RP Sir TGT PGT English Literature 2.7.2021

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+++ Novels of Hardy++-
++++ The Poor Man and the Lady+++
The Poor Man and the Lady was the first novel written by
Thomas Hardy. It was written in 1867 and never
published. After the manuscript had been rejected by at
least five publishers, Hardy gave up his attempts to sell
the novel in its original form; however, he incorporated
some of its scenes and themes into later works, notably in
the poem "The Poor Man and the Lady" and in the novella
An Indiscretion in the Life of an Heiress (1878).
The manuscript no longer exists; Hardy destroyed the last

surviving fragment during his last years, after abandoning
the idea of reconstructing the rest of the novel from
memory.
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++Under the Greenwood Tree++
On Christmas Eve, the Mellstock Choir prepares to set out

for its annual caroling venture. In fine voice, mellowed by
generous mugs of cider, the men and boys gather at the
home of Reuben Dewy. Then, with their fiddles and the
cello of Grandfather Dewy, they depart on their rounds.
After calling at outlying farms and houses, they arrive at
the schoolhouse to serenade the new schoolmistress,
Fancy Day. At first, there is no indication that she has
heard them; but at last, she appears, framed, picture-like,
in a window. Later, the men miss young Dick Dewy. When
they find him, he is leaning against the school, staring up
listlessly at the now-darkened window.
At church the following morning, Fancy Day causes a stir

of excitement. She is the main attraction for Dick Dewy,
Farmer Shiner, and the new vicar, Mr. Maybold, but she
does not endear herself to a number of other men in the
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congregation because she commits what they regard

almost as blasphemy. For as long as anyone can
remember, the male choir has provided music for the
service, but the young woman, on her first day in church,
leads the young girls in singing along with the men. Some
of the older and wiser ones foresee trouble from a woman
who is so forward.
Dick gives his annual party on the afternoon and evening

of Christmas Day. When Dick can claim Fancy for a dance,
he is transported with joy; but when she dances with
Shiner, a more handsome and more wealthy man, Dick is
downcast. When Shiner escorts the lady home, the
evening is ruined for young Dick.
Using a handkerchief left behind by Fancy as his excuse,

Dick finds the courage to call at the schoolhouse a few
days later. A very inexperienced lover, he simply returns
the handkerchief, stammers a “good day,” and departs.
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It is not until spring that he makes any real progress in his

love affair. By that time, Dick is a wan and shadowy figure
of a man. He speaks to no one of his love, but it is obvious
to all but Fancy and her other two admirers that Dick is
not himself.
Before Dick can declare himself, however, a delegation

from the choir waits on Vicar Maybold. The delegation has
been made uneasy by a rumor that the group is to be
displaced by organ music played by Fancy Day; soon, the
choir learns that the rumor is true. The vicar has brought
an organ to the church because he prefers that instrument
to a choir. To spare the feelings of the faithful choir
members, however, he agrees to wait before deposing
them. They are to have the dignity of leaving on a special
day, not on an ordinary Sunday.
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Dick’s big day comes when he is allowed to bring Fancy

and some of her belongings from the home of her father.
He is dismayed to find Farmer Shiner also present, but
when Fancy allows him to touch her hand at the dinner
table, Dick’s spirits rise perceptibly. On the ride home, he
cannot find the words that are in his heart; he feels,
nevertheless, that he has made some progress. In the
weeks that follow, rumors of Fancy’s friendliness with
Maybold and with Shiner drive Dick to desperation. One
day, he writes Fancy a letter in which he bluntly asks
whether he means anything to her. When he receives no
answer from Fancy, he resolves that he will talk to her
next Sunday.
Before Sunday comes, however, Dick has to go on an

errand for Maybold’s mother, taking him to a neighboring
town. He is preparing to leave for home again when he
sees Fancy waiting for the carrier. Seizing the opportunity,
Dick helps her into his cart and triumphantly carries her
off.
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On the drive home, he finally finds the courage to

propose to her and is as much surprised as overjoyed to
hear her acceptance.
Because they will not be able to marry for some time, Dick
and Fancy keep their betrothal a secret. Furthermore,
Fancy’s father has told her that he hopes she will accept
Shiner for a husband. One trait of Fancy’s character
troubles Dick. She seems to take undue pleasure in
dressing to please others, but whenever he prepares to
punish her by letting her worry about him for a change,
Fancy apologizes for her vanity. Unable to resist her tears,
the young lover takes her back into his heart before she
knows there has been a problem.
On the day Dick is at last to meet Fancy’s father to ask for

her hand, Dick prepares himself carefully.
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Fancy’s father tells him bluntly that he is not good enough

for Fancy and that she is too cultured, too well educated,
and too wealthy for a plain carrier. Sadly, Dick agrees, and
he turns toward home.
Fancy, however, is not so easily defeated. When tears fail

to move her father, she resorts to the age-old trick of
languishing away for love. She does not eat, at least not so
that her father notices; she merely pines and sighs. The
ruse works, and her father reluctantly finds himself
begging her to marry her young lover. The date is set for
the coming midsummer.
On the day Fancy is installed at the organ and the choir is

discontinued, Dick can not attend church because he has
to serve at the funeral of a friend. Fancy has put her hair in
curls and in other ways dresses more lavishly than usual.
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Dick is sorry to see her dress so beautifully, especially

given that she knows he will not be present to see her.
Still, she puts him off brusquely. On his way home that
night, Dick walks through the rain to get one last glimpse
of his love before he retires for the night. She refuses to
lean far enough out her window to give him a kiss. Later,
when she sees Vicar Maybold approaching through the
rain, she greets him warmly. The vicar, who had been
enchanted with her appearance that morning and knows
nothing of her betrothal to Dick, has decided to ask for her
hand in marriage. Surprising even herself, Fancy accepts
him.
The next morning, Maybold meets Dick on the road. Still

thinking himself betrothed, Dick shyly tells Maybold of his
coming marriage to Fancy. Shocked, Maybold keeps silent,
leaving Dick ignorant of Fancy’s faithlessness. Maybold
then sends a note to the young lady, telling her that she
must not forsake Dick.
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Before his note can be delivered, Maybold receives a note

from Fancy, in which she writes that she had been
momentarily swayed by the prospect of a more cultured,
elegant life; she begs to withdraw her acceptance of his
proposal because she has loved and still loves another.
The wedding takes place that summer. It is a great

celebration, marred only by Maybold’s refusal to perform
the ceremony. Dick is puzzled and cannot think of any way
in which he might have offended the vicar. After the
ceremony, Dick tells his bride that they will never have a
secret between them; Fancy replies that they never will,
beginning from that day forth.
Under the Greenwood Tree: A Rural Painting of the Dutch

School is a novel by the English writer Thomas Hardy,
published anonymously in 1872. It was Hardy's second
published novel, and the first of what was to become his
series of Wessex novels.
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Critics recognise it as an important precursor to his later

tragic works, setting the scene for the Wessex that the
author would return to again and again. Hardy himself
called the story of the Mellstock Quire and its west-gallery
musicians "a fairly true picture, at first hand, of the
personages, ways, and customs which were common
among such orchestral bodies in the villages of [the
1850s]."
The title of the book is derived from a song from William

Shakespeare’s play As You Like It. It anticipates a pastoral
depiction of rural life in Victorian England. Hardy showed
his expertise in creating rural settings. As Valerie Barnish
remarks, the novel’s setting “is the most vital aspect of the
book.”
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++++ Desperate Remedies++
Desperate Remedies is the second novel by Thomas Hardy,

albeit the first to be published. It was released
anonymously by Tinsley Brothers in 1871.
Desperate Remedies is first in the list of Hardy’s published

novels, but it was not his first novel. That honour goes to
The Poor Man and the Lady, which he wrote as a bitter
satire on what he had experienced (and despised) during
five years of life in London as an architect’s assistant. He
sent it to several publishers and, while he received some
positive comments (‘If this is your first book I think you
ought to go on…’ and ‘There is real feeling in the
writing…’), each publisher rejected it. The reader for
Chapman & Hall was no less a literary giant than the
novelist and poet George Meredith, who supplemented
his unreliable income as a writer in this way.
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Meredith advised Hardy that The Poor Man and the Lady
would receive a hostile reception from the critics, which
would set back his literary career. Meredith recommended
a stronger plot and less of a social purpose: ‘Don’t nail
your colours to the mast just yet.’ This was the final blow
after fifteen months of effort with publishers: Hardy
decided to abandon it and subsequently destroyed the
manuscript.
Desperate Remedies was his next attempt at a novel and it
met with a happier fate. He took Meredith’s advice to
make more of the plot: its narrative is a heavily plotted
series of accidents, improbabilities and coincidences.
Hardy decided to write from his own experience so
architects play an important part in the story and, as a
backdrop, he uses the Dorset countryside with which he
was so familiar. This was the beginning of ‘Hardy’s
Wessex’, although he changed some of his invented
names in the 1896 edition ‘for the satisfaction of any
reader who may care for consistency in such matters’.
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The plot
Ambrose Graye is an architect who works in
‘Christminster’ (Oxford), but falls in love with a young girl
with the highly unusual name of Cytherea while spending
the Christmas holidays in London. When he proposes
marriage, she inexplicably rushes away and leaves the
country. Eventually he despairs of finding her and marries
‘a young lady of a different kind’. They have two children:
a boy called Owen and a girl called – inevitably – Cytherea.
The children are orphaned while they are still teenagers

and are left in poverty. To make ends meet, Owen finds
himself a position with an architect in ‘Budmouth Regis’
(Weymouth), and he and Cytherea find lodgings there.
They get to know Owen’s colleague Edward Springrove,
who fascinates Cytherea. When brother and sister go on a
paddle steamer excursion to ‘Lulstead Cove’ (Lulworth
Cove, which Hardy calls ‘Lulwind Cove’ in later writings),
Owen walks off to investigate the ‘interesting mediaeval
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ruin’ at ‘Corvsgate Castle’ (Corfe Castle) but goes lame and

cannot manage to walk back. Fortunately Edward
Springrove happens to meet him, tells him to go to
‘Anglebury’ (Wareham) and catch a train back to
Budmouth while Springrove walks to Cytherea at Lulstead
with the news. On the voyage back, their love is
cemented.
Springrove has to leave Budmouth to work in London, but

not before he and Cytherea spend an evening rowing from
Budmouth to ‘Ringsworth Shore’ (Ringstead), during
which he kisses her for the first time.
Their still-straitened circumstances compel Cytherea to

take on employment as a lady’s-maid to Miss Aldcyffe at
‘Knapwater House’ (Kingston Maurward House). Miss
Aldclyffe takes a liking to her and encourages her (with
financial inducements) to marry her new steward, Aeneas
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Manston, who takes up residence in ‘the old manor-

house’ (the original Elizabethan manor house at Kingston
Maurward, which in Hardy’s time had become farm
cottages). But it emerges that Manston has a wife in
London whom he has neglected; she comes to Dorset to
see him but the inn at which she stays burns down that
night and it is thought that she perishes in the fire.
Owen is now seriously ill and Cytherea, still in love with

Springrove but desperate to support her brother, agrees
to marry Manston now that he is a free man. Owen comes
to Knapwater to recuperate and gradually regains his
strength. He is sent to be clerk of works at the re-building
of the church in nearby ‘Tolchurch’ (Tolpuddle).
But Manston is a villain: his wife did not die in the fire (she
departed unseen by all except a porter at ‘Anglebury’
station), but he killed her in a fit of pique when she
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returned. He conceals her body, but Owen and the now-

returned Springrove uncover the truth. Manston is caught
and sent to prison in ‘Casterbridge’ (Dorchester), where he
commits suicide in his cell.
Miss Aldclyffe, on her death-bed, reveals that Manston

was her illegitimate son. She leaves Knapwater to
Cytherea, who marries Springrove: perhaps the nearest
Hardy gets to ‘they all live happily ever after’. ◗
+++ A Pair of the Blue Eyes++

The book describes the love triangle of a young woman,
Elfride Swancourt, and her two suitors from very different
backgrounds. Stephen Smith is a socially inferior but
ambitious young man who adores her and with whom she
shares a country background.
Henry Knight is the respectable, established, older man
who represents London society.
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Although the two are friends, Knight is not aware of

Smith's previous liaison with Elfride.
Elfride finds herself caught in a battle with her heart, her

mind and the expectations of those around her – her
parents and society. When Elfride's father finds that his
guest and candidate for his daughter's hand, architect's
assistant Stephen Smith, is the son of a mason, he
immediately orders him to leave. Knight, who is a relative
of Elfride's stepmother, is later on the point of seeking to
marry Elfride, but ultimately rejects her when he learns
she had been previously courted.
Elfride, out of desperation, marries a third man, Lord

Luxellian. The conclusion finds both suitors travelling
together to Elfride, both intent on claiming her hand, and
neither knowing either that she already is married or that
they are accompanying her corpse and coffin as they
travel.
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Characters Edit
Elfride Swancourt, the heroine, is both extremely
attractive and emotionally naive; a Victorian Miranda.
Stephen Smith, her first suitor, also has this childish

innocence, and she loves him because he is 'so docile and
gentle' (chapter 7).
Henry Knight, the second suitor, is more dominantly

masculine, with the expectation of Elfride's spiritual and
physical virginity.[1]
Background Edit
This was the third of Hardy's novels to be published and
the first to bear his name. It was first serialised in Tinsley's
Magazine between September 1872 and July 1873.
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The novel is notable for the strong parallels to Hardy and

his first wife Emma Gifford. In fact, of Hardy's early novels,
this is probably the most densely populated with
autobiographical events
Pair of Blue Eyes is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published in
1873, first serialised between September 1872 and July
1873. It was Hardy's third published novel, and the first
not published anonymously upon its first publication.
++Far from The Madding Crowd++

Chapter 1: Description of Farmer Oak—An Incident
Gabriel Oak, initially introduced as Farmer Oak, is depicted
at length. His character appears middle of the road, a kind
of "pepper-and-salt mixture." A 28-year-old bachelor, he
carries with him a watch that works incorrectly. He sees a
wagon filled with household goods, and atop them, a
woman. The wagon has lost its tailboard, and Gabriel
watches the young woman as the waggoner goes back
after the fallen piece.
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Gabriel watches the young woman open a package, take

out a looking glass, and study herself. She smiles and
blushes at her observation.
After the waggoner returns, they approach the gate, and

she disputes the toll of two pence. Gabriel steps up and
pays it. Her response is to look at him and tell the driver to
continue on.
Chapter 2: Night—The Flock—An Interior—Another

Interior
Gabriel Oak is playing his flute in the seemingly silent and
solitary night in his simple hut. He retrieves a newly born
lamb from his flock and takes it to his hut briefly. When it
is warm and bleating, he returns it to its mother. In
studying the sky, he discovers that what he had mistaken
as a low star is actually a light. He follows it and finds two
women and two cows in a shed.
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In listening to them, he learns that the younger woman—

the woman from the wagon—has lost her hat. He returns
to his flock.
Chapter 3: A Girl on Horseback—Conversation

Gabriel Oak ponders returning the woman's hat the next
day, but he is initially struck watching her ride in a way
that is atypical for women: she is not only astride rather
than side-saddle, but she also reclines on the horse to go
under low hanging boughs. He finally catches up to her
and returns the hat. They then exchange several
conversations. In a short time, she rescues him after he
falls asleep in his hut with the slides closed, trapping
smoke from his fire inside. He awakens resting with his
head in her lap and introduces himself, but she refuses to
give him her name. They flirt lightly, and the chapter
closes with her telling him to figure out her name.
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Chapter 4: Gabriel's Resolve—The Visit—The Mistake

Gabriel Oak realizes that Bathsheba Everdene is both
lovely and unusual, and he decides that he ought to marry
her. She, however, points out that she is far too
independent. "I hate to be men's property in that way,
though possibly I shall be had some day." She would like a
wedding, but not a husband.
Chapter 5: Departure of Bathsheba—A Pastoral Tragedy

Not long after this exchange, Gabriel learns that
Bathsheba has left Norcombe for Weatherbury, 20 miles
away. A greater tragedy occurs, however, when Gabriel's
young herding dog herds his flock off a cliff. The loss of his
flock means Gabriel can pay his debt only by selling off all
his possessions. Hence, he falls into poverty.
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Chapter 6: The Fair—The Journey—The Fire

Gabriel Oak heads toward a hiring fair in Casterbridge. He
receive negative responses from farmers when they learn
he has been a farmer, too, so he uses some of his
remaining money to have a shepherd's crook made. Even
in presenting himself as a shepherd, his luck remains poor.
Gabriel heads then to another town in Shottsford, which is
past Weatherbury where Bathsheba has gone. His trip
includes accidentally being carried along the road in the
back of a wagon where he has been napping. In the
wagon, he overhears talk of an unusual woman—one who
can play the piano, is vain, and remains unmarried. He
slips out of the wagon, and in short order, he discovers a
fire. Using his skills and intellect, he contains the fire.
Afterward, he discovers that the farm is owned not by a
man, but by a woman. When he meets her, he is shocked
to discover that the farmer is Bathsheba Everdene. He
asks if she is seeking a shepherd.
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Chapter 7: Recognition—A Timid Girl

Bathsheba Everdene is also in shock. She hesitantly says
that she does want a shepherd, and the villagers, who are
impressed and grateful for Gabriel Oak's intercession in
containing the fire, encourage her to hire him. She does
so. After she leaves, Gabriel sees a girl who asks that he
keep his seeing her secret. He gives her money and goes
on his way in search of lodging.
Chapter 8: The Malthouse—The Chat—News

At the malthouse, Gabriel greets several of the locals by
name. Some of them know of Gabriel's grandfather and
father. He asks about Bathsheba and discovers that she
recently arrived. Her uncle took ill and died, and it appears
to the locals that she intends to keep his farm. He also
learns that her father went bankrupt and was adulterous.
The locals continue to gossip about Bathsheba's family
when a man enters to report that Bathsheba has caught
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her bailiff Pennyways stealing from the granary and

attacked him like "a cat." She agrees not to prosecute,
firing him instead. News also comes that her servant,
Fanny Robin, has gone missing. Bathsheba summons them
to her farm and asks for their help. She learns that Fanny
had been seen with "a bundle" and that Fanny had a
suitor—a soldier from Casterbridge. William Smallbury
offers to ask after Fanny at the Casterbridge barracks the
next day.
Chapter 9: The Homestead—A Visitor—Half-Confidences

Bathsheba sorts through papers and rubbish when a guest
arrives. Farmer Boldwood, wealthy and fortyish, has come
to inquire after the missing girl, Fanny. Bathsheba, being
untidy and not wanting to meet him in that state, sends
her refusal. He leaves, and she discusses him with her
servants, Liddy Smallbury and Mrs. Coggan. They also
discuss marriage proposals. Bathsheba says she has had
one but refused him as "not quite good enough" for her.
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Chapter 10: Mistress and Men

Bathsheba Everdene meets her employees, pays them,
and lets them know that she will be managing the farm,
and she intendsto "astonish" them. She is generous with
their wages, and she stresses that they ought not to
dismiss her because she is a woman. At this meeting, she
also inquires after Fanny. Some report that Fanny may
have gone after the young man she loves, whose name is
unknown, when the regiment left. Gabriel Oak is assigned
to work with Cain Ball. Gabriel muses that Bathsheba's
cold attitude toward him never reveals that she and he
have known each other.
Chapter 11: Outside the Barracks—Snow—A Meeting

Fanny Robin goes to the barracks to speak to Sergeant
Frank Troy, who has promised her marriage. He is
surprised by her presence.
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She presses him on the matter, and he offers a series of

excuses and evasions. After she leaves, laughter erupts in
the barracks.
Chapter 12: Farmers—A Rule—An Exception

Bathsheba's stance that she will be a farmer "by her own
person, and by proxy no more" leads her to Casterbridge.
The other farmers regard her not as an equal, but as
headstrong and beautiful. One exception to this belief is
Farmer Boldwood. When she sees him, and he gives her
no notice, she finds him interesting. Liddy Smallbury tells
her that he was jilted in youth, and Bathsheba suggests
that he is simply reserved
Chapter 13: Sortes Sanctorum—The Valentine
Bathsheba Everdene and Liddy Smallbury try to divine
whom Bathsheba will marry by way of Bible and key. Liddy
points out that while every other man looks at Bathsheba,
Farmer Boldwood did not look at Bathsheba at church
despite his pew's being across from hers.
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Bathsheba prepares to send a valentine to Mrs. Coggan's

child, but decides instead to send one to Boldwood. In
debating the stamp for the wax, she selects one that
simply says "Marry me."
Chapter 14: Effect of the Letter—Sunrise

Farmer Boldwood becomes entranced by his anonymous
valentine and spends the evening contemplating it: "He
was conscious of its presence, even when his back was
turned upon it." When the mail cart arrives the next
morning, he wonders if there will be another letter.
Instead, there is one for Gabriel Oak. He sees Gabriel on
the hill and offers to take the letter to him.
Chapter 15: A Morning Meeting—The Letter Again

In the malthouse, Henery Fray speaks ill of Bathsheba, as
do Mark Clark and Joseph Poorgrass. When Gabriel Oak
arrives with newborn lambs slung over his shoulder, he
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puts a stop to the negative talk with a stern tone and a

threat.
Farmer Boldwood arrives with the letter for Gabriel,
which is from Fanny Robin. In the letter, she repays
Gabriel because she'll be married. She asks him to keep
this information a secret, but he shares the letter with
Boldwood, who says that he has "very much doubt" that
what she hopes to be will come to pass. The chapter closes
with Boldwood showing his anonymous letter to Gabriel
and asking if he knows whose handwriting it is. Gabriel
identifies it as Bathsheba's.
Chapter 16: All Saints' and All Souls'

A soldier appears for a wedding. He stands and waits. No
bride appears. Eventually, he leaves with the eyes of all at
the church upon him. As he crosses the square, he meets a
woman. Fanny Robin says she went to the wrong church.
She was at All Souls' Church, not All Saints' Church.
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She asks, "Shall it be tomorrow, Frank?" He laughs bitterly

and walks away.
Chapter 17: In the Market-Place
Farmer Boldwood sees Bathsheba Everdene in the
marketplace, studies her, and finds her attractive.
However, not sure of his own judgment, he asks a
neighbor. His neighbor confirms that she is "a very
handsome girl indeed." Boldwood watches Bathsheba
conduct business, ponders why she sent the "marry me"
card, and leaves without having spoken to her. She notices
that she's caught his attention, but she also worries,
searching for a means to resolve the situation.
Chapter 18: Boldwood in Meditation—Regret

Farmer Boldwood decides to go speak with Bathsheba
Everdene regarding the valentine. He sees Bathsheba,
Gabriel Oak, and Gabriel's assistant (Cain) in a field where
they are trying to convince the ewe whose lamb has died
to take on another lamb as her own.
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Rather than speak to her, doubt overcomes Boldwood,

and he continues by. Bathsheba is aware that he has been
there to see her. Likewise, Gabriel is aware that something
between Bathsheba and Boldwood is beginning and that it
tracks to the letter she sent.
Chapter 19: The Sheep-Washing—The Offer

Farmer Boldwood seeks out Bathsheba Everdene, finding
her among her employees at the sheep washing. She
walks away from the others, and he follows her into the
woods. When they are alone, he asks her to be his wife.
She objects (as she has when Gabriel Oak proposed early
on in the novel), but Farmer Boldwood persists. Bathsheba
blames herself, saying she ought not have been so
thoughtless as to send the letter. Boldwood persists
further, and they close with the resolution that she is not
outright refusing him.
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Chapter 20: Perplexity—Grinding the Shears—A Quarrel

Bathsheba seeks out Gabriel Oak to ask what the men
thought of her going off with Farmer Boldwood. He
confirms her suspicions that they think that a wedding is
forthcoming. She asks him to clarify that it is not, and they
exchange heated words. Gabriel points out that she is
behaving badly in her treatment of Boldwood, and in
doing so, he references the valentine she sent to him.
Bathsheba references Gabriel's proposal to her, implying
jealousy or feelings toward her. In a fit of anger, she fires
him, telling him to go at the end of the week. He counters
that he'll go at once.
Chapter 21: Troubles in the Fold—A Message

Gabriel Oak's leaving the flock leads to the sheep's
breaking a fence to go feed in a field of clover—which
could kill them. Bathsheba runs to the flock, the men
following after.
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They tell her there is only one cure, and the only one who
knows how to do it is Gabriel Oak. At first, she exclaims
that she won't ask him to help.
One of the sheep dies, and so she relents, sending sends
someone to fetch him. The employee returns, reporting
Gabriel's refusal: "He says he shall not come unless you
request en to come civilly and in a proper manner, as
becomes any woman begging a favour." Bathsheba openly
weeps in front of the men, but she writes a note to
Gabriel, adding the line, "Do not desert me, Gabriel." He
arrives and treats the sheep, saving most of them. At the
end, Bathsheba asks him to stay, and he agrees.
Chapter 22: The Great Barn and The Sheep-Shearers

Bathsheba Everdene, Gabriel Oak, and several other
workers shear sheep, and she is impressed by his skill and
speed. He, however, falters and cuts a sheep when
Boldwood arrives to speak with her.
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She leaves with Boldwood to see his Leicesters (a kind of

sheep) and puts Gabriel in charge. The men gossip again
and criticize her. Henery Fray says he believes Boldwood
kissed her at the sheep washing. Gabriel objects, and the
gossip and talk continue until the maltster speaks. The
gossiping men appease him, and the chapter ends with
Gabriel in a foul mood.
Chapter 23: Eventide—A Second Declaration

Bathsheba Everdene hosts a supper with the local men,
Gabriel Oak, and Farmer Boldwood. There is singing, and
eventually, she asks Gabriel to play his flute while she
sings. Boldwood accompanies her as well. Afterwards,
Bathsheba and Boldwood withdraw. He presses his
proposal again, and she says that if she can be a good
wife, she will marry him, but she needs more time to
decide.
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Chapter 24: The Same Night—The Fir Plantation

The narrator discusses Bathsheba's habit of walking to
check the area at night—and Gabriel Oak's similar watch
over her affairs. On her walk, she is knocked down,
accidentally, by a stranger. The stranger, Sergeant Troy,
has his spurs caught in her dress. He flirts with her as he
detangles himself, and ultimately, he tells her, "I've never
seen a woman so beautiful as you. Take it or leave it—be
offended or like it—I don't care." Afterwards, Bathsheba
debates as to whether she is insulted or not. Ultimately,
she decides she is not.
The narrator points out that "It was a fatal omission of
Boldwood's that he had never once told her she was
beautiful."
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Chapter 25: The New Acquaintance Described

Sergeant Troy is described at length. He is "fairly well-
educated for one of middle-class—exceptionally well
educated for a common soldier." He is "moderately
truthful towards men," but lies to women. He has
voluntarily joined the others in the haymaking, and the
chapter closes with his approaching Bathsheba when she
comes to the field.
Chapter 26: Scene on the Verge of the Hay-Mead

Sergeant Troy approaches Bathsheba Everdene and
flatters her to the point at which she is at a loss as to
whether he's sincere. He offers her his watch, a family
heirloom, and insists she take it. Bathsheba,
uncomfortable, returns it, but Troy gains her assent to
allow him to continue helping with the haymaking.
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Chapter 27: Hiving the Bees

Bathsheba takes it upon herself to capture and hive a
swarm of bees. Sergeant Troy arrives and offers to do the
task instead. She helps him with the bee hiving garb, and
he captures the hive for her. In conversation, he mentions
sword practice, and she expresses a wish that she could
see it. They make plans to meet.
Chapter 28: The Hollow Amid the Ferns

Bathsheba Everdene and Sergeant Troy meet in the
evening in a hollow, moss-covered and hidden. Troy lifts a
sword and begins to demonstrate cuts and thrusts. He
tells her to stand and warns, "don't flinch." When she asks
if the sword is sharp, he lies and says it isn't. She stands as
he demonstrates swordplay around her, and at the end,
he gives proof that he'd lied about the sharpness of the
blade by severing a lock of her hair and by spearing a
caterpillar from her bodice. Sergeant Troy kisses her and
leaves.
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Chapter 29: Particulars of a Twilight Walk

Bathsheba sees Gabriel Oak when she is walking at
twilight. He speaks boldly to her about her romantic
choices, about trifling with Boldwood, and about his own
feelings for her: "You know, mistress, that I love you, and
shall love you always." Bathsheba defends herself, Troy,
and their actions. In anger, she fires Gabriel again—
although she retracts it shortly later. Bathsheba asks
Gabriel to leave, and he sees Troy waiting for her. After
they part, Gabriel checks on the story Troy has told
Bathsheba that he slips into church by the old tower door.
The door is blocked by ivy, confirming that the story of
attending church services is a lie.
Chapter 30: Hot Cheeks and Tearful Eyes

Sergeant Troy departs, kissing Bathsheba a second time
before he goes. Bathsheba pens a letter to Boldwood to
say she cannot marry him.
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She overhears a conversation between servants about her

relationship with Troy and denies it all, but then
immediately confesses to her servant Liddy Smallbury that
she loves him. She alternates between anger and despair
about him, frightening Liddy as she asks for both
confirmation that he is a good man and insists on honesty,
but then refuses to allow the truth. Liddy consoles her as
best she can.
Chapter 31: Blame—Fury

Bathsheba Everdene is on her way to meet Liddy
Smallbury, who is on holiday visiting her sister. Bathsheba
comes upon Farmer Boldwood, who has received her
letter. He confronts her, and she confirms the rumors he's
heard that Sergeant Troy has romanced her. She confirms
also that Troy has kissed her, causing Boldwood to curse
the man. Boldwood asks her to take back her refusal, and
he presses that if she'd not met Troy, she would've wed
him instead.
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She agrees about the circumstances but will not take back
her refusal. Boldwood presses her to keep Troy away, lest
Boldwood lose control and attack the man. They part with
Bathsheba worrying that Boldwood's anger will lead to
revenge.
Chapter 32: Night—Horses Tramping
Maryann sees someone steal into the paddock and take a
horse and carriage. The narrator says that only two figures
could do this. "They were a woman and a gipsy man. A
woman was out of the question in such an occupation at
this hour"; consequently, Gabriel Oak and the others are
alerted. Jan Coggan and Gabriel borrow two of
Boldwood's horses and set out after the thief. When they
catch up, they discover that the "thief" is Bathsheba. She
left a note in chalk that they'd not read; she'd taken her
horse and carriage and set off for Bath.
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Bathsheba has decided she has two choices: to tell Troy to

stay away until Boldwood's anger lessens or to follow the
advice of both Gabriel and Farmer Boldwood and end
things with Troy. Either way, she believes she must go to
him.
Chapter 33: In the Sun—A Harbinger

A week passes before a note arrives from Bathsheba to
Maryann saying that Bathsheba will be delayed longer
still. Another week passes, and Cain Bell arrives to report
he saw Bathsheba and a soldier arm-in-arm in Bath. The
men gossip, and Matthew Moon points out that "maids
rather like your man of sin." The chapter closes with
Gabriel Oak's mood soured, and Coggan privately asking
him, "What difference does it make whose sweetheart she
is, since she can't be yours?" Gabriel replies tellingly,
"That's the very thing I say to myself."
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Chapter 34: Home Again—A Trickster

Bathsheba Everdene and Liddy Smallbury return. Not long
after, Sergeant Troy returns, too. Boldwood stops him,
offering him a sizable amount of money to marry Fanny
Robin. Troy seems ready to take it, but Bathsheba
appears. Boldwood stays out of sight as they speak. Their
conversation reveals that they have been intimate, and
when she departs, Boldwood switches to offering to pay
Troy to marry Bathsheba. Troy ultimately accepts the
money, only to reveal later that he's married her already
and to return the money to Boldwood. He points out that
Boldwood claims to love her but thinks poorly of her with
no hesitation. Boldwood leaves promising revenge.
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Chapter 35: At an Upper Window

Morning comes, and Gabriel Oak and Jan Coggan see a
man in the house. They infer correctly that Bathsheba has
married Troy. Gabriel is cold, but not rude to Troy. Coggan
encourages Gabriel to be more respectful.
Chapter 36: Wealth in Jeopardy—The Revel

On what Gabriel perceives as the eve of a storm, he goes
to tell Troy that the ricks, which hold half the year's
produce, are vulnerable. Troy dismisses him and his
advice, as he is having a party. Troy further announces
that the brandy ought to be brought up and all men there
are to partake in celebrating with him. Gabriel takes it on
himself to get supplies and protect the ricks. He puts
waterproof covers over four of the stacks of wheat. He
then contrives a way to protect the other three wheat
stacks, and moves on to the barley which can only be
protected by "systemized thatching."
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Chapter 37: The Storm—The Two Together

Gabriel Oak is at work protecting the ricks when
Bathsheba Everdene arrives. She sets out helping him by
carrying sheaves of reeds up a ladder to him so he can
thatch. She mentions that her husband had promised to
see to the safety of the crop. While they work, she reveals
the circumstances of her marriage, in part that she had not
set out to Bath intending to wed but to end her
engagement with Sergeant Troy. He had revealed that
there was another woman, and in her jealousy and upset,
she married him.
Chapter 38: Rain—One Solitary Meets Another

Gabriel continues to work after she leaves, even after the
rain comes. He remembers that eight months ago "he had
been fighting against fire in the same spot as desperately
as he was fighting against water now—and for a futile love
of the same woman.
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" Afterward, he leaves and comes upon Boldwood, who

reveals that his own ricks are not secure and that he will
likely lose 90% of his crop. He admits how severely the
loss of Bathsheba has sunk him, although he asks Gabriel
not to share what he's just learned from Boldwood.
Chapter 39: Coming Home—A Cry

Bathsheba and Troy travel on the turnpike road one
evening in October. He reveals that he's lost a sum of
money gambling, and they argue. Their argument is
interrupted when they see a woman. Bathsheba can see
that Troy recognizes her, and he goes to speak to her. The
woman, Fanny Robin, is in weak health. Troy gives her
what money he has and makes plans to meet her on
Monday. When he returns, Bathsheba presses for
answers, which he refuses by whipping the horse and
taking off at great speed so they cannot speak.
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Chapter 40: On Casterbridge Highway

Fanny makes it to Casterbridge, in part with the help of a
dog, and collapses. She is taken inside, weakened and
unable to stand.
Chapter 41: Suspicion—Fanny Is Sent For

Troy asks for 20 pounds, but when Bathsheba Everdene
asks if it's for the races, he avoids answering. They fight
again, but she gives him the money. When he opens his
watch to put the money away, Bathsheba sees a curl of
yellow hair there. She asks about it, and he lies, saying it is
hers. Bathsheba says that she's insulted at his lie. The hair
is yellow, and hers is dark. He admits that it's the hair of
the woman he was going to marry before her. She asks
him to burn the curl. He leaves. Not long after, word
comes that Bathsheba's missing servant, Fanny Robin, has
died at Casterbridge Union (a poor house). Bathsheba
sends for her body to look after the burial.
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In the ensuing conversation with her employees, she

discovers that Troy knew of the late Fanny Robin's lover.
Her questions, on the color of Fanny's hair, lead to her
stopping the line of inquiry.
Chapter 42: Joseph and His Burden

Joseph Poorgrass goes to retrieve Fanny Robin's corpse.
On his return, he stops and drinks with Jan Coggin and
Mark Clark. Gabriel Oak arrives to find them drunk and
takes the wagon back to the parson himself. On the coffin,
the words "Fanny Robin and child" are written. Gabriel, to
protect Bathsheba, erases the last two words.
Chapter 43: Fanny's Revenge
When Fanny Robin is returned to Bathsheba's house,
Bathsheba Everdene is at the point of putting together the
tragic pieces of what the reader already knows: Sergeant
Troy is the man Fanny pursued, and Fanny is the woman
they had seen in the road.
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At this juncture, Liddy Smallbury tells her the final piece,

whispering in her ear so the reader does not know the
precise words. The information is another detail the
reader knows: Fanny had a child.
The need to know drives Bathsheba to open the coffin to

see for herself. Doing so confirms that Fanny had a child
and that the curl of hair Troy has kept is hers. The woman
in Bathsheba's house was Troy's lover, and the result of
their affair is also in the coffin.
Bathsheba is distraught, and in this state, Troy finds her.

She tries to leave, but he forces her to stay while he
figures out who has died and why she's upset. Upon
learning the truth, Troy falls to his knees, with a "union of
remorse and reverence upon his face." He kisses the dead
woman gently, and Bathsheba springs at him in a fit of
jealous outrage. They argue fiercely.
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As their quarrel continues, he finally announces, "I am not

morally yours." This, perhaps, is the harshest thing he
could tell Bathsheba. She has gone against her opposition
to marriage to marry him, and he tells her that he is not
hers.
Chapter 44: Under a Tree—Reaction
Both Troy and Bathsheba leave the house. Bathsheba
spends the night outdoors. As she calms in the morning,
she finds that Liddy is there. With her, Bathsheba returns
home and has a small room prepared for herself,
intending to live separately from her husband in the
house. The chapter closes with the note that someone is
putting up a "grand carved tombstone" for Fanny.
Chapter 45: Troy's Romanticism

Troy recollects the happenings of the past day: waiting for
Fanny in Casterbridge, unaware that she had already
passed, going to the races but not wagering, and then
returning home to learn the news.
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The next morning, while Bathsheba is still outdoors, Troy

makes arrangements to have a grave marker made for
Fanny, plants flowers on Fanny's grave, and then spends
the night sleeping on the porch of the churchyard,
sheltered from the rain.
Chapter 46: The Gurgoyle: Its Doings

When he wakes, Troy sees that the flowers he has planted
have been washed away by the water-spout (a gargoyle).
Troy does not replant them. He leaves to go to Budmouth.
Bathsheba goes to the churchyard, where she sees Gabriel
Oak looking upon the flowers and grave marker. She has
Gabriel help her replant the flowers, and she gives an
order for the water-spout to be turned away from the
grave.
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Chapter 47: Adventures by the Shore

Troy, meanwhile, has gone toward the sea. He makes a
decision to strip down and swim, and the current carries
him to sea. He is rescued by a ship.
Chapter 48: Doubts Arise—Doubts Linger

Upon reaching Casterbridge the following Saturday,
Bathsheba learns that her husband has drowned. She
swoons and is caught by Farmer Boldwood; upon learning
the news, "a strange fire lighted up Boldwood's eye." He
carries her to the inn. Bathsheba rouses herself and goes
home. She refuses mourning clothes when Liddy offers,
arguing that she thinks Troy is still alive. She maintains
this opinion despite the provided evidence: his clothing on
the shore and an eyewitness account of Troy struggling in
the water. When his belongings are returned to her, she
considers burning the curl of hair, but chooses not to do
so.
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Chapter 49: Oak's Advancement—A Great Hope

Autumn and winter pass. Gabriel Oak becomes bailiff of
the farm, and Farmer Boldwood asks him to take on his
farm as well. In this case, shares of the farm will be part of
his payment, which drastically improves Gabriel's finances
as both changes increase his income.
Boldwood continues to plan for marrying Bathsheba even

though he learns from Liddy Smallbury that Bathsheba
would not be thinking of doing so anytime soon. Liddy
relates, "she supposed she might marry again at the end
of seven years from last year, if she cared to risk Mr.
Troy's coming back and claiming her."
Chapter 50: The Sheep Fair—Troy Touches His Wife's Hand

Summer passes, and Bathsheba goes to the Greenhill Fair.
Troy has returned from America, where he worked as a
"Professor of Gymnastics, Sword Exercise, Fencing, and
Pugilism.
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" He now works locally with a traveling troupe that will

put on a play. Pennyways (the bailiff who stole from
Bathsheba at the onset of her ownership of the farm)
recognizes Troy on stage—despite his disguise—and
passes a note to Bathsheba. She refuses to read a note
from Pennyways, and the disguised Troy takes it from her
hand before she can change her mind. Troy finds
Pennyways and arranges to speak with him.
Chapter 51: Bathsheba Talks with Her Outrider

Boldwood accompanies Bathsheba homeward from the
fair, and he again speaks of his wish to marry her. He
expresses that she is in debt to him for how she has
wronged him and that reparations ought to be made by
becoming his wife. She allows that she has been unjust to
him but that she needs time. Frightened by his insistence,
she agrees to give her answer on Christmas. She then
speaks to Gabriel Oak and reveals that Boldwood seems
likely to "go out of his mind" if she refuses.
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They discuss giving Boldwood a conditional promise, but

Gabriel also points out that "The real sin, ma'am in my
mind, lies in thinking of ever wedding wi' a man you don't
love honest and true." Bathsheba leaves irked that Gabriel
had not mentioned his own interest in her.
Chapter 52: Converging Courses
On Christmas Eve, Sergeant Troy meets with Pennyways to
plan his next move while Bathsheba prepares for Farmer
Boldwood's party, as does Boldwood. Boldwood expresses
his intent to give more of his farm to Gabriel Oak, pointing
out that he knows of Gabriel's feelings for Bathsheba as
well as his not acting on those feelings. Troy prepares to
go to the same party in disguise where he will then
unmask himself.
Chapter 53: Concurritur—Horae Momento
Gossip among Boldwood's servants reveals that they know
Troy is alive, although Boldwood does not. Bathsheba
arrives at the party, and Boldwood presses her for a
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promise to wed. She reluctantly gives him her word: "I

give my promise, if I must ... conditionally, of course, on
my being a widow." He presses a ring on her, which she
reluctantly agrees to wear for that night only. Not long
after, Troy arrives.
He reveals his identity, shocking Boldwood and
Bathsheba. When her husband takes her hand, Bathsheba
screams. Boldwood draws a gun from over the fireplace
and shoots Troy. He attempts to shoot himself, too, but a
servant stops him by knocking the gun away as he fires.
The second shot lodges in the rafter. Boldwood remarks,
"There is another way for me to die." He then kisses
Bathsheba's hand and walks into the night.
Chapter 54: After the Shock

Farmer Boldwood reports directly to the jail. Bathsheba,
for her part, is calm. She holds her dead husband, covering
his wound with her handkerchief.
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When Gabriel Oak arrives, she sends him to Casterbridge

for the surgeon with the statement that "It is, I believe,
quite useless, but go. Mr. Boldwood has shot my
husband." When the surgeon arrives, he finds the corpse
removed. He reports to Bathsheba's house to discover
that she has done all that needs doing in preparing Troy.
She has bathed him and laid him out in grave clothes.
Afterwards, she collapses.
Chapter 55: The March Following—"Bathsheba Boldwood"

Come March, they are awaiting Boldwood's fate. The
supposition is that he is mentally unwell. Sets of women's
clothes, jewelry, and the like are found at his house,
intended for Bathsheba. The packages are addressed to
"Bathsheba Boldwood." The chapter closes with the
revelation that Boldwood's fate is to be confined, not
executed.
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Chapter 56: Beauty in Loneliness—After All

With spring, Bathsheba is "revived." Come summer, she is
better still. She has had her late husband buried with
Fanny Robin, and has words for him inscribed on the stone
that he had erected for Fanny. She goes to see the stone
and meets Gabriel Oak there. He tells her that he will be
leaving, and she is hurt by this. Come Christmas day, she
sees him and the next day receives his letter that he is
leaving. She goes to his cottage, confronts him, and in
doing so, she learns that there is talk that he is waiting in
hopes of wedding her and thus having her farm and her.
She calls this "too absurd—too soon," but when he
repeats that it is absurd, she is offended. They clear the air
between them, and she admits to her feelings. Brief talk of
a wedding is begun.
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Chapter 57: A Foggy Night and Morning—Conclusion

Bathsheba wants the "most private, secret, plainest
wedding that it is possible to have." Gabriel endeavors to
give her this, but ultimately a few people know of it. She
tells Liddy that morning. He tells Jan the night prior.
Gabriel and Bathsheba are wed.
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baLVhV~;wV iz;kxjkt pUnzk baLVhV~;wV iz;kxjkt pUnzk baLVhV~;wV iz;kxjkt pUnzk baLVhV~;wV iz;kxjkt pUnzk baLVhV~;wV iz;kxjkt pUnzk

+++ Novels of Hardy++-

++++ The Poor Man and the Lady+++

The manuscript no longer exists; Hardy destroyed the last

++Under the Greenwood Tree++

On Christmas Eve, the Mellstock Choir prepares to set out

At church the following morning, Fancy Day causes a stir

congregation because she commits what they regard

Dick gives his annual party on the afternoon and evening

Using a handkerchief left behind by Fancy as his excuse,

It is not until spring that he makes any real progress in his

Before Dick can declare himself, however, a delegation

Dick’s big day comes when he is allowed to bring Fancy

Before Sunday comes, however, Dick has to go on an

On the drive home, he finally finds the courage to

On the day Dick is at last to meet Fancy’s father to ask for

Fancy’s father tells him bluntly that he is not good enough

Fancy, however, is not so easily defeated. When tears fail

On the day Fancy is installed at the organ and the choir is

Dick is sorry to see her dress so beautifully, especially

The next morning, Maybold meets Dick on the road. Still

Before his note can be delivered, Maybold receives a note

The wedding takes place that summer. It is a great

Under the Greenwood Tree: A Rural Painting of the Dutch

Critics recognise it as an important precursor to his later

The title of the book is derived from a song from William

++++ Desperate Remedies++

Desperate Remedies is the second novel by Thomas Hardy,

Desperate Remedies is first in the list of Hardy’s published

The children are orphaned while they are still teenagers

ruin’ at ‘Corvsgate Castle’ (Corfe Castle) but goes lame and

Springrove has to leave Budmouth to work in London, but

Their still-straitened circumstances compel Cytherea to

Manston, who takes up residence in ‘the old manor-

Owen is now seriously ill and Cytherea, still in love with

returned. He conceals her body, but Owen and the now-

Miss Aldclyffe, on her death-bed, reveals that Manston

+++ A Pair of the Blue Eyes++

Although the two are friends, Knight is not aware of

Elfride finds herself caught in a battle with her heart, her

Elfride, out of desperation, marries a third man, Lord

Stephen Smith, her first suitor, also has this childish

Henry Knight, the second suitor, is more dominantly

The novel is notable for the strong parallels to Hardy and

++Far from The Madding Crowd++

Gabriel watches the young woman open a package, take

After the waggoner returns, they approach the gate, and

Chapter 2: Night—The Flock—An Interior—Another

In listening to them, he learns that the younger woman—

Chapter 3: A Girl on Horseback—Conversation

Chapter 4: Gabriel's Resolve—The Visit—The Mistake

Chapter 5: Departure of Bathsheba—A Pastoral Tragedy

Chapter 6: The Fair—The Journey—The Fire

Chapter 7: Recognition—A Timid Girl

Chapter 8: The Malthouse—The Chat—News

her bailiff Pennyways stealing from the granary and

Chapter 9: The Homestead—A Visitor—Half-Confidences

Chapter 10: Mistress and Men

Chapter 11: Outside the Barracks—Snow—A Meeting

She presses him on the matter, and he offers a series of

Chapter 12: Farmers—A Rule—An Exception

Bathsheba prepares to send a valentine to Mrs. Coggan's

Chapter 14: Effect of the Letter—Sunrise