TITLE OF THE UNIT: UNIT-I- BASIC CONCEPT AND FIRST LAW

PART-A
1. What do you understand by pure substance?
A pure substance is defined as one that is homogeneous and invariable in chemical
composition throughout its mass.

2. Define thermodynamic system.

A thermodynamic system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space, on which
the analysis of the problem is concentrated.

3. Name the different types of system.

1. Closed system (only energy transfer and no mass transfer)
2. Open system (Both energy and mass transfer)
3. Isolated system (No mass and energy transfer)

4. What is meant by closed system? Give an example.

When a system has only heat and work transfer, but there is no mass transfer, it is called as
closed system.
Example: Piston and cylinder arrangement.
5. Define a open system, Give an example.
When a system has both mass and energy transfer it is called as open system.
Example: Air Compressor.
6. Differentiate closed and open system.

Closed System Open System

1. There is no mass transfer. Only heat 1. Mass transfer will take place, in
and work will transfer. addition to the heat and work transfer.

2. System boundary is fixed one 2. System boundary may or may not

change.

3. Ex: Piston & cylinder arrangement, 3. Air compressor, boiler

Thermal power plant

7. Define an isolated system

Isolated system is not affected by surroundings. There is no heat, work and mass transfer
take place. In this system total energy remains constant.
Example: Entire Universe
8. Define: Specific heat capacity at constant pressure.
It is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise or lower the temperature of unit
mass of the substance through one degree when the pressure kept constant. It is denoted by
Cp.
9. Define: Specific heat capacity at constant volume.
It is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise or lower the temperature of unit
mass of the substance through one degree when volume kept constant.
10. What is meant by surroundings?
Any other matter out side the system boundary is called as surroundings.
11. What is boundary?
System and surroundings are separated by an imaginary line is called boundary.
12. What is meant by thermodynamic property?
Thermodynamic property is any characteristic of a substance which is used to identify the
state of the system and can be measured, when the system remains in an equilibrium state.
13. Define thermodynamic equilibrium.
If a system is in Mechanical, Thermal and Chemical Equilibrium then the system is in
thermodynamically equilibrium. (or)

If the system is isolated from its surrounding there will be no change in the macroscopic
property, then the system is said to exist in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium.

14. What do you mean by quasi-static process?

Equilibrium state

Quasi-static process
 Infinite slowness is the characteristic feature of a quasi-static process. A quasi-static
process is that a succession of equilibrium states. A quasi-static process is also called as
reversible process.

15. Define Path function.

The work done by a process does not depend upon the end of the process. It depends on
the path of the system follows from state 1 to state 2. Hence work is called a path
function.

16. Define point function.

Thermodynamic properties are point functions. The change in a thermodynamic property
of a system is a change of state is independent of the path and depends only on the initial
and final states of the system.

17. Name and explain the two types of properties.

The two types of properties are intensive property and extensive property.

Intensive Property: It is independent of the mass of the system. Example: pressure,

temperature, specific volume, specific energy, density.

Extensive Property: It is dependent on the mass of the system. Example: Volume,

energy. If the mass is increased the values of the extensive properties also increase.

18. Explain homogeneous and heterogeneous system.

The system consist of single phase is called homogeneous system and the system consist
of more than one phase is called heterogeneous system.

19. What is a steady flow process?

Steady flow means that the rates of flow of mass and energy across the control surface
are constant.

20. Prove that for an isolated system, there is no change in internal energy.
In isolated system there is no interaction between the system and the surroundings. There
is no mass transfer and energy transfer. According to first law of thermodynamics as dQ
= dU + dW; dU = dQ – dW; dQ = 0, dW = 0,

There fore dU = 0 by integrating the above equation U = constant, therefore the internal
energy is constant for isolated system.

21. Indicate the practical application of steady flow energy equation.

a. Turbine, 2. Nozzle, 3. Condenser, 4. Compressor.

22. Define system.

It is defined as the quantity of the matter or a region in space upon which we focus
attention to study its property.

23. Define cycle.

It is defined as a series of state changes such that the final state is identical with the initial
state.
24. Show that work is a path function and not a property.

1 C

P A

With reference to the above figure, it is possible to take the system from 1 to 2 along
many quasi-static paths such as A, B or C. Since the area under each curve represents the
work for each process, the amount of work involved in each case is not a function of the
end states of the process and it depends on the path of the system, follows in going from
state 1 to state 2. For this reason, work is a path function and not a property.

25. Explain Mechanical equilibrium.

If the forces are balanced between the system and surroundings are called Mechanical
equilibrium

26. Explain Chemical equilibrium.

If there is no chemical reaction or transfer of matter form one part of the system to
another is called Chemical equilibrium

27. Explain Thermal equilibrium.

If the temperature difference between the system and surroundings is zero then it is in
Thermal equilibrium.

28. Define Zeroth law of Thermodynamics.

When two systems are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third system then they
themselves are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

29. What are the limitations of first law of thermodynamics?

a. According to first law of thermodynamics heat and work are mutually convertible
during any cycle of a closed system. But this law does not specify the possible
conditions under which the heat is converted into work.
b. According to the first law of thermodynamics it is impossible to transfer heat
from lower temperature to higher temperature.
c. It does not give any information regarding change of state or whether the process
is possible or not.
d. The law does not specify the direction of heat and work.
e.
30. What is perpetual motion machine of first kind?
It is defined as a machine, which produces work energy without consuming an equivalent
of energy from other source. It is impossible to obtain in actual practice, because no
machine can produce energy of its own without consuming any other form of energy.

31. Define the term enthalpy?

The Combination of internal energy and flow energy is known as enthalpy of the system. It
may also be defined as the total heat of the substance.
Mathematically, enthalpy (H) = U + pv KJ)
Where, U – internal energy
p – pressure
v – volume
In terms of Cp & T → H = mCp (T2-T1)KJ

32. Define the term internal energy

Internal energy of a gas is the energy stored in a gas due to its molecular interactions.
It is also defined as the energy possessed by a gas at a given temperature.
33. What is meant by thermodynamic work?
It is the work done by the system when the energy transferred across the boundary of the
system. It is mainly due to intensive property difference between the system and
surroundings.

34. Define Heat.

Heat is the energy crossing the boundary due to the temperature difference between the
system and surroundings.

35. Give the general gas energy equations.

dH = dE + dW.

36. State the law of conservation of energy

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be transferred from one form to
another.

37. Define entropy of a pure substance.

Entropy is an important thermodynamic property, which increases with addition of heat and
decreases with its removal. Entropy is a function of temperature only. It is an unavailability
of energy during energy transfer.

38. Define an isentropic process.

Isentropic process is also called as reversible adiabatic process. It is a process which follows
the law of pVy = C is known as isentropic process. During this process entropy remains
constant and no heat enters or leaves the gas.

39. Explain the throttling process.

When a gas or vapour expands and flows through an aperture of small size, the process is
called as throttling process.

40. Define free expansion process.

When a gas expands suddenly into a vacuum through a large orifice is known as free
expansion process.
 PART-B

1. A piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system which passes through a complete cycle
in four processes. During the cycle, the sum of all heat transfer is -170kJ. The system completes
100 cycles per minute. Compute the following table showing the method for each item, and
compute the net rate of work output in kW.

Process Q(kJ/min) W(kJ/min) ΔE (kJ/min)

a-b 0 2,170 -

b-c 21,000 0 -

c-d -2,100 - -36,600

d-a - - -

(Answer: ΔE a-b=-2170 kJ/min, ΔEb-c=21000 kJ/min, Wc-d=34500 kJ/min, Qd-a=-35900 kJ/min, Wd-
a=-53670kJ/min, ΔEd-a=17770 kJ/min, ΣW=-283.3kW)

2. A fluid is confined in a cylinder by a spring loaded friction less piston so that the pressure in
the fluid is a linear function of the volume (p = a+bV), The internal energy of the fluid is given by
the following equation U = 34+3.15pV, Where U is in kJ, p is in kPa and V in m 3, If the fluid
changes from an initial state of 170kPa, 0.03m3 to final state of 400kPa, 0.06m3,with no other
work that done on the piston, find the direction and magnitude of the work and heat transfer.
(Answer: W=8.55 kJ, Q=68.085 kJ)

3. A certain gas of volume 0.4 m3, pressure of 4.5 bar and temperature of 130oC is heated in a
cylinder to 9 bar when volume remains constant. Calculate (i) Temperature at the end of the
process, (ii) the heat transfer, (iii) Change in internal energy (iv) work done by the gas, (v) change
in enthalpy and (vi) mass the gas. Assume CP = 1.005 kJ/kg K, Cv=0.718kJ/kgK.
(Answer:T2=806K, Q=433.2 kJ, ΔU=433.2kJ, W=0, ΔH=432.06 kJ, m=1.51 kg)

4. A gas of mass 0.35 kg pressure 1535 kN/m2 and temperature of 335oC is expanded
adiabatically to a pressure of 126 kN/m 2. The gas is then heated at constant volume until it
reaches 335oC, when its pressure is found to be 275 kN/m 2. Finally the gas is compressed
isothermally until the original pressure of 1535 kN/m 2 obtained. Draw the p-V diagram and find
out the following (i) The value of adiabatic index (ii) Change in internal energy during adiabatic
process and (iii) Heat transfer during constant volume process. Take Cp=1.005 kJ/kgK..(Answer:
γ=1.454, ΔU=-79.69kJ, Q=79.69 kJ)

5. Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor, entering at 7m/s velocity,
100kPa pressure and 0.95m3/kg, volume and leaving at 5m/s, 700kPa and 0.19m3/kg.The internal
energy of the air leaving is 90 kJ/kg greater than that of the air entering. Cooling water in the
compressor jackets absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 58kW. (a) Compute the rate of shaft
work input to the air in kW. (b) Find the ratio of the inlet pipe diameter to the outlet pipe
diameter. (Answer: W=-5.994kW, D1/D2=1.89)

6. A room for four persons has two fans, each consuming 0.18kW power and three 100W lamps.
Ventilation air at the rate of 80 kg/hr enters with an enthalpy of 84 kJ/kg and leaves with an
enthalpy of 59 kJ/kg. If each person puts out heat at the rate of 630 kJ/hr, determine the rate at
which heat is to be removed by a room cooler so that a steady state is maintained in the room.
(Answer: Q=-1.916 kW)

7. In a vessel 10kg of O2 is heated in a reversible non-flow constant volume process. So that the
pressure of O2 is increased two times that of initial value. The initial temperature of 20 0C,
Calculate the final temperature, change in internal energy, change in enthalpy and heat transfer,
Take R=0.259 kJ/kg K and Cv= 0.625 kJ/kg K for oxygen. (Answer: T 2=586K, Q=1910.36 kJ,
ΔU=1910.36 kJ, W=0, ΔH=2669.23kJ)

8. The following data refer to a closed system which undergoes a thermodynamic cycle of four
processes.

Process Q(kJ/min) W(kJ/min)

a-b 50,000 -

b-c -5,000 34,200

c-d -16,000 -2,200

d-a - -3,000

(Answer: §W=0.48MW, η=58%)

9. A gas of mass 1.5kg undergoes a quasi-static expansion which follows a relationship p= a+bV,
where a and b are constant. The initial and final pressures are 1000kPa and 200kPa respectively
and the corresponding volumes are 0.2m3 and 1.2m3. The specific internal energy of the gas is
given by the relation u = 1.5pV – 85 kJ/kg. Where p is in kPa and V is m 3. Calculate the net heat
transfer and the maximum internal energy of the gas attained during expansion. (Answer: Q=660
kJ, ΔU=232.5 kJ)

10. Derive the steady flow energy equation and explain its application.

11. Prove that the difference in specific heat capacities equal to Cp-Cv=R
TITLE OF THE UNIT: UNIT-II- SECOND LAW

PART-A

1. Define Clausius statement.

It is impossible for a self-acting machine working in a cyclic process, to transfer heat
from a body at lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature without the aid of an
external agency.

2. What is Perpetual motion machine of the second kind?

A heat engine, which converts whole of the heat energy into mechanical work is known
as Perpetual motion machine of the second kind.

3. Define Kelvin Planck Statement.

It is impossible to construct a heat engine to produce network in a complete cycle if it
exchanges heat from a single reservoir at single fixed temperature.

4. Define Heat pump.

A heat pump is a device, which is working in a cycle and transfers heat from lower
temperature to higher temperature.

5. Define Heat engine.

Heat engine is a machine, which is used to convert the heat energy into mechanical work
in a cyclic process.

6. What are the assumptions made on heat engine?

1. The source and sink are maintained at constant temperature.
2. The source and sink has infinite heat capacity.

7. State Carnot theorem.

It states that no heat engine operating in a cycle between two constant temperature heat
reservoir can be more efficient than a reversible engine operating between the same
reservoir.

8. What are the Corollaries of Carnot theorem.

(i) In all the reversible engine operating between the two given thermal reservoirs with
fixed temperature, have the same efficiency.
(ii) The efficiency of any reversible heat engine operating between two reservoirs is
independent of the nature of the working fluid and depends only on the temperature of
the reservoirs.

1. Define – PMM of second kind.

Perpetual motion machine of second kind draws heat continuously from single reservoir and
converts it into equivalent amount of work. Thus it gives 100% efficiency.

10. What is the difference between a heat pump and a refrigerator?

Heat pump is a device which operating in cyclic process, maintains the temperature of a hot
body at a temperature higher than the temperature of surroundings.
A refrigerator is a device which operating in a cyclic process, maintains the temperature of a
cold body at a temperature lower than the temperature of the surroundings.

11. What is meant by heat engine?

A heat engine is a device which is used to convert the thermal energy into mechanical
energy.

12. Define the term COP?

Co-efficient of performance is defined as the ratio of heat extracted or rejected to work
input.
Heat extracted or rejected
COP = --------------------------------
Work input

13. Write the expression for COP of a heat pump and a refrigerator?
COP of heat pump

Heat Supplied T2
COP HP = ------------------- = --------
Work input T2-T1

COP of Refrigerator

Heat extrated T1
COP HP = --------------- = --------
Work input T2-T1

14. What is the relation between COPHP and COP ref?

COPHP = COPref +1

15. Why Carnot cycle cannot be realized in practical?

(i) In a Carnot cycle all the four process are reversible but in actual practice there is no
process is reversible.
(ii) There are two processes to be carried out during compression and expansion. For
isothermal process the piston moves very slowly and for adiabatic process the piston moves
as fast as possible. This speed variation during the same stroke of the piston is not possible.
(iii) It is not possible to avoid friction moving parts completely.

16. Name two alternative methods by which the efficiency of a Carnot cycle can be
increased.
(i) Efficiency can be increased as the higher temperature T2 increases.
(ii) Efficiency can be increased as the lower temperature T1 decreases.

17. . Why a heat engine cannot have 100% efficiency?

For all the heat engines there will be a heat loss between system and surroundings.
Therefore we can’t convert all the heat input into useful work.

18. . When will be the Carnot cycle efficiency is maximum?

Carnot cycle efficiency is maximum when the initial temperature is 0°K.
19. What are the processes involved in Carnot cycle.
Carnot cycle consist of
i) Reversible isothermal compression
ii) isentropic compression
iii) reversible isothermal expansion
iv) isentropic expansion

20. Write the expression for efficiency of the carnot cycle.

T2 – T1
n = ---------
T2

21. Define: Thermodynamic cycles.

Thermodynamic cycle is defined as the series of processes performed on the system, so that
the system attains to its original state.

22. What is meant by reversible process?

A reversible process is one, which is performed in such a way that at the conclusion of
process, both system and surroundings may be restored to their initial state, without
producing any changes in rest of the universe.

23. What is meant by irreversible process?

The mixing of two substances and combustion also leads to irreversibility. All
spontaneous process is irreversible.

24. Explain entropy?

It is an important thermodynamic property of the substance. It is the measure of
molecular disorder. It is denoted by S. The measurement of change in entropy for
reversible process is obtained by the quantity of heat received or rejected to absolute
temperature.

25. What is absolute entropy?

The entropy measured for all perfect crystalline solids at absolute zero temperature is
known as absolute entropy.

26. Define availability.

The maximum useful work obtained during a process in which the final condition of the
system is the same as that of the surrounding is called availability of the system.

27. Define available energy and unavailable energy.

Available energy is the maximum thermal useful work under ideal condition. The
remaining part, which cannot be converted into work, is known as unavailable energy.
 28. Explain the term source and sink.
Source is a thermal reservoir, which supplies heat to the system and sink is a thermal
reservoir, which takes the heat from the system.

29. What do you understand by the entropy principle?

The entropy of an isolated system can never decrease. It always increases and remains
constant only when the process is reversible. This is known as principle of increase in
entropy or entropy principle.

30. What are the important characteristics of entropy?

a. If the heat is supplied to the system then the entropy will increase.
b. If the heat is rejected to the system then the entropy will decrease.
c. The entropy is constant for all adiabatic frictionless process.
d. The entropy increases if temperature of heat is lowered without work being
done as in throttling process.
e. If the entropy is maximum, then there is a minimum availability for conversion
in to work.
f. If the entropy is minimum then there is a maximum availability for conversion
into work.
31. What is reversed carnot heat engine? What are the limitations of carnot cycle?
a. No friction is considered for moving parts of the engine.
b. There should not be any heat loss.

PART-B

1. Derive an expression for thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle with a p-V and T-S diagram.

2. State and prove carnot theorem.

3. State and explain the corollaries of second law of thermodynamics.

4. A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at temperatures of 600oC and 40oC.
The engine drives a reversible refrigerator which operates between reservoirs at temperatures of
40oC and -20oC. The heat transfer to the heat engine is 2000 kJ and the net work output of the
combined engine refrigerator plant is 360 kJ. Evaluate the heat transfer to the refrigerant and the
net heat transfer to the reservoir at 40oC. (Answer: 4823x103J, 5539x103J)

5. A Cyclic heat engine operates between a source temperature of 800 oC and a sink temperature
of 30oC. What is the least rate of heat rejection per kW net output of the engine?
(Answer:0.392x103W)

6. A reversible heat engine operating between reservoir at 900K and 300K drives a reversible
refrigerator operating between reservoir at 300K and 250K. The heat engine receives 1800KJ
heat from 900K reservoir. The net out put from the combined engine refrigerator is 360KJ.Find
the heat transferred to the refrigerator and the net heat rejected to the reservoir at 300K.
(Answer:4200kJ, 5640kJ)

7. Two carnot engines A and B are operated in series. The first one(A) receives heat at 870K
rejects to reservoir at temperature T. The second engine(B) receives the heat rejected by the first
engine and it turn rejected to a heat reservoir at 300K.Calculate the intermediate temperature T in
0
C between two heat engines for the following cases

I. The work out put of the two engines is equal (Answer: T= 312oC)
II. The efficiencies of the two engines are equal(Answer: T= 237.88oC)

8. Explain Clausius inequality with its p-V diagram.

9. Describe thermodynamic temperature scale with a neat sketch.

10. 1.6 kg of air compressed according to the law pV 1.3 = C, form a pressure of 1.2 bar and
temperature of 20oC to a pressure of 17.5 bar. Calculate (a) the final volume and temperature (b)
work done (c) heat transfer and (d) Change in entropy. (Answer:V 2=0.1427m3, W=-
384.02x103J,Q=-96x103J, ∆s=1.657x103 J/K)

11. One kg of ice at -5oC is exposed to the atmosphere which is at 20oC. The ice melts and comes
into thermal equilibrium with the atmosphere (i) Determine the entropy increase of the turbine.
(ii) What is the minimum amount of work necessary to convert the water back to ice at -5 oC?
assume Cp for ice as 2.093 kJ/kg K and the latest heat of fusion of ice as 333.3kJ/kg. (Answer:
∆Suniv=0.096J/K, Wmin= 28.373kJ)

12. In a certain heat exchanger, 45 Kg/min of water is to be heated from 60 oC to 115oC by hot
gases. Which enter the heat exchanger at 225K and flow at the rate of 90Kg/min. Compute the
net change of entropy? Assume specific heat for water and gases as4.18 and 1.045 KJ/KgK.
(Answer: ∆s=-0.573x103 J/K)

13. Ten grams of water at 20 o is converted into ice at -10oC at constant atm pressure. Assume the
specific heat of liquid water to remain constant at 4.2 J/gK and that of ice to be half this value
and taking the Latent heat of fusion of ice 0 oC as 335 J/g. Calculate change in Entropy of the
system. Take Cp of ice=2.093 J/kgK.(Answer: ∆s=12,369 J/K)

14. Air expands through a turbine from 500 kPa, 520 oC to100 kPa, 300oC. During expansion
10kJ/kg of heat is lost to the surroundings which is at 98 kPa, 20 oC. Neglecting the K.E and P.E.
Changes, determine per kg of air (a) the decrease in availability (b) the maximum work and (c)
the irreversibility. For air take cp=1.005 kJ/kgK, h=cpT where Cp is constant. (Answer: (a)
260.7x103 J/kg, (b) 260.7x103 J/kg, (c) 49.6x103 J/kg)
TITLE OF THE UNIT: UNIT-III- PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE AND STEAM
POWER CYCLE

PART-A

1. Define latent heat of evaporation or Enthalpy of evaporation.

The amount of heat added during heating of water up to dry steam from boiling point is
known as Latent heat of evaporation or enthalpy of evaporation.

2. Explain the term super heated steam and super heating.

The dry steam is further heated its temperature raises, this process is called as
superheating and the steam obtained is known as superheated steam.

3. Explain heat of super heat or super heat enthalpy.

The heat added to dry steam at 100oC to convert it into super heated steam at the
temperature Tsup is called as heat of superheat or super heat enthalpy.

4. Explain the term critical point, critical temperature and critical pressure.
In the T-S diagram the region left of the waterline, the water exists as liquid. In right of
the dry steam line, the water exists as a super heated steam. In between water and dry
steam line the water exists as a wet steam.

At a particular point, the water is directly converted into dry steam without formation of
wet steam. The point is called critical point.

The critical temperature is the temperature above which a substance cannot exist as a
liquid, the critical temperature of water is 374.15oC. The corresponding pressure is called
critical pressure.

5. Define dryness fraction (or) What is the quality of steam?

It is defined as the ratio of mass of the dry steam to the mass of the total steam.

6. Define enthalpy of steam.

It is the sum of heat added to water from freezing point to saturation temperature and the
heat absorbed during evaporation.

7. How do you determine the state of steam?

If V>vg then super heated steam, V= vg then dry steam and V< vg then wet steam.

8. Define triple point.

The triple point is merely the point of intersection of sublimation and vapourisation
curves.

9. Define heat of vapourisation.

The amount of heat required to convert the liquid water completely into vapour under this
condition is called the heat of vapourisation.
10. Explain the terms, Degree of super heat, degree of sub-cooling.
The difference between the temperature of the superheated vapour and the saturation
temperature at the same pressure.

The temperature between the saturation temperature and the temperature in the sub
cooled region of liquid.

11. What is the purpose of reheating?

The purpose of reheating is to increase the dryness fraction of the steam passing out of
the later stages of the turbine.

12.Why Rankine cycle is modified?

The work obtained at the end of the expansion is very less. The work is too inadequate to
overcome the friction. Therefore the adiabatic expansion is terminated at the point before
the end of the expansion in the turbine and pressure decreases suddenly, while the
volume remains constant.

13.Name the various vapour power cycle.

Carnot cycle and Rankine cycle.

14.Define efficiency ratio.

The ratio of actual cycle efficiency to that of the ideal cycle efficiency is termed as
efficiency ratio.

15. Define overall efficiency.

It is the ratio of the mechanical work to the energy supplied in the fuel. It is also defined
as the product of combustion efficiency and the cycle efficiency.

16. Define specific steam consumption of an ideal Rankine cycle.

It is defined as the mass flow of steam required per unit power output.

17. Name the different components in steam power plant working on Rankine cycle.
Boiler, Turbine, Cooling Tower or Condenser and Pump.

18. What are the effects of condenser pressure on the Rankine Cycle?
By lowering the condenser pressure, we can increase the cycle efficiency. The main
disadvantage is lowering the back pressure in rease the wetness of steam. Isentropic
compression of a very wet vapour is very difficult.

19. Mention the improvements made to increase the ideal efficiency of Rankine cycle.
a. Lowering the condenser pressure.
b. Superheated steam is supplied to the turbine.
c. Increasing the boiler pressure to certain limit.
d. Implementing reheat and regeneration in the cycle.
20. Why reheat cycle is not used for low boiler pressure?
At the low reheat pressure the heat cycle efficiency may be less than the Rankine cycle
efficiency. Since the average temperature during heating will then be low.
21. What are the disadvantages of reheating?
Reheating increases the condenser capacity due to increased dryness fraction, increases
the cost of the plant due to the reheats and its very long connections.

22. What are the advantages of reheat cycle?

a. It increases the turbine work.
b. It increases the heat supply.
c. It increases the efficiency of the plant.
d. It reduces the wear on the blade because of low moisture content in LP state
of the turbine.

23. Define overall efficiency.

It is the ratio of the mechanical work to the energy supplied in the fuel. It is also defined
as the product of combustion efficiency and the cycle efficiency.

24. Define specific steam consumption of an ideal Rankine cycle.

It is defined as the mass flow of steam required per unit power output.

25. Name the different components in steam power plant working on Rankine cycle.
Boiler, Turbine, Cooling Tower or Condenser and Pump.

26. What are the effects of condenser pressure on the Rankine Cycle?
By lowering the condenser pressure, we can increase the cycle efficiency. The main
disadvantage is lowering the back pressure in release the wetness of steam. Isentropic
compression of a very wet vapour is very difficult.

27. Mention the improvements made to increase the ideal efficiency of Rankine cycle.
1. Lowering the condenser pressure.
2. Superheated steam is supplied to the turbine.
3. Increasing the boiler pressure to certain limit.
4. Implementing reheat and regeneration in the cycle.

28. What are the disadvantages of reheating?

Reheating increases the condenser capacity due to increased dryness fraction,
increases the cost of the plant due to the reheats and its very long connections.

29. What are the advantages of reheat cycle?

1. It increases the turbine work.
2. It increases the heat supply.
3. It increases the efficiency of the plant.
4. It reduces the wear on the blade because of low moisture content in LP state of the
turbine.

30. What is the purpose of reheating?

The purpose of reheating is to increase the dryness fraction of the steam passing out
of the later stages of the turbine.

31. What are the processes that constitute a Rankine cycle?

Process 1–2: Isentropic expansion of the working fluid through the turbine from
saturated vapor at state 1 to the condenser pressure.
 Process 2–3: Heat transfer from the working fluid as it flows at constant pressure
through the condenser with saturated liquid at state 3.
Process 3–4: Isentropic compression in the pump to state 4 in the compressed liquid
region.
Process 4–1: Heat transfer to the working fluid as it flows at constant pressure
through the boiler to complete the cycle.

PART-B

1. Briefly explain the process of steam formation with the help of T-h diagram.

2. Draw the p-v diagram, p-T diagram, T-v diagram, T-s diagram and h-s diagram of pure
substances and explain various regions of the diagram in details.

3. Explain the p-v-T surfaces of water and CO2

4. 2 kg of steam initially at 5 bar and 0.6dry is heated at constant pressure until the temperature
becomes 350oC. Find the change in entropy and internal energy. (Answer: ∆s=5.598x10 3 J/K,
∆U=2182.02kJ)

5. Two kg of steam at a pressure of 8bar occupies a volume of 0.3m 3. If the air expands to a
volume of 1.5m3 according to the law pV1.35 =C. Calculate the work done and change in entropy
during the process. (Answer:W= 295 kJ, ∆s=-2.337x103 J/K)

6. In a steam generator compressed water at 10MPa at 30 oC enters a 30 mm diameter tube at the

rate of 3 lit / sec steams at 9MPa at 400 oC exit the tube. Find the rate of heat transfer.(Answer:
Q=8974.45 kW)

7. Explain the standard Rankine cycle with the help of p-v and T-s diagram.

8. In a steam power plant the condition of steam at inlet to the turbine is 20 bar at 300 oC and the
condenser pressure is 0.1 bar. Two feed water heaters operate at optimum temperatures.
Determine (i) the quality of steam at turbine exhaust (ii) network per kg of steam, (iii) cycle
efficiency and (iv) the steam rate. Neglect pump work. (Answer:)

9. Explain briefly about Reheat rankine cycle.

10. Steam is supplied to turbine at 4MPa and 450oC and the condenser is 6MPa. The machine
runs at 300rpm and the power developed 3MW. The expansion is in two stages, the steam being
reheated to 410oC between H.P and L.P stages. If all the stages develop the same power with a
same isentropic efficiency, Determine reheat pressure, thermal efficiency of the cycle & steam
flow rate.(Answer: p2=0.4bar, η= 25.68%, SFR=3.79kW-hr)

11. Explain briefly about Regenerative rankine cycle

12. Explain the ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with help of T-s and schematic diagram
TITLE OF THE UNIT: UNIT-IV- IDEAL AND REAL GASES AND THERMODYNAMIC
RELATIONS

PART-A

1. Define Ideal gas.

It is defined as a gas having no forces of intermolecular attraction. These gases will
follow the gas laws at all ranges of pressures and temperatures.

2. Define Real gas.

It is defined, as a gas having the forces of attraction between molecules tends to be very
small at reduced pressures and elevated temperatures.

3. What is equation of state?

The relation between the independent properties such as pressure, specific volume and
temperature for a pure substance is known as the equation of state.

4. State Boyle’s law.

It states that volume of a given mass of a perfect gas varies inversely as the absolute
pressure when temperature is constant.

5. State Charle’s law.

It states that if any gas is heated at constant pressure, its volume changes directly as its
absolute temperature.

6. Explain the construction and give the use of generalized compressibility chart.
The general compressibility chart is plotted with Z versus Pr for various values of Tr.
This is constructed by plotting the known data of one of mole gases and can be used for
any gas. This chart gives best results for the regions well removed from the critical state
for all gases.

7. What do you mean by reduced properties?

The ratios of pressure, temperature and specific volume of a real gas to the corresponding
critical values are called the reduced properties.

8. Explain law of corresponding states.

If any two gases have equal values of reduced pressure and reduced temperature, then
they have same values of reduced volume.

9. Explain Dalton’s law of partial pressure.

The pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the
constituents. The partial pressure of each constituent is that pressure which the gas
would expect if it occupied alone that volume occupied by the mixtures at the same
temperatures. m = mA+mB+mC+……. = mi

mi = mass of the constituent.

P=PA+PB+PC+……. = Pi, Pi – the partial pressure of a constituent.

10. State Avogardo’s Law.
The number of moles of any gas is proportional to the volume of gas at a given pressure
and temperature.

11. What is Joule-Thomson coefficient?

The temperature behaviors of a fluid during a throttling (h=constant) process is described
by the Joule-Thomson coefficient defined as  =[T/P]n

12. What is compressibility factor?

The gas equation for an ideal gas is given by (PV/RT) = 1, for real gas (PV/RT) is not
equal to 1 (PV/RT) = Z for real gas is called the compressibility factor.

13. What is partial pressure?

The partial pressure of each constituent is that pressure which the gas would exert if it
occupied alone that volume occupied by the mixtures at the same temperature.

14. Define Dalton’s law of partial pressure.

The total pressure exerted in a closed vessel containing a number of gases is equl to the
sum of the pressures of each gas and the volume of each gas equal to the volume of the
vessel.

15. How does the Vander Waal’s equation differ from the ideal gas equation of state?
The ideal gas equation pV=mRT has two important assumptions,

1. There is little or no attraction between the molecules of the gas.

2. That the volume occupied by the molecules themselves is negligibly small
compared to the volume of the gas. This equation holds good for low pressure
and high temperature ranges as the intermolecular attraction and the volume of the
molecules are not of much significance.
As the pressure increases, the inter molecular forces of attraction and repulsion increases
and the volume of the molecules are not negligible. The real gas deviate considerably
from the ideal gas equation [p+(a/V2)](V-b) = RT

16. What are the assumptions made in Vanderwaal’s equation of state?

1. There is no inter molecular forces between particles.

2. The volume of molecules is negligible in comparison with the gas.

17.Define coefficient of volume expansion.

The coefficient of volume expansion is defined as the change in volume with the change
in temperature per unit volume keeping the pressure constant. It is denoted by .

18.State Helmholtz function.

Helmholtz function is the property of a system and is given by subtracting the product of
absolute temperature (T) and entropy (S) from the internal energy (U).

Helmholtz function = U – TS
 19.What are thermodynamic properties?
Thermodynamic properties are pressure (p), temperature (T), volume (V), internal energy
(U), enthalpy(H), entropy (S), Helmholtz function () and Gibbs function (g).

20.Define throttling process.

When a fluid expands through a minute orifice or slightly opened valve, the process is
called as throttling process. During this process, pressure and velocity are reduced.

21.Define Molecular mass.

Molecular mass is defined as the ratio between total mass of the mixture to the total
number of moles available in the mixture.

22.Define isothermal compressibility.

Isothermal compressibility is defined as the change in volume with change in pressure
per unit volume keeping the temperature constant.

PART-B

1. Prove that the total pressure is a sum of partial pressures.

2. A mixture of ideal gases consists of 2.5 kg of N 2 and 4.5 kg of CO2 at a pressure of 4 bar and
a temperature of 25oC. Determine (i) Mole fraction of each consistuent, (ii) Equivalent molecular
weight of the mixture (iii) Equivalent gas constant of the mixture (iv)The partial pressure and
partial volumes (v) The volume and density of the mixture (Nov/Dec-2008)

3. A closed vessel has a capacity of 0.5m3. It contains 20% nitrogen and 20% oxygen, 60%
carbon dioxide by volume at 20oC and 1 MPa. Calculate the molecular mass, gas constant, mass
percentages and mass of mixture.(April/May-2008)

4. 0.45 kg of CO and 1kg of air is contained in a vessel of volume 0.4m 3 at 15oC. Air has 23.3%
of O2 and 76.7% of N2 by mass. Calculate the partial pressure of each consistuent and total
pressure in the vessel. Molar masses of CO, O 2 and N2 are 28,32 and 28kg/Kmol.(Nov/Dec-
2005)

5. Deduce the Maxwell relations from thermodynamic property relation.

6. Derive Vander Waals equation in terms of reduce parameters.

7. Prove that Cp of ideal gas is a function of temperature only.

8. Prove that the difference in specific heat capacities equal to Cp-Cv=R and Cp-Cv= (TVβ2/KT)

9. Write a short note on compressibility chart.

10. Derive Tds equation taking temperature, volume and temperature, pressure as independent
properties.

11. Explain and drive the Clausius Clapeyron equation.

12. Explain the flow process of a real gas through a throttle valve. Derive the expression for
Joule Thomson coefficient and deduce its value for an ideal gas.

TITLE OF THE UNIT: UNIT-V- PSYCHROMETRY

PART-A

1. Define psychrometry.
The science which deals with the study of behaviour of moist air (mixture of dry air and
water vapour) is known as psychrometry.

2. What is humidification and dehumidification?

The addition of water vapour into air is humidification and the removal of water vapour
from air is dehumidification.

3. Differentiate absolute humidity and relative humidity.

Absolute humidity is the mass of water vapour present in one kg of dry air.

Absolute humidity is expressed in terms of kg/kg of dry air.

Relative humidity is the ratio of the actual mass of water vapour present in one kg of dry
air at the given temperature to the maximum mass of water vapour it can with hold at the
same temperature.

Relative humidity is expressed in terms of percentage.

4. What is effective temperature?

The effective temperature is a measure of feeling warmth or cold to the human body in
response to the air temperature, moisture content and air motion. If the air at different
DBT and RH condition carries the same amount of heat as the heat carried by the air at
temperature T and 100% RH, then the temperature T is known as effective temperature.

5. Represent the following psychrometric process using skeleton psychrometric chart?

a) Cooling and dehumidification, b) Evaporative cooling.

4 W

DBT
 Process 1 – 2 : Cooling and dehumidification

Process 3 – 4 : Evaporative cooling.

6. Define Relative humidity.

It is defined as the ratio of partial pressure of water vapour (pw) in a mixture to the
saturation pressure (ps) of pure water at the same temperature of mixture.

7. Define specific humidity.

It is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapour (ms) in a given volume to the mass of
dry air in a given volume (ma).

8. Define degree of saturation.

It is the ratio of the actual specific humidity and the saturated specific humidity at the
same temperature of the mixture.

9. What is dew point temperature?

The temperature at which the vapour starts condensing is called dew point temperature.
It is also equal to the saturation temperature at the partial pressure of water vapour in the
mixture. The dew point temperature is an indication of specific humidity.

10. What is meant by dry bulb temperature (DBT)?

The temperature recorded by the thermometer with a dry bulb. The dry bulb
thermometer cannot affected by the moisture present in the air. It is the measure of
sensible heat of the air.

11. What is meant by wet bulb temperature (WBT)?

It is the temperature recorded by a thermometer whose bulb is covered with cotton wick
(wet) saturated with water. The wet bulb temperature may be the measure of enthalpy of
air. WBT is the lowest temperature recorded by moistened bulb.

12. Define dew point depression.

It is the difference between dry bulb temperature and dew point temperature of air vapour
mixture.

13. What is meant by adiabatic saturation temperature (or) thermodynamic wet bulb
temperature?
It is the temperature at which the outlet air can be brought into saturation state by passing
through the water in the long insulated duct (adiabatic) by the evaporation of water due to
latent heat of vapourisation.

14. What is psychrometer?

Psychrometer is an instrument which measures both dry bulb temperature and wet bulb
temperature.

15. What is psychrometric chart?

 It is the graphical plot with specific humidity and partial pressure of water vapour in y
axis and dry bulb temperature along x axis. The specific volume of mixture, wet bulb
temperature, relative humidity and enthalpy are the properties appeared in the
psychrometric chart.

16. Define sensible heat and latent heat.

Sensible heat is the heat that changes the temperature of the substance when added to it or
when abstracted from it. Latent heat is the heat that does not affect the temperature but
change of state occurred by adding the heat or by abstracting the heat.

17. What are the important psychrometric process?

1. Sensible heating and sensible cooling, 2. Cooling and dehumidification, 3. Heating
and humidification, 4. Mixing of air streams, 5. Chemical dehumidification, 6. Adiabatic
evaporative cooling.

18. What is meant by adiabatic mixing?

The process of mixing two or more stream of air without any heat transfer to the
surrounding is known as adiabatic mixing. It is happened in air conditioning system.

PART-B

1. The moist air is 45oC dry bulb temperature at 30oC wet bulb temperature Calculate

a.Vapour pressure
b. Dew point temperature
c.Specific enthalpy
d. Relative humidity
e.Degree of saturation
f. Vapour density
g. Enthalpy of mixture
(Answer: pv=0.03277 bar,ω=0.02107 kJ/kg of dry air, φ=34.2%, µ=0.3197, ρ v=0.224kg/m3,
h=373.83 kJ/kg)

2. Atmospheric air at a pressure of 1bar at 25oC has a relative humidity of 75% Find Partial
pressure of water vapour
a.Specific volume
b. Dew point temperature
c.Specific humidity
d. Degree of saturation
e.Density of mixture
f. Water vapour condensed per Kg of dry air when the mixture is cooled at constant
pressure to a temperature of 10oC
(Answer: pv=0.02374bar, va=0.87m3/kg, ω=0.0151 kJ/kg of dry air, µ=0.0.745, ρ a=1.141kg/m3,
pv=ps=0.01227bar, 7.726x10-3 kg/kg of dry air)

3. Atmospheric air with dry bulb temperature of 40 oC and wet bulb temperature of 20oC is
cooled to 15oC without changing to moisture constant Calculate
a.Original Relative humidity.
 b. Final Relative humidity.
c.Final Wet bulb temperature.
d. Heat removed,
(Answer: (a) 14%, (b) 55%, (c) 11.67oC (d) 26x103J/kg)

4. 30m3/min of moist air at 15oC DBT and 13oC WBT are mixed with 12m3/min of moist air at
25oC DBT and 18oC WBT. Determine DBT, WBT, DPT and Relative humidity of the
mixture assuming the barometric pressure is one atmosphere. (Nov/Dec 2008)

5. Describe the adiabatic cooling process and deduce the expression for its enthalpy.

6. Atmospheric air at 1.0132bar has a DBT of 32 oC and a WBT of 26oC. Compute (i) The
Partial pressure of water vapour (ii) The specific humidity (ii) The dew point temperature (iv)
The relative humidity (v) The degree of saturation (vi) The density of air in the mixture (vii)
The density of vapour in the mixture and (viii) The enthalpy of the mixture. Use
thermodynamic table only. (Nov/Dec 2008)

7. Water at 300C flows into a cooling tower at the rate of 1.15kg per kg of air. Air enters the
tower at a dbt of 200C and a relative humidity of 60% and leaves it at a dbt of 28 0C and 90%
relative humidity. Make up water is supplied at 20 0C. Determine (i) the temperature of water
leaving the tower, (ii) the fraction of water evaporated and (iii) approach and range of the
cooling water.(May/June-2010)

8. Air at 200C, 40% RH is mixed adiabatically with air at 40 0C, 40%RH in the ratio of 1kg of
the former with 2 kg of the latter (on dry basis). Find the final condition of air. (Nov/Dec
2006)

9. An air conditioning system is designed under the following conditions:

Outdoor conditions 320C DBT and 75%RH, Required indoor conditions 220C DBT and
70% RH. Amount of free air circulated 200 m3/s. Coil dew point temperature 140C. The
required condition is achieved first by cooling and dehumidification and then by heating.
Estimate (i) the capacity of the cooling coil in tones (ii) the capacity of the heating coil in kW
and (iii) the amount of water vapour removed in kg/s. (Answer: 36.72 tonne,18.9 kW,
0.03213 kg/s)

10. In an adiabatic mixing of two streams, derive the relationship among the ratio of mass of
streams, ratio of enthalpy change and ratio of specific humidity change.