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Question 01 :

Social science is the branch of science devoted to the study of societies and

the relationships among individuals within those societies. The term was formerly
used to refer to the field of sociology, the original "science of society",
established in the 19th century. In addition to sociology, it now encompasses a
wide array of academic disciplines,
including anthropology, archaeology, economics, human
geography, linguistics, management science, media studies, musicology, political
science, psychology, welfare and nursing studies[1] and social history. (For a
more detailed list of sub-disciplines within the social sciences see: Outline of
social science.)

Positivist social scientists use methods resembling those of the natural

sciences as tools for understanding society, and so define science in its
stricter modern sense. Interpretivist social scientists, by contrast, may use social
critique or symbolic interpretation rather than constructing
empirically falsifiable theories, and thus treat science in its broader sense. In
modern academic practice, researchers are often eclectic, using
multiple methodologies (for instance, by combining
both quantitative and qualitative research). The term "social research" has also
acquired a degree of autonomy as practitioners from various disciplines share in
its aims and methods

Social sciences help to explain how society works, exploring everything from the
triggers of economic growth and causes of unemployment to what makes people
happy. This information is vital and can be used for many purposes. Among other
things, it helps to shape corporate strategies and government policies.

Social science as a field of study is separate from the natural sciences, which
cover topics such as physics, biology, and chemistry. Social science examines
the relationships between individuals and societies, as well as the development
and operation of societies, rather than studying the physical world. These
academic disciplines rely more heavily on interpretation and qualitative research
methodologies.

Social science, any discipline or branch of science that deals with human

behaviour in its social and cultural aspects. The social sciences
include cultural (or social) anthropology, sociology, social psychology, political
science, and economics. Also frequently included are social and
economic geography and those areas of education that deal with the
social contexts of learning and the relation of the school to the social order
Historiography is regarded by many as a social science, and certain areas of
historical study are almost indistinguishable from work done in the social
sciences. Most historians, however, consider history as one of the humanities. It
is generally best, in any case, to consider history as marginal to the humanities
and social sciences, since its insights and techniques pervade both. The study
of comparative law may also be regarded as a part of the social sciences,
although it is ordinarily pursued in schools of law rather than in departments or
schools containing most of the other social sciences.

Although, strictly speaking, the social sciences do not precede the 19th century—
that is, as distinct and recognized disciplines of thought—one must go back
farther in time for the origins of some of their fundamental ideas and objectives.
In the largest sense, the origins go all the way back to the ancient Greeks and
their rationalist inquiries into human nature, the state, and morality. The heritage
of both Greece and Rome is a powerful one in the history of social thought, as it
is in other areas of Western society. Very probably, apart from the initial Greek
determination to study all things in the spirit of dispassionate and rational inquiry,
there would be no social sciences today. True, there have been long periods of
time, as during the Western Middle Ages, when the Greek rationalist temper was
lacking. But the recovery of this temper, through texts of the great classical
philosophers, is the very essence of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment in
modern European history. With the Enlightenment, in the 17th and 18th
centuries, one may begin.

cultural diffusion

Cultural diffusion is the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one
group of people to another. Through cultural diffusion, horizons are broadened
and people become more culturally rich.
The term culture describes the arts, beliefs, customs, foods, social practices,
and values of a group of people. Culture can be described in terms of location
(''American culture,'' ''Southern culture,'' etc.), generation, religion, and so on.
The culture of each person is somewhat unique and adds to the picture of the
history of that time and society.
Although certain parts of cultures might be inherent to a group, culture often
spreads from one group to another group through a process called cultural
diffusion. Cultural diffusion is the spread of any element of a culture from one
group to a group that does not already have that element in its culture.
Think about what defines your culture. Which of these elements can you see
as being inherent to the area where you live and which do you think could be
traced back to another culture?

For example, a woman living in Manhattan might purchase mala prayer beads
used by Buddhist monks to focus on a breath or mantra. Her use of those
beads, incepted halfway around the world, is now positively impacting her
daily practice of meditation. Had she only ever walked the streets of
Manhattan, never engaging with any product or activity outside her borders,
life would be very different. Also, if it weren't for cultural diffusion, that same
woman wouldn't be able to enjoy sushi night every Thursday evening with her
friends!

The mixing of world cultures through different ethnicities, religions, and

nationalities has only increased with advanced communication, transportation,
and technology. Folks living in Australia can communicate daily via Twitter,
Facebook, or Instagram with someone living in Russia. This enrichment
allows us to open minds, and learn as much as we can from every corner of
the earth

cultural uniformities

Members of religious groups exhibit cultural uniformity in a variety of ways and to

different extents. In this paper I discuss the different ways in which this uniformity
is achieved, the advantages and disadvantages that cultural uniformity offers a
group, and the broader effects of cultural uniformity on cultural evolution. Partial
cultural uniformity can come about in different ways, including: (1) selection
involving positive and negative feedbacks (e.g., Fisher process); (2) coordinating
signals that include hard-to-fake displays; and (3) the imposition of protocols that
are necessarily similar enough to enable communication. These processes often
interact, resulting in rapid uniformity in some aspects of culture. Once a sufficient
level of cultural uniformity is achieved, it has important consequences for the
group as a whole and for individual members. These include: (1) credible
signaling which is not costly; (2) increased detection of deviant or novel behavior;
(3) increased group cohesion and commitment; (4) an agreed-upon central
authority that can divide labor and direct group-wide cultural change; and (5) an
increase in the rate of adaptation due to cultural group selection. These effects
help explain the stability and diversity of religious group practices

cultural change

As the hipster example illustrates, culture is always evolving. Moreover, new

things are added to material culture every day, and they affect nonmaterial
culture as well. Cultures change when something new (say, railroads or
smartphones) opens up new ways of living and when new ideas enter a culture
(say, as a result of travel or globalization) As the previous hipster example
illustrates, culture is always evolving. Moreover, new things are added to material
culture every day, and they affect nonmaterial culture as well. Cultures change
when something new opens up new ways of living and when new ideas first enter
a culture. In the 21st century, most of us probably think about the latest gadget
as promoting cultural change, but technology is not merely a product of the
modern era. Technology is the application of science to address the problems of
daily life. For example, fire and stone tools were some of the first technologies
because they changed how people lived. From the first calculator, invented in
2400 B.C.E. Babylon in the form of an abacus, to the predecessor of the modern
computer, created in 1882 by Charles Babbage, all of our technological
innovations are advancements on previous iterations. All aspects of our lives
today are influenced by technology. In agriculture, the introduction of machines
that can till, thresh, plant, and harvest greatly reduced the need for manual labor,
which in turn meant there were fewer rural jobs. This led to the urbanization of
society, as well as lowered birthrates because there was less need for large
families to work the farms. In the criminal justice system, the ability to ascertain
innocence through DNA testing has saved the lives of people on death row. The
examples are endless: technology plays a role in absolutely every aspect of our
lives and in many ways has led to cultural change.

Sub culture and counter culture

A subculture is a group of individuals that do share some qualities that the
majority of society share, but the group has its own values, beliefs, norms,
behavior, etc. Subcultures tend to be created when society endures problems or
enjoys common privileges. Most individuals within a subculture have common
interests and beliefs. Counterculture is a sociological term used to describe the
values and norms of behavior of a cultural group. Counterculture can also be
described as a group whose behavior deviates from the societal norm. Although
distinct countercultural undercurrents have existed in many societies, here the
term refers to a more significant, visible phenomenon that reaches critical mass
and persists for a period of time. It is important to distinguish between
“counterculture,” and “subculture.
Question 02 :
physical environment and origin of man:

The physical environment includes land, air, water, plants and animals,
buildings and other infrastructure, and all of the natural resources that
provide our basic needs and opportunities for social and economic
development. A clean, healthy environment is important for people's
physical and emotional wellbeing. At a fundamental level, factors such as
clean air and good quality drinking water are vital for people's physical
health. Other environmental factors such as noise pollution can cause
both physical harm and psychological stress. The cleanliness and beauty
of the environment is also important for people's sense of wellbeing. For
many people, access to an attractive physical environment contributes
greatly to their contentedness with life. A healthy environment also
provides recreational opportunities, allowing people to take part in
activities they value. For New Zealanders, the 'clean, green' environment
is also an integral part of national identity, and guardianship of the land
and other aspects of the physical environment is seen as an important
part of social wellbeing.53 This image is also vital for the health of New
Zealand's economy, as it is a key factor both in attracting tourists and
underpinning the nation's success as an exporter of primary products.
Harm to the environment can reduce quality of life not only for people
living today but also for many years in the future. The concept of
'sustainability' is an important aspect of social wellbeing. It
acknowledges that social and economic developments need to take place
in ways that don't harm present and future wellbeing by damaging the
natural environment, and don't harm future wellbeing by using natural
resources in unsustainable ways. Within the past four decades, research
has been increasingly drawn toward understanding whether there is a
link between the changing human–nature relationship and its impact on
people’s health. However, to examine whether there is a link requires
research of its breadth and underlying mechanisms from an
interdisciplinary approach. This article begins by reviewing the debates
concerning the human–nature relationship, which are then critiqued and
redefined from an interdisciplinary perspective. The concept and
chronological history of “health” is then explored, based on the World
Health Organization’s definition. Combining these concepts, the
human–nature relationship and its impact on human’s health are then
explored through a developing conceptual model. It is argued that using
an interdisciplinary perspective can facilitate a deeper understanding of
the complexities involved for attaining optimal health at the human–
environmental interface. It is beyond the scope of this paper to review
the various connections at the intersect of humanity and the natural
environment. Instead, I summarize key concepts and approaches from
those four research fields (Evolutionary Biology, Social Economics,
Evolutionary Psychology, and Environmentalism) outlined below, which
have paid most attention to studying this research area. I then
summarize areas of convergence between these connections in an
attempt to describe the human–nature relationship, which will serve as
background to this review. It is anticipated that through drawing on
these different fields of knowledge, a deeper level of understanding can
be brought to the growing issue of humanity’s relationship with nature
and its impact on health. This is because examining the human–nature
relationship from a single disciplinary perspective could lead to partial
findings that neglect other important sources as well as the complexities
that exist between interlinkages, causal directions, processes, and
relations.

Question 03:

agriculture communities of Baluchistan and sindh:

Recently, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and USAID has
established that around eight hundred community organisations in
Baluchistan would work to increase the production, sale and revenues
from crops and livestock where around 826 community organisations
have helped to improve the incomes for 16,000 households in the
province. It encompassed the agricultural development activities in eight
districts of Balochistan and Fata. 
South Western Balochistan is characterized by high levels of rural
poverty. Crop and livestock productivity is low, markets are
undeveloped, household food and nutrition insecurity is common, and
household livelihoods are vulnerable and fragile. At the same time,
agriculture will remain the mainstay of household livelihoods for the
majority of households in rural areas in Balochistan for generations to
come. There is thus considerable need and scope to increase household
incomes by improving crop and livestock productivity and strengthening
market access and value chain linkages. This would enable smallholder
farmers to enjoy increased returns from crop and livestock production in
the province. The Australia Balochistan Agribusiness Programme was
formulated as an adequate response to the urgent need to increase
household incomes and to enhance food security by improving crop and
livestock productivity and strengthening market access in the project
area, with a special focus on female farmers.
It shows that the government of Baluchistan and local people would take
several opportunities from such an attractive partnership with the
USAID and by which farmers would learn about the new techniques,
better breeds of livestock, seeds, and water management techniques in
the province. As the project can increase the participation of the women
in their income-earning activities to improve the provincial agricultural
policies which hosted a joint event in Islamabad to mark the completion
of a $32 million USAID-funded Balochistan agriculture project in the
province.
To help communities increase the value of their products, the project
provides technical assistance to: grade, package, and market products;
connect farmers to better-paying markets; and improve buyer and
supplier relationships. The project is also working to increase the
participation of women in income-earning activities and is supporting
the development of provincial agricultural policies and legal and
regulatory frameworks for market-led and community-driven
investments.
• Train more than 17,000 needy farmers in 800 communities to increase
crop and livestock production as well as improve marketing.
• Promote effective and durable partnerships between public and private
sector actors to ensure the sustainable impact of project interventions.
• Improve irrigation systems through rehabilitation of karez systems,
land leveling, and pipe irrigation.
• Introduce new seed varieties and better production technologies with
an emphasis on value addition and increased incomes.
• Increase livestock production through training in management
practices, as well as provision of various production inputs such as feed
supplements and de-worming medication on a cost-sharing basis.
• Arrange Eid livestock Mandis (markets) at the district level to help
farmers improve their bargaining and profits.
• Link farmers' marketing collectives with local and national markets so
farmers get a better value for their produce.
Art and craft of Indus valley civilization :
The arts of Indus Valley civilisation, one of the earliest civilisations of the
world, emerged during the second half of the third millennium (Bronze
Age).
The forms of art found from various sites of civilisation include
sculptures, seals, pottery, gold ornaments, terracotta figures, etc.
Their delineation of human and animal figures was highly realistic in
nature.
Modelling of figures was done in an extremely careful manner.
Two major sites of Indus Valley civilization, along the river Indus are:
North – cities of Harappa; South – Mohenjo-Daro.
The site showcase one of the earliest examples of civic planning.
Houses, markets, storage facilities, offices, etc. arranged in a grid-like
pattern.
In this pattern, roads were cut across one another in 90-degree angle and
the city was divided into blocks.
There was also a highly developed drainage system.
While Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are situated in Pakistan, the
important sites excavated in India are:
Lothal, Surkotada, Dholavira – Gujarat
Rakhigarh and Banwali – Haryana
Ropar – Punjab
Kalibangan and Balatha – Rajasthan

Question 04 :
Album of photo of gandhara art and Pakistani coins :