HOMEWORK

MARJADI HANDIKAJATI KUSUMA (2173528)

1. Obtain the total potential energy of the spring system below and find its minimum value

The equation for potential energy is,

π p=U + Ω (1)

The equation for strain energy

for element spring 1 is,
k 1 ( u3−u1 )2
(1)
U =
2
for element spring 2 is,
k 2 ( u4 −u3 )2
(2)
U =
2
for element spring 3 is,
k 3 ( u2−u 4 )2
(3)
U =
2
Thus, the total strain energy is,
3
k 1 ( u 3−u1 )2 k 2 ( u 4−u 3) 2 k 3 ( u2−u 4 )2
(i)
U =∑ U = + + (2)
i=1 2 2 2

The potential energy of external nodal forces is,

Ω=−(F 1 x u 1+ F 3 x u3 + F 4 x u4 + F 2 x u 2) (3)

Substituting equation (2) and (3) to equation (1) we get the equation of potential energy,
k 1 ( u3−u 1 )2 k 2 ( u4 −u3 )2 k 3 ( u 2−u4 ) 2
π p= + + −( F1 x u1 + F 3 x u 3+ F 4 x u 4 + F2 x u2 ) (4)
2 2 2
Substituting all known values, the equation become

1000 lb lb lb
∙ ( u3 )2 2000 ∙ ( u 4−u3 ) 2 3000 ∙ ( −u4 ) 2
π p= ¿ + ¿ + ¿ −(0+0+ 5000lb ∙u 4 +0)
2 2 2
lb lb lb
π p=500 u32+1000 ( u 42−2 u4 u3 +u32 ) +1500 u 42−5000 lb u 4
¿ ¿ ¿
lb 2 lb lb 2
¿ 1500 u3 −2000 u4 u3 −5000lb u4 +2500 u 4
¿ ¿ ¿

Minimizing π p by deriving equation (4) with respect to each nodal displacement, we get
∂πp
=k 1 u1 −k 1 u3−F 1 x =0
∂ u1
∂πp
=k 3 u 2−k 3 u4 −F2 x =0
∂ u2
∂πp
=k 1 u3 −k 1 u1 +k 2 u3−k 2 u 4−F 3 x =0
∂ u3
∂πp
=k 2 u 4−k 2 u3 + k 3 u 4−k 3 u 2−F2 x =0
∂ u4
In matrix form, we get
k1 0 −k 1 0 u1 F1 x

[ 0 k3
−k 1 0
0 −k 3
k 1+ k 2 −k 2
0 −k 3 −k 2 k 2+ k 3
Substituting the values of spring constant, we get
]{ } { }
u2
u3
u4
F
= 2x
F3 x
F4 x

1000 0 0 u1 F1x

] {}{ }
−1000

[
From the system we can see that,
0
−1000
0
3000
0
0 −3000 lb/¿ u2 = F 2 x
3 000 −2000
−3000 −2000 5000
u3
u4
F3x
F4x
(5)

 Displacement at nodes 1 and 2 is 0 each (u1= u2=0 m )

 Total external force at node 4, F 4 x =5000lb
 Total external force at node 2 and 3, F 2 x =F 3 x =0 lb
Substituting this value into equation (5) we get,
1000 0 −1000 0 0 F1 x

[ 0
−1000
0
3000
0
0 −3000 lb/¿ 0 = 0 lb
3000 −2000
−3000 −2000 5000
u3
u4
0
5000
] {}{ }
⟹
3000 −2000
[−2000 5000 ]
lb /m
{uu }={50000 }lb
3

4
−1
⟺
{uu }=[[−2000
3

4
3000 −2000
5000 ] ] 50000 }lb
lb /¿ {

¿ [0.000455 0.000182 ]∈¿ lb { 0 }lb={0.91 }∈¿

0.000182 0.000273 5000 1.36
Therefore, at minimum potential energy deformation at node 3, u3 equals to 0.91 in and at node 4, u 4 equals to
1.36 in.

Substituting all known values to equation (4), we get

1000 lb/¿ ∙ ( 0.91∈−0 )2 2000 lb/¿ ∙ ( 1.36−0.91 )2 3000lb/¿ ∙ ( 0−1.36 )2

π p (min)= + + −(0+0+5000 lb ∙ 1.36∈+0)
2 2 2
π p (min)=414. 05 lb ∙∈+202.5 lb∙∈+2774.4 lb ∙∈−6800 lb ∙∈¿−3409.05lb ∙∈¿
Thus, the minimum potential energy is -3409.05 lb∙in
2. Solve 2-13, 2-18(b) at the page of 69, 70 in textbook
2-13. Determine the nodal displacements, the forces in each element, and the reactions using the
direct stiffness method.

Determine that between node 1 and node 2 is element 1 and between node 2 and node 3 is element 2.
The stiffness matrices of each element are as follows,

N 1 −1
k 1 =k 2 =400
( ) ( )
[
∙
m −1 1 ]
Using the concept of superposition, global stiffness matrix can be determined as follows ,
N 1 −1 0
K=400
m [
∙ −1 2 −1
0 −1 1 ]
Thus, the equation for global force displacement matrix is,

u1 F1x
N 1 −1 0
m [
400 ∙ −1 2 −1 u 2 = F 2 x
0 −1 1 u 3 F3x
]{ } { }
Substituting all known values, which are:
 Displacement at node 1, u1=0 m
 External force on node 2, F 1 x =0 N
 External force on node 2, F 2 x =100 N
 External force on node 3, F 3 x =−200 N
to the global force displacement matrix equation, we get

1 −1 0 0 F1x
400
N
m [ ]{ } { }
∙ −1 2 −1 u 2 = 100 N
0 −1 1 u 3 −200
(6)

N 2 −1 u2 100
⟹ 400 ]{ } { }
∙[
m −1 1 u3
=
−200
N
−1
u 1 m 2 −1 100
⇔
{u } 400 N −1 1 −200 −0.75}m
=2

3
[ ] { } N ={
−0.25
Therefore, the displacement from the original position at node 2 is 0.25 m to the left and at node 3 is
0.75 m to the left.

Substituting this value to equation (6), we get

1 −1 0 0 F1 x
400
N
m [ 0 −1 1 −0.75
F
Solving for 1 x, we get
]{ } { }
∙ −1 2 −1 −0.25 m= 100 N
−200

F 1 x =100 N
Therefore, the support reaction is 100 N to the right direction.
Using the local element equation and insert the value of the known displacement, the local forces can
be determined.
 For element 2
f2x u
{ } {}
f3x
=k (2 ) 2
u3
f2x N 1 −1 −0.25 200
{ } [
f3x
=400
m −1 1 −0.75]{
m=
−200
N} { }
The free body diagram of element 2 is as follows,

 For element 1
f1x u
{ } {}
f2x
=k (1 ) 1
u2
f1x N 1 −1 0 100
{ } [
f2x
=400 ]{
m −1 1 −0. 25
m=
−100 } {
N }
The free body diagram of element 2 is as follows,

In general, the free body diagram of each element and node is as follows,
2-18(b). Use the principle of minimum potential energy. Plot the total potential energy for variations in
the displacement of the free end of the spring to determine the minimum potential energy. Observe
that the displacement that yields the minimum potential energy also yields the stable equilibrium.

Firstly, determine that the connection between support and the spring is node 1, and connection
between the spring and the block is node 2
Recall equation (1)
π p=U + Ω
For this system, the strain energy equation is,
k ( u 2−u1 )2
U=
2
And the potential external energy is
Ω=−( F1 x u1 + F 2 x u 2)
Substituting to equation (1), we get
k ( u2 −u1 )2
π p= −( F1 x u1 + F 2 x u2 ) (7)
2
Since there are known values such as
 Displacement at node 1, u1=0
 Spring constant, k =500 lb /¿
 External force applied on node 2, F 2 x =−1000 lb
The equation of potential energy becomes,
lb
500 u −0 2
π p= ¿ ( 2 ) −( 0+ (−1000 lb ) u ) =250 lb ∙u 2+1000 lb ∙ u (8)
2
2 ¿ 2 2

The graphic for this potential energy equation is plotted as follows,

 Potential Energy
6000
5000
4000
3000

p(lb.in)
2000
1000
0
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4
-1000
-2000
u2(in)

Potential Energy
In order to determine the displacement on the free end of the spring, by minimizing potential energy
equation (8), we get
∂πp lb
=500 ¿ u2+ 1000lb=0
∂ u2
−1000 lb
u2= =−2∈¿
lb
500
¿
Thus, the displacement at node 2, u2 is 2 inches to the left direction.

Next, to determine support reaction, derive the equation (7) with respect to node 1 displacement,

∂πp
=k u 1−k u2−F x1=0
∂ u1
Replace the variable with all known values, which are
 Spring constant, k =500
lb
¿
 u
Displacement at node 1, 1=0
 Displacement at node 2, u2=−2∈¿
we can get,
lb
0−500 ∙ ¿
¿
⇔ F x1=1000 lb
Therefore, the support reaction on node 1 is 1000 lb at right direction.

∴Since F x 1 which is support reaction, is equal and have opposite direction to F 2 x which is external
force applied to the system, the equilibrium condition is satisfied. Also, this is resulted from minimizing
potential energy function, in which the minimal potential energy is when the displacement on node 2 is
2 inches to the left. In conclusion, when the potential energy is at minimum, the equilibrium state is
achieved.