CLASSIFICATION

AND PHYLOGENY
I M A M B AC H T I A R
F K I P U N I V E R S I TA S M ATA R A M
TAXONOMY
• CLASSIFICATION
the arrangement of the kinds of animals in a hierarchy of smaller
and larger groups.

• NOMENCLATURE
the procedure of assigning names to the kinds and groups of animals
to be classified.

Invertebrate Zoology
Invertebrate Taxonomy
CLASSIFICATION
• Based on significant similarities and differences among organisms.
• Show phylogenetical relationships among various groups.
• Characters used: structural features, size, proportions, coloration,
and meristic or countable features.
• Characters that show homology or similarity of origin must be
distinguished from those that exhibit analogy (homoplasy), the
similarity of use.
Classification … contd.
• The basic unit of biological classification is the species.
• A group of individuals which is naturally reproductively isolated from other such group (Storer
& Usinger, 1981).
• A reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies
specific niche in nature (Mayr, 1982).
• An interbreeding population of individuals having common descent and sharing intergrading
characteristics (Hickman et al., 2001).

• Two or more species with certain characters in common form a genus (pl. genera).
• Several genera having common characters constitute a family, and the families are
combined into orders.
• Orders are combined into a class, and the classes into phyla (sing. phylum).
Species
An interbreeding population of individuals having common
descent and sharing intergrading characteristics (Hickman et
al., 2001).
Two or more species with certain
characters in common form a genus
(pl. genera).
Find out similarities and
differences.
PHYLOGENY (EVOLUTIONARY TREE)

PHYLOGENTIC INFORMATION
• Comparative morphology
• Comparative Biochemistry
• Comparative Cytology

Cladogram
TAXONOMY
• Traditional taxonomy
Animals are studied and compared. Evidence is drawn from fossils, embryology,
geographical distribution and any other available source

• Phenetic taxonomy
Numerical taxonomy; animals with the greatest number of common characters are
put together. Convergent is not recognized

• Cladistic Analysis
It groups organisms according to recency of common ancestry, as revealed by the
presence of ‘shared derived characters’.
It has been widely adopted and has revived interest in tracing animal relationships
using morphological evidence
EMBRYOLOGIC FEATURES
• Eggs:
• homolecithal (isolecithal), telolecithal, centrolecithal ; holoblastic or meroblastic,

• Cleavage: radial or spiral

• Gastrulation development:
• Pseudocoelom
• Schizocoulous coelom (Protostome)
• Enterocoulous coelom (Deuterostome)
• Eggs and cleavages
Coelom
• Coelom
sebenarnya
dibentuk oleh
mesoderm saja.
• Pseudocoelom
dibentuk oleh
mesoderm dan
endoderm
Protostome vs deuterostome
Annelids,
Mollusc, Echinoderms
Arthropods
Protostome
vs Deuterostome
 PHYLA GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. Symetry 3. Appendages 5. Sex
• asimetry, • tentacles, • monocious
• bilateral • setae, • diocious
symetry,
• antennae, 6. Larvae
• radial symetry
• limbs,
• Planula,
2. Segmentation • fins.
• Trochophore,
• metamerism
4. Skeleton • Veliger,
• tagmatization
• internal, • Nauplius
• external • Pluteus.
Diversity of invertebrate larvae
Variation on invertebrate larvae

Planula Trochopore
(Cnidaria, (Annelida)
Veliger (Mollusc)
Ctenophore)

Nauplius
(Crustacea)

Pluteus
(Echinoderm)
Crustacean larvae
Segmentation
 Carolos Linnaeus
23 May 1707 - 10 January 1778

Lund University
Uppsala University
University of Harderwijk
NOMENCLATURE
• Zoologic and botanic names are distinct.
• No two genera may bear the same name, and two species in the
same genus.
• No names are recognized prior to those included by Linnaeus in
the Systema Naturae, tenth edition, 1758.
• Scientific names must be either Latin or Latinized and preferably
are printed in italics.
• The genus name should be a single word (nominative singular)
and begin with a capital letter.
NOMENCLATURE .. Contd.
• The species name should be single or compound word beginning
with a small letter.
• The author of a scientific name is the person who first publishes
it in a generally accessible book or periodical with a recognized
description of the animal.
• When a new genus is proposed, the type of species must be
indicated.
• A family name is formed by adding –IDAE to the stem of the
name of the type genus and a subfamily name by adding –INAE.
Binomial name
FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES
PENULISAN AUTHOR DARI SPECIES
Skeleton dari gorgonia.
Contoh penamaan
spesies.
Differences in wing coloration pattern among
Blepharoneurans
Hippocampus pontohi (Lourie &
Kutter, 2008)

H. severnsi (Lourie & Kutter, 2008)

H. satomiae (Lourie & Kutter, 2008)

TERIMA KASIH