SOME BASIC PATTERNS OF THE

SIMPLE SENTENCE:

Subject + intransitive verb + adverbial

Subject + transitive verb + object + adverbial

Subject + linking verb + complement

Subject + linking verb + adverbial

Subject + verb + object + object + adverbial

Subject + verb + object + complement

Subject + verb + object + adverbial

GRAMMATICAL
UNITS

SENTENCE

CLAUSE

WORD

PHRASE
 verb

noun

adjective

adverb

WORD
preposition
CLASSES
determiner

pronoun

conjunction

interjection
 VOCABULARY GRAMMATICAL
WORDS WORDS
• verb • preposition
• noun • determiner
• adjective • pronoun
• adverb • conjunction
• interjection
 Verb phrase

• Ordinary verb
• Auxiliary verb + Ordinary verb

Noun phrase
• Noun
• Determiner +noun
• Determiner + adjective + noun
• Determiner + adverb + adjective + noun
• Pronoun

Adjective phrase
• Adjective
• Adverb + adjective

Adverb phrase
• Adverb
• Adverb + adverb

Prepositional phrase
• Preposition + noun phrase
 Noun phrase
Gerund clause
subject To-infinitive clause

Verb
phrase

verb
Noun phrase
SENTENCE Gerund clause
ELEMENTS To-infinitive
clause
object

Adjective phrase
Gerund clause
To-infinitive
clause
complement Noun phrase

Adverb phrase
Prepositional
adverbial phrase
Noun phrase
 STATEMENT

QUESTION

SENTENCE NEGATIVE
TYPES STATEMENT

IMPERATIVE

EXCLAMATION

• Clause: phrase 1 + phrase 2 + phrase 3 + ...

• Sentence: clause or clause 1 + clause 2 + clause 3 + ...

 VERB FORMS

• Base form (imperative, present

simple tense, infinite)

• S-form (third person singular present

simple tense)

• Past form (past simple tense)

• -ing form (gerund, active participle)

• Past/passive participle (past

participle, passive participle)
 THE VERB PHRASE

• finite verb phrase: main verb

of a sentence

• Non-finite verb phrase:

infinitive, gerund, participle
FINITE VERB CATEGORIES

• Tense: past, present

• Modal: indicative, subjunctive

• Aspect: perfect/non perfect,

continuous/non continuous

• Voice: passive, active

 INFINITIVE

simple perfect continuous perfect

continuous
bare play have be playing have been
infinitive played playing
to- to play to have to be to have been
infinitive played playing playing

• Infinitive clause: infinitive + object + adverbial

• Functions: subject, complement, purpose, result

 GERUND

simple perfect
active playing having played
passive being played having been played

• Gerund clause: (subject) + gerund + (object) + adverbial

• Functions: subject, complement

PARTICIPLE

• Participle clause: (subject) + participle + (object) + adverbial

• Function: adjective, adverbial

 yes/no questions

Wh- questions

Negative
questions

Questions with
«or»

TYPES OF Questions without

QUESTION inversion

Indirect questions

Question tags

Eco questions

Eco tags
CLASSIFICATION
OF
VERBS
IRREGULAR
VERBS
 BASE FORM PAST FORM PAST PARTICIPLE
FORM

begin began begun

ring rang rung

run ran run

shrink shrank shrunk

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

spring sprang sprung

stink stank stunk

swim swam swum

 BASE FORM PAST FORM PAST PARTICIPLE
FORM

dig dug dug

hang hung hung
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
strike struck struck
 BASE FORM PAST FORM PAST PARTICIPLE FORM

break broke broken

choose chose chosen

drive drove driven

freeze froze frozen

ride rode ridden

rise rose risen

steal stole stolen

wake woke woken

write wrote written
 BASE FORM PAST FORM PAST PARTICIPLE
FORM
beat beat beaten
bite bit bitten
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
forbid forbade forbidden
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
get got gotten/got
give gave given
hide hid hidden
shake shook shaken
 BASE FORM PAST FORM PAST PARTICIPLE
FORM

bet bet bet

broadcast broadcast broadcast
burst burst burst
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
fit fit fit
hit hit hit
hurt hurt hurt
let let let
put put put
quit quit quit
read read read
set set set
shut shut shut
spit spit spit
split split split
spread spread spread
 BASE FORM PAST FORM PAST PARTICIPLE
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
fight fought fought
think thought thought
teach taught taught
bring brought brought
seek sought sought
bend bent bent
build built built
spend spent spent
send sent sent
creep crept crept
feel felt felt
keep kept kept
kneel knelt knelt
sleep slept slept
sweep swept swept
weep wept wept
deal dealt dealt
 BASE FORM PAST FORM PAST PARTICIPLE FORM

feed fed fed

find found found
flee fled fled
have/has had had
hear heard heard
hold held held
lay laid laid
lead led led
leave left left
light lit lit
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met

pay paid paid

say said said

sell sold sold

shoot shot shot

sit sat sat

slide slid slid

stand stood stood

understand understood understood

win won won

 BASE FORM PAST FORM PAST PARTICIPLE FORM

be was/were been
become became become
blow blew blown
come came come
do did done
draw drew drawn
fly flew flown
go went gone
grow grew grown
know knew known
lie lay lain
see saw seen
sew sewed sewn
show showed shown
swear swore sworn
tear tore torn
wear wore worn
REGULAR
VERBS
REGULAR VERBS ENDING IN
SIBILANT SOUNDS

attach launch
bless march
blush match
box mess
branch miss squash
brush mix stitch
catch pass stress
coach pinch stretch
confess polish switch
crash possess teach
cross preach touch
crush press undress
dress punch wash
fax punish watch
fetch push wish
finish reach
fix relax
flash rush
guess scorch
harass scratch
impress search
itch smash
kiss snatch
 REGULAR VERBS
ENDING IN UNVOICED
SOUNDS

ask drip park

drop skip
attach peck tick
escape slap
attack peep tip
fetch slip
back pick touch
flap smash
bake pinch trap
flash smoke
blink poke track
flip snatch
blush polish trick
heap sniff
book pop trip
help soak
brake preach type
hook spark
branch prick unlock
hop squeak
brush pump unpack
itch squash
bump punch walk
joke stamp
camp punish wash
jump step
check push watch
knock stitch
choke reach whip
laugh stop
clap risk wink
launch strap
clip rush wipe
lick stretch
coach sack wish
like strip
cough scorch work
lock stroke
crack scrape wrap
march stuff
crash scratch wreck
mark suck
crop search zip
match switch
crush shock + all regular verbs
milk talk
develop shop ending in /-s/
pack thank
dislike sip
 REGULAR VERBS
ENDING IN
VOICED SOUNDS
bomb
admire concern disarm
bore
adore confer discover
borrow
agree consider double
bow
allow contain drag
breathe
answer continue drain
bubble
appal control dream
bug
appear counsel drown
burn
approve cover drug
call
argue cram drum
cancel
arrive crawl dub
care
ban cure earn
carve
bang curl encourage
challenge
bar curve enrol
change
bare cycle enter
channel
bathe dam entertain
cheer
battle damage equal
chew
beam dare examine
claim
beg deceive excel
clean
begin deliver explain
clear
behave describe fail
coil
bin deserve fasten
colour
blog deter fear
comb
blur disappear file
combine
bob disapprove fill
compare
boil
complain
film
fire
infer mine prefer
flag
inform moan prepare
flow
injure mourn program
flower
interfere move prove
follow
involve mug pull
fool
jail murder puncture
form
jam nag quarrel
frame
jog nail question
frighten
join name queue
fuel
judge number rain
fulfil
juggle observe refer
gather
kneel obtain reign
glow
label occur remain
glue
learn offer remember
grab
level open remove
grin
lighten overflow repair
groan
listen owe rescue
guarantee
live own reserve
hammer
log pedal retire
handle
long peel return
happen
love perform rhyme
harm
man phone rob
heal
manage pine roll
hover
marvel plan rub
hug
matter plug ruin
him
measure postpone rule
ignore
meddle pour sail
imagine
improve
save star
saw stare
scare steer
scatter stir
scream store
screw strengthen water
scribble suffer wave
scrub swim weigh
seal tame welcome
serve telephone whine
settle thaw whirl
share thin whisper
shave throb whistle
shelter tickle wobble
shiver time wonder
shrug tire wrestle
sigh tow wriggle
sign train yawn
signal transfer yell
sin travel zoom
ski tremble
slow trouble + all regular verbs ending in /-
smell tug z/, -consonant + "y", -vowel +
smile tumble "y"
snow turn
spell wail
spill wander
squeal warm
stain warn
REGULAR VERBS ENDING IN "-E"
admire
care describe
adore
carve deserve guarantee
advise
cause disapprove guide
agree handle
cease dislike
amuse hate
challenge divide
analyse hope
change double
announce
chase educate ignore
anticipate
choke encourage imagine
apologise
close escape improve
appreciate
combine examine include
approve increase
communicate excite
argue indicate
compare excuse
arrive influence
complete explode
bake
concentrate exploit injure
balance
confuse explore interfere
bare invite
continue face
bathe
cure fade involve
battle
curve fence irritate
behave joke
cycle file
bore judge
damage fire
bounce juggle
dance force
brake
dare frame license
breathe
deceive gaze like
bruise
decide glue live
bubble
decorate grate love
calculate
decrease grease
manage rejoice suppose
mate release surprise
measure remove tame
meddle replace taste
memorise reproduce telephone
mine rescue tickle
move reserve time
name resume tire
note retire tolerate
notice reverse trace
observe rhyme trade
owe rinse tremble
phone rule trouble
pine save tumble
place scare type
please scrape unite
poke scribble use
postpone separate waste
practise serve wave
precede settle welcome
prepare shade whine
preserve share whistle
produce shave wipe
promise smile wobble
propose smoke wrestle
prove sneeze wriggle
provide squeeze
puncture stare + all regular verbs
queue store ending in -ate, -
refuse stroke ise, -ite
REGULAR VERBS ENDING IN
-VOWEL + "Y"

allay honey
alloy jockey
array journey
belay monkey
betray mosey
bogey obey
bray parlay
convey parley
convoy play
decay portray
decoy pray
defray prey volley
delay purvey x-ray
deploy relay
destroy sashay
dismay spay
employ splay
enjoy spray
essay stay
flay stray
foray survey
fray sway
guy tourney
hay toy
REGULAR VERBS ENDING IN
-CONSONANT +"Y"

accompany occupy
apply pity
busy pry
bury qualify
carry query
classify rally
copy rely
cry reply
dry satisfy
edify spy
empty study
fancy supply
ferry tally
fry tarry
horrify terrify
hurry tidy
identify try
imply unify
justify vary
magnify worry
marry + all regular
modify verbs ending
multiply in -fy
nullify
 ONE SYLLABLE CVC
REGULAR VERBS

ban flag plug

bar flap pop
bat flip prod
beg grab quit
bin grin rob
blog hop rot
blot hug rub strip
blur hum scrub swim
bob jam shop thin
bug jog shred throb
chat jut shrug thud
clap kid sin tip
clip knit sip trap
clot knot skid trek
cram log skip trip
crop man slap trot
dam mug slip tug
drag nag split whip
drip nod spot
drop pad star
drug pat step
drum pet stir
dub plan stop
fit plod strap
OTHER REGULAR VERBS
ENDING IN CVC

acquit
admit
allot
appal
begin
cancel
channel
commit
confer
control refer
counsel regret
deter signal
enrol submit
equal transfer
excel travel
fulfil
infer
label
level
marvel
occur
pedal
prefer
quarrel
 REGULAR VERBS EXCEPTING
THOSE ENDING IN -E, -/t/, -/d/

allow claim drown heal

answer clean earn heap
appear clear enter help
ask coach entertain hook
attach coil explain hover
attack color fail inform
back comb fasten itch
bang complain fear jail
beam concern fetch join
blink consider fill jump
blush contain film kneel
boil cough flash knock
bomb cover flow laugh
book crack flower launch
borrow crash follow learn
bow crawl fool lick
branch crush form lighten
brush curl frighten listen
bump deliver gather lock
burn develop glow long
call disappear groan march
camp disarm hammer mark
check discover hand match
cheer drain happen matter
chew dream harm milk
moan push sign talk
mourn question ski thank
murder rain slow thaw
nail reach smash tick
number reign smell touch
obtain remain snatch tour
offer remember sniff tow
open repair snow train
overflow return soak trick
own risk spark tum
pack roll spell unlock
park ruin spill unpack
wreck
peek rush squash wail
yawn
peel sack squeak walk
yell
peep sail squeal wander
zoom
perform saw stain warm
pick scatter stamp warn
pinch scorch start wash
polish scratch steer watch
pour scream stitch water
preach screw strengthen weigh
prick seal stretch whirl
program search stuff whisper
pull shelter suck wink
pump shiver suffer wish
punch shock suit wonder
punish sigh switch work
 REGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -/t/
accept doubt last
sprout
admit dust list
start
alert educate mate
state
anticipate excite melt
subtract
appreciate exist nest
suggest
arrest exit note
suit
attempt expect omit
support
bat fit permit
suspect
blot float point
taste
boast grate post
tempt
calculate greet predict
test
cheat hate present
tolerate
collect haunt prevent
transport
communicate heat print
treat
compete hint protect
trot
complete hunt radiate
trust
concentrate indicate reflect
twist
connect instruct regret
unite
consist interest repeat
visit
correct interrupt report
wait
count invent request
want
decorate invite resent
waste
delight inject resist
+ all regular verbs
desert irritate rot
ending in -ict, -ate, -
detect knit separate
ite
detest knot spot
REGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -t
accept heat
admit hint
alert hunt
arrest request
inject
attempt resent
instruct
bat resist
interest
blot rot
interrupt
boast spot
invent
cheat sprout
knit
collect start
knot
connect subtract
last
consist suggest
list
correct suit
melt
count support
nest
delight suspect
omit
desert tempt
permit
detect test
point
detest transport
post
doubt treat
predict
dust trot
present
exist trust
prevent
exit twist
print
expect visit
protect
fit wait
reflect
float want
regret
greet repeat
haunt report
REGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -/d/
add head
afford include
amend intend
applaud kid
attend load
avoid mend
blind need
command nod
concede offend
conclude pad
decide persuade
demand plod thud
depend precede trade
divide pretend + all regular verbs ending in
dread proceed -ide, -ede, -ade
end provide
expand recommend
explode remind
extend shade
fade shred
flood skid
fold sound
found success
guard surround
guide suspend
hand tend
REGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -d
add
afford
amend
applaud
attend
avoid pad
blind plod
command pretend
demand proceed
depend recommend
dread remind
end shred
expand skid
extend sound
flood surround
fold suspend
found tend
guard thud
hand
head
intend
kid
load
mend
need
nod
offend
REGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -/s/
announce
balance
bless
mess
box
miss
cease
mix
chase
notice
confess
pass
convince
place
cross
possess
dance
practise
decrease
press
dress
produce
embarrass
promise
face
rejoice
fax
relax
fence
release
fix
reverse
force
rinse
grease
stress
guess
trace
harass
+ all regular
impress
verbs ending in
increase
-ounce
introduce
kiss
license
REGULAR VERBS ENDING IN -/z/

advise
amuse
analyse
apologise
authorise
bruise
cause
close
confuse
emphasise
excuse
exercise
freeze + regular verbs
gaze ending -ise, -use
memorise
pause
please
propose
refuse
squeeze
sneeze
suppose
surprise
tease
use
 TWO-OBJECT VERBS
(USING "TO" OR "FOR")
give
send
buy
reserve
lend
get
bring
cost
leave
ask
make
cook
offer
sell
owe
post
pass
find
pay
keep
play
pour
promise
save
read
refuse
show
sing
take
teach
tell
wish
write
COMPLEMENT ADVERBIAL
LINKING LINKING
VERBS VERBS

be be
look go
sound lie
smell live
taste sit
feel stand
appear stay
become
grow
remain
seem
stay
turn
prove
indicate
go
fall
get
come
act
make
DELEXICAL VERBS

Do (the laundry)

Give (a hand)

Go (shopping)

Have (a shower)

Take (notice)
 ERGATIVE VERBS

alter fly
back freeze
begin grow
bend hang
boil harden
break hurt
burn improve soften
catch increase sound
change join spread
close melt stand
combine mix start
continue move stop
cook open strengthen
crack play stretch
crash pour swing
decrease reverse tear
develop ring turn
divide roll vary
drive run weaken
drop sail write
dry separate
end shake
expand shine
fade shut
finish slide
fire smash
 REGULAR AND IRREGULAR
VERBS ENDING IN "-O" THAT
CARRY "-ES" IN THIRD
PERSON SINGULAR FORM

dado
do
echo
forgo
go undergo
halo undergo
outdo undo
overdo veto
overgo zero
redo
solo
tango
torpedo
HELPING VERBS

am
are
be may
been might
can must
could shall
did should
do was
does were
had will
has would
have
is
 STATE VERBS

ache forget
adore hate
agree have
promise
appear hear
realize
appreciate hope
recognize
be hurt
remember
believe imagine
resemble
belong include
satisfy
care for involve
see
concern itch
seem
consist know
smell
contain lack
sound
cost like
suit
deny loathe
suppose
depend on look (seem)
surprise
deserve love
taste
desire matter
think (have an opinion)
detest mean
understand
disagree measure
value
dislike mind
want
doubt need
weigh
equal owe
wish
exist own
feel possess
fit prefer
 VERB
PATTERNS
 Verb + noun clause

add emphasize
admit estimate
advise expect
agree explain remember
announce forget repeat
appreciate hope request
arrange imagine say
ask insist state
claim intend stress
complain keep suggest
concede mention threaten
conclude point out warn
confess predict
confirm pretend
consider promise
decide recommend
demand regret
deny remark
Verb + object + noun clause

assure
reassure
remind
tell
 Verb + to-infinitive

afford demand like

agree deserve long
aim expect love seek
appear fail manage seem
arrange forget mean start
ask get neglect stop
attempt go on offer succeed
be grow omit swear
bear guarantee plan tend
beg happen prefer threaten
begin hasten prepare try
bother hate pretend turn out
care have promise undertake
cease help propose wait
choose hesitate prove want
claim hope refuse wish
continue intend regret
decide learn remember
Verb + object + to-infinitive

advise encourage permit

allow estimate persuade
announce expect presume
ask feel recommend
assume find remind
authorize forbid report
beg force request
believe get require
cause help reveal
challenge imagine show
command instruct suppose
compel intend teach
consider invite tell
convince judge train
dare know understand
declare lead urge
discover mean want
drive oblige warn
enable order
 Verb + gerund

deserve
detest imagine
admit put off
dislike intend
adore quit
dread involve
advise recommend
enjoy justify
allow regret
escape keep
anticipate remember
excuse like
appreciate report
(can’t) loath
attempt resent
face love
avoid resist
fancy mean
(can’t) bear resume
fear mention
begin risk
feel like mind
bother save
finish miss
carry on (can’t) stand
forbid permit
cease start
forget postpone
confess stop
give up practise
consider suggest
go on prefer
continue tolerate
hate prevent
delay try
(can’t) propose
deny
help
Verb + object + gerund

catch
discover
feel
find
hear
leave
notice
observe
see
spot
watch
Verb + bare infinitive

had
better
modal
verbs
need
would
rather
would
sooner
Verb + object + bare infinitive

feel
hear
help
let
make
notice
see
watch
Verb + to-infinitive ≠ verb + gerund

forget
go on
mean
regret
remem
ber
stop
try
Verb + to-infinitive = verb + gerund

attempt
(can’t) bear
begin
bother
cease
continue
deserve
fear
hate
intend
like
love
prefer
propose
(can’t) stand
start