Pascal — Passive Resistance and Non-cooperation 9 rived from land and other immovable property or from industry, commerce and from movable investments in general, and should be co- ordinated equitably with the revenue from ex- cises and the various governmental licenses and contracts, Above all, trade and industry should not be upset, no opportunities should be given to fiscal agents for oppressing the public, the money should be collected with the least ex- pense and should reach the treasury in the shortest time possible. Pascoli’s views are interesting especially in that they suggest pro- portionality between direct and indirect taxes and indicate norms for the art of taxation, Aucusto Gu: Consult: Ricca-Silerno, Giuseppe, “Leone Pascoli, economista del secolo decimottavo” in Rasseuna settimanale di politica, scienze, lettere ed arti, vol. in (3878) 451-52, and Storia delle dotrinefinansiarie in Italia (2nd ed. Palermo 1846) p. 217-22; Graziani, Augusto, “Le idee economiche degli serittori Emiliani € Romagnoli sino al 1848" in R. Accademia di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti in Modena, Memorie, 2nd ser., vol. ix (1893) 488-92. IAN PASIG, NIKOLA (1845-1926), Serbian and Jugoslav statesman. Pagié received his carly education in his native Serbia and in 1868 was sent on a government scholarship to study engineering at the Polytechnicum in Zurich. ‘There he came into contact with the most ad- vanced political ideas of the time and became a disciple of Bakunin. Upon his return to Serbia he allied himself with the socialist leader Markovié and in 1881 organized the Radical party. During the early years of Paié’s leader- ship the party had a thoroughgoing agrarian socialist program, but later on when he had at- tained power he modified his position consider- ably and in his old age was frankly conservative, especially as regards social questions. Neverthe- less, for many years Pasié fought valiantly for popular rights, for constitutionalism and for parliamentary government in opposition to the Obrenovié despotism and as a result suffered exile and imprisonment. During his exile in Bul- garia from 1883 to 1889 he became thoroughly imbued for the first time with Markovi¢’s doc- ‘trine that a Serbian-Bulgarian alliance would be the initial step toward a union of the Balkan peoples and to the destruction of Ottoman and Hapsburg power, while his stay in St. Peters burg, as ambassador from 1893 to 1894, con- firmed his belief that Serbia must embark upon a Russophile policy. In 1906 following the restoration of the Karageorge dynasty Paié was appointed prime minister, a post which he held agai to tgr10 and from 1912 to 1918. Essentially a practical politician, he became one of the most nificant figures in Balkan polities as well as in diplomacy, where his infinite pa taciturnity and his reluctance to com helped assure ! is success. Within Serbia he en- forced a constitutional »-gime and by carefully biding his time carricu out his foreign policy, first in the Serhian-Bulgarian alliance of 1912 and later in the joining of Serbian and Russian interests against Austria-Lungary in the World War. Accused by a number of historians of having known of the Sarajevo plot, Pagié con- sistently denied any knowledge of it or any de- sire for war. Certainly he did not foresee clearly the results of the collapse of Ottoman and Haps- burg power. He tended always neither to fore- stall nor to precipitate events but merely to strike, with almost infallible instinct, at the proper moment. Although Pasie’s policy led to the organization of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and although he signed the Corfu declaration, he was by no means a protagonist of the Jugoslav idea, He knew very little of the Croats and Slovenes and, rooted in the ideology of the Greater Serhia movement, he fostered during the World War the idea of a union of all the Serbs as against a union of the southern Slavs. Pa8ié headed the Jugoslav delegation to the Paris Peace Conference and was prime minister of Jugoslavia from 1921 to 1926; but the new state always appeared to him to be es sentially a greater Serbia and in accordance with this concept he put through, against wide opposition, the strongly centralized Vidovdan constitution of 1921 which has so frequently come into conflict with the federalist tendencies of the various ethnic groups. HERMANN WENDEL Consult: Spomenica Nikole P. Paviéa (Belgrade 1926); Curtin, M., and others, in Nova Evropa, vol. xiii (1926) 381,, 432, and vol. xiv (1926) 394-97; Nani, Umberto, “ Liopera di Nicola Pasie” in Politica, vol. xxx (1929) 330-49, and vol. xxxi (1929-30) 462~76; Chataigneau, Yves, “Nikola Pasié” in Monde slave, na., vol. iv, pt. ji (1927) 246-70; Armstrong, H. F., “Pashitch, the Last of the Balkan Pashas”’ in Current History, vol. xxvi (1927) 611-17. PASSIVE RESISTANCE AND NON-CO- OPERATION. Passive resistance to violence or wrong, whether committed by an individual or by the state, has been at all times a characteristic