Sales, Inc. is a leading distributor and fabricator of industrial and commercial
insulations....pipe insulation, blanket insulation, board insulation, spray foam insulation, firestop
products & industrial applications from leading manufacturers such as Johns Manville, Owens
Insulation Distributor & Fabricator
Providing quality products & services for over 50 Years
phone: (716) 874-7278 • fax: (716) 871-3498

email: info@industrialinsulation.com
2101 Kenmore Ave.

Buffalo, NY 14207
Phone: (716)874-7278
Fax: (716) 871-3498
Industrial Insulation Sales, Inc. is a leading distributor and fabricator of industrial and commercial
insulations....pipe insulation, blanket insulation, board insulation, spray foam insulation, firestop
products & industrial applications from leading manufacturers such as Johns Manville, Owens
Corning, Pittsburgh Corning, Fomo Products, Nelson Firestop, Armacell, Dow Chemical & ITW
Insulation Systems.
We also carry a complete line of insulation accessories including: insulation jacketing, fitting
covers, insulation fasteners, mastics, coatings, adhesives, sheet metal shields, tapes, banding
and other items.
Above DOE website is at: http://www.ornl.gov/sci/roofs+walls/insulation/ins_16.html
Contents:
Introduction
Why Insulate Your House?

How Insulation Works
Which Kind of Insulation is Best?
What Is an R-Value?
Reading the Label
Insulation Product Types
Insulating a New House
Where and How Much

Air Sealing
Moisture Control and Ventilation
Installation Issues
Precautions
Attics
Walls
Design Options
Crawlspaces and Slabs
Advanced Wall Framing
Metal Framing
Insulating Concrete Forms
Massive Walls
Structural Insulated Panels
External Insulation Finish System
Attic Ventilation or a Cathedralized Attic
Adding Insulation to an Existing House
Where and How Much

How Much Insulation Do I Already Have?
Air Sealing
Moisture Control and Ventilation
Insulation Installation, the Retrofit Challenge
Precautions
Attics
Walls
Basement Walls
Floors and Crawl Spaces
Air Sealing
Air sealing is important, not only because drafts are uncomfortable, but also because air leaks
carry both moisture and energy, usually in the direction you don't want. For example, air leaks can
carry hot humid outdoor air into your house in the summer, or can carry warm moist air from a
bathroom into the attic in the winter.
Most homeowners are aware that air leaks into and out of their houses through small openings
around doors and window frames and through fireplaces and chimneys. Air also enters the living
space from other unheated parts of the house, such as attics, basements, or crawlspaces. The air
travels through:
1. any openings or cracks where two walls meet, where the wall meets the ceiling, or near interior
door frames;
2. gaps around electrical outlets, switch boxes, and recessed fixtures;
3. gaps behind recessed cabinets, and furred or false ceilings such as kitchen or bathroom soffits;
4. gaps around attic access hatches and pull-down stairs;
5. behind bath tubs and shower stall units;
6. through floor cavities of finished attics adjacent to unconditioned attic spaces;
7. utility chaseways for ducts, etc., and
8. plumbing and electrical wiring penetrations.
These leaks between the living space and other parts of the house are often much greater than
the obvious leaks around windows and doors. Since many of these leakage paths are driven by
the tendency for warm air to rise and cool air to fall, the attic is often the best place to stop them.
It's important to stop these leaks before installing attic insulation because the insulation may hide
them and make them less accessible. Usually, the attic insulation itself will not stop these leaks
and you won't save as much as you expect because of the air flowing through or around the
insulation.
8. plumbing and electrical wiring penetrations.
These leaks between the living space and other parts of the house are often much greater than
the obvious leaks around windows and doors. Since many of these leakage paths are driven by
the tendency for warm air to rise and cool air to fall, the attic is often the best place to stop them.
It's important to stop these leaks before installing attic insulation because the insulation may hide
them and make them less accessible. Usually, the attic insulation itself will not stop these leaks
and you won't save as much as you expect because of the air flowing through or around the
insulation.
END OF APPLICATIONS WORKSHEET

CONDUCTION
Jacketing, Duct Wrap, Duct Liner, Duct Insulation, Fabricated Insulation, Insulated Pipe Saddles
Temperature limits of some common insulation materials are indicated in the table below:
Insulation Material Low Temperature Range High Temperature Range
Some Common Insulation Materials

•Calcium Silicate thermal conductivity
Cellular Glass Insulation
Cellular glass insulation is composed of crushed glass combined with a calculating agent.
These components are mixed, placed in a mold, and then heated to a temperature of
approximately 950 of. During the heating process, the crushed glass turns to a liquid.
Decomposition of the calculating agent will cause the mixture to expand and fill the mold.
The mixture creates millions of connected, uniform, closed-cells and form at the end a rigid
insulating material.
Cellulose Insulation
Cellulose is made from shredded recycled paper, such as newsprint or cardboard. It's
treated with chemicals to make it fire- and insect-resistant, and is applied as loose-fill or
wet-sprayed through a machine.
Fiberglass Insulation
Fiberglass is the most common type of insulation. It's made from molten glass spun into
microfibers.
Mineral Wool Insulation

Mineral wool is made from molten glass, stone or slag that is spun into a fiber-like
structure. Inorganic rock or slag are the main components (typically 98%) of stone wool.
The remaining 2% organic content is generally a thermosetting resin binder (an adhesive)
and a little oil.
Polyurethane insulation
Polyurethane is an organic polymer formed by reacting a polyol (an alcohol with more than
two reactive hydroxyl groups per molecule) with a diisocyanate or a polymeric isocyanate
in the presence of suitable catalysts and additives.
Polyurethanes are flexible foams used in mattresses, chemical-resistant coatings,

adhesives and sealants, insulation for buildings and technical applications like heat
exchangers, cooling pipes and much more.
Mineral wool is made from molten glass, stone or slag that is spun into a fiber-like
structure. Inorganic rock or slag are the main components (typically 98%) of stone wool.
The remaining 2% organic content is generally a thermosetting resin binder (an adhesive)
and a little oil.
Polyurethane insulation
Polyurethane is an organic polymer formed by reacting a polyol (an alcohol with more than
two reactive hydroxyl groups per molecule) with a diisocyanate or a polymeric isocyanate
in the presence of suitable catalysts and additives.
Polyurethanes are flexible foams used in mattresses, chemical-resistant coatings,

adhesives and sealants, insulation for buildings and technical applications like heat
exchangers, cooling pipes and much more.
Polystyrene Insulation
Polystyrene is an excellent insulator. It is manufactured in two ways:
•Extrusion - which results in fine, closed cells, containing a mixture of air and refrigerant
gas
•Molded or expanded - which produces coarse, closed cells containing air
Extruded polystyrene, or XPS, is a closed-cell, thermal plastic material manufactured by a
variety of extrusion processes. The main applications of extruded polystyrene insulation
are in building insulation and construction in general.
Molded or expanded polystyrene is commonly called beadboard and has a lower R-value
than extruded polystyrene.
Polyisocyanurate Insulation
Polyisocyanurate or polyiso is a thermosetting type of plastic, closed-cell foam that
contains a low-conductivity gas (usually hydrochlorofluorocarbons or HCFC) in its cells.
CONDUCTION PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Conduction is the flow of thermal energy from a high
temperature (thigh) zone to a low temperature (tlow) zone. Properties at 68 deg F
ρ K K
MATERIAL lbm/ft^3 Btu/hr-ft-F W/m-C
Copper, pure 559 223 386
Brass, 70 Cu, 30 Zn 532 64 111
Silver, 99.9% pure 657 235 407
Duralumin, 3-5%Cu, trace Mg 174 95 164
Carbon Steel, 1.0%C 487 25 43
Bronze, 75 Cu, 25 Sn 541 15 26
Stainless Steel,18 Cr, 8 Ni 488 9.4 16.3
Concrete, stone, 1-2-4 mix 0.79 1.37
Glass, window 0.45 0.78
Brick, common building 0.40 0.69
Wood, fir 0.063 0.109
Wood, white pine 0.065 0.112
Glass Wool, 1.5 lb/ft^3 0.022 0.038
CONDUCTIVITIES AT: 75 F AND 400 F (US Units)
INSULATION K Btu/hr-ft-F K Btu/hr-ft-F

@ 75 F @ 400 F
Fiberglass P/C 0.23 0.44
Type I 0.26 0.75

Type II 0.22 0.44
Calcium Silicate 0.34 0.50
Mineral Wool 4# 0.25 0.45

Ceramic Blanket 6# 0.29 0.65
Foamglas 0.29 0.55
Tempmat 1200 0.26 0.45

Find table above at: (www.industrialinsulation.com)
Temperature Conversion: C to F Input

T= 75 deg C
T = (9*deg C/5) + 32
(US Units) T= 167 deg F
Mean Thermal Conductivity, Km
Assume conductivity is proportional to temperature Input
Surface with high temperature, t1 = 380.0 deg F < 400F OK
Surface with low temperature, t2 = 82.0 deg F < 75F OK
Conductivity, K @ 75 F, K75 = 0.22 Btu/hr-ft-F
Conductivity, K @ 400 F, K400 = 0.43 Btu/hr-ft-F
Calculate
Mean temperature, tm = (t1 + t2)/2
Mean temperature, tm = 231 deg F
Mean thermal conductivity at temp t, Km = K75 +((K400 - K75)*(t - 75) / (400 - 75))
= 0.321 Btu/hr-ft-deg F
THERMAL CONDUCTION (US UNITS)

Thermal energy flow, Q = K*A*(thigh - tlow) / X (Btu/hr)
Mean thermal conductivity from above, Km = Btu/hr-ft-deg F
A= Area (ft^2)
X= Thickness (ft)
CONDUCTION PROBLEM (US UNITS)
Calculate the total thermal energy flow, Q Input

Surface with high temperature, t1 = 280.0 deg F
Surface with low temperature, t2 = 75.0 deg F
Mean thermal conductivity from above, Km = 0.250 Btu/hr-ft-deg F
Dimension in inches, L1 = 6.00 ft
Thickness in inches, X = 3.00 in
Calculation
= 177.5 deg F
Thermal energy flow per square foot, Q/A = Km*(t1 - t2) / (X/12)
= 205.0 Btu/hr-ft^2-deg F
Area, A = L1*L2
= 12.00 ft^2
Total thermal energy flow, Q = A*Q/A
= 2460 Btu/hr
= 721 W
CONDUCTION EXAMPLE ONLY, see problem below
Use, "Goal Seek" with the above calculation cells reproduced below
Calculate temperature ( t1 ) for a target thermal energy flow, ( Q ) using the below calculation.
The target thermal energy flow, Q = 100 Btu/hr-deg F Input

Mean thermal conductivity from above, Km = 0.261 Btu/hr-ft^2-deg F
Calculation
= 111.9284802 deg F
Thermal energy flow per sq meter, Q/A = Km*(t1 - t2) / (X/12)
= 50.0 Btu/hr-ft^2-deg F
Area, A = L1*L2
= 2.00 ft^2
100.0 Btu/hr-deg F
Step-1 Pick the live equation cell: B205 above (must contain a formula).
Step-2 Select drop-down menu below: Data > What-If Analysis > Goal Seek.
Step-3 Type, "100" in the, "To value" box below and pick the, "By changing cell" box".
Step-4 Pick the "t1 =" cell, "B191" (must contain a number) with the mouse pointer
and pick , "OK" as shown above.
Answer: High temperature, t1 = 143.9 deg F.
CONDUCTION PROBLEM
Use, "Goal Seek" to calculate temperature ( t1 ) for a new target

thermal energy flow, ( Q ) using the below calculation.

Mean thermal conductivity from above, Km = 0.261 Btu/hr-ft^2-deg F
Calculation
= 111.9284802 deg F
Thermal energy flow per sq meter, Q/A = Km*(t1 - t2) / (X/12)
= 50 Btu/hr-ft^2-deg F
Area, A = L1*L2
= 2.00 ft^2
100.0 Btu/hr-deg F
END OF CONDUCTION WORKSHEET

To unlock this spreadsheet: Home > Format > Protection > Unprotect Sheet
To lock this spreadsheet: Home > Format > Protection > Protect Sheet > OK
CONDUCTIVITIES AT: 24 C AND 204 C (Metric Units)
INSULATION K W/m-C K W/m-C

@ 24 C @ 204 C
Fiberglass P/C 0.398 0.761
Type I 0.450 1.297

Type II 0.381 0.761
Calcium Silicate 0.588 0.865

Ceramic Blanket 6# 0.502 1.124
Foamglas 0.502 0.951
Tempmat 1200 0.450 0.778

Find table above at: (www.industrialinsulation.com)
Temperature Conversion: F to C Input

T= 167
T = 5*(deg F - 32)/9
(Metric Units) T= 75.0
Mean Thermal Conductivity, Km
Assume conductivity is proportional to temperature Input
Surface with high temperature, t1 = 180.0 deg C
Surface with low temperature, t2 = 25.0 deg C
Conductivity, K @ 24C, K24 = 0.502 W/m-C
Conductivity, K @ 204C, K204 = 1.124 W/m-C
Calculate
Mean temperature, tm = 102.5 deg C
Mean thermal conductivity at temp t, Km = K24 +((K204 - K24)*(t - 24) / (204 - 24))
= 0.773 W/m-C
THERMAL CONDUCTION (METRIC UNITS)

Thermal energy flow, Q = K*A*(thigh - tlow) / X (W)
Mean thermal conductivity from above, Km = Watts/m-deg K
A= Area (m^2)
X= Thickness (m)
CONDUCTION PROBLEM (METRIC UNITS)

Surface with high temperature, t1 = 200 deg C
Surface with low temperature, t2 = 24 deg C
Mean thermal conductivity from above, Km = 0.440 W / m-C
Dimension in inches, L1 = 2.000 m
Dimension in inches, L2 = 1.500 m
Thickness in inches, X = 40.0 mm
Calculation
= 112 deg C
Thermal energy flow per square meter, Q/A = Km*(t1 - t2) / (X/1000)
= 1936.0 W/m^2
Area, A = L1*L2
= 3.000 m^2
= 5808 W
= 19818 Btu/hr
protect Sheet
otect Sheet > OK
deg F
deg C
< 204C OK
> 24C OK
t - 24) / (204 - 24))

CONVECTION
Convection is heat transfer by the movement of heated gasses and liquids.
The difference between surrounding air temperature t1 and surface temperature t2 is a function of air:
velocity V, conductivity k, density ρ, dynamic viscosity μ, Prandtl number Pr, Grashof number Gr, etc.
Measuring Air Film Coefficient
Measurements taken in an air layer adjacent to a vertical surface

Input Data
Heat source, Q = 200 Watts
Surface area, A = 2.00 sq m
Ambient air temperature thermocouple, t1 = 80.0 C
Surface temperature thermocouple, t2 = 20.0 C
Calculations
Heat convection, air layer, Q = h * A * (t1 - t2) Watts
Convective heat transfer coefficient, h = Q / (A*(t1 - t2))
Metric Answer: h = 1.667 W/m^2*C
Convective heat transfer coefficient, h = (W/m^2*K)/5.59
U.S. Answer: h = 0.298 Btu/hr-ft^2*F
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient

Convective heat transfer coefficient, h = k*C*(Gr*Pr)^n / L
Description Length L Gr C n
Vertical Plate < 10^4 1.36 0.200
or 10^4<10^9 0.59 0.250
Vertical Cylinder 2*π*r 10^9<10^12 0.13 0.333
Horizontal Plate (S1 + S2) / 2 10^5<2*10^7 0.54 0.250

hot surface facing up 2*10^7<3*10^10 0.14 0.333
Horizontal Plate 3*10^5<3*10^10 0.27 0.250

hot surface facing down
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculation - Pick Horizontal or Vertical Plate:

Characteristic Length L Input Data-1
height = 8.00 in
width = 6.00 in
Exterior surface temperature, Ts = 146.0 deg C
Ambient (room) temperature, Ta = 36.0 deg C
Calculation
Length, L=(height x width) / (height + width) = L = 3.43 in
Plate characteristic length, L = 0.09 m
Answer: Ts - Ta = 110 deg C
Th = (Ts + Ta) / 2 deg C
Answer: Th = 91 deg C
Air Properties at temperature, Th, from table below:

Input Data-2
Air conductivity, k = 0.03115 W / m*C
Air density, ρ = 0.964 kg / m^3
Air dynamic viscosity, μ = 2.15E-05 kg / sec*m
Boundary layer volume coefficient of expansion, β = 2.74E-03 1 / deg C
Gravitational constant, g = 9.81 m/sec^2
Prandtl number, Pr = 0.694 -
Grashof number, Gr = L^3*g*β*ρ^2*(Ts - Ta) / μ^2
Answer: Gr = 3.926E+06
Answer: Gr*Pr = 2.725E+06
C and n below are found in the table above for the Gr*Pr value calculated here.
Input Data-3
Gr*Pr = 10^3 < 10^9
C = 0.53
n = 0.25
Nusselt Equation, Air Film Coefficient, h = k*C*(Gr*Pr)^n / L
S.I. Answer: h = 7.702 W / m^2*C
U.S. Answer: h = (W/m^2*K)/5.59Btu/hr-ft^2*F
U.S. Answer: h = 1.376 Btu/hr-ft^2*F
CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION THROUGH ONE LAYER

Calculate the heat transfer Q through an vertical plate of material given the data below.
Input Data
Plate length, L = 36.00 in
Plate height, H = 24.00 in
Plate thickness, x = 1.000 in
Left side temperature, t1 = 200 deg F
Right side temperature, t4 = 70 deg F
Plate material conductivity, K = 0.352 Btu/hr-ft-F
Left side convective coefficient, ha = 2.00 Btu/hr-ft^2-F
Right side convective coefficient, hc = 10.00 Btu/hr-ft^2-F
Calculations
Wall area, A = L*H / 144
A= 6.00 ft^2
Convective thermal resistance, Ra = 1 / ha
= 0.50 1/Btu/hr-ft-F
Plate thickness, X = x/12
= 0.08 ft
Conductive thermal resistance, Rb = X/K
= 0.237 1/Btu/hr-ft-F
Convective thermal resistance, Rc = 1 / hc
= 0.10 1/Btu/hr-ft-F
Overall thermal resistance, ΣR = Ra + Rb + Rc
ΣR = 0.84 1/Btu/hr-ft-F
Overall temperature difference, ∆T = t1 - t4
∆T = 130.0 deg F
Heat transfer per unit area, Q / A = ∆T / ΣR

= 155.36 Btu / hr-ft^2
Heat transfer, Q = A*∆T / ΣR
Q = 932.19 Btu/hr
Q = 273.22 Watts
Internal temperatures are found from Equation-1 above:
Heat transfer per unit area, Q / A = (t1 - t2) / (Ra)

t2 = t1 -(Q/A)*(Ra)
Answer: t2 = 122.32 deg F
Heat transfer per unit area, Q / A = (t3 - t4) / (Rc)
t3 = t4 + (Q/A)*(Rc)
CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION THROUGH THREE LAYERS

Calculate the heat transfer Q through an vertical plate of material given the data below.
The heat flow rate, Q, is the same through each layer in the diagram above.
Thermal Resistances of Layers

Heat transfer per unit area, Q / A = (t1 - t2) / (Xa / Ka) Equation 1
Heat intensity = t1 -t2
Thermal resistance for layer a, Ra = Xa / Ka
Thermal resistance for layer o, Ro = 1/ ho
Overall heat transfer rate, Q / A = (t1 -t4) / (Ra + Rb + Rc)
Overall temperature difference, ∆T= t1 - t4
Overall heat transfer coefficient, U = 1 / (A * Σ Rn)
Heat transfer per unit area, Q / A = U*(∆T)

U.S. Units Input Data
Plate length, L = 300.00 in
Plate height, H = 48.00 in
Plate thickness, X = 0.75 in
Left side convective coefficient, ho = 2.00 Btu/hr-ft^2-F
to = 150.0 deg F
t5 = 72.0 deg F
Thickness, Xa = 1.00 in
Thickness, Xb = 4.00 in
Thickness, Xc = 0.75 in
Thermal conductivity, Ka = 0.065 Btu/hr-ft-F
Thermal conductivity, Kb = 0.400 Btu/hr-ft-F
Thermal conductivity, Kc = 0.280 Btu/hr-ft-F
Right side convective coefficient, h5 = 5.80 Btu/hr-ft^2-F
Calculation
Wall area, A = L*H / 144
A= 100.00 ft^2
Thermal Resistances
Convective thermal resistance, Ro = 1 / ho
Ro = 0.500 1/Btu/hr-ft-F
Conductive thermal resistance, Ra = Xa / Ka
Ra = 1.2821 1/Btu/hr-ft-F
Conductive thermal resistance, Rb = Xb / Kb
Rb = 0.8333 1/Btu/hr-ft-F
Conductive thermal resistance, Rc = Xc / Kc
Rc = 0.2232 1/Btu/hr-ft-F
Convective thermal resistance, R5 = 1 / h5
R5 = 0.172 1/Btu/hr-ft-F
Overall heat transfer coefficient
1/U= 1/ho + Xa / Ka + Xb / Kb + Xc / Kc + 1/h5
1/U= Ro+R1+Ra+Rb+Rc+R5
1/U= 3.0110
Answer: U = 0.332
∆T = to - t5
Answer: ∆T = 78 deg F
Heat transfer per unit area, Q / A = U*(∆T)
Answer: Q / A = 25.90
Heat transfer, Q = U*A*(∆T)
Answer: Q = 2590 Btu/hr
Answer: Q = 759 Watts
Surface temperature is found from Equation-1 above:
Heat transfer per unit area, Q / A = (to - t1) / (1 / ho)
t1 = to - (Q/A)*(1 / ho)
Internal temperature follows:
Heat transfer per unit area, Q / A = (t1 - t2) / (Xa / Ka)
t2 = t1 - (Q/A)*(Xa / Ka)
Thermal Resistance - Definition Input
Hot side temperature, T1 = 725 deg F
Cold side temperature, T2 = 75 deg F
Heat transfer rate, Q = 1477 Btu/hr
Calculate
Thermal resistance, R = (T1 - T2) / Q
= 0.440 deg F-hr/Btu
END OF CONVECTION WORKSHEET

To unlock this spreadsheet: Home > Format > Protection > Unprotect Sheet
To lock this spreadsheet: Home > Format > Protection > Protect Sheet > OK
PIPE AND TANKS
THERMAL RESISTANCE OF INSULATED PIPE ( R )

Conductive heat flow, Q = (Overall temp difference) / (Sum of thermal resistances)
The mean conductivity factor, Km = mean of the High surface and Low surface temperature K factors.
Thermal Resistance R of Single Layer of Pipe Insulation
Insulation Data Input

Name of pipe insulation = Glass Wool
Mean thermal conductivity of insulation, K1 = 0.0387 Btu/(hr-ft-deg F)
Pipe insulation thickness, X1 = 4.000 in
Steel pipe outside diameter, D = 6.000 in
Pipe length, L = 20 ft
Given Temperatures Input
Pipe outer surface temperature, t1 = 300 deg F
Outer insulation outer surface temperature, t3 = 85 deg F
Calculations
Pipe outside diameter, D1 = 6.000 in
Insulation outside diameter, D2 = D1 + 2*X1
= 14.00 in
Insulation thermal resistance, R1 = Ln(D2/D1) / (2*π*K1)
= 3.485 1/Btu/hr-ft-F
Heat transfer rate through insulation layer, Q/L = (Overall temp difference) / (Sum of thermal resistances)
Q/L = (t2 - t1) / (R1)
= 61.70 Btu/(hr-ft)
Insulation heat transfer rate over pipe length, Q = L * Q/L
Q = 1234.0 Btu/hr
Critical Pipe Insulation Thickness
Conductive heat loss reduces with increase in insulation thickness until the critical
insulation diameter Dcrit is reached.
Further increase in insulation thickness increases heat loss due to outer surface convection.
Conductive thermal resistance, R1 =Ln(D2/D1) / (2*π*K1)

Convective thermal resistance on insulation outer surface, Rc = 1/h
For the definition of, "h" see the "Convection" worksheet of this course.
Total heat transfer at the pipe insulation surface is:
Q/L = (t1 - t2) / (R1 + Rc)
Q/L is a maximum when pipe diameter, Dcrit = 2*K/h
Input
Insulation mean conductivity, Km = 0.323 Btu-ft/hr-ft^2-deg F
Convective heat transfer coefficient, h = 0.954 Btu/hr-ft^2*F
Calculate
Critical insulation diameter, Dcrit = 2*Km / h ft
= 0.677 ft
= 8.13 in
Thermal Resistance R of Multiple Layers of Pipe Insulation

Conductive heat flow, Q = (Overall temp difference) / (Sum of thermal resistances)
Pipe with Double Layer Insulation - US Units
Heat transfer rate Q is the same through both insulation layers.
Temperature drop across the metal pipe wall is approximately zero.

Name of inner pipe insulation = Asbestos 36 lbm/ft^3
Thermal conductivity of inner insulation, K1 = 0.231 Btu/(hr-ft-deg F)
Inner insulation thickness, X1 = 4.0000 in
Name of outer pipe insulation = Glass Wool 4 lbm/ft^3
Thermal conductivity of outer insulation, K2 = 0.0440 Btu/(hr-ft-deg F)
Outer insulation thickness, X2 = 3.000 in
Metal pipe outside diameter, D = 6.000 in
Pipe length, L = 20 ft
Given Temperatures Input
Pipe outer surface temperature, t1 = 400 deg F
Outer insulation outer surface temperature, t3 = 85 deg F
Calculations
Pipe outside radius, r1 = D / 2
= 3.00 in
Inside insulation outside radius, r2 = r1 + Xa
= 7.00 in
Outside insulation outside radius, r3 = r2 + Xb
= 10.00 in
Inside insulation thermal resistance, R1 = Ln(r2/r1) / (2*π*K1)
= 0.5838
Outside insulation thermal resistance, R2 = Ln(r3/r2) / (2*π*K2)
= 1.2901
Heat transfer rate through insulation layers, Q/L = (Overall temp difference) / (Sum of thermal resistances)
Q/L = (t3 - t1) / (R1 + R2)
= 168.10 Btu/(hr-ft)
= 3361.9 Btu/(hr-deg F)
Interfacial Insulation Temperature
t2 - t1 = ((Q/L)*/ (2*π*Kb))*(Ln(r3/r2))
= 216.9
t2 = 301.9 deg F
Pipe with Double Layer Insulation - Metric Units
Heat transfer rate Q is the same through both insulation layers.
Temperature drop across the metal pipe wall is approximately zero.

Name of inner insulation = 85% Magnesia
Thermal conductivity of inner insulation, K1 = 0.0745 W/(m-deg K)
Inner insulation thickness, X1 = 20.00 cm
Name of outer insulation = Fiberglass
Thermal conductivity of outer insulation, K2 = 0.0442 W/(m-deg K)
Outer insulation thickness, X2 = 25.00 cm
Metal pipe outside diameter, D = 6.00 in
Pipe length, L = 20.0 m
Given Temperatures
Pipe outer surface temperature, t1 = 300 deg K
Outer insulation outer surface temperature, t3 = 20 deg K
Calculations
Pipe outside diameter, D1 = D*25.4/1000
= 0.1524 m
Pipe outside diameter, D2 = D1 + (2*X1/100)
= 0.5524 m
Pipe outside diameter, D3 = D2 + (2*X2/100)
= 1.0524 m
Heat transfer rate through insulation layers, Q/L = (2*π*(t1 - t3)) / ((1/ka)*Ln(D2/D1) + (1/kb)*Ln(D3/D2))
= 55.21 W/m
= 1104.1 W
Interfacial Insulation Temperature
t2 - t1 = ((Q/L)*/ (2*π*Kb))*(Ln(D3/D2))
= 128.1
t2 = 148.1 deg K
Welcome to the Home of 3E Plus®

Free Insulation Thickness Computer Program
The 3E Plus® Insulation Thickness Computer Program is an industrial energy
management tool developed by the North American Insulation Manufacturers
Association (NAIMA) to simplify the task of determining how much insulation is
necessary to use less energy, reduce plant emissions and improve system process
efficiency.
The 3E Plus free software can be used to:
1. Calculate the thermal performance of both insulated and un-insulated piping, ducts
and equipment.
2. Translate Btu losses into actual dollars.
3. Calculate greenhouse gas emission and reductions.
And is designed for facility managers, energy & environmental managers, industrial
process engineers, and industrial plant managers, the program is a valuable tool for
The 3E Plus Insulation Thickness Computer Program is an industrial energy
management tool developed by the North American Insulation Manufacturers
Association (NAIMA) to simplify the task of determining how much insulation is
necessary to use less energy, reduce plant emissions and improve system process
efficiency.
The 3E Plus free software can be used to:
1. Calculate the thermal performance of both insulated and un-insulated piping, ducts
and equipment.
2. Translate Btu losses into actual dollars.
3. Calculate greenhouse gas emission and reductions.
And is designed for facility managers, energy & environmental managers, industrial
process engineers, and industrial plant managers, the program is a valuable tool for
determining the return on investment of an insulation upgrade on pipes, ducts, tanks,
and boilers.
The "3E Plus" software described above is free.

Click here for the free insulation program: http://www.pipeinsulation.org/
"3E Plus" software Example-1

Step-1 Open "3E Plus" and click on the "ENERGY" tab as shown in the dialog box below.
Step-2 Select "System Application" as above.

11 Applications: 850F Mineral Fiber Pipe, Type I, C547-07 insulation
Pipe - Horizontal
Pipe - Vertical
Tube - Horizontal
Tube - Vertical
Flat Surface - Vertical
Duct/Tank - Flat Top
Duct/Tank - Flat Bottom
Duct - Rectangular Horiz.
Duct - Rectangular Vert.
Tank Shell - Horizontal
Tank Shell - Vertical
Step-3 Select "Calculation Type" from drop-down list below.
Step-4 Type process parameters in the spaces provided; Process Temp, Ambient Temp, etc.
Step-5 Click on "Calculate".
Step-6 Calculation results for this example are shown below.

Summary of Insulation Thickness:
1. Heat loss from bare 4" Schedule 40 Steel pipe is 2237 BTU/hr/ft.
2. Insulation chosen is 5" thick 850F Mineral Fiber Pipe, Type I, C547-07.
3. 5.0 inches of insulation will reduce heat loss to 39.30 BTU/hr/ft.
4. 5.0 inches of insulation provides 98.24% heat loss reduction.
e calculation click "File > Save Job" as shown below.

Step-8 Click on the drop down menu "Browse Folders" as shown below.
9 Select a folder and "Save" this job as shown below.

Step-10 Having completed the above calculation click "<Back" as shown below.
Step-11 Click on the "ENVIRONMENT" tab as shown below.
Step-12 Select "Fuel Type: from list shown above.

Step-13 Calculation results are displayed above for this example.
Summary of Emissions Reductions due to 5" of Insulation:

1. CO2 emissions using bare 4" Steel Schedule 40 pipe is 2891 lb/ft/yr.
2. NOx emissions using bare 4" Schedule 40 pipe is 5.799 lb/ft/yr.
3. CE emissions using bare 4" Schedule 40 pipe is 787.8 lb/ft/yr.
5. Emissions using the above insulation are: 50.81, 0.102, and 13.84 respectively.
Step-14 Select the "ECONOMICS" tab with your mouse pointer as below.
Step-15 Select the "THICKNESS CALCULATION Previous Project" tab with your mouse pointer.
Step-16 The "ECONOMICS" dialog box below will open.

Step-17 Select the "COST OF ENERGY" button as below.
Step-18 Select the drop down menu "Browse Folders" shown below.
ile name" and the saved 3EPlus File as shown above.
Step-20 The economics summary will open as shown above.
Summary of Energy Cost for 5" Insulation Thickness on 4" SCD 40 pipe in example above.
1. Heat content of Natural Gas fuel is 1026 BTU/cu ft.
2. Fuel efficiency is 75% and cost is: 10.00 $/Mcf.
RETURN ON INSULATION INVESTMENT
Copy of, "Summary of Insulation Thickness" from above:

1. Heat loss from bare 4" Schedule 40 Steel pipe is 2237 BTU/hr/ft.
3. 5.0 inches of insulation will reduce heat loss to 39.30 BTU/hr/ft.
4. 5.0 inches of insulation provides 98.24% heat loss reduction.
Input
Insulation Name = 850F Mineral Fiber Pipe, Type I, C547-07
Insulation Thickness, X = = 5 in
Cost of installed insulation per ft, Ci = $40.00 -
Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) inches, D = 4.00 in
Pipe material = Steel SCD 40 -
Pipe Length, L = 700 ft
Heat loss from bare pipe per ft, Qb = 2237 BTU/hr/ft
Heat loss from pipe with above insulation per ft, Qi = 39.30 BTU/hr/ft
Heat content of above named fuel, Hf = 1026 BTU/cuft
Fuel efficiency, η = 75% -
Fuel cost, Cf = 10 $/Mcf ($/Millions of cu ft)
Calculation
Heat loss from length L of bare pipe, Qbl = Qb*L
= 1565900 BTU/hr
Fuel used to heat bare pipe, Fb = Qbl / (Hf*η)
= 2034.96 cuft/hr
Cost of fuel used with bare pipe, Cfb = Fb*Cf
= $20,350 $/M-hr
Heat loss from length L of insulated pipe, Qil = Qi*L
= 27510 BTU/hr
Fuel used to heat insulated pipe, Fi = Qil / (Hf*η)
= 35.75 cuft/hr
Cost of fuel used with insulated pipe, Cfi = Fi*Cf
= $357.50 $/M-hr
Number of days for fuel cost savings with insulation to equal cost of insulation
Calculation
Insulation Pay-Back hours, PB = Cfi * 10^6 / Cfb
= 17568 hours
= 24.1 months
Insulation Payback is Graphed Below

END OF PIPE AND TANKS WORKSHEET
mal resistances)
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CONVERSION FACTORS
Temperature is the intensity of heat:

Temperature is measured in: ISO degrees Centigrade, Kelvin and US degrees Fahrenheit, Rankin.
Input Input
T= 80 deg F T= 600 deg C
T = 5*(deg F - 32)/9 T = (9*deg C/5) + 32
T= 26.7 deg C T= 1112 deg F
Input Input
T= 590 deg C T= 1110 deg F
T= deg C + 273 T = deg F + 460
T= 863 deg K T= 1570 deg R
CONVERT FROM ISO METRIC UNITS TO US UNITS
Input Input
T= 650 deg K T= 1170 deg R
T= 1170 deg R T= 650 deg K
INPUT QTY UNITS Divide by OBTAIN UNITS

10 m 0.3048 32.8084 ft
10 kg 0.4536 22.0459 lbm
10 s -- 10.00 sec
10 m2 0.09290 107.6426 ft2
10 m3 0.02832 353.1073 ft3
10 m/s 0.3048 32.8084 ft/sec
10 m/s2 0.3048 32.8084 ft/sec2
10 rad/s -- 10.00 sec-1
10 N 4.448 2.2482 lbf
10 kg/m3 16.02 0.62422 lbm/ft3
10 N/m3 157.1 0.0637 lbf/ft3
10 kPa 0.04788 208.86 lbf/ft2
10 J 1.356 7.375 ft-lbf
10 J 1055 0.0095 Btu
10 Watts 1.356 7.3746 ft-lbf/sec
10 Watts or J/s 0.29307 34.1215 Btu/hr
10 Watts 0.4536 22.05 lbm/sec
10 Watts/m2 3.1546 3.17 Btu/ft2-hr
10 W/m-deg K 1.729577 5.7818 Btu/hr-ft-deg F
10 kJ/kg 2.326 4.2992 Btu/lbm
10 kJ/kg-deg K 4.187 2.3883 Btu/lbm-deg R
10 m3/kg 0.06242 160.21 ft3/lbm
10 Btu/sec 1.4148 7.07 hp
10 ft-lbf/sec 550 0.02 hp
10 Watts 0.001341 0.013 hp
CONVERT FROM US TO METRIC UNITS M = Mega = 106 k = kilo = 103
INPUT QTY UNITS Multiply by OBTAIN UNITS

10 ft 0.3048 3.0480 m
10 lbm 0.4536 4.54 kg
10 sec -- 10.00 s
10 ft2 0.09290 0.9290 m2
10 ft
3
0.02832 0.2832 m3
10 ft/sec 0.3048 3.0480 m/s
10 ft/sec2 0.3048 3.0480 m/s2
10 sec-1 -- 10.00 rad/s
10 lbf 4.448 44.4800 N
10 lbm/ft3 16.02 160.2000 kg/m3
10 lbf/ft3 157.1 1571 N/m3
10 lbf/ft2 0.04788 0.4788 kPa
10 ft-lbf 1.356 13.5600 J
10 Btu 1055 10550 J
10 ft-lbf/sec 1.356 13.5600 W
10 Btu/hr-deg F 0.29307 2.93 W or J/s
10 Btu/hr-ft2-deg F 3.155 31.55 W/m2
10 Btu/hr-ft-deg F 1.729577 17.2958 W/m-deg K
10 Btu/lbm-deg R 4.187 41.870 kJ/kg-deg K
10 Btu/lbm 2.326 23.260 kJ/kg
10 Btu/lbm-deg R 4.187 41.870 kJ/kg-deg K
10 ft3/lbm 0.06242 0.6242 m3/kg
10 hp 1.4148 14.1480 Btu/sec
10 hp 550 5500 ft-lbf/sec
10 hp 746 7460 Watts
M = Mega = 106 k = kilo = 103
Specific Heat Ratio for Air

Specific heat at constant volume, Cv = 0.717 kj/kg deg C
Cv = 0.171 Btu/lbm deg R
Specific heat at constant pressure, Cp = 1.00 kj/kg deg C

Cp = 0.24 Btu/lbm deg R
Specific heat ratio for air, k = Cp/Cv = 1.4
END OFCONVERSION FACTORS WORKSHEET

MATH TOOLS
Useful math tools applicable to this course are given below.
Insert the Microsoft Office CD for Add-Ins

Spread Sheet Method:
If Excel's, "Goal Seek" or "Solver" are not
1. Type in values for the input data. installed you will need to select drop-down
2. Enter. menu: Tools > Add-Ins > Goal Seek
3. Answer: X = will be calculated. Tools > Add-Ins > Solver
4. Automatic calculations are bold type. To open select Tools.
When using Excel's Goal Seek, unprotect the spread sheet by selecting:
Drop down menu: Home > Unprotect Sheet > Unprotect Sheet
When Excel's Goal Seek is not needed, restore protection with:
Drop down menu: Home > Protection > Protect Sheet
What if Calculations
Excel will make a, “what if calculation” using, "Goal Seek" when the calculated formula value
needs to be changed. Goal Seek will not function with percentages.
Goal Seek Example

The hypotenuse of the right angle triangle above is calculated in the table below. Columns, A and B
are intersected by rows 5 through 10 forming cells. Disregard the actual row numbers on this spread
sheet.
Cell B6 contains the value 4.00. Cell B10 contains the formula, "= (B6^2 + B7^2) ^ (1/2)".
The hypotenuse is found to be 5.00 when the other two sides are: 3.00 and 4.00. However the,
"Optimum Value" for hypotenuse is 7.00.
Select the formula cell, B10 and Goal Seek will calculate a new value (target value) for cell B7 that
will change the hypotenuse to 7.00.
A B
5 Input
6 ADJ = 4.00
7 OPP = 3.00
8 Calculations
9 HYP = (ADJ^2 + OPP^2)^(1/2)
10 = 5.00
To Create the Above Table

Type, “Input” in cell B5 as shown below. “ADJ =” in cell A6. “4” in cell B6.
Complete the spreadsheet table below in columns A and B down to row 9.
1. Select cell B9 with the mouse pointer.

2. Press keys: ctrl and C together.
3. Pick cell B10, Enter. The formula, ( ADJ^2 + OPP^2 )^(1/2) will be copied into cell B10.
4. Press: f2, home , =. Function key f2 enables editing a cell. Home key moves the mouse pointer to
the left side of the cell.
Type the, = sign and press, "Enter" to enable cell B10 to do the math calculation. See cell below
B10.
5. Cell B10 below contains the calculated value 5.00.
A B
5 Input
6 ADJ = 4.00
7 OPP = 3.00
8 Calculations
9 HYP = (ADJ^2 + OPP^2)^(1/2)
10 = 5.00
What if Calculations
Excel will make a, “what if calculation” when the calculated formula value needs to be
changed.
1. While in Excel 2007 pick the, “Data” tab shown below.
2. To the right of the Data tab pick, “What-If Analysis” followed by, “Goal Seek” illustrated
below.
3. Goal Seek allows you to pick the formula cell with the 5.00 result followed by entering the
desired value, 7.00 in the, “Goal Seek” dialog box below.
4. Next pick an input number, 3.00 in this example then pick, OK.
5. Excel has iteratively changed cell B7 to 5.74 at which point cell B10 is equal to the
desired result of 10.00, below.
END OF MATH TOOLS WORKSHEET

GREEN ENGINEERING-1 INSULATION-CONTENT J Andrew

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GREEN ENGINEERING-1 INSULATION SPREADSHEETS - CONTENT

NORTH AMERICAN INSULATION MANUFACTURERES ASSOCIATION (NAIMA)

Above is the image at: www.thermalpipeinsulation.com/

Above: Mechanical Insulation Contractor based in Providence, Rhode Island.

Above: DOMESTIC INSULATION - COMMERCIAL INSULATION - INDUSTRIAL INSULATION

Above is the image at: www.sprinkmannsonscorp.com/industrialpipecove...

Whether you need a complete custom-designed insulation system or a retrofitted installation,

We also specialize in the custom fabrication and installation of removable/replaceable

Above is the image at: www.shure-line.com/piping.html

Pipe Fabrication / Pipe Insulation and Application of Jacketing Systems

Industrial Process Piping

Industrial Process Piping

Above is the image at: www.quietnoise.com/techlite/pipe_insulation.htm

Above: MEMTECH ACOUSTICAL NOISE CONTROL

For immediate service on Techlite Fire Rated Pipe Insulation:

Industrial Noise Control, Noise Reduction Solutions,

For immediate service on Techlite Fire Rated Pipe Insulation:

Industrial Noise Control, Noise Reduction Solutions,

Click on the links below for

• Duct Wrap, Liner, Board, HVAC • Insulation Jacketing & • Fitting

• Fabricated Pipe Insulation • Pre Insulated Pipe Saddles

• Clear-Out Insulation Items • Insulation Comparison

Above: Industrial Insulation Sales, Inc.

phone: (716) 874-7278 • fax: (716) 871-3498

2101 Kenmore Ave.

phone: (716) 874-7278 • fax: (716) 871-3498

2101 Kenmore Ave.

Above DOE website is at: http://www.ornl.gov/sci/roofs+walls/insulation/ins_16.html

Why Insulate Your House?

Which Kind of Insulation is Best?

Insulating a New House

Where and How Much

Adding Insulation to an Existing House

Where and How Much

END OF APPLICATIONS WORKSHEET

Some Common Insulation Materials

Mineral Wool Insulation

Polyurethanes are flexible foams used in mattresses, chemical-resistant coatings,

Polyurethanes are flexible foams used in mattresses, chemical-resistant coatings,

CONDUCTION PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

CONDUCTIVITIES AT: 75 F AND 400 F (US Units)

INSULATION K Btu/hr-ft-F K Btu/hr-ft-F

Type I 0.26 0.75

Calcium Silicate 0.34 0.50

Mineral Wool 4# 0.25 0.45

Ceramic Blanket 6# 0.29 0.65

Foamglas 0.29 0.55

Tempmat 1200 0.26 0.45

Temperature Conversion: C to F Input

THERMAL CONDUCTION (US UNITS)

Calculate the total thermal energy flow, Q Input

CONDUCTION EXAMPLE ONLY, see problem below

The target thermal energy flow, Q = 100 Btu/hr-deg F Input

Answer: High temperature, t1 = 143.9 deg F.

Use, "Goal Seek" to calculate temperature ( t1 ) for a new target

Calculate the total thermal energy flow, Q Input

END OF CONDUCTION WORKSHEET

CONDUCTIVITIES AT: 24 C AND 204 C (Metric Units)

INSULATION K W/m-C K W/m-C

Type I 0.450 1.297

Calcium Silicate 0.588 0.865

Mineral Wool 4# 0.432 0.778

Ceramic Blanket 6# 0.502 1.124

Horizontal Plate 310^5<310^10 0.27 0.250

Conductive thermal resistance, R1 =Ln(D2/D1) / (2πK1)