Quarrying — Quental nology of Slate” by Oliver Bowles, Bulletin, nos. 106, 124, 160, and 218 (1906-22), and “Economies of Crushed-Stone Production” by Ohver Bowles, Eeo- nome Paper, no 12 (1931), and “Granite Industry, Dimension Stone” by Olver Bowles, Information Crreular, no. 6268 (1930), and “Economics of New Sand and Gravel Development” by J R Thoenen, Economic Paper, no 7 (1929), “Crushed and Broken Stone” by J R. ‘Thoenen in Minerals Yearbook (1933) P. 595-601, “Study of Quarry Costs” by J R- Thoe- nen, Report of Investigations, Serial no 2981 (1929), “Study of Quarry Costs ‘Trap Rock, Sandstone, Granite” by J. R. ‘Thoenen, Information Circular, no. 6291 (1930), and “Quarry Problems in the Lime Industry” by Oliver Bowles and W. M_ Myers, Bulle- tin, no. 269 (1027), and “Marble” by Oliwer Bowles and D.M_ Banks, Information Curcular, no. 6313 (1930), Blatchley, R. S "The Indiana Oolitic Lime- stone Industry 1 1907” sn Indiana, Department of Geology and Natural Resources, Annual Report, 1907 (Indianapolis 1998) p. 299-460, United States, Geo- Togreal Survey, “Indiana Oolitic Limestone” by G Loughlin, Bulletin, no. 811 (1929), United Stat Bareau of Mines, “Quarry Accidents in the United States during the Calendar Year 1931” by W. W. Adams, Bulletin, no. 375 (1933). QUATREFAGES DE BREAU, JEAN- LOUIS ARMAND DE (1810-92), French physical anthropologist. Quatrefages was pro- fessor of natural history at the Collége Henn Quatre from 1850 to 1855 and professor of anatomy and ethnology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris from 1855 to 1892. After obtaining doctorates in mathematics, in medicine and in natural sciences, Quatrefages enlarged his studies under Milne-Edwards. His study of man as an individual became an inves- tigation of man as a species. [lis medical tranning in the processes of growth and repair favored a freshness of interpretation of morphology ap- parent in his Métamorphoses de Uhomme et des ‘animaux (Paris 1862; tr. by Isabella Innes, Lon- don 1872), Although its underlying hypothesis, geneagenesis, or the production of several gener- ations through the medium of a single germ, has been invalidated, it led Quatrefages to ex- amine critically the zoological theories then current. His most mature work is L’espéce humaine (Paris 1877; English translation, New York 1879). Here he defends the hypothesis of the unity of the human species and discusses human migrations, race crossing, acclimatiza- tion, fossil races, together with the physical and psychological characters of contemporary hue man races so far as these were known at that date. Quatrefages’ enthusiasm for original ob- servation and for constant revision of accepted doctrines led him to champion Boucher de 21 Perthes, to take a prominent part in the great controversy over white and colored races in the Société d’Anthropologie de Paris and to par- tueipate in the founding and maintenance of learned societies, such as the Société de Géogra- phie de Pans. He was an able critic who held closely to facts, invariably generous to his scientific adversanes and never belittled their contributions. He deplored the political use of anthropological observations as a dangerous practise which 1s almost always conducive to error. The secret of his influence lay in his scientific honesty and generosity. T. Wixcare Too Consult Cartaithac, Emile, in Anthropologte, vol. (1892) 1-18, with complete bibliography, “Préf by Edmond Perner, and “Notice sur le vie et les travaux de M. de Quatrefages” by E T. Hamy in Quatrefaes, Ao de, Let énules de Darvin, 2 vols. (Pans 1894) vol. 1, p. v-c, ci-cxl. QUENTAL, ANTHERO TARQUINIO DE (1842-91), Portuguese poct and philosopher. Quental was born in the Azores of a noble family with traditionalist views and studied law at the University of Coimbra, Possessing adequate means, he spent much of his time in travel. He never held public office, nor did he engage in private business enterprises. Philosophic medi- tation, poetic idealization and socialist propa- ganda among the working classes were his favorite occupations. Possessed of an incom- parable facility for self-expression and powerful personal magnetism, he exerted a great poetic, philosophic and politico-social influence. As a poet he was the leading spit in the revolt against the romantic school in Portugal. He did not consider poetry an end in itself, being more concerued with its use asa medium for attacking icult moral and social problems. Quental is a representative of the late nineteenth century pessimism which followed the so-called “bank- ruptey of science,” and his Hymno da manha (Hymn of the morning) is the finest poetic ex- pression of that pessimism. His philosophic in- fiuence was directed against the positivist ap- proach introduced into Portugal by Theophilo Braga. Quental took up and in turn rejected various ereeds and systems—Catholicism, mate- rialism, Buddhism, Hegelianism—and finally formulated a philosophy of his own which he called “optimistic psychism.” His politico-social influence, which he com- pared to that of a “minor Lassalle,” was spread through journalism, lectures and organizing activity. He was one of the first to introduce the22 ideas of Proudhor, and Marx into Portugal, and hus work forms part of the spiritual background of the revolution of 1910 which abolished the monarchy, FIveLINo Dx FIGUEIREDO Works Obras de Anthero de Quentai, uls 1-a1 (Come bra 1924-33), dnthero de Quental Stiy-Kour Son- nets, te by E: Prestage (London 1804) Consult Anthero de Quental—In Memonam, ed by M_ Lugan (Porto 1896), Sérgio, Antémio, Notas vdbre as sonetos € as tendencias geraes da plalosophaa de ‘Anthero do Quental (Lisbon 1909), Figueseedo, F inno de, Ifstorsa da literatura realsta (1871-7900) and ed Lisbon ty2y) p 39-85, Carvalho, Joaquim Ue, A evolugo expiritual dé Anthero de Quental (Las- bon 1927). QUESNAY, FRANCOIS (1694-1774), French phystocrat, Quesnay, « doctor of medicine by profession, had become physician to Pompadour and subsequently court physician when he began to publish the first elements of the economic and social system which from 1767 was known as phystocracy (for a detailed analysis, see Eco- NOMICS, section on Puiystocrats) Hs first im- portant disciple, Murabeau the elder, was con- verted in 1757, 1n the course of the next decade: he also gained the adherence of Dupont de Ne- mours, Mercier de la Risaére, Le Trosne, Saint- Péravy, Baudeau, Roubaud and other less well known figures. Under Quesnay’s leadership this group became welded into a closely knit sect or school, maintaining close contacts with the dis ciples of Gournay and supported by several of the provincial agricultural societies and parle- ments as well as by certain governmental officuls.. Although all the characteristic doctrines of phystocracy were imspired by Quesnay, his sub- ordinate 1f not equivocal position at court made him a discreet influence rather than a recognized authority outside his own group. ‘The extreme ‘compactness of his scattered writings also helped to restrict his fame. Quesnay's rural background sheds light on the central position accorded agriculture in physto- cratic doctrine. A man of exceptional strength of character, he retained even at court the manner- isms and interests inherited from his early life on a small farm. His first economic writings, two articles published in the Encyclopédie, were entitled ““Fermiers” (vol vi, 1756) and “Grains” (vol. vit, 1757) In insisting upon the unique capacity of agriculture, when pursued under favorable conditions, to yield a produit net he referred to large scale enterprise backed by abundant capital such as he had observed during his youth in the rich canton of fle-de-France. Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences Quesnay’s ideas are presented most compre- henswely in his Tableau économique (Versaulles 1758, reprinted by H. Higgs, London 1894), which has long bafiled commentators, and the Phulosophie rurale (Amsterdam 1763), written by Mirabeau1n collaboration with Quesnay, which became the “Pentateuch of the sect.” The for- mer work, like the article “Impots” (written n 1757) and Théonte de P'umpat (Pans 1760), also a jomt product of Quesnay and Marabeau, was a direct response to the financial ertsis of the French government It was Quesnay's conten- tuon that public finance could be restored only through a revival of agriculture, which would thus be enabled to support property taxes high enough to cover the mayor portion, 1f not all, of the government's expenses. He was here setting humself not only against industrial and commer- cul mercanulism but against the multiphesty of taxes and loans. the latter system, he insisted, benefited only pecumary fortunes, which “know neither king nor country.” His condemnation of the populationist theory of national wealth was expounded in his article “Ilommes” (written in 1757)» In his general outlook Quesnay was essentially a simple surgeon, constramed by the practise of an art still held in slight esteem to observe nature with deference. The furth in the healing power of nature, which is a recurrent theme in Ins Essar physugue sur Péconome ammale (Paris, 1736; 2nd ed, 3 vols, 1747), he transferred with the ad of the philosophy of Malebranche to the social sphere, and in “Droit naturel” (published sn Journal de Pagraculture . .. 1765) he postulated the existence of a natural order spontaneously able to harmonize individual n- terests, provided they were allowed free rein. Tt was for this reason as well as for the mainte~ nance of the “good price” that he demanded economic freedom Asa pohtical theorist he also depended upon the free play of natural laws to limit the sphere of the monarch Yet despste his intractable temperament Quesnay was a pro- ponent of “legal despotism.” The essential cle- ments of the latter doctrine, including the exal- tation of public opinion and the notion of the coownership of land on the part of the sovereign, were first formulated in Quesnay’s “Despotisme de la Chine” (in Ephémérides du ettoyen, 1767) and developed by Mercier de la Riviere in col- laboration with Quesnay in L’ordre naturel et essentiel des socrétés politiques (London 1767). G. Weotensse Works. “Hommes” and “Impots” are available in