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https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030701052
ICOME’17 and ICOME’18
Abstract. Mixed convection heat and mass transfer in an inclined square cavity partially heated is
numerically studied in the present paper. The cavity is filled with a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic
fluid. The governing equations are solved numerically using the finite volume method. The velocity-
pressure coupling is achieved using the SIMPLER algorithm. This study focuses on the effect of
some parameters, namely, the Richardson number and the power law index, on the flow pattern as
well as on heat and mass transfer rates. The results indicate that the increase of the Richardson
number decreases both heat and mass transfer rates. However, the latter are improved with the
increase of the power law index whatever the value of the Richardson number.
Nomenclature H hot
S solutal
D mass diffusivity, m2/s T thermal
g gravitational acceleration, m/s2
Gr Grashof number
K fluid’s consistency, kg/m.s2+n 1. Introduction
L length of the cavity, m
Flow and heat transfer analysis in lid-driven cavities is
Le Lewis number
one of the most widely studied problems in thermo-
n power law index
fluids areas. Numerous investigations have been
N buoyancy ratio
conducted in the past on lid-driven cavity flow and heat
Nu Nusselt number
transfer by considering various combinations of the
p pressure, Pa
imposed temperature gradients and cavity configurations
P dimensionless pressure
[1]. In fact, the driven cavity configuration is
Pr Prandtl number
encountered in many practical engineering and industrial
Re Reynolds number
applications such as materials processing, flow and heat
Ri Richardson number
transfer in solar ponds, reservoirs and cooling ponds,
Sh Sherwood number
metal coating and so on. Moreover, the mentioned
u, v velocity components, m/s
applications are usually combined with mass transfer.
U, V dimensionless velocity components
Kefayati [1] studied numerically, by means of the Lattice
x, y cartesian coordinates, m
Boltzmann method, the double diffusion mixed
X, Y dimensionless cartesian coordinates
convection of a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic fluid in a
Greek letters
cavity. The results indicate that the increase in the
thermal diffusivity, m2/s Richardson number decreases heat and mass transfer.
inclined angle Nayak et al. [2] studied the thermosolutal mixed
thermal expansion coefficient, 1/K convection of a shear thinning fluid due to partially
dimensionless concentration active mixed zones within a lid-driven cavity. Their
dynamic viscosity, kg/m.s results reveal that the location and the length of the
dimensionless temperature heating and cooling zones have a significant contribution
density, kg/m3 on the flow, heat and mass transfer. The rate of heat
Subscripts transfer is found to be maximum for a minimum heat
avg average source length and a maximum power law index. Kefayati
C cold [3] used the lattice Boltzmann method to study the
* Email: nihale.toudja@gmail.com
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
of Conferences 307, 01052 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030701052
MATEC Web
ICOME’17 and ICOME’18
2
of Conferences 307, 01052 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030701052
MATEC Web
ICOME’17 and ICOME’18
0, (except the cold
1,4
X 1, U V 0,
X X
portion) (13) 1,2
X 1, 2 / 3 Y 1, 0 (Cold portion) (14) 1,0
Nu
The local and the average Nusselt numbers at the hot 0,8
Kefayati [1] Present work
wall are calculated as:
n = 0.6
n = 0.8
0,6
(15)
Nuh
X X 0
0,4
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
Y
1
Nuavg Nuh dY (16) Fig. 3. Local Nusselt number on the hot wall for different
0
values of the power law index at Ri = 1, N = 1
The local and the average Sherwood numbers at the and Le = 5.
hot (and concentrated) wall are calculated as:
3. Results and discussion
Sh h (17)
X X 0 Figure 4 shows the streamlines, isotherms, and
1
isoconcentrations for different values of the power law
Shavg Shh dY (18) index and the Richardson number and for Le = 5, Pr = 1,
0
N = 1,.
For Ri = 0.01, i.e. the dominant forced convection
2.3 Numerical modeling and validation of the mode, the streamlines are represented by eccentric
computer code vortexes located in the region adjacent to the lid-driven
wall because of the position of active portions, and are
The finite volume formulation, given by Patankar [5] on oriented towards the translation velocity direction of the
a staggered grid, is applied for the discretization of both latter. The central vortexes move to the center as the
governing equations and boundary conditions. The power law index increases. However, for the case of a
coupling between pressure and velocity is achieved mixed convection, Ri = 1, since the natural convection
using the SIMPLER algorithm. effects appear, the streamlines are still located near the
The validation of our computer code is performed by lid-driven wall but are concentric and get away from the
comparing our results with those obtained by Kefayati lid-driven wall as the power law index increases. They
[1] who investigated the double-diffusive mixed expand gradually with the increase of the power law
convection of pseudoplastic fluids in a two sided lid- index which confirms the enhancement of the natural
driven cavity. The comparison of the structure of the convection.
streamlines, isotherms and isoconcentrations (Figure 2) Whatever the convection mode and the value of the
and the distribution of the local Nusselt number along power law index, because of the angle of inclination of
the hot wall for different values of the power law index the enclosure, the isotherms and the isoconcentrations
(Figure 3) show good agreement between the results. show that the hot and concentrated fluid migrates
This allows us to validate our computer code. upward from the vicinity of the hot portion and is cooled
down gradually as approaching the cold portion. At the
Streamlines Isotherms Isoconcentrat- contact of the latter, the cold and poor fluid falls down.
ions For Ri = 0.01, the rise of the power law index leads
to the decrease of both thermal and solutal boundary
layers thickness which increases both temperature and
9
0.
0.8
0.7
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.4
0 .3
0.4
0.2
0.1
3
0.
0.2
(a)
isotherms and the isoconcentrations corresponds to a
conduction and a diffusion, respectively, where both the
isotherms are nearly parallel to the active walls.
However, the thermal convection process increases
slightly due to the rise of the power law index. This
pattern is also observed in the isoconcentrations where
(b) the convection of mass transfer enhances significantly
because of the increase of the power law index. For Ri =
1, the effect of the forced convection decreases
substantially and the increase of the power law index
does not alter the isotherms and isoconcentrations
Fig. 2. Comparison of the streamlines, the isotherms and
isoconcentrations between (a) the present results and (b)
considerably.
numerical results by Kefayati. [2] at Ri = 1, N = 1, Le = 5
and n = 0.6.
3
of Conferences 307, 01052 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030701052
MATEC Web
ICOME’17 and ICOME’18
5
0.0
5
0.0
0.15
n = 0.2
5
0.2
demonstrates that the fluid moves easily and it results,
5
0.3
32
-0.0
45
0.
0 .55
5
0.1
5
65
0.2
0.
5
eventually, in convection process enhancement.
5
0.3
0.7
5
0.4
5 55
0.8 0. 5
5 0 .6 5
0.9 0.7 5 5
0.8 0.9
5
0.0
0.0
5
n = 0.6
5
0.2
-0.032
5
0.1
45
0.
25
0.5 35
0.
5 0. 5
0.6 0.4 5
0.5 5
5 0.6 5
0.7 5 5 0.7 0.85 5
0.8 0.9 0.9
0.15
0.0
5
5
0.1
n = 1
032
-0.
5
0 .2
35
5
0 .2
35
0.
45
0. 0. 5
55 0.4 5
0. 5 0.5 5
0.6 5 0.60.7 5 5 5
0.7 0.8 0.9
5 5
0.8 0.9
n = 0.2
0,2 n = 0.4
n = 0.6
0,1
n = 0.8
n = 1
0,0
(b) Ri = 1
V
Streamlines Isotherms Isoconcentrat -0,1
-ions
-0,2
-0,3
05
0.
0 .15
0.0
0.2
5
n = 0.2
0.1
5
5
0.3
X
5
0.4
0.2
5
0.5
5
-0.0
65
0.
75 0 .35
5
0.
0.4
5
0.8
5
0.5
5 65 5
0.9 0.
0.7 5
0.8
5
0.9
n = 0.2
0,6
n = 0.4
n = 0.6
0,5 n = 0.8
n = 1
0,4
0.0 5
5 0.1
5
0.0
n = 0.6
5
0.1
5
0.2
0,3
5
0 .2
35
0.
5
-0.0
35
0.4
0.
5
5
0.4
0.5
5
5
0.5
0.6
5 5
0.7 5 0.6
5
0,2
0.8
5 0.7 5
0.9 0.8 5
0.9
0,1
0,0
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
X
5 5
0.0 0.0
0.1
5
0.1
5
0.2
n = 1
5
0.3
5
-0.0
45
0.
0.25
0.5
5
0.6
5 5
0.7 0.3
5 45 5
0.8 0. 5
5 0.5
0.9 0 .65 0.7
0.8
5 5
0.9
Fig. 4. Streamlines, isotherms, and isoconcentrations for
different values of the power law index and Richardson
number. Le =5, Pr = 1, N = 1 and (a) Ri = 0.01,
(b) Ri = 1.
4
of Conferences 307, 01052 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030701052
MATEC Web
ICOME’17 and ICOME’18
(b)
n = 0.2
0,2 n = 0.4 3
n = 0.6 Ri = 0.001
n = 0.8 Ri = 0.01
n = 1 Ri = 1
0,1
Shavg
0,0
V
-0,1
1
-0,2
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
X n
Fig. 6. Average (a) Nusselt and (b) Sherwood numbers
0,7 according to the power law index and for different values of
n = 0.2
n = 0.4
the Richardson number. Le = 5, Pr = 1, N = 1 and
0,6 n = 0.6
n = 0.8
n = 1
0,5
0,4 4. Conclusions
1,2
0,6 4. S. Chen, B. Yang, K H. Luo, X. Xiong, C. Zheng, Int
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
J Heat Mass Transfer, 95, 1070-1083 (2016)
n
5. S.V. Patankar, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid
Flow, McGraw-Hill, New York, (1980)