Senior High School

Introduction to
the Philosophy of
the Human Person
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
The Meaning and Process of
Philosophy
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person – Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: The Meaning and Process of Philosophy
First Edition, 2020

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 Senior High School

Introduction to
the Philosophy of
the Human Person
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
The Meaning and Process of
Philosophy
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to Introduction of Philosophy of the Human

Person Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on The
Meaning and Process of Philosophy!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed

and reviewed by educators both from public and
private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards
set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in
schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
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learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you
in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

ii
 For the learner:

Welcome to the Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person Alternative

Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on The Meaning and Process of Philosophy!

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Know correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module.
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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the principles of Philosophy. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Meaning, Characteristics and Branches of Philosophy
 Lesson 2 – The Distinction between Holistic perspective and Partial point of view.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. discuss the meaning, characteristics and branches of philosophy;
2. distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of view;
3. reflect why people philosophize; and
4. discuss the importance of philosophy in their lives.

1
 What I Know

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read the following items carefully. Write the letter of the
correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is the study that uses human reason to investigate
the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles that governs all things?
a) Anthropology
b) Economics
c) Philosophy
d) Psychology

2. Who among the following pioneered the various field of knowledge such as
history, astronomy, mathematics, medicine and even physics?
a) Americans
b) Greeks
c) Moslems
d) Russians

3. Philosophy is derived from two Greek words: philos (love) and Sophia
(wisdom). Which of the following is the common meaning of Philosophy?
a) Love of Truth
b) Love of Wisdom
c) Lover of Truth
d) Lover of Wisdom

4. Which of the following reasons why people philosophize according to Plato?

a) Doubt
b) Experience
c) Sense of wonder
d) Limitations and Possibilities of the Human Person

5. Rene Descartes is another renowned philosopher in his time. He also

explained that there is a particular reason that drives an individual to
engage himself in philosophizing. Which of the following is his reason?
a) The experience of death
b) The experience of doubt
c) Particular human experiences
d) Limitations and possibilities in life
6. Karl Jaspers argued that philosophy provides people to understand adverse
or challenging conditions. He believed that man is always confronted with
experiences which challenge his ideas and frameworks. According to him,
which of the following drives people to philosophize?
a) Death
b) Doubt
c) Wonder
d) Limiting situations/limiting experiences

7. It is a way of thinking that is accompanied by people’s beliefs and views.

a) Ideals
b) Opinion
c) Framework
d) Personal view

8. Greg is very good in the art of correct thinking. He uses syllogisms to

validate his reasoning. What philosophy is this?
a) Logic
b) Ethics
c) Aesthetics
d) Epistemology

9. Lucas is in thought on how he can deepen his knowledge in philosophizing,

which among the choices can best help him develop his philosophizing?
a) Dream
b) Dialogue
c) Reflection
d) Problem Solving

10. Which of the following statements could be a reason why philosophy is hard
to define?
a) Philosophy is specific.
b) Philosophy is reflective.
c) Philosophy includes standards and thoughts.
d) Philosophy changes historically in respect to its content and character.

11. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about philosophy?

a) Philosophy is bias.
b) Philosophy is a reflective activity.
c) Philosophy is an examination of knowledge
d) Philosophy is distinct area of knowledge with its own goals and concern

12. What do we call the activity that requires a person to examine his/her
thoughts?
a) Analysis
b) Meditation
c) Reasoning
d) Reflection
13. It is a perspective that is characterized as inclusive when trying to
understand a particular problem or situation.
a) Bias
b) Claim
c) Opinion
d) Holistic perspective

14. It is a way of looking at things using particular and specifics of a given situation.
a) Bias
b) Claim
c) Opinion
d) Partial Thinking

15. The following statements describe philosophy, except:

a) Philosophy contributes to self-development.
b) Philosophy enables a person to engage in critical thinking
c) Philosophy does not improve problem-solving and decision making.
d) Philosophy helps us to be a good communicator who can present himself
clearly
 Lesson The Meaning,
1 Characteristics and
Branches of Philosophy
At the end of this lesson you are expected to:

1. discuss the meaning of philosophy

2. identify the branches of philosophy; and
3. appreciate the significance of the characteristics of philosophy.

What’s In

Hi there! Welcome to our new lesson on Philosophy. Before

dwelling to the new lesson, let us try to analyze the
following questions.

Choose one question below and explain what kind of

question it is.

Ex. What does it mean to be beautiful? (The question is

about beauty therefore it is a question about aesthetics or
art.)

1. What is knowledge?
2. How do we know?
3. What is good?
4. What is freedom?
5. What is beauty?
6. Does God exist?
7. Can we prove the existence of God?
8. What is good life?
9. What is man? Who is man?

In the given questions:

a. What is the role of philosophy?
b. Based on your responses, what kind of questions are they?
c. Do you think philosophy has a practical significance in your life?
d. Do you have questions in life which bring you uneasiness?
 Notes to the Teacher

Notes to the Teacher

Facilitator will instruct the students to answer the given questions
before proceeding to the new lesson!

What’s New

What is Philosophy? What is the connection of Philosophy to human experience?

What is the significance of Philosophy with the existence of everything around us?
What does Philosophy say about one’s personal experiences? Is Philosophy still
significant in the event of post-modernism and globalization?

Doing Philosophy is not something new to every individual. Philosophizing is innate

to everyone. It is giving birth to knowledge and wisdom using the things around us
and the things we experience.

Who and what is a philosopher? A philosopher is a lover of wisdom. He/she puts

meaning to what is out there, is open to changes and discovery. He/she does not
stop knowing, wondering and asking questions, hungers for truth, meaning and of
sense. He/she goes beyond and experiences transcendence. A philosopher
possesses a beautiful mind.
 What is It

ACTIVITY 1
What words come to your mind when you hear the word Philosophy? Copy the
graphic organizer and write the words in the blank circles.

Philosophy

A. Definition:

1. The word Philosophy comes from the two Greek words philos (love) and
Sophia (Wisdom), (Abella 2016). Thus, Philosophy is the love of wisdom. This
is the most common and simplest definition of Philosophy. Philosophy may
also be defined as a science of thinking that deals with the study of
processes governing thoughts and conduct, (Garcia 2016).

2. Philosophy is the study that uses the human reason to investigate the
ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which governs all things. (Abella
2016)
B. Characteristics:
- Just as there are many ways at looking at things, like, experiences, situations,
problems, Philosophy can also be seen and treated in different ways.
Philosophy can be seen as a framework, as an examination of knowledge and
as a discipline. (Abella 2016)

PHILOSOPHY

FRAMEWORK DISCIPLINE

EXAMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE

Whenever a person encounters a problem, situation or a question life, he or she

often goes back to his or her framework in order to make sense of the problem. A
framework is defined as a way of thinking about the world and is composed of
views and beliefs of a person. (Abella 2016). Philosophy then as a framework could
lead the person to come up with something that may pave the way for solutions or
answer. The framework of Philosophy aids the personal framework of the person.
Philosophy can also be treated as an examination of a particular area of knowledge.
This means that the principles of philosophy can be used as an examination of
other disciplines or areas of knowledge. In the long run, other areas of
specialization may benefit from the very nature of philosophy, (Abella 2016).
Lastly, Philosophy in itself is a distinct area of knowledge. It has its own goals,
concerns and ways of doing things, (Abella 2016). Definitely, philosophy is a
discipline in itself.

Let us ponder:

Based on the characteristics of philosophy, would it be possible for any person to engage in
philosophical discussion? Why or Why not?
(Abella 2016)
Logic
o a branch of philosophy that deals with the
nature of thinking and reasoning using
empirical support and information which
are reliable, valid and objective.
o it is the science of correct thinking.

Two Types of Logic

a. Deductive Reasoning – from a general truth to specific truth, from universal
truth to particular.
b. Inductive Reasoning – from a specific truth to general truth, particular to
universal.

Epistemology
o a branch of Philosophy that concerns with the definition of knowledge and
related concepts such as the sources and criteria of knowledge.

Two Contending Schools of Thought

a. Rational school – the main source of knowledge is deductive reasoning based
on self-evident principles or actions.
b. Empirical school – the source of knowledge is sense-perception.

Ethics
o it comes from the Greek word “ethos” which means character.
o it is the science of correct doing.
o it is the study of what is right and what is wrong in human behavior in the
pursuit of beauty and goodness of life.

Metaphysics
o it comes from the Greek words “meta” which means beyond and “physikon”
which means nature.
o it is branch of philosophy which is concerned with the nature of ultimate
reality.

Aesthetics
o it is derived from the Greek word “aesthetikos” which means one who is
perceptive of things through his sensations, feelings and intuitions.
o it is concerned with the essence of perception of beauty and ugliness.

Political Philosophy
o it refers to a body of knowledge that looks up on the society, politics and
the people that makes it whole.
o it is believed that society is inseparable to politics.
General Questions in Philosophy

Philosophy is concerned with the deepest and widest questions in life.

A. Epistemology –Theory of Knowledge

 What is knowledge?
 Can we know?
 What is to know?
 How can we know?

B. Ethics – Moral Philosophy

 What is freedom?
 Do we have free will?
 What is human act?
 Are our actions already determined?

C. Philosophy of Art – Aesthetics

 What is beauty?
 What does it mean to be beautiful?

D. Philosophy of Religion
 Does God exist?
 Can we prove the existence of God?
 What reasons are there to believe in God?

E. Rational Psychology/Philosophy of Man/ Philosophical Anthropology

 What is the essence and meaning of life?
 Does life make sense?
 What is good life?
 What is happiness?
 What is man? Who is man?
 Is man only his body, or man is his soul

Philosophy is reflective and reflections arise from our

experiences. Man is rich with experiences both good
and evil. These experiences are the starting point of
wonder and awe. Reason leads to reflection and that’s
what makes us human. We are capable of becoming
aware of our consciousness and daily activities. Man, by
essence is reflective. However, people nowadays have
less time to think and reflect on their experiences. Man
is simply now becoming a contradiction of his own.
(Garcia 2016)
 What’s More

ACTIVITY 2
Give examples of scientific and philosophical questions.

Philosophical questions Scientific questions

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

AYN RAND:
- “Philosophy studies the fundamental nature of existence, of man, and of man’s
relationship to existence. As against the special science, which deals only
with particular aspect, philosophy deals with those aspects of the universe
which pertain to everything that exists. In the realm of cognition, the special
sciences are the trees but philosophy is the soil which makes the forest
possible.”
 What I Have Learned

1. The word Philosophy comes from two Geek words philos (love) and Sophia
(wisdom).
2. Philosophy is the study that uses human reason to investigate the ultimate
causes, reasons and principles which governs all things.
3. Philosophy is a distinct area of knowledge with its own goals, concerns and
ways of doing things.
4. Philosophy is divided into several branches namely: Aesthetics, Logic,
Epistemology, Ethics, Metaphysics and Political Philosophy.
5. Philosophy can be seen as a framework, as an examination of knowledge and
as a discipline.
6. Philosophy is concerned with the deepest and widest questions in life.

What I Can Do

Answer the questions in the table below.

How does philosophy look at man? How does science look at a man?
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
6. 6.
 Additional Activities

Identify the significant periods of Philosophy. Give at least 2 prominent philosophers

in each period.

Periods Philosophers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
 Lesson The Distinction Between
2 Holistic Perspective and
Partial Point of View
At the end of this lesson you are expected to:

1. distinguish holistic perspective from partial point of view;

2. identify the ways of looking at things; and
3. appreciate the ways of Science and philosophy in looking at things.

What’s in

Let us think about: The Story of the Five Blind Men and an
Elephant

One day five blind men agreed to analyze an

elephant to find out what it was. Reaching out,
each touched it in a different spot. One man
touched the side, one, an ear, one a leg, one a
tusk, and one the trunk. We now know that the
elephant is like a wall, said the one who touched
the side. I believed you are mistaken, sir, said the
one who touched an ear. The elephant I more
like a large
fan. You are both wrong, said the leg man. The elephant is obviously being like a
tree. A tree? Questioned the tusk toucher. How can you mistake a spear for tree?
What? Said the trunk feeler. A spear is long and round, but anyone knows it
doesn’t move. Couldn’t you feel the muscles? It is definitely a type of snake. A blind
man could see that said the fifth blind man. The argument grew more heated for
they had misunderstanding regarding the truth of an elephant.
(Discordia.loveshade.org n.d.)

Guide Questions
a. What is the story all about?
b. What is the source of argument among the five blind men?
c. How can the five blind men come up with a common understanding of an
elephant?
 What’s new

Holistic thinking refers to a perspective that considers a large-scale pattern in a

system. This is often described as looking at the “big picture” when describing and
analyzing a situation or a problem. A holistic perspective requires an individual to
have an open mindset and an ability to get the general sense or impression
regarding a situation. Partial thinking on the other hand, focuses on the specific
aspects of a situation. The partial view is an important component in analytical
thinking, as an individual focus on certain areas or aspects of a problem in order to
understand it. Though partial thinking is useful, Philosophy utilizes holistic
thinking in making sense of problems and issues related to the human experience.
(Abella 2016)

What is it

Holistic point of view and partial point of view are two different views with different
point of references. Both views give us a reality that we can look into and come up
with a reflection or wisdom. There are different and possible ways that may help us
understand the dynamics of holistic and partial of view. First, we may use the
principles, theories and findings of science in contradistinction of the dictum and
jargons of philosophy. Secondly, we may use Marcelian way as presented by the
philosopher Gabriel Marcel and lastly, the difference between the shadow and reality
from Plato’s master piece, the Allegory of the cave. (Garcia 2016)

A. Science
It is widely accepted that science is a good and
reliable source of knowledge, information and
data. It uses a standard in identifying whether
a certain discovery is scientific or not through
experimentation and observation. Through
science we can explain and understand the
natural world. Science is empirical. It uses the
senses in arriving into a truth or reality called
sense knowledge. Scientific knowledge covers a
very small part of the world.

Science is investigative. This means, it must investigate to describe facts and

events. Specifically, it gives us knowledge of particular facts. The method of science
in
providing a data is basically observation coupled with experimentation. The
product of science is scientific truth. Thus, science is very important and
significant in man’s search of the meaning of life. However, science is limited, it
cannot answer everything in this world. Like for example, we cannot prove the
existence of God scientifically or through the use of scientific method of
experimentation. God can never be a specimen. The scientist cannot tell us what
happiness is and how it is to be attained and what must we do in order to achieve
it (Mortimer Adler, Great Ideas). Science cannot tell us what is moral and what is
not, what is right what is wrong specially in the rules of behavior. The truth is,
science cannot solve everything particularly on ethical issues and problems.
Science is definitely limited and so therefore looks at reality partially. (Garcia, et.al.
2016).

Primary reflection examines its object by abstraction, by

analytically breaking it down into its constituent parts. It is
concerned with definitions, essences and technical solutions
to problems. In contrast, secondary reflection is synthetic; it
unifies rather than divides. “Roughly, we can say that where
primary reflection tends to dissolve the unity of experience
which is first put before it, the function of secondary
reflection is essentially recuperative; it reconquers that unity”
(Marcel, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marcel/ 2016)

PRIMARY REFLECTION SECONDARY REFLECTION

OBJECT OR (Objective) (Subjective)
No.
EXPERIENCE
Analyzing the object Synthesizing the object

biological functioning of
Having a “life.” Having a
organs
1 life career, friends, loved ones,
Ex. Breathing, beating of the
problems, happiness. etc.
heart

It is more of a structure. It
structure, design, size of a is a home where
2 house
house relationships are built in the
context of a family.

Product of hard labor, or a

3 car brand new, classy
gift from parents.
Curse for a commuter,
4 rain A natural occurrence
blessing to a farmer

expression of feelings
It may mean giving oneself
5 love Reduced as a chemical
to others
reaction in the brain
B. ‘The Allegory of the Cave’ by Plato: Summary and Meaning
September 21, 2012 by Amy Trumpeter

The ‘Allegory of The Cave’ is a theory put forward by Plato, concerning human
perception. Plato claimed that knowledge gained through the senses is no more
than opinion and that, in order to have real knowledge, we must gain it through
philosophical reasoning.

‘The Allegory of the Cave’ by Plato

In the Allegory of the Cave, Plato distinguishes between people who mistake
sensory knowledge for the truth and people who really do see the truth. It goes like
this:

The Cave
 Imagine a cave, in which there are three prisoners. The prisoners are tied to
some rocks, their arms and legs are bound and their head is tied so that they
cannot look at anything but the stonewall in front of them.
 These prisoners have been here since birth and have never seen outside of the
cave.
 Behind the prisoners is a fire, and between them is a raised walkway.
 People outside the cave walk along this walkway carrying things on their head
including; animals, plants, wood and stone.

The Shadows
 So, imagine that you are one of the prisoners. You cannot look at anything
behind or to the side of you – you must look at the wall in front of you.
 When people walk along the walkway, you can see shadows of the objects they
are carrying cast on to the wall.
 If you had never seen the real objects ever before, you would believe that the
shadows of objects were ‘real.

The Game
 Plato suggests that the prisoners would begin a ‘game’ of guessing which shadow
would appear next.
 If one of the prisoners was to correctly guess, the others would praise him as
clever and say that he was a master of nature.

The Escape
 One of the prisoners then escapes
from their bindings and leaves the
cave.
 He is shocked at the world he
discovers outside the cave and does
not believe it can be real.
 As he becomes used to his new
surroundings, he realizes that his
former view of reality was wrong.
  He begins to understand his new world, and sees that the Sun is the source
of life and goes on an intellectual journey where he discovers beauty and
meaning.
 He sees that his former life, and the guessing game they played is useless.

The Return
 The prisoner returns to the cave, to inform the other prisoners of his findings.
 They do not believe him and threaten to kill him if he tries to set them free.

‘The Allegory of the Cave’ by Plato – The Meaning

The Allegory of the cave by Plato should not be taken at face value. In essays and
exams, whoever is marking it expects you to have a deeper understanding of the
meaning of the theory. You can then use these to think about criticisms and then
to form your own opinion.

The Cave

 In Plato’s theory, the cave represents people who believe that knowledge
comes from what we see and hear in the world – empirical evidence. The
cave shows that believers of empirical knowledge are trapped in a ‘cave’ of
misunderstanding.

The Shadows
 The Shadows represent the perceptions of those who believe empirical
evidence ensures knowledge. If you believe that what you see should be
taken as truth, then you are merely seeing a shadow of the truth. In Plato’s
opinion you are a ‘pleb’ if you believe this (their insult for those who are not
Philosophers)!

The Game
 The Game represents how people believe that one person can be a ‘master’
when they have knowledge of the empirical world. Plato is demonstrating
that this master does not actually know any truth, and suggesting that it is
ridiculous to admire someone like this.
The Escape
 The escaped prisoner represents the Philosopher, who seeks knowledge
outside of the cave and outside of the senses.
 The Sun represents philosophical truth and knowledge
 His intellectual journey represents a philosopher’s journey when finding
truth and wisdom

The Return
 The other prisoner’s reaction to the escapee returning represents that people
are scared of knowing philosophical truths and do not trust philosophers.

(https://www.philosophyzer.com/the-allegory-of-the-cave-by-plato-summary-and-
meaning/ n.d.)

What’s more

ACTIVITY 3

Differentiate Philosophy from Science using the given particular aspects.

Philosophy Science
Meaning: Meaning:
Method: Method:
Area of Concern: Area of concern:

ACTIVITY 4

Use the Marcelian way of Philosophical Reflection and come up with an example
using the table below.

Object or Primary Reflection Secondary Reflection

No.
experience (Objective) (Subjective)
1
2
3
4
5
 What I have learned

1. Holistic thinking refers to a perspective that considers

a large-scale pattern in a system.

2. Partial thinking on focuses on the specific aspects of a

situation. The partial view is an important component
in analytical thinking, as an individual focus on certain
areas or aspects of a problem on order to understand
it.

3. There are different and possible ways that may help us

understand the dynamics of holistic and partial of view. First, we may use the
principles, theories and findings of science in contradistinction of the dictum and
jargons of philosophy. Secondly, we may use Marcelina way as presented by the
philosopher Gabriel Marcel and lastly, the difference between the shadow and
reality from Plato’s master piece, the Allegory of the cave.

4. Science is a good and reliable source of knowledge, information and data. It

uses a standard in identifying whether a certain discovery is scientific or not
through experimentation and observation.

5. Primary and secondary reflection of Gabriel Marcel is a good way at looking at

things.

6. The Allegory of the Cave by Plato is a classic example of using the process of
reflection in philosophizing.
 What I can do

In the space provided, answer the following questions:

1. What do you think are the reasons why people philosophize?

2. What are the practical uses of philosophy in our lives?

Rubrics:

Structure/Logic and Transition 15 points

Content 15 points
Vocabulary/Word Choice 10 points
Grammar 10 points
Total 50 points

B. How does our personal paradigm blind us in seeing the world?

Are the lines parallel or crooked?

Is this even possible?

 Is this a face of a lady or a word?

Additional Activities

Using the Primary and Secondary reflection of Gabriel Marcel, reflect on the
meaning of becoming a person and answer the following questions.

Guide Questions:

1. Partial perspective:

2. Holistic perspective:
Rubrics:
Structure/Logic and Transition 15 points
Content 15 points
Vocabulary/Word Choice 10 points
Grammar 10 points
Total 50 points

Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. What is the basic meaning of Philosophy?

a. Wisdom
b. Knowledge
c. Love of reason
d. Love of wisdom

2. What is the Greek word of love?

a. Philia
b. Thalia
c. Sophia
d. Paedon

3. Which branch of Philosophy explores the fundamental nature of reality and

existence?
a. Logic
b. Ethics
c. Metaphysics
d. Epistemology

4. Which of the following branches of philosophy studies the nature of knowledge?

a. Logic
b. Ethics
c. Metaphysics
d. Epistemology

5. Which of the following is the science of correct thinking?

a. Logic
b. Ethics
c. Aesthetics
d. Epistemology
6. Which of the following is an activity that requires a person to examine
his/her thoughts, feelings and actions and learn from experience?
a. Analysis
b. Reflection
c. Meditation
d. Perspective

7. It is a perspective that considers the “bigger picture.” when looking at problems

and situations.
a. Partial
b. Holistic
c. Modular
d. Conventional

8. It is a perspective that focuses on specific aspects of a situation.

a. Partial
b. Holistic
c. Modular
d. Conventional

9. Who is the proponent of Primary and Secondary reflection?

a. Plato
b. Socrates
c. Gabriel Marcel
d. Rene Descartes

10. Who is the author of the “Allegory of the Cave”?

a. Plato
b. Socrates
c. Gabriel Marcel
d. Rene Descartes

I. TRUE OR FALSE. The following are statements about the meaning and process
of philosophy. On a separate sheet of paper, write TRUE if the sentence is
correct, write FALSE otherwise.

1. Knowledge of Philosophy can contribute to self-development.

2. Wisdom is one intended product of philosophizing.
3. According to Plato, the experience of metaphysical uneasiness leads one
philosophize.
4. The experience of doubt is one of the reasons why people philosophize.
5. Ignorance hinders philosophizing.
References
n.d. (htttp://Discordia.loveshade.org/apocrypha/elephant.html).
Abella, R. D. 2016. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person.
n.d. Discordia.loveshade.org. Accessed July 20, 2020.
htttp://Discordia.loveshade.org/apocrypha/elephant.html.
Garcia, M. et. al. 2016. Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person.
n.d. http://www.mindmotivations.com/resources/free/optical-illusions-test-2.
http://www.mindmotivations.com/resources/free/optical-illusions-test-2.
n.d. https://www.philosophyzer.com/the-allegory-of-the-cave-by-plato-summary-
and-meaning/. https://www.philosophyzer.com/the-allegory-of-the-cave-by-
plato-summary-and-meaning/.
Marcel, Gabriel. 2016. https://plato.stanford.edu. March 3.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marcel/.
—. 2016. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marcel/. March 3.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marcel/.
Mel Garcia, et.al. 2016. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human person.
n.d. www.mindmotivations.com.
http://www.mindmotivations.com/resources/free/optical-illusions-test-2.
n.d. www.mindmotivations.com.
http://www.mindmotivations.com/resources/free/optical-illusions-test-2.
n.d. www.mindmotivations.com.
http://www.mindmotivations.com/resources/free/optical-illusions-test-2.
n.d. www.mindmotivations.com. Accessed July 18, 2020.
http://www.mindmotivations.com/resources/free/optical-illusions-test-2
n.d.
n.d. www.mindmotivations.com. Accessed July 20, 2020.
http://www.mindmotivations.com/resources/free/optical-illusions-test-2.
n.d. www.mindmotivations.com. Accessed July 20, 2020.
http://www.mindmotivations.com/resources/free/optical-illusions-test-2.
n.d. www.philosophyzer.com. https://www.philosophyzer.com/the-allegory-of-the-
cave-by-plato-summary-and-meaning/.
 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education Region III- Learning Resources Management

Section (DepEd Region III-LRMS)
Office Address: Diosdado Macapagal Government Center Maimpis, City of San
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