A2 MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR AN AREA 787 A.2 Moment of Inertia for an Area ‘The moment of inertia of an area often appears in formulas used in y mechanics of materials, It is a geometric property that is calculated about an axis, and for the x and y axes shown in Fig. A-5, itis defined as, he [ yada ay [ea ‘These integrals have no physical meaning, but they are so named because they are similar to the formulation of the moment of inertia of a mass, which is a dynamical property of matter. ‘We can also calculate the moment of inertia of an area about the pole 0 or z axis, Fig. A-S. This i referred to as the polar moment of inertia, Jo= [ras =I,+l, (a4) bs Here ris the perpendicular distance from the pole (z axis) o the element dA.The relationship between J and I, 1, is possible since r? = x? + y*, Fig. A From the above formulations it is seen that £,, I, and Jo will abvays be positive, since they involve the product of distance squared and area. Furthermore, the units for moment of inertia involve length raised to the fourth power, ¢.g,m', mm’, or ft, in! Using the above equations, the moments of inertia for some common area shapes have been calculated about their centroidal axes and are listed on the inside front cover. Parallel-Axis Theorem for an Area. If the moment of inertia for an area is known about a centroidal axis, we can determine the moment of inertia of the area about a corresponding parallel axis using, the parallel-axis theorem. To derive this theorem, consider finding the ‘moment of inertia of the shaded area shown in Fig, A-6 about the x axis, In this case, a differential element dA is located at the arbitrary distance y’ from the centroidal x’ axis, whereas the fixed distance between the Fig AS Fig. AG788 APPENDIX A GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF AN AREA parallel x and x' axes is d,. Since the moment of inertia of dA about the xaxis is d/, = (y’ + d,)®dA, then for the entire area, = [or-ayae~ f ‘The frst term on the right represents the moment of inertia of the area about the x’ axis, 7,. The second term is zero since the 2’ axis passes through the area's centroid C, that is, fy’ dA = F'A = 0 since ¥ = 0. ‘The final results therefore wasn [yaaa Tp=Ty + Adz (5) A similar expression can be written for /,, that is, + Ad? (a6) ‘And finally, for the polar moment of inertia about an axis perpendicular to the x-y plane and passing through the pole O (z axis), Fig. A-6, we have Jo =Te + Ad? (a7) ‘The form of each of the above equations states that the moment of inertia of an area about an axis is equal (0 the area’s moment of inertia about a parallel axis passing through the “centroid” plus the product of the area and the square of the perpendicular distance between the axes. Composite Areas. Many cross-sectional arcas consist ofa series of connected simpler shapes, such as rectangles, triangles, and semicircles In order to properly determine the moment of inertia of such an area about a specified axis, itis first necessary to divide the arca into its composite parts and indicate the perpendicular distance from the axis to the parallel centroidal axis for each part. Using the table on the inside front cover of the book, the moment of inertia of each partis determined about the centroidal axis. If this axis does not coincide with the specified axis, the parallel-axis theorem, J = 7 + Ad”, should be used to determine the moment of inertia of the part about the specified axis The moment of inertia of the entire area about this axis is then determined by summing the results ofits composite parts. In particular, if a composite part has a “hole,” the moment of inertia for the composite is found by “subtracting” the moment of inertia for the hole from the moment of inertia of the entire area including the hole.A2 MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR AN AREA 789 EXAMPLE |A. Determine the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area of the ‘Team shown in Fig, A-7a about the centroidal x’ axis. Le 8in 1sin | 1Sin We Te] ssn sin ® Fig, AT SOLUTION | ‘The area is segmented into two rectangles as shown in Fig. A~7a, and the distance from the x’ axis and each centroidal axis is determined, Using the table on the inside front cover, the moment of inertia of rectangle about its centroidal axisis 1 = 3,b#?. Applying the parallel- axis theorem, Eq. A-5, to each rectangle and adding the results, we have T= 3, + Ad?) = [se in,)(10 in.) + (2 in.)(10 in.)(8.55 in. — Sin. I + [ke in.)(3.in,)® + (8 in.)(3 in.)(4.45 in, — 1.5 in ] 1 = 646 int “Ans SOLUTION II ‘The area can be considered as one large rectangle less two small rectangles, shown shaded in Fig, A-76, We have 1= 3, + Ad) - [ae in.)(13 in,)® + (8in.)(13 in.)(8.55 in, - 6.5 in] a Ake in.)(10 in.) + (3 in.)(10 in.)(8.55 in. ~ Sin. ¥| 646 int Ans. = 13 10in. Sin,790 APPENDIX A GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF AN AREA EXAMPLE P Determine the moments of inertia of the beams cross-sectional area 00 mm shown in Fig. A-Ba about the x and y centroidal axes. ae SOLUTION, 400 ram i nsteroetsertiontesnisolconerioediag eet corcateirectsuattsa am _ areas A, B,and D shown in Fig. A-8b. For the calculation, the centroid of each ofthese rectangles is located inthe figure From the table on Jociam the inside front cover, the moment of inertia of a rectangle about is 100 mn centroidal axis is 1 = bh’. Hence, using the parallel-axis theorem for rectangles A and D, the calculations are as follows: 100 mm ors Rectangle A: @ =Ty+ Adz = $5200 mm)(300 mm)* + (100 mm)(300 mm) (200 mm)? = 1.425(10°) mm! » Ty + Ad? = (600 mm (100 mm)? + (100 mm)(300 mm) (250 mm)? 100mm = 1.90(10°) mm* ae Rectangle B: 1 (600 mm)(100 mm)? = 0.05(10°) mm* 1 i ) mm* 75 (100:mm)(600 mm)* = 1.80(10°) mm —| 190mm Rectangle D: © 1, =Te-+ Adj = (100 mm)(300 mm)? + (100 mm)(300 mm) (200 mm)? Fig A = 1.425(10°) mm* t=, + add = (s00mm)(t00 mn)? + (0 m0 mn)250 a? = 1.90(10°) mm* ‘The moments of inertia for the entire cross section are thus, 1, = 1.425(10") + 0.05(10°) + 1.425(10°) = 2.90(10°) mm* Ans. 90(10°) + 1.80(10°) + 1.90(10°) = 5.60(10°) mm* Ans.