Listen carefully to a talk about urbanization and use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/ OR A

NUMBER to complete the script below.

URBANIZATION: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Introduction
Urbanization is a process where people move from rural areas to urban areas to seek higher  
(1) _standards of living_. People living in rural areas  are faced with (2) _unpredictable weather
condition_  which affect their livelihood; therefore, these  people move to cities to seek a better life. 
Contrary to rural areas, cities give these people opportunities to live a better life. There
are industries, (3)__learning institution___, and social  services which attract these people more.
As these people gain from these essential services,  they also face problems caused by their
increasing number; therefore, this paper will explore the advantages and disadvantages of
urbanization.

Advantages of Urbanization
The cities are known to be efficient in that less effort is required to supply
(4) _basic humanities__,  for example, electricity and fresh water. People  who migrate to the cities enjoy
these amenities,  which are difficult to access in rural areas.  The cities also make (5)____considerable
use_ of space;  there are a lot of flats which (6)___accommodate___ a lot of people in a small land area.
There  are also recycling programs which make use of  (7)___waste material___ such as tins and waste
papers;  this helps in cleaning the city and providing  jobs to those coming from rural areas. 
Cities have a lot of (8)_social facilities_____ such  as health facilities, education centers, social services,
as well as cultural activities. These facilities are essential for the  development and (9)_____healthy
being____ of a population. People leave from rural areas to cities to  have easy access to these facilities.
With all the social facilities, education and cultural  activities, people in cities live a (10)__sophisticated
and comfortable --life. Cities also have advanced  (11)_transport and communication_ networks which 
make movement and communication much easier. 
During the development of cities, people settled  in areas which had (12)_well-established_ natural
resources; therefore, most cities have a lot of  resources around and within. These resources
are  (13)___easily exploded___ because of the availability  of facilities and labor in the cities, which  leads
to economic development and improvement  of living standards of the city dwellers. The availability of
these resources and labor from  the city leads to the development of (14)__manufacturing and service_
industries around the city, creating  employment for the population from rural areas. 
Cities have well-established universities,  colleges, and schools; these make them the  best place for
developing (15)___human resources_____. There  are varieties of courses from different fields  and
levels, and students who move to cities have a  wide choice of careers to choose from; this means that
most of them will pursue careers of their  choice, making their levels of success high. After completing
college and university education,  students have a lot of job opportunities. Also,  for those who want to
create job opportunities, they have (16)__better prospect__ of starting businesses or projects.
Also, there are varieties  of financial institutions for people to (17) _deposit their saving___ and
borrow money  for investments. This creates a (18)___favourable environment_____ for investment and
development.
People move to urban areas from different regions, religions, and castes, and despite these 
differences, they live and work together. As  they live together, they learn and understand each  other,
and this assist in getting rid of social and (19)__cultural barriers___, which is always the center  of
conflicts; since many people live in cities, a  country with many cities will have less conflict.
 People living in rural areas also benefit from urbanization; most of these people are  engaged in
farming, and their (20)__farm produces___  need to market. They always appreciate the existence of
cities because they consume their farm produce (21)__and exchange for___ money,  and this helps
them to improve economically. Imagine a country where everyone lives in  rural areas and has land.
There would be a lot of (22)__wastage____ because everyone will have  enough for himself or herself.
Urbanization also helps to ease pressure on (23)__agriclutural land__; as people move to urban
centers,  they give more space for agriculture and, therefore, the agricultural industry is boosted.  The
country will produce more agricultural  goods, and this will ensure (24)__human security _______.
Disadvantages of Urbanization
As people continue to move to urban areas,  pollution becomes a major issue in cities. Energy
becomes inadequate, and some people  resolve to illegal (25)__electricity connection___ and others
address to the use of inefficient cooking fuels such as (26) __fire, wood and charcoal__,  which increases
the number of carbon emissions. An example is Kozani in Greece, which is the most polluting city in
Europe. The population  of cars also increases as the number of people in cities increases, and this
leads  to the rise in the use of (27) ____diesel__ and hence,  the increase in carbon emissions.
The population increase in cities brings about problems in transportation as  well as (28)__traffic
management___. This is evident in cities such as Mumbai, which has close to 18  million citizens, with
55.5% of the population going on foot and 21.9% use train. This city has few people with cars; however,
over 20,000 have died because of the (29)__over-crowded train___ with a minimum of 10 people per
day. Vietnam is another case, with over (30)_____18 millions______ motorbikes and one million
vehicles,  and with narrow roads, the number of accidents  associated with traffic has increased. 
Urbanization leads to an increase in the  number of people on limited land in cities; the rise in
number (31)____exceeds_______ the supply of  water, which results in water shortages;  hence, hygiene
(32)__is compromised _____. Also, the  population, after using water, it disposes of  the wastewater on
land which creates (33)_______overburned disposal_____. This creates a less appealing sight, lousy odor
emanating from the sewage and  flies which are attracted by the dirty water. As the population
increases, fresh water  in urbanized cities becomes expensive,  and some of the people opt to take
water  from the (34)______nearby streams__; this water is  untreated and can cause diseases such as
cholera. Also, the water in these rivers are contaminated  with (35)__untreated discharge___ in them.
And these  rivers drain their water into the sea where  drinking water and water for irrigation is drawn.
This can cause diseases for people using the sea water for drinking. In New Delhi,
(36)________________________was  used for watering agricultural lands without care of the effects it can
cause on human beings.
Cities with high populations face problems of  (37)__garbage management_____. An example is the
city of  Athens, which has produced six thousand tons of  garbage daily; the disposal of this garbage 
has become a problem for the city as the population continues to grow. Many countries (38)___have
resolved___ to use landfills for disposal of waste, which is yet another way of contaminating the  soil.
Greece got into problems with the EU for operating 1,102 open landfills; however, they have  reduced
the number of operating landfills to 400. 
The increasing number of people in the cities has  led to the need for building affordable
houses; most cities with high population lack development  policies and this has led to
(39)____?? development_____. The people cut down trees and built on land  without any
(40)____authorization___ from the landowners, and sometimes these people are evicted from  the land
and left to look for another place to settle. Slums have been built in urban  areas, and they are
characterized by (41)___poor sizing___ and quality construction, (42)__violation_____ of  land-use and no
access to essential services. These are areas which crime develops because most  of the people living in
slums have insufficient  job opportunities; they choose to engage  in criminal activities for their
(43)__survivals_____.
Conclusion
Urbanization is here to stay, it might (44) _slow down___ but stopping it is not something that will
come  any sooner. Therefore, the primary way to minimize  the problems caused by urbanization is to
plan for all amenities and resources available for  (45) ___the comfort__ of the public without putting
more  pressure on society and the environment.
The cities should use the (46) _______ cardinal rules_________,  where their growth is planned, rather
than letting  them grow on their own. As the local government plans for the city, it should make sure
that there  is (47) ___ adequate Infrastructure_____ to support the growing population and residential
areas should be located  near (48) ___civic body_______ to improve service provision. To reduce rural-
urban migration, job opportunities  can be created in rural areas. This will reduce  stress exerted on
cities by the increasing number  of people. Restricting people to move to cities  cannot be used to solve
problems associated with  urbanization. This is because each citizen has a (49) ____right to move____
and settle anywhere as long as he  or she is (50) ___infringing____ on other people’s rights.