SEMINAR REPORT

ON

INTRODUCTION TO GRID COMPUTING

By

PALAK B. SHRIMALI

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

LDRP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH,
GANDHINAGAR- 382015
2008 - 2009

I
 SEMINAR REPORT
ON

INTRODUCTION TO GRID COMPUTING

By

PALAK B. SHRIMALI

Guided by
MR. DHAVAL GOHIL
LECTURER
COMPUTER DEPARTMENT

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

LDRP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH,
GANDHINAGAR- 382015
2008 – 2009

II
 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

LDRP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH,

GANDHINAGAR - 382015

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “INTRODUCTION TO GRID COMPUTING” has
been carried out by PALAK B. SHRIMALI under my guidance in partial
fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer
Engineering / Information Technology of Gujarat University, Ahmedabad
during the academic year 2009-2010. To the best of my knowledge and belief
this work has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any other degree.

Guide Examiner Head of the Department

MR. DHAVAL GOHIL Prof. A.K.GOYAL

Principal
Prof. H. N. Prajapati

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With immense pleasure I would like to present this report on my seminar topic
“INTRODUCTION TO GRID COMPUTING”. I am thankful to all that have helped me
a lot for successful completion of my seminar and providing me courage for completing the
work.

I am thankful to our Principal Prof. H. N. Prajapati, Head of the Department Mr.

A.K GOYAL and My internal Faculty Guide MR. DHAVAL GOHIL, for providing
guidance through out my work and giving me their valuable time.

At last, I would like to thank my parents and friends who have directly or indirectly
helped me in making the project work successful.

PALAK B. SHRIMALI

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 PAGE INDEX
Topic Page No.
ABSTRACT
1. OVERVEIW
2. HISTORY OF MEMORY DEVICES
3. RAM TYPES
4. NEED FOR MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS
5. PROTEIN MEMORY
5.1 BACTERIORHODOPSIN(BR)
5.2 USES OF BR MOLECULE
5.3 STRUCTURE OF BR MOLECULE
5.4 WHY TO USE BR INSTEAD OF E-RAM
6. PHOTOCYCLE OF BR MOLECULE
7. DATA WRITE,READ AND ERASE TECHNIQUES
7.1 DATA WRITING TECHNIQUE
7.2 DATA READING TECHNIQUE
7.3 DATA ERASING TECHNIQUE
8. BRIGE MEMORY CELL
8.1 PROTOTYPE
9. PROTEIN MEMORY BEATS CONVENTIONAL RAM
9.1 HOW FAST IS THE ACCESS
9.2 STORAGE CAPACITY
9.3 DATA STABILITY
9.4 COST
10. APPLICTIONS
11. PRESENT STATUS
12. CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY / REFERENCES

V
 FIGURE INDEX

Figure Page No.

5.3 STRUCTURE OF BR MOLECULE

6. PHOTOCYCLE OF BR MOLECULE
7.1 DATA WRITING TECHNIQUE
7.2 DATA READING TECHNIQUE
8.1 PROTOTYPE

ABSTRACT

VI
 In this Science age, we found new and new technology which can be useful in our
daily life. For computer people, Grid computing (or the use of a computational grid) is the
application of several computers to a single problem at the same time – usually to a
scientific or technical problem that requires a great number of computer processing cycles
or access to large amounts of data. Grid computing is a kind of high-performance
computing (HPC). It is an emerging technique in which multiple computers link together to
combine resources. This seminar contains the Overview of Grid Computing, Concept and
Resources, Sharing Load & Resources, One View to Requirements, Working of Grid
Computing, About SGE, Example of Grid Computing, Real Applications, Challenges &
Technologies and Future of Grid Computing.

CHAPTER – 1
OVERVIEW

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1. OVERVIEW
In middle 1950’s magnetic and semi-conductor based information storage
devices have been used but today’s computers and volumes of information
require increasingly more efficient and faster methods of storing data.
The speed of integrated circuit random access memory (RAM) has
increased steadily over past ten to fifteen years; the limits of these systems are
approaching.
In response to the rapidly changing face of computing and demand for
physically smaller, greater capacity, bandwidth, a number of alternative
methods to integrated circuit information storage have surfaced recently.
Among the most promising new alternatives like photopolymer-based device,
holographic optical memory storage devices and protein-based optical
memory, protein-based devices have showed great response towards storage.
The protein-based optical memory storage uses the photosensitive
protein bacteriorhodopsin with the two-photon method of exciting the
molecules. Bacteriorhodopsin is a light-harvesting protein from bacteria that
live in salt marshes that has shown some promise as feasible optical data
storage. The current work is to hybridize this biological molecule with the
solid state components of a typical computer.

CHAPTER – 2
HISTORY OF MEMORY DEVICES

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2. HISTORY OF MEMORY DEVICES
A HIGH DENSITY RAPID ACCESS DATA STORAGE DEVICE
EMPLOYS A VOLUME OF FIELD ORIENTED BACTERIORHODOPSIN
IN A POLYMER MEDIUM AND CONTAINED IN A VESSEL THAT CAN
BE ACCURATELY DISPLACE IN THREE DIMENSIONS.

Following are some devices to store data:

• Earlier:
1. Punched Cards (In 40s, 50s & 60s)

2. RAMAC (Random Access Method of Accounting and Control)

• First Disk storage system was invented by IBM in 1956.

• Presently:

1. Ultra-fast Disk Drives &

2. Flash RAMs

CHAPTER – 3
RAM TYPES

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3. RAM TYPES
• DRAM (Dynamic RAM) :
◊ Must be refreshed every few millisecond.
◊ Cheaper and widely used
◊ Low power consumption

• SRAM (Static RAM) :

◊ Remember its contents.
◊ Faster than DRAM
◊ Costly

• DRAM :
◊ SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)
◊ Synchronizes the memory access to the CPU clock and hence faster
data transfer
◊ RDRAM (Rambus Direct Ram)
◊ DDR RAM (Double Data Rate Ram)

CHAPTER – 4
NEED FOR MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS

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4. NEED FOR MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS
 Miniaturization

◊ Increase in speed of operation.

◊ Decrease in consumption of energy.

◊ Decrease in size and weight of device.

◊ Decrease in price.

 Ultimate machine intelligence

◊ Intelligence that allows for learning and innovation

◊ Decision making in fuzzy situations

CHAPTER – 5
PROTEIN MEMORY

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5. PROTEIN MEMORY
 Protein Memory compete with and overrides the properties of electronic
memory in :
◊Size.
◊Speed.
◊Reliability.
◊Capability.
◊Cost.

 Molecules as Computer Switches.

 Bio-molecular Computers / Hybrid Computers.

◊1/20th the size of present day computer.

 Basic unit of Protein Memory

◊Bacterial protein molecule Bacteriorhodopsin (BR)

5.1 BACTERIORHODOPSIN (BR)

 Light harvesting bacterial protein.
 Functions like a light driven photo-pump.
 Chromophore – Light absorbing component.
 Quite similar to “Rhodopsin”, the light detecting pigment in retinas of
human eye.

5.2 USES OF BR MOLECULE

 Upon light incidence:
◊ Changes mode of operation from photosynthesis to respiration.
◊ Light energy to chemical energy conversion.

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5.3 STRUCTURE OF BR MOLECULE

STRUCTURE OF BR MOLECULE

5.4 WHY TO USE BR INSTEAD OF E-RAM

 BR grows in salt marshals:

◊ Where temp can exceed 150 degree Farad for extended time period
◊ Salt concentration in aprx 6 times that of sea water.
◊ Survival indicates its resistance to thermal and photochemical damages.

◊ Has the ability to form thin films ‘Biochrome’ that exhibits:

(i) Excellent optical characteristics.

XIII
 (ii) Long term stability.
◊ It can be prepared in mass quantities.

CHAPTER – 6
PHOTOCYCLE OF BR MOLECULE

XIV
6. PHOTOCYCLE OF BR MOLECULE
 Chromophore – Light absorbing component
 Light energy triggers a series of complex
internal structural changes - Photo cycle

PHOTOCYCLE OF BR MOLECULE
The Photocycle of BR molecule starts first with its initiation and then to drive
the protein into branched photocycle from the O-state several milliseconds
later by sequential absorption of two photons.The O-state will be converted to
a blue-shifted photoproduct P-state.Then we reach to Q-state which is highly
stable due to fact that it is strongly blue-shifted with respect to other
intermediates in the photocycle, making it invisible to the laser wavelengths
used to write and read information in the memory. In Q-state the data can be
preserved for longer time period .Now when blue light is incidented the BR
molecule absorbs it and the data is erased and it comes to its original state.

CHAPTER – 7
DATA WRITE, READ AND ERASE TECHNIQUES

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7. DATA WRITE, READ AND ERASE TECHNIQUES

7.1 DATA WRITING TECHNIQUE

DATA WRITING TECHNIQUE

The BR memory cube is surrounded by two set of laser arrays, one is green
laser array that activates the photo cycle of protein in any selected square plane
or page in the cube. Now the second set of red laser array is fired. The red
laser is programmed to strike only the activated square where data bits are to
be written, switching molecule to P structure. This P-state immediately relaxes
to highly stable state Q-state which is stable for longer period. Now we assign
binary 0 to O-state and binary 1 to P&Q states. This is how we perform Data
Writing.
7.2 DATA READING TECHNIQUE

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 DATA READING TECHNIQUE
For reading data, we start our process just as we do in data writing. First, green
laser is fired at the square of protein to be read. After some time when O
intermediates appear, red laser is fired with low intensity. The molecules that
are in binary state 1 (P or Q states) do not absorb red light or change
their states, as they have already been excited in data writing stage. The
molecules in binary state 0 absorb red light. The detector then images the light
passing through the cube of memory and records the location of O and P or Q
structures, or in terms of binary code, the detector reads 0's and 1's.

7.3 DATA ERASING TECHNIQUE

 Blue laser erases encoded data.
 Q-state absorbs blue light and return to original BR state.

 Individual data can be erased using blue laser.

 Global wipe possible with incoherent blue source.

XVII
 CHAPTER – 8
BRIGE MEMORY CELL

8. BRIGE MEMORY CELL

 Stores data with 10,000 molecules per bit.
 Molecule switches in 500 femtoseconds.
 Speed only limited by laser steering speed.
 Estimated that Data stored live around 5 years without any refreshment.
 States BR, O & Q are highly stable for many years.

 According to Birge,
◊ O -> bit 0
◊ Q -> bit 1

8.1 PROTOTYPE
 Medium is a 3D matrix
 1x1x2 inch transparent vessel (cuvette) filled up with polyacryde gel
where protein is put
 Cuvette is surrounded by array of lasers and detectors.

XVIII
 PROTOTYPE

CHAPTER – 9
PROTEIN MEMORY BEATS CONVENTIONAL RAM

9. PROTEIN MEMORY BEATS CONVENTIONAL RAM

9.1 HOW FAST IS THE ACCESS

◊ Simultaneous & Parallel Read-Write to the addressed page.
◊ Each page can house 4096 x 4096 bit array
◊ Total R/W time = 10 ms
◊ 4096 x 4096 = 16 Mb in 10 ms
= 1.6 GB in 1 sec
◊ Speed = 1.6 Gbps
◊ 300 times faster than conventional RAM

9.2 STORAGE CAPACITY

• 4096 x 4096 bits page
 16 Mb per page
 1000 such pages
 16 Gb total capacity
◊ 7 GB practically achieved with 1x1x2 inch cell.
◊ Theoretically this cuvette can hold 1 Tb
◊ Problems with laser lens system a protein quality is the limiting factor
for now.
 Theoretical Calculations:
◊ 3D memories can store aprx. 1/ (lambda) ^3 bits/cm3 (10^11 – 10^13)

XIX
9.3 DATA STABILITY
 Data is highly stable
 Even the power is off, memory retain its information.
◊ Energy efficient computer that can be switched on/off instantly.
◊ No waste of booting time.

9.4 COST
 BR protein can be produced in large volumes &at low price

 Birge’s memory cell costs USD 2 and can store7 Gb

XX
 CHAPTER – 10
APPLICTIONS

10. APPLICATIONS
 Ultra fast RAM
 Erasable holographic memory
◊ Use in holographic interferometry camera
◊ 3D Images can be stored in the memory
 Pattern Recognition Systems
 Finger print processing
 Neural Logic gates (genetic engineering)
 Optical switches
 Optical chameleon
◊Structural change cause absorption at different
wavelengths.
◊Hence, ability to change colour
 Electronic Ink.
 Can operate in wider range of temperatures.

XXI
 CHAPTER – 11
PRESENT STATUS

11. PRESENT STATUS

 Not used for commercial applications
 Used for military and scientific applications
 Researches are going on for
◊ High speed high capacity memory for commercial
applications
◊ Ultimate machine intelligence with the aid of genetic
engineering (A memory that mimics human brain)
◊ Carry a small encyclopedic cube containing all the
information we need!!
 Can remove small data cubes and ship gigabytes of data.
 No moving parts – safer than small hard drives.

XXII
 CHAPTER – 12
CONCLUSION

12. CONCLUSION
Thus from the above information protein-based optical memory storage using
the protein bacteriorhodopsin with the two-photon method of exciting the
molecules proves to be a feasible optical data storage. Researches are going on
for high speed high capacity memory for commercial applications and if got
success then storage problems would be minimized to greater extend.

XXIII
 BIBLIOGRAPHY / REFERENCES

1. Protein Based Computers Birge, Robert R., Scientific American March

1995 pp 90 – 95.
2. Molecular and Bimolecular Electronics, Birge, Robert R. Ed., American
Chemical Society, Washington D.C. 1994 pp 131-133, 491-510
3. Organic Chemistry Baker, A. David, Robert Engel. West Publishing Co.,
New York Mac User, December, 1996. Ziff-Davis Publishing Company, pp
220-227
4. www.quantum.com (Makers of hard drive)
5. www.che.syr.edu (Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University)
6. www.optics.org
7. www.aps.org
8. www.cem.msu.edu

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