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Phrase - Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe
Phrase - Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe
SERIES EDITORS
Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe
Translated by Leslie Hill
Cover image: square de l’île-de-France, île de la Cité, Paris, France (October 2017) © Leslie Hill
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CONTENTS
Phrase
Translator’s Notes
Reading Phrase
JEAN-CHRISTOPHE BAILLY
Notes
PHRASE
Phrase I
Phrase II
(A Clarification)
And yet, I don’t have the sense of ever having been given it.
Never entirely. I don’t think that I’m responsible for producing
it either. It is likely that in the language
to which I’m subjected and to which, vaguely, and
with difficulty, I am forever being born and to which I am forever
dying,
in the same way as I am to things, to other people, and to whatever I’m
said to be,
it reaches far back to some story long ago,
deeply buried, and inaccessible to thought: an ancient scribble beyond
memory,
an old indistinct murmur counting out
the generations.
I rather think, then, that it—the phrase, I mean—is still seeking its
proper form
and has never, in fact, come to an end. Never
in any case have I heard it. On the contrary, I
suspect that if at times I do happen to hear certain words,
a kind of diction or a sort of music, it is because
of this phrase still waiting, indefinitely,
for its conclusion and its closure.
This abortive utterance, this sense of being haunted, this decidedly I call
literature.
The tale I should like to tell (or recite: it’s perhaps, unfortunately, a
kind of myth) is thus a tale of renunciation.
The beginning always comes too late. And yet all it needed was a hand
placed on the nape of your neck (without the least authority, without the
least submissiveness), a laconic “I’ll explain later,” a whole night spent (till
the pale glimmer of dawn) in approximations, in the sound and silence of
voices, in the limpid tale of what we did not know about each other and still
do not know.
On each occasion, less—much less—may be required. The
approximations are endless, but however vulnerable we are, we are
constrained to admit it.
Voice is essential
because the voice, all the voices
that weave their way through us, subjugate us, and distend
our voice, always falter.
Hold back, do not pass.
One could say that the “phrase” is a kind of oratorio on an ancient text,
familiar, repeated, but immemorial,
and consequently without it ever being possible
entirely to make out the words.
I think of the woman who accompanies each of her gestures with words.
Postscript
Ever since these pages were first written, I have had a lingering question.
And I cannot make up my mind to republish them here without trying to
articulate that question more precisely or at least to make it clearer.
I don’t, properly speaking, have doubts. I feel of course a certain
awkwardness with regard to them, as is always the case “after” the fact, but
also because they were initially meant to be read aloud, in quite specific
circumstances, and, apart from one or two passages, to just “work” in that
context. Of course I am also concerned that they may be perceived as
“poetical,” and it’s true that I detest everything that in overblown fashion
gets put under the heading of “poetry.” But in neither case is that anything
serious or even very important: it is a (minimal) risk one has to take.
The question itself is more serious. And more difficult, too. At any
event, difficult enough to prevent me from formulating it successfully in one
go, other than in this approximate fashion: why is there any “phrase” at
all? Where does it come from? What attracts it, or dictates it? And who or
what does the giving?
But to say that this is an approximate formulation is only partly true.
Strictly speaking, the question cannot really be formulated at all, for the
simple reason that nothing or nobody (neither a “thing” nor “someone”)
can be the origin of the phrase. I know that it comes—or that it comes to
me, let us say, and I know that it is indeed attracted, but I do not know from
where, and know that I will never know. If there is a gift, and in a sense this
is not wrong, I even feel quite incapable of speaking of it in any other terms,
the source of the giving (whether a person, a thing, or some “donating
agency”) is unknown—and remains inaccessible. It quite simply is not. All
in all what I call “phrase” is what brings me face to face, as it has always
done, with what is not and cannot be. I am forever without relation to it,
and this is the reason it leaves me deeply affected or afflicted, to the point of
slipping or stumbling, losing or abandoning myself, being almost nothing at
the moment when it happens to me—that is, when it is already no longer
happening to me.
At certain moments, which are not necessarily “major moments,” but
on the contrary more like empty stretches of time during which, quite
brutally (when the activity I’m involved in is mediocre or mindless, drab
and uninteresting, or when the task at hand is sordid or obscene, or when
for no particular reason I feel myself physically sagging), the phrase starts
up again or returns, without the slightest prompting on my part—and I can
hear it—there is little doubt it is already no longer me hearing it, but
someone else, before me or after me, unrelated to me, except in the formless
form of a nonrelation: between hatred, stupor, or shame. In any case, what
happens is that, with the overwhelming intrusion of the phrase, something
opens up beneath “me,” something worse, much worse (more repellent,
more base, more alien too) than what we believe we can recognize, in vain,
in the animal state. Worse, too, as far as intolerability goes, than joy. I feel
crippled, lose my bearings, and there is nothing I can do about it.
Indeed, all that is left at those moments is the indistinct or obscure way
I am jolted back into consciousness. This is what always happens. (At least
up till now it has always happened.) If it didn’t, I imagine it would be like
being at death’s door, like letting oneself die. But the more it goes on, the
longer it takes to restore or recompose itself. Whence my increasingly
boundless state of distraction, and the ever more profound detachment with
regard to everything. And the indifference. I have nothing to say: the
phrase, with a kind of consumptive chill, slowly tears me to shreds. Takes
my breath away or prevents me from breathing, suffocates me.
Systematically, methodically, ages me. Messes me up, if not, more grandly,
“assaults me.” Messes me up, because it is a weakening and a worsening.
Having said that, I do not believe it merits being called “passion.” Or
if it can, it is only in so far as it is not viewed as a hindrance preventing
what, in any case, remains perfectly banal. And yet, it is also not unlike the
urge that tirelessly prompts you to attempt to reach the one who, in giving
of herself, can but take refuge (with her eyes shut and face closed upon
itself, such that it’s no longer a face at all, but something unrecognizable),
who is already fading into the distance and is visibly no more able to
restrain herself than to complete this kind of fall or forward flight towards
what she doesn’t know, yet still awaits. And it is not unlike this kind of urge
because in both cases—sometimes it’s impossible to tell them apart—what
is given is only the already given (the body already touched, the phrase
already heard), without whatever is doing the giving itself at any point
being given. But something, though never a thing, withdraws or retracts,
and nothing else happens or is even possible except for the frantic imitation
of this ebbing away: the body bordering on the untouchable, the phrase on
the inaudible. Whence the painstaking and cautious attentiveness, the
ceremonial, the rituals. Whence the fear too: not to falter, to be able at the
very least—as when you’re listening, yes, to a devastating piece of music
you would like to have written and which you know deep down you could
have written because you’ve always heard it resonate as far as possible
from yourself in yourself—to be able at the very least to accompany it to
breaking point, to the point where “it collapses,” the motionless crossing of
this uncrossable distance. A thankless exercise: being faithful.
*
In sum, what I am trying to understand here is this, which I have never
ceased reading and rereading in Hölderlin:
At such a moment, man forgets both himself and the God, and he turns
about, assuredly in all holiness, like a traitor. For at the furthest limit of
passion, nothing else is left standing except the conditions of time and
space.
At that limit, man forgets himself because he is wholly in the moment,
the God because he is nothing but time; and the one and the other are both
unfaithful: time, because in such a moment it turns categorically, and
because beginning and ending, in time, absolutely cannot rhyme; and man,
because at that moment he is obliged to follow the categorical turning and
because, in what follows, he is thereby absolutely incapable of measuring
up to the situation at the beginning.
There. Literature obviously does not have its end in itself. That of
which it speaks, from which it comes, is not. It cannot therefore ever speak
of that of which it speaks. It always says something else, which we more or
less always hear. In no way does that of which it speaks constitute an
ending, or an origin. There is consequently nothing which defines it. But it
is not “idle speech” either, no: there is no such thing as idle speech.
Perhaps it is like one of those Egyptian figures walking with an always even
step, their heads facing backwards and eyes staring, unseeing, from where
they have just come; and of whom it is impossible to tell, drawn forwards as
they are into the opposite direction, where it is they are heading. And what
it is they are refusing—or cannot bear—to approach.
But from “what” or from “whom” are we then turning aside?
(June 1979)
Phrase III
(Two Examples)
(1979–1999)
Phrase IV
to draw them closer, trembling, and ruin them more infinitely with
sweetness.
But of this relatively slow irruption, though it is
in reality a form of weakness, exceeding
each time our declining strength, I do not believe
one can simply say: it is what I expected;
nor even: I dreaded its coming.
But because it is nothing, so lacking in gravity, and because there seems
to be no proper time for it: let it be so,
I accept. Or else: I am not ashamed, it is what is needed.
The goddess, the dark one, in her finery, I think of her,
the deformed hag of the crossroads, conceding
But as for ourselves, in fearing it, we will not have been the bearers
of a truth weaker than anger, nor its victims,
nor an opportunity to be defeated by it, since that truth we will have
loved, against ourselves, demanding that it come and knowing
that it would never come,
but remain forever in the offing,
and everything that will happen in that way, we accept it,
saying yes to this misfortune, yes to indifference,
yes to the things yet to be born, and yes to the dead things, unrelated to us,
in our decline and in the darkness,
we say it, that the time should therefore come,
let it come, when we will be the earth’s own appeasement
and the transparent seasons
of men, we will give without measure of our strength,
of our language without measure and of our thoughts,
we will consent to boundless oblivion,
to the desolate kingdom, we will have this patience, and
the firmness required, we will have it, we will need to have it.
Phrase V
(A State of Turmoil)
“No, it’s perhaps rather what made me say from the outset: there’s
nothing secret about it, but it remains unavowable. In the same way, let me
not leave it in any doubt, it is not a question of memory. I have forgotten
nothing. In any case, the lapse occurred before.”
(…)
“Yes, if you say so: unnarratable, unavowable, unforgettable. But I’d
also add: the worst thing about it was the infinitesimal worsening of
everything. The deterioration, yes, and the weakening.”
(…)
“In these circumstances, it was not far off being quite unreal. (If I give it
more thought, the whole ordeal strikes me as incomprehensible at times.)
But however much that so-called speech (as you can see, I still want to use
the word) resonated silently, from a great distance, at the very limit of
nowhere in particular or some indeterminate elsewhere (simultaneously
inside myself and outside myself), it nevertheless followed a precise
trajectory, in what I could no longer exactly call my own head or my own
throat, in so far as I have ever had any confidence that these were my own.
It’s a trajectory that, for what it’s worth, I’d willingly identify with the
passage between the back of the neck and the larynx or the movement from
thought to utterance, that is to say, with that ungraspable, most likely
nonexistent moment which doesn’t belong in time, at which, somewhere in
the back of the throat, thought (what other word can one use?) takes on a
kind of intangible consistency—I’d describe it in approximate terms as
being like a taking of breath—and then merges with my breathing out. In
the process, I wouldn’t say it gets lost, but simply that it changes and, in
changing, is articulated or modulated in such a way as to produce a vague
atonal singing that lacks all melody and is, so to speak, ‘bereft’ of
everything else (if not perfectly worthless), while yet having the same
rhythmic inflection as breathing. Or of something even more basic, like a
pulse—I’m not sure.”
(…)
“No, it’s not an image. Not at all: decay (effusiveness) has no effigy.
That’s the reason why, when morning came, in the sickly light of the
pale dawn, everything seemed to have been washed clean by the rain that
hadn’t fallen nor had soaked through anything. There had been no storm.
(I could, as you now know, put things very differently. Using my deadly
mythic style. However poignant King Marke’s or Golaud’s pain, it’s sung.
Declaimed. And I know those moments off by heart: the declamation I could
do over and over. But the pain, which touches worse than the heart, makes
it impossible.)”
“Having crossed the gravel path which goes all round the house (and
makes the same sound as the storm that never came), I walked to the bottom
of the garden and stopped by the pile of earth and ashes you’re familiar
with, perhaps to look over the fence at the distant hills and the plain. It
wasn’t winter yet, but it was cold, very cold. (It was my first time during this
period of the year in that part of the world, which is no more home to me
than any other, and which, in spite of everything, I still don’t know at all
well.) The animals had not yet stirred. Nothing happened, obviously, but I
knew, as far as I was concerned, that it had already happened; I knew it,
while not knowing it: I could recognize the absolute novelty of it all, this
streaming, this weariness.
No, I was not reduced to silence, but in a state of boundless
indifference: I was ready to die.”
Phrase VI
(Ker)
With a somber air, she takes the decisive step, embraces, unrecognizable.
*
“And you still think no explanation is necessary?”
“I do.”
“But why?”
“Because it’s a declaration.”
“Meaning what?”
“I’m using the word ‘declaration’ in its most common or ordinary
sense: as when you make a declaration to register a birth, or make a
declaration of love, or declare a death.”
“I don’t see the connection.”
“The word ‘Ker,’ or rather the name, is one I encountered for the first
time when attempting to translate Antigone, with one eye, so to speak, on
Sophocles’ original, and the other on the translation by Hölderlin. I first of
all thought, rather hastily, that it referred to some kind of demonic creature,
like one of the Erinyes or the Furies, and that in reality there were several
of them, three at least, as in the case of the Fates, the Harpies, the Graeae
or the Gorgons. I even saw somewhere, I forget where, that they were the
daughters of the Night. But it was you who told me, and confirmed it since,
that, no, she was a goddess, not of the underworld (like Hecate or
Persephone), but of death: death as such—in other words, immortality
itself. That is how the phrase came about, almost in that very form
(fortunately, though, and just recently, my most attentive reader made me
‘depoeticize’ it). I noted it down in the margin, without really knowing why,
and put it forward at one stage when I was asked for a one-line poem.”
“But what does all that have to do with a declaration?”
“Oh! Well, there’s just a single letter difference.”
“A single letter?”
“Yes, the letter L, the second in her name.”
“That’s childish, or just morbid.”
“Neither. The additional letter doesn’t only point, in Latin this time, to
the timbre of the voice, that voice I told you I have always heard, or, if you
prefer, have always been waiting for. It therefore doesn’t just allow a
reference to your name. I write the letter L as ‘elle,’ or ‘she’ in the singular,
in order to say that there is only one Ker.”
“I don’t understand.”
“The point wasn’t to explain. I don’t even know if I could.”
“But it’s obscure to say the least.”
“I’m not trying to be cryptic, though, nor simply to give extra work to
readers skilled in hermeneutics. That would be indecent, and pretentious.
But at the same time one ought not to make a mystery of what one is doing
nor refuse to understand how things came about. That there’s only one of
them means: there aren’t three. The trinity is the West’s nightmare. You
know as I do that famous analysis of King Lear; he still has to find three:
the mother, the lover, and death. I would have much preferred him to say:
the third returns, and is once again the first. Or something along those
lines.”
“But if there’s only one of them, why ‘unrecognizable’? I can
understand for death, or even the mother …”
“I know you’re thinking of the second.”
“Obviously.”
“I could bounce a different question back to you: why is death most
frequently represented as a woman? But I don’t want to be evasive. I would
say this though, which is perhaps valid only for ‘me,’ which is that what we
stillborns recognize in the one we do recognize is precisely that she is
unrecognizable. Otherwise we would be unaware of her, she would remain
indifferent to us. We have no other reason to be in love. Except to keep each
other company, since always and for evermore, in our death, in our
unrecognizable immortality.
The declaration was just that. Not a legendum or legend, as you can
see, but what the dictionary, more humbly, calls a lectio or lection.”
Phrase VII
(Material)
In no way
is it enough to say
nor even
5 It was, near enough, during that very same period (the cold had already
set in) that one of those who might perhaps have been able to understand
what was happening, and, most of all, why he was lapsing into such
incoherence, as though under the influence of unprecedented weariness,
did decree:
7 Incipit lamentatio
I’m not at all convinced he looked like someone who was sick. And
yet the first-hand reports, whether made up or not, all concur. He must have
remained silent, yes, being in any case a man of few words, except when he
started declaiming; he presumably lacked the know-how or, in what
amounts to the same thing, displayed it to excess; and, like some ferocious
and hunted prey, he was probably frightened of venturing a word or a
question that at a given point he may have thought necessary.
All the same, terrible, indescribable things went on inside his head.
14 (The scene on the ramparts of Troy, the farewell. But there is the
child.)
(1980)
Phrase VIII
Kneeling, weeping—although
Kneeling, weeping:
Phrase IX
(A Transcription)
If most of the time I don’t speak and say nothing—and tell you nothing—it’s
not because I’ve nothing to say, nor because I want to remain silent, but
because if I were to say what I do have to say, it would be unbearable. The
difficulty, which is very simple, is knowing how to survive day after day. It’s
therefore impossible for me to tell you when it hits me like a bolt of
lightning, and leaves me beside myself (when I no longer know who I am,
when it’s not me anymore, but something—or someone—that, in
abandoning me, props me up or keeps me hanging on like “someone who’s
going to die” or “someone who never stops dying”). It’s impossible for me
to say too how terrifyingly soft your body is at night, or how the blood
pulsing through your veins is so much more alive than my mere surviving.
It’s impossible to tell you about the waterlogged meadow glistening in the
morning light (or in the clarity of your gaze, which amounts to the same
thing). And impossible to tell you how a single moment of the most
elementary and ordinary kind can be as potent as that obscene purity by
which, in joining together, we are disjoined from one another, transported to
where we know what to pass away is all about. None of this can be spoken
—and only barely, with great difficulty, can it be written. (And if it can be
written, it needs a decision to come from afar, one has to wait, one has to
undergo the ordeal of waiting: perhaps only the rhythm of a phrase is
capable of conveying or giving a sense of the wrenching involved.)
The difficulty is also in taking the risk, even when we’re face to face. I
say “even when we’re face to face” because you know me well—as nobody
else has ever known me—and because I don’t find it difficult in fact to speak
to you. The difficulty, since that’s what I’m referring to, is of a different
order. Basically, you are the only one with whom I can, even dimly,
implicate myself and think: yes, it’s true, we do know each other. We know
each other better than I know myself. (Perhaps in that way you’ll
understand I can never talk to myself, even less look at myself. I live
everything blindly. But with you this strange blindness reaches a limit. But
this additional clarity, like reaching another level, is precisely what
condemns me to silence. Or, at least, to few words. Speaking always says
more than we can ever say—or are ever capable of hearing said.)
*
I have long been aware that the only way I can really address you is in
prayer.
The few lines of verse I do remember, apart from Racine and
Baudelaire, are these from Rimbaud’s “Memory”:
Madame holds herself too upright in the nearby
meadow where the threads of labor fall like snow …
Or:
(c. 1985–1986)
Phrase X
(“The Dead”)
Phrase XI
(A Paraphrase)
Phrase XII
(Ekphrasis)
Phrase XIII
(Menin Aeide)
(May 1995)
Phrase XIV
For Jean-Luc
Muss es sein?—Es muss sein
II
and was returned, there was, yes, “the sense of my frail existence.”
III
IV
Phrase XV
(1998)
Phrase XVI
When he says that the ear is the organ of fear, it is not to refer to the fear
Of wild animals (he is only speaking of the vast terrorized night
Of early cave-dwellers), nor is it to refer to the birth
Of that most ancient of incantations, no, it is just to point out
The affinity between hymns and the night: that is, the dark. The other,
however, that
Viennese disciple haunted by Mahler, holds that music emerged
As the echo of the deathbed lament of whoever first was killed,
Almost a god (or our most extreme intimacy). Nothing but elegy, then. But,
And this is no objection, it has been pointed out to me that all the same
There are different tones: figures, scansions, body and soul together, and
admirable
Syncopation, this infinite chance of our breathing and holding to one
another, perhaps.
Perhaps: but only so long as they too can be heard,
Phrase XVII
(A Scene)
For Jean-Christophe
(He is ten years old, eleven at most. From a distance, he walks slowly
towards the audience, and without moving stands as close to them as
possible, at the very edge of the stage. He doesn’t take his eyes off them.
There is something serious and solemn in his stance, and a kind of
awkwardness: yet one has the impression that he is doing it on purpose, or
making more of it than he might. He is violently lit, with an even, stark,
glaring light, like the light in a factory or on a building site.
From his pocket he takes out one or two sheets of paper which he
unfolds and glances at. (From time to time, he will consult these notes in the
same manner, as though to be sure of what he has to say. But he won’t ever
read them.)
He carefully checks his breathing.)
(He stumbles, falls silent, glances at his piece of paper, and starts
again.)
(He hesitates.)
I should normally know it off by heart. But I would not want to give a
misleading impression of his thinking. Here, though, is precisely what I
noted on the topic: thinking, he would say, belongs to nobody, it arises
suddenly without anyone expecting it or asking for it. It’s a kind of violent
tension, which you have to abandon yourself to. It may seem like losing
control, but one should not be afraid of allowing what is said through us to
be said, barely modulated, or of giving voice to what opens us up and runs
through us like a breath from elsewhere: because it does have to be said.
Then, to make proper sense of it, one will have to work at it relentlessly and
at length.
(His aging has become more pronounced. A voice in the control booth
asks through a microphone: “Shall we put the music on. You wanted the
first few bars. Just a moment: ‘Lento assai e cantante tranquillo,’ is that it?
Where you’ve added, I can’t quite make it out it, something like ‘Kol
Nidre’?” With an irritated gesture, he says not. “No music! Not now!”)
Let me finish. I don’t have much left to say. What used to be called the
soul, he also told me, was the trace of this abstraction or extraction. A scar,
in other words, never closed nor sutured.
A little later, without me really grasping the connection, he murmured
weakly: we have become sad; our joy is this grief. I think it was a loose
quotation.
(He stands up, takes a few steps backwards, without turning round,
then returns, resting his two hands on the back of the chair. His face has
become emaciated, he is trembling slightly, he seems at the end of his tether.
He nods towards the back of the stage.)
I know you’re all still there, and that one of you at least will help me in
my disappearance.
(Then, speaking to the invisible production engineer: “You can put the
music on now; just the double exposition of the opening theme; and then
you cut it off, sharply. No effect, no pathos. Grief and joy, that’s ample.”)
I’m coming to the end, I have to end here. I can feel a nameless rage
coming on, and would much prefer to spare you the spectacle. But I know
that violence is inevitable. There is never any peace of mind.
Basically, there was nothing more to announce than this: it happened,
what has to happen has happened, has always already happened. The wound
that we are, our native infirmity, graspable in every look and every
inflexion, all this preceded us, absolutely. We are already dead, we know
this. Even children know this, and in any case weep over it. There’s no
secret here, and what he told me to tell you is not a secret. Nothing is
unavowable.
I cannot however, despite the best of intentions, prevent myself from
feeling overcome with an immense feeling of revolt. This secret without
secrecy is of an intolerable clarity, and reveals a major injustice. Why were
we given death, and these derisory viatica, to make us vaguely forget that
we shall never have any knowledge of it?
But you can see, I’m losing my temper. Please forgive me.
(He falls silent, and there is a lengthy pause. He then draws himself up
a little.)
(1995–1999)
Phrase XVIII
(The Curse)
But it sometimes turns out that hatred transforms itself into pure love.
(Hatred here stands for disappointment, neglect, abandonment, even
betrayal.)
Whoever knows this will understand. There is something indestructible,
and never is a decision entirely without consequence:
clarity suddenly regained.
“To hold on to what has been achieved.” It’s almost impossibility
itself, but hold on, we must: that means yielding,
giving up only supposedly being oneself, walled in.
No character amounts to destiny,
every curse is vulnerable.
It is the role of catastrophe to be necessary.
(March 6, 2000)
Phrase XIX
(Prose)
The clinic I’m in is clean, tidy, hygienic. The staff do not concern
themselves
too much with me. I’m in a room at the end of a corridor, a room that is
almost bare, and light.
I take my meals with the other residents but I
practically never say a word to them. They chat about everything and
nothing,
observe one another, establish different kinds of ties
between each other (hardly of desire, certainly not friendship
or love, but rather of jealousy), they say uncomplimentary things about one
another, but in reality
they speak only of themselves and feel sorry for themselves.
Only some of them, staring into space, their eyes vacant and
infinitely pained, don’t utter a single word,
except to beg for a cigarette or money for a cup of coffee.
Those, so close by, are already
dead. Their barely audible elocution
is what I call veridiction. The reason I chose to come here,
against my wishes, on the brink of being threatened or destroyed,
in this loathsome solitude, amid the tables
in the cafeteria, and the trees in the park,
was to learn this mumbling,
not to take control of myself or to renounce eloquence,
but to try to say as nearly as possible
what I must renounce:
this bitter falsification, this evasive
discourse, these residues (or this excess) of “poetry”
which have ruined our most just prose.
(I do mean our prose, not that of the ages:
it’s you I’m speaking to, as you know.)
Phrase XX
(Stanzas)
“But you,
you who were namable
with such a reputable name,
why did you let
it happen …”
“We,
we are all
we, we are all the ones who ask,
not
but …”
This motionless
step
belongs to no time.
She answered:”
Did he know?
Certainly not.
Some other time I’ll tell you about the dogs which, no sooner
than they feel loved, are on the brink of speaking,
and who no doubt understood you.”
(1990–2000)
Phrase XXI
(A Clarification)
DEDICATION
“Who else for, if not for you?”: the poet Friedrich Hölderlin (1770–1843)
inscribed much the same words (“Wem sonst als Dir!”) in the copy of the
second volume of his novel Hyperion, which he presented in the fall of
1799 to Susette Gontard, to whose four children he had earlier served as
resident tutor, and with whom he had fallen in love, though she was of
course already married. It is usually thought that she was the inspiration for
the figure of Diotima in Hyperion. In June 1802, however, Susette died, at
the early age of thirty-three, to Hölderlin’s considerable distress.
PHRASE II
“… how shall we bear …”: from Racine’s play Bérénice, act 4, scene 5,
lines 1113–15. The English version used here is slightly adapted from
Berenice and Bajazet, translated by Alan Hollinghurst (London: Faber &
Faber, 2012).
“Andromache …”: this and the brief fragment that immediately follows are
taken from Baudelaire’s famous poem “Le Cygne [The Swan],” lines 1 and
37. The English version used here is from The Flowers of Evil, translated by
James McGowan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 172–77.
PHRASE II: POSTSCRIPT
PHRASE III
“… fall into the blue sky”: a threefold allusion, first, to Hölderlin’s
suggestion that “one can also fall upwards,” in “Reflexionen,” in Hölderlin,
Hyperion, Empedokles, Aufsätze, Übersetzungen, edited by Jochen Schmidt
(Frankfurt: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag, 2008), 519; Essays and Letters on
Theory, translated by Thomas Pfau (Albany: SUNY Press, 1988), 45;
second, to Georg Büchner’s short story “Lenz,” in which the author notes of
his eponymous protagonist that “it sometimes struck him as unpleasant that
he could not walk upside down,” in Büchner, Dichtungen, edited by Henri
Poschmann (Frankfurt: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag, 2008), 225; Lenz,
translated by Michael Hamburger (Richmond: Oneworld Classics, 2008), 3
(translation slightly modified); and finally, to Paul Celan’s comment,
apropos of Büchner’s “Lenz,” in “Der Meridian,” Gesammelte Werke,
edited by Beda Allemann and Stefan Reichert, 7 vols. (Frankfurt:
Suhrkamp, 2000), vol. 3, 195; Selected Poems and Prose of Paul Celan,
translated by John Felstiner (New York: W.W. Norton, 2001), 407, that
“whoever walks upside down, Ladies and Gentlemen—whoever walks
upside down has the sky for an abyss beneath them” (translation modified).
PHRASE IV
“Not as I wish, but as you command me”: from the semi-fictional epistolary
novel Die Günderode (1840) by the writer Bettina von Armin (1785–1859),
in which Hölderlin, on the authority of his erstwhile friend Isaac von
Sinclair (1775–1815), who features in the novel under the name of St Clair,
is credited with the following words:
See Bettina von Arnim, Die Günderode (Frankfurt: Insel Verlag, 1982),
247.
PHRASE V
“In der lydischen Tonart [In the Lydian mode]”: words written by
Beethoven in the margin of the manuscript for the third movement of his
String Quartet no. 15 in A Minor, Op. 132.
PHRASE VI
“that famous analysis of King Lear”: Freud’s paper “Das Motiv der
Kästchenwahl” (1913), most often known in English as “The Theme of the
Three Caskets.”
“the third returns, and is once again the first”: a transposition of Gérard de
Nerval’s famous line in the poem “Artémis” (from the sonnet sequence
“Les Chimères”) referring to the first and thirteenth hour in the twelve-hour
clock: “La Treizième revient … C’est encore la première”; i.e., “The
Thirteenth returns … It’s once again the first.”
PHRASE VII
“Nothing can affect me now …”: words from the obituary account of
Hölderlin’s final years by the poet Gottlob Kemmler (1823–1907) recording
Hölderlin’s propensity to apparently lose himself in a state of creative
monologue, and attributing to him, on such occasions, the remark that “es
geschieht mir nichts [literally: “nothing can happen to me”].” Lacoue-
Labarthe also cites the phrase in his Poetry as Experience, 21.
“But there is the child”: Astyanax, the son of Hector and Andromache,
killed in the closing scene of Euripides’ Trojan Women.
PHRASE VIII
The headings to each of the subsections here are taken from the celebrated
thirteenth-century Latin hymn the “Stabat mater,” famously set to music by
Pergolesi, Haydn, Dvořák, Verdi, and numerous other composers.
PHRASE IX
PHRASE XII
“Quidquid latet apparebit [whatever lies hidden will appear]”: words from
the Latin Requiem Mass.
PHRASE XIII
“Menin aeide …”: the opening words of Homer’s Iliad, literally: “sing the
anger.” In Richmond Lattimore’s classic English version (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2011), they run: “Sing, goddess, the anger of
Peleus’ son Achilleus / and its devastation” (75). Lacoue-Labarthe
comments on the significance of the scene in his Ending and Unending
Agony: On Maurice Blanchot, translated by Hannes Opelz (New York:
Fordham University Press, 2015), 62–64.
PHRASE XIV
“Men and bits of paper whirled by the cold wind”; “a place of disaffection”;
“cleansing affection from the temporal”; “empty of meaning”; “Internal
darkness”: all quotations from T. S. Eliot, “Burnt Norton” (Four Quartets).
“the unprayable / prayer”; “I do not know much about gods; but I think that
the river / Is a strong brown god”: all quoted from T. S. Eliot, “The Dry
Salvages” (Four Quartets).
“Andromache, torn from a husband’s arms”: as earlier (cf. Phrase II),
quoted from Baudelaire’s poem “Le Cygne” (The Swan).
“I raised my head …”: the closing words from Joseph Conrad’s Heart of
Darkness. Lacoue-Labarthe explains his admiration for the story (calling it
“one of the greatest texts in Western literature”) in the essay “The Horror of
the West,” in Conrad’s “Heart of Darkness” and Contemporary Thought,
edited by Nidesh Lawtoo (New York: Bloomsbury, 2012), 111–22.
“the man who has blood / in his name”: the jazz and blues guitarist James
Blood Ulmer.
“Mehr Licht!” (“More light!”): the proverbial dying words (though often
thought to be apocryphal) attributed to Goethe, the celebrated German poet
and writer.
PHRASE XV
PHRASE XVI
“that the ear is the organ of fear”: from Nietzsche, Morgenröte (Daybreak),
iv, §250.
“Some still small voice”: from 1 Kings 19:12. The phrase also contains a
reference to the similarly titled narrative Une voix de fin silence (1966), by
the novelist and essayist Roger Laporte, now collected in the omnibus
edition of Laporte’s fiction, Une vie (A Life), published by P.O.L. in 1986.
Laporte’s narrative cites as its epigraph a translation of the passage from 1
Kings 19:11–13 by Emmanuel Levinas. Lacoue-Labarthe dedicated his
book Heidegger and the Politics of Poetry (2002) “to the memory of Roger
Laporte, writer and friend.”
PHRASE XVII
“Gott selbst ist tot [God himself is dead]”: the words of the Lutheran hymn
“O Traurigkeit, O Herzeleid [O Boundless Grief]” by Johann Rist (1607–
67), as quoted by Hegel in his Vorlesungen über die Philosophie der
Religion, in Werke, edited by Eva Moldenhauer and Karl Markus Michel,
20 vols. (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1970), vol. 17, 297; Lectures on the
Philosophy of Religion, vol. III: The Consummate Religion, edited by Peter
C. Hodgson (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 125.
“Adieu” and “The Gospel’s a thing of the past!”: both from Rimbaud, Une
saison en enfer (A Season in Hell). Lacoue-Labarthe comments on the
significance of Rimbaud’s words in Heidegger and the Politics of Poetry,
32, 57.
“Lento assai e cantante tranquillo”: the tempo markings for the third
movement of Beethoven’s String Quartet No. 16 in F Major, Op. 135.
PHRASE XVIII
“Peer Gynt”: the protagonist of Henrik Ibsen’s play of the same name
(1867), who, after running away from home and leading a dissolute life,
hears a voice telling him to go back home, where his mother is said to be
dying. He duly returns to see her again, but then leaves once more to travel
the world before finally coming back for good in the last act.
PHRASE XIX
“And what the dead had no speech for …”: from T. S. Eliot, “Little
Gidding” (Four Quartets).
PHRASE XX
Someone who worked for many years in “philosophy,” and whose previous
publications were pigeonholed as belonging to that discipline, but who
didn’t much care for that categorization himself, and, being forever
dissatisfied with it, sought to detach himself from its constraints, writes a
book that detaches him from them even more. But that book, Phrase, is
neither a diversion nor a temptation. It has little to do with those occasional
pastimes or weekends away that philosophers sometimes indulge in. First of
all, as indicated by the dates that punctuate its various fragments or fresh
starts, the book was written over a period of twenty-five years, between
1976 and 2000 to be precise. At the same time, as far as its author was
concerned, it was no secondary or marginal enterprise, or a mere passing
sideline. What is issue in the book, what it questions, therefore, is at the
heart of all the questions addressed in Lacoue-Labarthe’s other work. It is
the persistent, ever-recurring center on which everything turns, even though
there are no clearly marked paths leading to it, and no preliminaries in view,
and where programmatic exposition and retrospective explication are
equally of no avail.
The center is there from the outset, like an exuberant, all-consuming
tension, suspended or spread-eagled between intention and truth. And this
center or central motif neither accepts to be held in (or as) any discourse nor
is it resigned to be only a voice (it is therefore neither philosophy nor poetry
as such); it is what endlessly turns aside from each of these would-be
solutions, and it is this continually reiterated gesture of turning aside (and
maintaining that detour) that Lacoue-Labarthe calls “phrase,” using a term
which henceforth has the status of an occasional yet definitive title.
But what is this phrase, what does it say about itself, and what does it
say about what a phrase in general can say? What is said in the book
entitled Phrase is that everything that writes itself, everything that attempts
to generate meaning, or to phrase something, is only ever the paraphrase of
another phrase that is both immediate and immemorial, untouchable and
assumed, insistent and hidden. And that this other phrase (which is neither
an ideal nor a target, but on the contrary a kind of enduring anteriority) is
that about which thinking thinks, or in which it thinks, when it thinks of
itself, so to speak, without instruments. What there is in the book is a desire
to escape all instrumental reductiveness and all rhetorical trickery, indeed
any kind of rhetoric at all, and that’s why it’s as though the phrases which
feature in the book, and may be read as part of the book—phrases which are
of course retained within the instrument of language and are still therefore
paraphrases, in this regard even imitations—have all been lost or gone
astray. And the book is made up of this lost movement of phrases each
reaching for the phrase they once heard within themselves.
When and where such a phrase occurs nobody can say in advance:
neither a “philosopher” nor a “poet,” nor even a “thinker” conveniently
positioned between the two like some helpful intermediary. Nobody, that is,
no figure and no role—and yet, necessarily, there is somebody there,
speaking or at least being given the lead. Without it being at all the
equivalent of a muse, the phrase nevertheless has the power to give
dictation. What it dictates is not an utterance as such, but an exigency
internal to speaking, of which all speaking seeks however to rid itself. What
it dictates, therefore, and this is said explicitly in the text, is a renunciation:
a renunciation that is utterance. Speaking of Celan in Poetry as Experience,
Lacoue-Labarthe says that the poem clears a way for itself “between the
‘saying nothing’ of mutism or singular aphasia and the ‘saying too much’ of
eloquence.”2 For Lacoue-Labarthe—it was one of the things he emphasized
most forcefully and most persistently—the poem always tries to say (or do)
too much, is always on the brink of eloquence, even when it renounces it.
He therefore had no hesitation in declaring “every poem is always too
beautiful, even in Celan.”3 Perhaps I should note here that, for my part (it’s
all we ever talked about from the very outset), this isn’t a view I share, and
that, from my perspective, a poem, on the contrary, is arguably never
beautiful enough. I might add though that, as far as the end result or
finished text is concerned, it amounts to much the same thing, since
whether the aim is to achieve beauty or to avoid it, in neither case is it a
matter of attaining some ideal.
The debate is not, however, one we can hope to resolve, not least since
the place of origin of the renunciation of the poem in Lacoue-Labarthe is
not purely and simply the poem itself. The poem both presents and
withdraws itself in a single movement: in other words, it presents itself as a
possibility that must immediately be withdrawn. It’s as if in opening—
opening itself up as a possibility of speaking, as the hypothesis of a
plenitude of meaning—the poem is opening the space of a task that is too
difficult for it. The task, which would not otherwise be apparent at all,
cannot, however, be entrusted to anything else nor delegated to any other
genre. It therefore falls to the poem, forever poised between language and
silence, to try to fulfil it. Lacoue-Labarthe’s entire enterprise, in a sense, is
to want a phrase that would be more original than the poem, which would
go beyond the disappointment of the poem, and might therefore be
described as a way of keeping faith with the all-powerful truth of dictation:
the dictation that dictates renunciation!
If such a phrase, prior to all phrasing, dictates absolutely and dictates
renunciation, or dictates something that says “I renounce,” it is because the
space of its deployment is neither that of art, nor that of writing or speaking,
nor even that of truth in so far as truth relies on a modulation of meaning.
Phrase is the place where truth is not yet attached to any meaning or given
meaning. The meaning it bears is of such violence that it cannot be captured
within any statement—which is why the phrase in question cannot but be a
musical phrase too.
Music (and not musicality, which is a kind of transmissible value,
transmissible in particular to language) occupies a significant—I would
even go so far as saying preeminent—place in Lacoue-Labarthe’s thinking
(such intimacy with music, and with the determining character of music, is
something unprecedented in philosophy since Adorno).4 Why? Because,
even if music is threatened by art just as much as the poem is, if not indeed
more so (Wagner here being the musical artist par excellence), it sometimes
delivers a response (in the liturgical sense) to the silence, and provides
renunciation with an echo. Phrase, then, does go into language, but is also a
musical term. Phrase for Lacoue-Labarthe, in that it precedes all phrasing,
needs therefore to be understood as an attempt to give consistency to this
homonymy between a musical phrase and a linguistic phrase—not simply
by coupling the two, which would merely be a case of legitimizing singing,
but, on the contrary, by fusing or merging them. Phrase, then, should be
thought to name neither a song nor any verbal utterance, neither an
articulation nor a melody, but a kind of background noise or murmur, a kind
of extremely tenuous, languid or slow-motion “big bang,” internal to
consciousness but distinct from the voice—indeed from any voice that
might, for instance, be capable of saying ego sum. For as Lacoue-Labarthe
puts it:
It is an illusion to place one’s trust in one’s own
voice, which is no more our own than our
way of moving or looking.
And respect here, I can see, is rather like that warning light; i.e., the
dispersion of the prayer effect within the poem itself, what restrains its
various initiatives, and links them, from one genre to another, since Phrase
(the book), as it proceeds, necessarily encounters not only poetry and
discourse but also note-taking, fiction, and even, at one point, theater, or at
least an idea of theater. But nowhere does it go all the way with any of
these; it passes alongside as though they were so many ports of call at
which it refuses to disembark, preferring to keep its distance. This distance
is prayer inserted into language, not as some empty gesture, but as
something into which Lacoue-Labarthe was forced by his own inclination,
which was not able to free him from the pain of folding.
As a result, in Lacoue-Labarthe’s poem as a whole, or, perhaps better,
in this recitation-cum-narrative of an impossible song, there are very few
sense impressions—those peaceful passing moments that the silent world of
things drip-feed into language, such as a meadow, a street name, the trees in
the park, or the cafeteria in a clinic, or even in lively, confident, sudden
fashion, San Francisco Bay (“I remember, it was / possible to see the
dazzling reflection of the bay, / shimmering in the sun like a sheet of metal
or corrugated iron”). All these details share a kind of pallor or self-effacing
quality, but it is on the basis of such trivia that I’d like to discuss the
question of prayer, since it seems to me that it is indeed such nothings, or
such remnants, that, like the name of the river Garonne in Hölderlin, help
protect us. And that it’s through them, beyond all address and authority, that
we may be silently drawn out of silence and accustomed to our fold. It does,
however, seem to me that, when compared to this weak, mundane
brilliance, the idea of prayer still presumes too much, not unlike what
Nietzsche, who is also very present in all of this, would call “human, all too
human,” and that we might instead envisage a kind of beauty that would
only begin on this side of the fold, on this or the other side of the human as
such.
Let me conclude by recalling two personal memories, starting with the most
recent. Not long ago I returned to the village of Waldersbach, which I
hadn’t visited for quite a long time. Michel Deutsch wanted to shoot a scene
there for his film Hôtel de l’Esprit (which takes its title from the “Hotel
zum Geist” in Strasbourg, which was a kind of central hub for German
literature, the subject of the film). Naturally enough, the scene was about
the writer, dramatist, and political activist Georg Büchner, who fled to
Strasbourg in 1835, and his story Lenz, and the idea was to use the exact
locations described in the story (which itself is based on the real-life events
recounted by Oberlin),8 including the pastor’s house, which is now a
museum; the fountain into which Lenz on several occasions threw himself;
the Protestant church where he was allowed to deliver a sermon; and the
nearby Vosges forest with its deep, silent valleys. Lenz, or Lenz-the-phrase,
was an important touchstone for Lacoue-Labarthe insofar as it doesn’t
depart, or departs only very slightly, from an idea of literature born as pure
futurity, as a kind of inaugural moment without appeasement. (Lacoue-
Labarthe himself, in fact, with that phrase, or on the basis of that phrase
while departing from it only very slightly, wrote the script for a film that he
really wanted to be able to make.)9 And those locations—i.e., the places of
January 20,10 which are still intact, but forever marked by an invisible trace
—are at the same time entirely void of ponderous solemnity, as I quickly
realized when I first discovered them. The extraordinary, secret beginning
of the modern age they commemorate has no inaugural moment; it is just a
setting forth, an escape into the woods, and a phrase that catches them up
and follows them, and nothing else, in total contrast to any commemorative
plaque or possibility of discourse (and it was good, that summer’s day, that,
as a prank and in a spirit of disrespectful tribute, one of the group of young
Germans visiting the museum threw himself fully clothed into the fountain).
Before all else, then, while also touching the most painful part—
Lenz’s own fold being folded back and tearing him apart—there was joy,
the joy that an emotion might remain intact and so unaffected. There was
joy, then, but also, that particular day, surprise—because I went into the
Protestant church, which has presumably changed little since Oberlin’s time
in charge. And what surprised me was the interior which indeed reminded
me of Lacoue-Labarthe and his phrase, whose dull resonance he aims to
capture in this book. What I mean—though, basically, one would have to
remove the word “church,” or at least remove all its wider connotations—is
that this “house,” as I may be allowed to call it, and that this place—this
house, then—was the exact setting for the speaking one finds in Phrase, a
place exactly appropriate to its diction. It was bare and unadorned, with
simple benches, a plain stove and no pictures, and nothing that might
resemble a theatrical stage. Though it was free of all ostentation, it did
however have a raised platform and, to that extent, perhaps, incorporated a
theater, albeit one that was without demonstrative intent, bound merely to
the possibility that a phrase might be said, then said again, not in any single
definitive manner, but just as one among an infinite number, like a phrasing
chanted in a neutral tone that was utterly naked and utterly impoverished.
Despite what the building itself prescribes, I cannot however make up my
mind to call this prayer, though it was what I thought one should be able to
hear in such a strange location.
To remove theater (i.e., the theatrical) from the theater, to remove art from
the poem, or even to remove the sacred from the theater (though this last
thought is my own suggestion, I do believe Lacoue-Labarthe would have
been willing to pursue Reformation that far)—such is the continual, austere
temptation. One can without much difficulty identify where its aesthetic
impact might be felt, and cite the names that come to mind almost
automatically, in the wake (I’d say) of Aeschylus, including, among others,
Bach or Thelonious Monk, Hölderlin or Pasolini, Giorgio Morandi or Bram
van Velde. But there is also something else at stake here, something other
than mere “aesthetics.” This something else is shown by the gesture made
—even if one chooses to resist it—toward prayer, and I should like finally
to attempt to capture what this involves with the help of a second anecdote.
But I should also like to say, as one must, not only that this unfeigned
austerity is not a privation of any kind, but also, or finally, that, beyond
everything it owes to disappointment, stress, or despair, it nevertheless
stands out, or is capable of doing, like a new dawn or, in its own fashion, as
a kind of expansiveness.
The episode I have in mind emerges for a brief moment in that part of
Phrase that is subtitled “Scene,” in which there is the bare outline of a
dialogue (involving myself) on the topic of the religious. “We were left
speechless,” writes Lacoue-Labarthe, “by the mausoleums in South Korea.”
The mausoleums he is referring to are the tumuli of Gyeongju, those
extraordinary circular grass mounds dating from between the first and sixth
century, where the monarchs of the Silla kingdom are buried, and which we
indeed visited together in 1993. Lacoue-Labarthe speaks of them as though
they were the tombs of the gods, but no matter, royalty here, evidently
enough, was “sacred.” The word, which I have now let slip, is of course
anthropologically appropriate to the nature of these graves. But if “we were
left speechless,” it was clearly not because of that objective or historical
fact, but as a result of a kind of effect of immersion or contagion. And I
remember that, while we were there, once a moment’s silence had passed,
we both employed the word “sacred,” a word that is perhaps only one side
of a coin of which the other is the unutterable. We used the word, in the way
that tourists do, simply saying, for instance, “that’s obviously something
sacred,” or perhaps, to slightly different effect (I really can’t remember),
that “people here obviously believe that’s something sacred.” The
dimension of “what others believe” was at any event clearly present, though
it only had the sense of a detached observation. It was something, in other
words, that it was necessary to acknowledge: yes, it was there, there had
been and still was something of that kind, something it was impossible to
understand without the use of that word, even if it’s only right that one
should turn it over it and consider the other side of the coin.
But what was it we were looking at? Acts of burial that, instead of
being concealed, had been left showing, and instead of showing themselves
with the aid of some architectural construction or edifice (as is almost
invariably the case elsewhere), in fact edified nothing, but made do with a
sort of bulge or grass dome, with the site as a whole being made up of a
succession of these relatively high or wide domes—twenty or more of them
—dotted along the valley. The effect was of some extraordinary, silent
exigency, as if gravity and duration had been offered stasis and levitation,
and as if the landscape had somehow been converted into a kind of
stationary wave in which the powers of life and death had come together in
one single, fundamental tonality. Obviously I am speaking, and can but
speak, only in very approximate fashion. In the face of these domes, as they
pondered the unutterable, any word at all was already a mistake and a
madness. Just like the word “sacred,” which we ended up using while we
were there, and which is most likely inevitable, these words of mine would
have to be understood quite differently, as referring, not to ritual or to
ceremony, but rather to the influence of an absent trace, to what one might
formulate, abruptly enough, by saying that what was sacred in fact was the
withdrawal of all consecration. I think that what overwhelmed Philippe at
the time was the ease, and I would even go so far as to call it the efficiency
with which the withdrawal was no different, in physical terms, from the
absence not only of all décor but also of all figure.
And no different, therefore, from nothing.
From nothing as a kind of threshold. Whence the joy. Whence the joy
envisaged by the impoverishment. Before all else, then, renunciation means
not renouncing joy: beyond church and tomb, I can still hear the atheistic
breath of my Reformation-minded friend. And beyond the violation that
Christianity perpetrates on the unutterable, I can still hear the nomadic,
subjectless phrase of which Phrase, the book, traces the verbal contours—
like the remains of a prayer perhaps, but, in that case, in the sacred space of
the effacement of all gods, and, beyond words (both logos and fury), in the
tension of a language taken to its limits, but nevertheless still to come.
NOTES
1. From Jean-Christophe Bailly, La Véridiction: sur Philippe Lacoue-
Labarthe (Paris: Christian Bourgois, 2011), 15–30. The essay was first
published in 2008 under the title “A propos de Phrase” [translator’s note].
2. Lacoue-Labarthe, Poetry as Experience, 56; translation modified.
3. Lacoue-Labarthe, Poetry as Experience, 69; translation modified.
4. See, for instance, Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, Musica ficta (Figures
of Wagner), translated by Felicia McCarren (Stanford: Stanford University
Press, 1994) [translator’s note].
5. On “das Menschliche” (“the human”) in Lacoue-Labarthe’s
thinking, see Poetry as Experience, 47 [translator’s note].
6. See Celan, “Der Meridian [The Meridian],” Gesammelte Werke, vol.
3, 198; Selected Poems and Prose of Paul Celan, 409; translation modified.
Lacoue-Labarthe quotes the phrase in Poetry as Experience, 42 [translator’s
note].
7. See Lacoue-Labarthe, Poetry as Experience, 49.
8. Johann Friedrich (or Jean-Frédéric) Oberlin (1740–1826) was the
philanthropic Protestant pastor in Waldersbach who, between January 20
and February 8, 1778, gave refuge to the dramatist J. M. R. Lenz (1751–
1792) during one of the latter’s acute schizophrenic episodes. Georg
Büchner (1813–1837) drew on Oberlin’s account of those weeks for his
story “Lenz,” first published posthumously in 1839. Büchner and Lenz
were of particular interest to Lacoue-Labarthe, not only because of the
connection with Strasbourg (where Lacoue-Labarthe lived and worked for
many years), but also as a result of Celan’s remarks on Büchner’s work in
“Der Meridian [The Meridian],” the famous poetological lecture delivered
in Darmstadt, Büchner’s home city, upon receipt of the prestigious Georg-
Büchner-Preis in 1960 [translator’s note].
9. In collaboration with his friends Christine Baudillon and François
Lagarde, who also made the film Entretiens de l’île Saint-Pierre (2003)
with Lacoue-Labarthe [and Jean-Christophe Bailly].
10. The standard text of Büchner’s “Lenz” begins with the words: “On
the 20th of January [Den 20. Jänner],” using the regional German name
(“Jänner”) for the first month in the year, instead of the more common
“Januar.” Celan recalls Büchner’s opening sentence, now mindful of a
subsequent and significantly different January 20, the date of the notorious
1942 Wannsee Conference, in “Der Meridian,” Gesammelte Werke, vol. 3,
201; Selected Poems and Prose of Paul Celan, 412 [translator’s note].