Unit 1

ME 6301- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2016-2017
UNIT – I BASIC CONCEPTS AND FIRST LAW

PART – A
1. Define Thermodynamics.
Thermodynamics is an axiomatic science which deals with the relations among heat, work and properties
of system which are in equilibrium. It describes state and changes in state of physical systems
2. Describe the thermodynamic system
System : A system is a finite quantity of matter or a prescribed region of space
Boundary : The actual or hypothetical envelope enclosing the system is the boundary of the system.
Surrounding : Anything outside the system is known as the surrounding
Universe : A system and surrounding together comprise a universe
3. Classify thermodynamic systems. Give an example for each system.
Open system [e.g. a geyser], Closed system [e.g. a system of steam in a pressure cooker], and Isolated
system [e.g. a system of liquid in a thermos flask].
4. What is an open system?
A system in which, mass and energy can be transferred across the boundary.
5. What is a closed system?
A system in which there is no mass transfer but only energy transfer across the boundary.
6. What is an isolated system?
A system in which neither mass nor energy crosses the boundary of the system.
7. What is the classical / macroscopic approaches in thermodynamics? [NOV/DEC 2013]
In classical / macroscopic approach, the events occurring at molecular level are not taken into account in
arriving at the behavior of the system.
8. What is statistical / microscopic approach in thermodynamics ? [NOV/DEC 2013]
In statistical / microscopic approach, the behavior of a system is arrived at from the events at molecular
level.
9. What is meant by Continuum? Identify its importance.
In thermodynamics, material in a system is considered to be continuum that is, it is continuously
distributed throughout the system. This assumption allows us to describe a system using only a few
measurable properties, thereby making the analysis easier
10. What is meant by control volume approach?
Study of a region in space with fixed volume is known as control volume approach. It is applicable for
open systems.
11. Define thermodynamic equilibrium? [NOV/DEC 2014]
It is a state of balance; a system is said to be thermodynamic equilibrium if the conditions for thermal,
mechanical and chemical equilibrium are satisfied.
12. What is the thermodynamic properties of system.
Thermodynamic property is any characteristic of a substance which is used to identify the state of the
system and can be measured, when the system remains in an equilibrium state
13. Describe intensive and extensive properties [NOV/DEC 2013]
Intensive properties: These properties do not depend on the mass of the system. Examples: Temperature
and pressure.
Extensive properties: These properties depend on the mass of the system. Example :Volume
14. Define ‘state’
State is a condition of the system when it has definite values for all its properties
15. Define ‘Process’
When one or more properties change with time in an operation, it is said to undergo a process.
16. Distinguish between ‘flow process’ and ‘non-flow process’.
Process undergone by a closed system is a non-flow process and processes undergone by open systems
are flow process.
17. State First Law of Thermodynamics for a closed system undergoing (a) a cycle b) a process
(a)
Cycle

Q 
Cycle
W (b) Q – W = E, Note: non-flow process is a process undergone by a closed system.
18. What is a quasi static process? Give an example.

A process in which the system departs from equilibrium state only by a very small extent is quasi-
equilibrium process. Slow compression and slow expansions of a system of gases are quasi-equilibrium
processes.
19. Define the term cycle.
When a system undergoes a series of processes and returns to its initial condition, it is known as cycle.
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering / St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology 1

20. What is meant by open and closed cycle?
In a closed cycle, the same working substance will be re-circulated again and again. In a open cycle, the
same working substance will be exhausted to the surrounding after expansion.
21. What are point and path function? Give some examples. [APR/MAY 2014]
Path function: The function whose value is dependent on the path of the process. e.g. work transfer and
heat transfer
Point function: The function the change in whose value is independent on the path of the process. e.g.
pressure, temperature, etc.
22. Classify the following as point or path function: Heat, Enthalpy, Displacement work, Entropy.
Heat and Displacement work – Path functions, Enthalpy and Entropy – point functions.
23. State Zeroth law of thermodynamics. Why is it so called? [APR/MAY 2015]
If a body A is in thermal equilibrium with a body B, and also separately with a body C, then B and C are
in thermal equilibrium with each other. It is called so, as it is more basic compared to First law, which
was established prior to it.
24. What is the requirement for thermal equilibrium? Which law governs it?
If two systems which are in mechanical, chemical and phase equilibrium do not exchange heat with each
other, they will be under thermal equilibrium. Zeroth law governs thermal equilibrium.
25. Define reversible and irreversible process.
Reversible process: A reversible process is one which can be stopped at any stage and reversed so that the
system and surroundings are exactly restored to their initial states.
Irreversible process: A irreversible process is one which can be stopped at any stage and reversed so that
the system and surroundings are not restored to their initial states.
26. What do you understand by flow work? Is it different from displacement work?
Work transfer process involving open systems or control volumes where flow of mass across the
boundary occurs is known as flow work. e.g. Compression of air in an air-compressor. A work transfer in
which one or more boundaries of the system is moved is called displacement work or moving boundary
work. It is also called pdV work. e.g. compression of a gas in a piston-cylinder arrangement.
27. Define work and its Sign convention
Work is transient quantity which appears at the boundary when a system changes its state due to the
movement of a part of the boundary under the action of a force.
Sign convention :
If the work is done by the system, Work output of the system = + W
If the work is done on the system, Work input to system = – W
28. Define Heat
Heat is transient quantity which appears at the boundary when a system changes its state due to a
difference in temperature between the system and its surroundings.
Heat received by the system = + Q, Heat rejected or given up by the system = – Q.
29. Define first law of thermodynamics.
First law of thermodynamics state that when a system undergoes cyclic process, net heat transfer is equal
to work transfer.
30. What is PMM1?
An imaginary machine which supplies work continuously without any other form of energy input is
Perpetual Motion Machine of First kind (PMM1).
31. Define flow energy.
Energy required to introduce a quantity of fluid in a pipe section is flow energy. It is equal to pV.
32. What is a steady flow process?
It is a process in which, properties at any location are constant with respect to time. For a flow process to
be steady, there should be no accumulation of mass or energy.
33. Define enthalpy of a system.
It is the sum of internal energy and flow energy. i.e. H = U+ pV
34. Define specific heat.
Amount of heat required to raise a unit mass of a substance through unit rise in temperature.
35. Define specific heat at constant volume.
Amount of heat required to raise a unit mass of a substance through unit rise in temperature when the
volume remains constant.
36. Define specific heat at constant pressure.
Amount of heat required to raise a unit mass of a substance through unit rise in temperature when
the pressure remains constant.

37. Define Internal Energy.
Internal energy of a gas is the energy stored in a gas due to its molecular interactions.
38. Define Latent heat.
Amount of heat required to cause a phase change in unit mass of a substance at constant pressure and
temperature.
39. Isentropic process need not be necessarily an adiabatic process – justify
Entropy increases due to irreversibility and decreases due to heat loss. If these two changes are equal in
magnitude, the process would be isentropic without being adiabatic.
40. Define an isentropic process.
Isentropic process is also called as reversible adiabatic process. It is a process which follows the law
of pV γ= C is known as isentropic process. During this process entropy remains constant and no heat
enters or leaves the gas.
41. Isentropic process need not be necessarily an adiabatic process – justify
Entropy increases due to irreversibility and decreases due to heat loss. If these two changes are equal in
magnitude, the process would be isentropic without being adiabatic.
42. A closed system undergoes a cycle consisting of three heat transfers and two work transfers. The
heat transfers are: 20 kJ supplied to the system, 40 kJ rejected by the system and 30 kJ supplied
tothe system and during one of the work transfers, 30 kJ is obtained from the system. What is the
magnitude and direction of the other work transfer?
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = W1 + W2 ; W2 = 20-40+30-30 =-20 kJ
20kJ of work is supplied to the system.
43. A domestic refrigerator is loaded with food and the door is closed. During certain period the
machine consumes 1 kW hr of energy and the internal energy of the system drops by 5000 kJ. Find
the net heat transfer for the system.
Q = W + E ; here, W = -1 kW hr = -3600 kJ and E = -5000 kJ Q = -8600 Kj
44. State the thermodynamic definition of work. [NOV/DEC 2015]
In thermodynamics work done by a system on its surroundings is defined as that interaction whose sole
effect, external to the system,is equivalent to raising of a mass through a certain distance.
45. Classify the following properties as intensive or extensive or neither. (a) Pressure (b)
Temperature (c) Volume (d) internal energy (e) volume per mole (f) Mass (g) Enthalpy per unit
mass. [NOV/DEC 2015]
Extensive property : (c), (d), (f) ; Intensive property:(a), (b) ; Specific property: (g); Molar property: (e)
46. A closed insulated vessel contains 200 kg of water. A paddle wheel immersed in the water is driven
at 400 rev/min with an average torque of 500 Nm. If the test run is made for 30 minutes, determine
rise in the temperature of water. Take specific heat of water as 4.186 kJ/kg/K. [NOV/DEC 2015]
Given: m = 200 kg, cp = 4.186 kJ/kg K, N = 400 rpm, t = 30 minutes, T = 500 Nm
Applicable concept: paddle wheel work is dissipated as heat into water, raising its temperature.
Paddle wheel work, W = (2 N t) T = 2 × 400 × 30 × 500 / 1000 = 37699 kJ
W = Q = m cpT, therefore T = 37699 / (200×4.186) = 45.03 K
47. List any five physical properties of matter which can be used for measurement of temperature.
[NOV/DEC 2015]
Pressure (in constant volume gas thermometer) , Volume (in constant pressure gas thermometer), Length
(in mercury-in-glass thermometer), Emf (in thermocouple) and resistance (in electric resistance
thermometer).
48. Enlist the similarities between work and heat. [NOV/DEC 2014]
WORK HEAT
Work is ‘something’ which appears at the Heat is ‘something’ which appears at the boundary
boundary when a system changes its when a system changes its state due to a
state due to the movement of a part of difference in temperature between the system
the boundary under the action of a and its surroundings
force
Work output of the system = + W Heat received by the system = + Q,
Work input to system = – W Heat rejected or given up by the system = – Q
49. What are the conditions for steady flow process? [APR/MAY 2013]
There should not be any accumulation of mass or energy in the system.
50. Define flow energy. [APR/MAY 2013]
Energy required to introduce a quantity of fluid in a pipe section is flow energy. It is equal to pV.

51. What is the difference between adiabatic and isentropic processes? [APR/MAY 2013]
Adiabatic process is a process without heat transfer. Isentropic process is a process with no change in
entropy. A reversible adiabatic process is isentropic.
52. Distinguish between stored energies and interaction energies.
Distinguish between ‘Macroscopic Energy’ and ‘Microscopic Energy’. [NOV/DEC 2012]
Stored energies / Microscopic energies are energy stored in the system such as Kinetic Energy, Potential
Energy and internal energy(U).
Interaction energies / Macroscopic are energy in transit such as heat and work.
53. Distinguish between the terms ‘state’ and ‘process’ of thermodynamics. [APR/MAY 2012]
54. Show that energy of an isolated system is always constant. [NOV/DEC 2011]
For an isolated system, Q =0 and W = 0, Therefore according to first law, E = 0 and hence energy is
constant.
55. What is meant by ‘Hyperbolic’ process? [APR/MAY 2011]
A process in which pV = constant is known as hyperbolic process.
56. Which property of a system increases when heat is transferred: [a] At constant volume
[b] At constant pressure [APR/MAY 2010]
[a] Pressure increases at constant volume [b] Volume increases at constant pressure
PART – B
1. (i) A mass of 1.5 kg of air is compressed in a quasi-static process from 0.1 MPa to 0.7 MPa for
which pV = C. The initial density of air is 1.16 kg/m3. Find the work done by the piston to
compress the air.
Given: m=1.5 kg, P1=0.1MPa, P2=0.7MPa, ρ=1.16kg/m3

Find: The work done by the piston (W)
Solution:
m m 1.5
ρ= V1 = = 𝐕𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝟑 𝐦𝟑
V ρ 1.16
For quasi-static process

V dV V
W = ∫ pdV W = p1 V1 ∫V 2 W = p1 V1 ln (V2 )
1 V 1
V2 p1
At pV = C p1 V1 = p2 V2 = C V1
= p2
V p 0.1
W = p1 V1 ln (V2 ) W = p1 V1 ln (p1 ) W = 0.1 × 1.293 ln (0.7) 𝐖 = 𝟐𝟓𝟏. 𝟔𝟑 𝐤𝐉
1 2
(ii)A mass of gas is compressed in a quasi-static process from 80 kPa, 0.1 m3 to 0.4 MPa, 0.03 m3.
Assuming that the pressure and volume are related by pVn = constant, find the work done by
the gas system.
Given: P1=80 kPa, P2=0.4MPa, V1=0.1 m3, V2=0.03 m3

Find: (i) n, (ii) The work done (W)
Solution:
At pV n = C p1 V1n = p2 V2n
Taking Log on
V p
ln p1 + n ln V1 = ln p2 + n ln V2 n(ln V1 − ln V2 ) = ln p2 − ln p1 n (ln V1 ) = ln (p2 )
2 1
p
ln( 2 ) 400
ln( )
p1 80
n= V1 n= 0.1 𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟔𝟕 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟑𝟒
(ln ) (ln )
V2 0.03
p1 V1 −p2 V2 80×0.1−400×0.03
W = ∫ pdV W= W= 𝐖 = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝟒𝐤𝐉
n−1 1.34−1

2. At the beginning of the compression stroke of a two-cylinder internal combustion engine the air is
at a pressure of 101.325 kPa. Compression reduces the volume to 1/5 of its original volume, and the
law of compression is given by pV1.2 = constant. If the bore and stroke of each cylinder is 0.15 m and
0.25 m, respectively, determine the power absorbed in kW by compression strokes when the engine
speed is such that each cylinder undergoes 500 compression strokes per minute
Given: P1=101.325 kPa, V2=1/5 V1 , D=0.15 m, L=0.25m and N=500rpm

Find: The power absorbed in kW (P)
Solution:
V 1.2
At pV1.2 = C p1 V11.2 = p2 V21.2 p2 = (V1 ) × p1 = (5)1.2 × 101.325 𝐩𝟐 = 𝟔𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟏𝐤𝐏𝐚
2
πd2 π×0.152
Initial Volume (𝐕𝟏 ) = 4
×L V1 = 4
× 0.25 𝐕𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟐 𝐦𝟑
V1 0.00442
Final Volume (𝐕𝟐 ) = 5
V2 = 5
𝐕𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟖𝟒 𝐦𝟑
n 1.2
Work done 𝐖 = n−1 [p2 V2 − p1 V1 ] W = 1.2−1 [(699.41 × 0.000884) − (101.325 × 0.00442)]
3. Determine the total work done by a gas system following an expansion process as shown in Figure.
Given: Pa= Pb=50bar ,

Va=0.1 m3,Vb=0.4 m3, Vc=0.8 m3
Find: The work done (W)
Solution:
V 1.3 0.4 1.3
At pV1.2 = C pb Vb1.3 = pc Vc1.3 pc = ( b ) × pb = ( ) × 50 𝐩𝐜 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟏 𝐛𝐚𝐫
Vc 0.8
Work done under Area AB at constant pressure

Wab = pa (Vb − Va ) Wab = 50 × 105 (0.4 − 0.2) 𝐖𝐚𝐛 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐖
Work done under area BC
pb Vb −pc Vc (50×105 ×0.4)−(20.31×105 ×0.8)
Wbc = ∫ pdV Wbc = Wbc = 𝐖𝐛𝐜 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐖
n−1 1.3−1
The total work done:

W = Wab + Wbc W = (1 × 106 ) + (1.251 × 106 ) 𝐖 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐖
4. A system of volume V contains a mass m of gas at pressure p and temperature T. The macroscopic
properties of the system obey the following relationship:
𝐚
[𝐏 + 𝟐 ] (𝐕 − 𝐛) = 𝐦𝐑𝐓
𝐕
Where a, b, and R are constants. Obtain an expression for the displacement work done by the
system during a constant-temperature expansion from volume V1 to volume V2.Calculate the work
done by a system which contains 10 kg of this gas expanding from 1 m3 to 10 m3 at a temperature of
293 K. Use the values a = 15.7 ×10 Nm4 , b = 1.07 ×10−2m3 , and R = 0.278 kJ/kg-K.
Given: m=10kg, V1=1 m3,V2=10 m3, a = 15.7 ×10 Nm4, b = 1.07 ×10−2m3, R = 0.278 kJ/kg-K
Find : The work done (W)

Solution:
Displacement work done by the system during a constant-temperature expansion.
a a
[P1 + ] (V1 − b) = [P2 + ] (V2 − b) = mRT = K
V12 V22
From the equation

a K a
[P + V2 ] (V − b) = K P = (V−b) − V2
Work done
2 K a 2 1 1 1 2
W = ∫ pdV W = ∫1 [(V−b) − V2 ] dV W = ∫1 [K ((V−b)) − a (V2 )] dV W = [K ln(V − b) + a (V)]
1
(V −b) 1 1 (10−1.07 ×10−2) 1 1
W= K ln (V2 + a( − ) = 10 × 0.278 × 293 ln (1−1.07 + 15.7 × 10 ( − )
1 −b) V2 V1 ×10−2) 10 1
𝐖 = 𝟏𝟕𝟒𝟐. 𝟏𝟒𝐤𝐉
5. 680kg of fish at 5°C are to be frozen and stored at – 12°C. The specific heat of fish above freezing
point is 3.182, and below freezing point is 1.717 kJ/kg K. The freezing point is – 2°C, and the latent
heat of fusion is 234.5 kJ/kg. How much heat must be removed to cool the fish, and what per cent of
this is latent heat?
kJ kJ
Given: m=680 kg, T1=5°C, T2= – 2°C, T3= – 12°C, Cafp=3.182kg K, Cbfp=1.717 kg K, hfg=234.5 kJ/kg
Find : (i) Heat removed to cool the fish, (ii) percentage of this is latent heat.
Solution:
Heat to be removed above freezing point:
Q af = mCafp (T1 − T2 ) Q af = 680 × 3.182 × (5 − (−2)) 𝐐𝐚𝐟 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝐌𝐉
Latent heat to be removed:
QLH = m × hfg QLH = 680 × 234.5 𝐐𝐋𝐇 = 𝟏𝟓𝟗. 𝟒𝟔𝐌𝐉
Heat to be removed below freezing point:
Q af = mCbfp (T2 − T3 ) Q af = 680 × 1.717 × (−1 − (−12)) 𝐐𝐚𝐟 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟔𝐌𝐉
Total Heat:
Q = Qaf + QLH + Qaf Q = 15.146 + 159.46 + 11.676 𝐐 = 𝟏𝟖𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟔𝐌𝐉
6. Air at 1.02 bar, 22°C, initially occupying a cylinder volume of 0.015 m3, is compressed reversibly
and adiabatically by a piston to a pressure of 6.8 bar. Calculate :(i) The final temperature ;(ii) The
final volume ;(iii) The work done.
Given: P1=1.02 bar, T1=22°C+273= 295K, V1= 0.015 m3, P2= 6.8 bar, pV n = C
Find : (i) T2 , (ii) V2, (iii) W
Solution:
(i) Final temperature
γ−1 γ−1 1.4−1
T2 P γ P γ 6.8 1.4
From the relation, T1
= (P2 ) T2 = (P2 ) × T1 T2 = (1.02) × 295 𝐓𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎𝟕. 𝟐𝟒𝐊
1 1
(ii) Final Volume
I I
γ γ p1 V γ P γ 1.02 1.4
p1 V1 = p2 V2 p2
= (V2 ) V2 = (P1 ) × V1 = ( 6.8 ) × 0.015 𝐕𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟕 𝐦𝟑
1 2
(iii) Work
p1 V1 −p2 V2 102×0.015−680×0.00387
W = ∫ pdV W= W= 𝐖 = −𝟐. 𝟕𝟓𝟒𝐤𝐉
γ−1 1.4−1
3
7. 0.1m of an ideal gas at 300 K and 1 bar is compressed adiabatically to 8 bar. It is then cooled at
constant volume and further expanded isothermally so as to reach the condition from where it
started. Calculate : (i) Pressure at the end of constant volume cooling. (ii) Change in internal energy
during constant volume process.(iii) Net work done and heat transferred during the cycle. Assume
Cp = 14.3 kJ/kg K & Cv = 10.2 kJ/kgK.
Given: V1= 0.1 m3 , T1=300K, P1=1 bar, P2=8 bar

Cp = 14.3 kJ/kg K, Cv = 10.2 kJ/kgK.
Find : (i) P3 , (ii) ΔU, (iii) W
Solution:
From the characteristic gas equation:
𝐤𝐉
R = CP − CV R = 14.3 − 10.2 𝐑 = 𝟒. 𝟏 𝐤𝐠 . 𝐊
C 14.3
γ = CP γ = 10.2 𝛄 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟎𝟐
V
(i) Pressure at the end of constant volume cooling, (P3)
Final Volume
I I
γ γ P 1.402 1 1.402
p1 V1 = p2 V2 V2 = (P1 ) × V1 = (8) × 0.1 𝐕𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟕 𝐦𝟑 = 𝐕𝟑
2
From process 3-1 at pV=C
p1 V1 1×0.1
At pV = C p3 V3 = p1 V1 p3 = V3
p3 = 0.0227 𝐩𝟑 = 𝟒. 𝟒 𝐛𝐚𝐫
(ii) Change in internal energy during constant volume process
∆U = mCv (T3 − T2 ) ∆U = 0.00813 × 10.2(300 − 544.5) P1 V1 (1 × 105 ) × 0.1

m= =
RT1 (4.1 × 1000) × 300
∆𝐔 = −𝟐𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝐤𝐉 𝐦 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟑𝐤𝐠
8. 0.15 m3 of an ideal gas at a pressure of 15 bar and 550 K is expanded isothermally to 4 times the
initial volume. It is then cooled to 290 K at constant volume and then compressed back
polytropically to its initial state. Calculate the net work done and heat transferred during the cycle.
V2
Given: V1= 0.15 m3 , P1=15 bar, T1= T2 =550K, V1
=4
3
T3=290K, V2 = 4 × V1 = 0.6 m
Find : (i) W , (ii) Q
Solution:
Process 1-2: Isothermal Process

V1 0.15
At pV = C p1 V1 = p2 V2 p2 = × p1 = × 15 𝐩𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓𝐛𝐚𝐫
V2 4×0.15
V
Work done 𝐖𝟏𝟐 = p1 V1 ln V2 = (15 × 105 ) × 0.15 ln(4) 𝐖𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝐤𝐉
1
Process 2-3: Constant Volume Process

p T3 290
At =C p2 T3 = p3 T2 p3 = × p2 = × 3.75 𝐩𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟖 𝐛𝐚𝐫
T T2 550
Work done 𝐖𝟐𝟑 = 0
Process 3-1: Polytropic Process

Taking Log on
V3 p
ln p3 + n ln V3 = ln p1 + n ln V1 n(ln V3 − ln V1 ) = ln p3 − ln p1 n (ln 1
) = ln (p1 )
3
p
ln( 1 ) ln(
15
)
p3 1.98
n= V3 n= (ln(4))
𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟔
(ln )
V1
Work done:
p V −p V 1.98×105 ×0.6−680×105 ×0.15
𝐖𝟑𝟏 = 3 n−1
3 1 1
𝐖𝟑𝟏 = 𝐖𝟑𝟏 = −𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝐤𝐉
1.46−1
Total Work done
𝐖 = 𝐖𝟏𝟐 + 𝐖𝟐𝟑 + 𝐖𝟑𝟏 𝐖 = 𝟑𝟏𝟏. 𝟗 + 𝟎 + (−𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟕) 𝐖 = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝐤𝐉
9. 0.2 m3 of air at 4 bar and 130°C is contained in a system. A reversible adiabatic expansion takes
place till the pressure falls to 1.02 bar. The gas is then heated at constant pressure till enthalpy
increases by 72.5 kJ. Calculate (i) The work done (ii) The index of expansion, if the above processes
are replaced by a single reversible polytropic. Process giving the same work between the same
initial and final states. Take Cp = 1 kJ/kg K, Cv = 0.714 kJ/kg K.
Given: V1= 0.2 m3 , P1=4 bar, T1= 130°C, P2= 1.02 bar
∆h = 72.5kJ, Cp = 1 kJ/kgK, Cv = 0.714 kJ/kgK.
Find : (i) W , (ii) n, (iii)
Solution:
From the characteristic gas equation:

𝐤𝐉
R = CP − CV R = 1 − 0.714 𝐑 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟔 .𝐊
𝐤𝐠
C 1
γ = CP γ = 0.714 𝛄 = 𝟏. 𝟒
V
Process 1-2: Reversible adiabatic process:
I I
γ γ P 1.4 4 1.402
p1 V1 = p2 V2 V2 = (P1 ) × V1 = (1.02) × 0.2 𝐕𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 𝐦𝟑
2
γ−1 γ−1 1.4−1
T2 P γ P γ 1.02 1.4
From the relation, = ( 2) T2 = ( 2) × T1 T2 = ( ) × 403 𝐓𝟐 = 𝟐𝟕𝟐. 𝟕𝐊
T1 P1 P1 4
Work
p1 V1 −p2 V2 (4×105 ×0.2)−(1.02××105 ×0.53)
W12 = W12 = 𝐖𝟏𝟐 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟖𝟓𝟎𝐤𝐉
γ−1 1.4−1
Process 2-3: Constant pressure process
Q23 = mCp (T3 − T2 ) 72.5 = 0.694 × 1 × (T3 − 272.7) P1 V1 (4 × 105 ) × 0.2
m= =
RT1 286 × 403
T3 = 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝐊
𝐦 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟒𝐤𝐠
V T 377
At =C V2 T3 = V3 T2 V3 = T3 × V2 = 272.7 × 0.53 𝐕𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝟐𝐦𝟐
T 2
W23 = p2 (V3 − V2 ) W23 = 1.02 × 105 (0.732 − 0.53) 𝐖𝟐𝟑 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟒𝐤𝐉
Total Work done:
𝐖 = 𝐖𝟏𝟐 + 𝐖𝟐𝟑 𝐖 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟖𝟓 + 𝟐𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟒 𝐖 = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝟓𝟒𝐤𝐉
Index of expansion, n: (If the work by the polytropic process is the same)
p1 V1 −p3 V3 (4×102 ×0.2)−(1.02××102 ×0.53)
W13 = 85.454 = 𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟐
n−1 n−1

3 5 2
10. A cylinder contains 0.45 m of a gas at 1 × 10 N/m and 80°C. The gas is compressed to a volume of
0.13 m3, the final pressure being 5 × 105 N/m2. Determine :(i) The mass of gas (ii) The value of
index ‘n’ for compression (iii) The increase in internal energy of the gas (iv) The heat received or
rejected by the gas during compression.. Take  = 1.4, R = 294.2 J/kg°C.
Given: V1= 0.45 m3 , P1=1x 105 N/m2 , T1= T2 =80°C, V2= 0.13 m3 , P2=5x 105 N/m2
Find : (i) m , (ii) n , (iii) ΔU , (iv) Q
Solution:
(i) The mass of gas :
P1 V1 (1 × 105 ) × 0.45
m= m= 𝐦 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑𝐤𝐠
RT1 294.2 × 353
(ii) The value of index ‘n’ for compression

Taking Log on
V p
ln p1 + n ln V1 = ln p2 + n ln V2 n(ln V1 − ln V2 ) = ln p2 − ln p1 n (ln V1 ) = ln (p2 )
2 1
p
ln( 2 ) 5
ln( )
p1 1
n= V1 n= 0.45 𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝟔 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟑
(ln ) (ln )
V2 0.13
(iii) The increase in internal energy of the gas

T V n−1 V n−1 0.45 1.3−1
polytropic process ,T2 = (V1) T2 = ( 1 )
V2
× T1 T2 = (
0.13
) × 353 𝐓𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎𝟗. 𝟕𝐊
1 2
0.2942
∆U = mCv (T2 − T1 ) ∆U = 0.433 × 1.4−1 (509.7 − 353) ∆𝐔 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟗𝐤𝐉
(iv) The heat received or rejected by the gas during compression
Q = ∆U + W
p1 V1 −p2 V2 1×105 ×0.45−5×105 ×0.13
W = ∫ pdV W= W= 𝐖 = −𝟔𝟕. 𝟒𝟒𝐤𝐉
γ−1 1.3−1
Q = ∆U + W Q = 49.9 − 67.44 𝐐 = −𝟏𝟕. 𝟒𝟒𝐤𝐉
11. A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of three processes beginning at an initial state
where p1 = 1 bar, V1 = 1.5 m3 and U1 = 512 kJ. The processes are as follows:
(i) Process 1–2: Compression with pV = constant to p2 = 2bar, U2 = 690 kJ,
(ii) Process 2–3: W23 = 0, Q23 = –150 kJ, and
(iii) Process 3–1: W31 = +50 kJ. Neglecting KE and PE changes,
determine the heat interactions Q12 and Q31.
Given: P1=1 bar , V1= 1.5 m3 , U1= 512kJ, P2=2 bar , U2= 690kJ , W23 = 0,
Q23 = –150 kJ, W31 = +50 kJ
Find : (i) Q12 , (ii) Q31
Solution:
Process 1–2: Isothermal Process

V 1
𝑄12 = ∆𝐸 + ∫ pdV 𝑄12 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 + p1 V1 ln (V2 ) 𝑄12 = (690 − 512) + 100 × 1.5 ln (2)
1
𝑄12 = 178 − 103.972 𝐐𝟏𝟐 = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟎𝟑𝐤𝐉

Process 2–3: Constant Volume Process
W23 = 0, Q23 = –150 kJ
Process 3–1: Adiabatic Expansion Process
Q23 = (U2 − U3 ) + W −150 = (690 − U3 ) + 0 𝐔𝟑 = 𝟓𝟒𝟎𝐤𝐉
𝑄31 = (U3 − U1 ) + W 𝑄31 = (540 − 512) + 50 𝐐𝟑𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐𝐤𝐉
12. A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the following processes:
i. Process 1–2: Constant pressure p = 1.4 bar, V1 = 0.028 m3, W12 = 10.5 kJ
ii. Process 2–3: Compression with pV = constant, U3 = U2
iii. Process 3–1: Constant volume, U1 – U3 = – 26.4 kJ.
There are no significant changes in KE and PE. (a) Sketch the cycle on a p–V diagram, (b)
Calculate the net work for the cycle in kJ (c) Calculate the heat transfer for process 1–2, (d) Show
that cycle ΣQ = ΣW.
Given: P1=1.4 bar , V1= 0.028 m3 , W12= 10.5kJ, U3= U2

U1 – U3 = – 26.4 kJ,
Find : (i) Sketch the cycle, (ii) The net work for the
cycle (iii) 𝑄12 (iv) Show that cycle ΣQ = ΣW
Solution:
Process 1–2: Constant Pressure Process
𝑊12 = 𝑃(V2 − V1 ) 10.5 = 1.4 × 100(V2 − 0.028) 𝐕𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝐦𝟑
U1 − U3 = −26.4 U1 − U2 = −26.4 𝐔𝟐 = 𝐔𝟏 + 𝟐𝟔. 𝟒
𝑄12 = ∆𝐸 + ∫ pdV 𝑄12 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 + 𝑊12 𝑄12 = (26.4) + 10.5 𝐐𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟗𝐤𝐉
W12 = 10.5kJ
Process 2–3: Isothermal compression Process
V 0.028
W23 = p2 V2 ln (V3 ) W23 = 1.4 × 100 × 0.103 ln (0.103) 𝐖𝟐𝟑 = −𝟏𝟖. 𝟕𝟖𝟑 𝐤𝐉
2
Q23 = (U2 − U3 ) + W23 Q23 = (0) + (−18.783) 𝐐𝟐𝟑 = −𝟏𝟖. 𝟕𝟖𝟑𝐤𝐉
W31 = 0
Q31 = (U3 − U1 ) + W Q31 = (−26.4) + 50 𝐐𝟑𝟏 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝐤𝐉
(b) The net work for the cycle
W = W12 + W23 + W31 W = 10.5 − 18.783 + 0 𝐖 = −𝟖. 𝟐𝟖𝟑𝐤𝐉
(d) Show that cycle ΣQ = ΣW
W12 + W23 + W31 = 𝑄12 + 𝑄23 + 𝑄31 −8.283 = 36.9 − 18.783 − 26.4
ΣQ = ΣW is proved
13. A system composed of 2 kg of the above fluid expands in a frictionless piston and cylinder machine
from an initial state of 1 MPa, 100°C to a final temperature of 30°C. If there is no heat transfer,
find the net work for the process. Also show that the equation representing the path of the
expansion in the pV-plane is given by pvl.4 = constant.
Given: m=2kg, P1=1MPa , T1=100°C, T2= 30°C,
Find : (i) The net work for the process, (ii) The equation representing the path of the expansion
Solution:
(i) The net work for the process
Heat transfer is not there,
Q = ∆U + W W = −∆U
W = −mCv (T2 − T1 ) ∆U = 2 × 0.718(100 − 30) 𝐖 = −𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝐤𝐉
(ii) The equation representing the path of the expansion
p1 V1 −p2 V2 mR(T2 −T1 ) 2×0.287(100−30)
W= W= 100.52 = 𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟗𝟗
n−1 n−1 n−1
14. A stationary system consisting of 2 kg of the fluid of expands in an adiabatic process according to
pvl.2 = constant. The initial conditions are 1 MPa and 200°C, and the final pressure is 0.1 MPa. Find
W and Δ E for the process. Why is the work transfer not equal to ∫ pdV ?
Given: m=2kg, P1=1MPa , T1=200°C, P2=0.1MPa
Find : (i) The net work for the process,
Solution:
n−1 n−1 1.4−1
T2 P n P n 0.1 1.4
From the relation, T1
= (P 2 ) T2 = (P2 ) × T1 T2 = (1) × 200 𝐓𝟐 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟐𝟓℃
1 1
Work done: (pdV)

p1 V1 −p2 V2 mR(T2 −T1 ) 2×0.287(200−49.25)
W= W= W= 𝐖 = 𝟒𝟑𝟐. 𝟔𝟓𝐤𝐉
n−1 n−1 1.2−1
From first law of thermodynamics

Heat transfer is not there,
Q = ∆U + W W = −∆U
W = −mCv (T2 − T1 ) W = 2 × 0.718(200 − 49.25) 𝐖 = −𝟐𝟏𝟔. 𝟓𝐤𝐉
As this is not quasi static process so work is not ∫ 𝒑𝒅𝑽
15. A mass of 8 kg gas expands within a flexible container so that the p–v relationship is of the from
pVl.2 = constant. The initial pressure is 1000 kPa and the initial volume is 1 m3. The final pressure is
5 kPa. If specific internal energy of the gas decreases by 40 kJ/kg, find the heat transfer in
magnitude and direction.
Given: m=8kg, P1=1000kPa , V1=1 m3, P2=5kPa, Δu= - 40 kJ/kg

Find : The heat transfer in magnitude and direction
Solution:
Final Volume
I I
p1 V n P 1000 1.2
n
p1 V1n = p2 V2n p2
= (V2 ) V2 = (P1 ) × V1 = ( 5
) ×1 𝐕𝟐 = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟕 𝐦𝟑
1 2
Work
p1 V1 −p2 V2 1000×1−5×82.7
W = ∫ pdV W= W= 𝐖 = 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟐. 𝟓𝐤𝐉
γ−1 1.2−1
The internal energy

∆U = m × ∆u ∆U = 8 × (−40) ∆𝐔 = −𝟑𝟐𝟎𝐤𝐉
The heat transfer in magnitude and direction
Q = ∆U + W Q = −320 + 2932.5 𝐐 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝐤𝐉
16. A gas of mass 1.5 kg undergoes a quasi-static expansion which follows a relationship p = a + bV,
where a and b are constants. The initial and final pressures are 1000 kPa and 200 kPa respectively
and the corresponding volumes are 0.20 m3 and 1.20 m3. The specific internal energy of the gas is
given by the relation, u = l.5 pv – 85 kJ/kg, Where p is the kPa and v is in m3/kg. Calculate the net
heat transfer and the maximum internal energy of the gas attained during expansion.
Given: m=1.5 kg, P1=1000kPa , P2=200kPa , V1=0.2 m3, V2=1.2 m3,
Find : (i) The net heat transfer, (ii) The maximum internal energy
Solution:
p = a + bV, Where a and b are constants
Substitute P1 V1 and P2, V2, in the above quation to find the a and b are constants
1000 = a + 0.2b 1
200 = a + 1.2b 2
b = - 800
Substitute value b in the first equation
1000 = a + 0.2b 1000 = a + (0.2x(-800)) a=1160
The equation becomes
p = 1160 - 800V
Work done:
V V
W = ∫ pdV W = ∫V 2 [1160 − 800V] 𝑑𝑉 W = [1160V − 400V 2 ]V21
1
𝑊 = [1160(V2 − V1 ) − 400[𝑉22 − 𝑉12 ]]
𝑊 = [1160(1.2 − 0.2) − 400[1.22 − 0. 22 ]]
𝐖 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐉
Change in internal energy:
0.2
u1 = 1.5p1 v1 − 85 u1 = 1.5 × 1000 × 1.5 − 85 𝐮𝟏 = 𝟐𝟏𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
1.2
u2 = 1.5p2 v2 − 85 u2 = 1.5 × 200 × 1.5 − 85 𝐮𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
∆U = m(u1 − u2 ) ∆U = 1.5(215 − 155) ∆𝐔 = 𝟔𝟎𝐤𝐉

(i) The net heat transfer
Q = ∆U + W Q = 60 + 600 𝐐 = 𝟔𝟔𝟎𝐤𝐉
(ii) The maximum internal energy
u = 1.5pv − 85 u = 1.5(1160 − 800v)v − 85 u = 1.5(1160v − 800v 2 ) − 85
∂u ∂u 1160
= 1.5(1160v − 1600v) − 85, For maximum u, ∂v = 0, v = 1600 = 0.725
∂v
umax = 1.5(1160 × 0.725 − 800 × 0.7252 ) − 85 𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟑𝟑𝟓. 𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

Umax = m × umax Umax = 1.5 × 335.5 𝐔𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟓𝟎𝟑. 𝟐𝟓𝐤𝐉
17. The properties of a certain fluid are related as follows:

u = 196 + 0.718t,
pv = 0.287 (t + 273)
Where u is the specific internal energy (kJ/kg), t is in °C, p is pressure (kN/m 2), and v is specific
volume (m3/kg). For this fluid, find Cv and Cp.
Solution:
Specific Heat at Constant Pressure:
∂h ∂(u+pv) ∂(196+0.718t+0.287(t+273)
CP = (∂T) CP = ( ) CP = ( ) T=t+273, ∂T = ∂t
P ∂T P ∂T P
0.718 ∂t+0.287 ∂t
CP = ( ) 𝐂𝐏 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠. 𝐊
∂T P
Specific Heat at Constant Volume:

∂u ∂(196+0.718t
Cv = (∂T) Cv = ( ) 𝐂𝐯 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟖 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠. 𝐊
P ∂T P
18. In a gas turbine unit, the gases flow through the turbine is 15 kg/s and the power developed by the
turbine is 12000 kW. The enthalpies of gases at the inlet and outlet are 1260 kJ/kg and 400 kJ/kg
respectively, and the velocity of gases at the inlet and outlet are 50 m/s and 110 m/s respectively.
Calculate :
(i) The rate at which heat is rejected to the turbine, and (ii) The area of the inlet pipe given that the
specific volume of the gases at the inlet is 0.45 m3/kg.
Given: m=15kg/s, W=12000kW,

h1=1260kJ/kg, h2=400 kJ/kg,
C1=50 m/s, C2= 110 m/s
v=0.45 m3/kg
Find : (i) Q (ii) AREA
Solution:
From steady flow energy Equation:
𝑪𝟐𝟏 𝑪𝟐𝟐
+ 𝒈𝒛𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝑸 = + 𝒈𝒛𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝑾
𝟐 𝟐
Where,
ℎ1 = 𝑢1 + 𝑝1 𝑣1 and ℎ2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑝2 𝑣2 , 𝑧1 = 𝑧2

C21 C22 502 1102 12000
+ h1 + Q = + h2 + W + 1260 + Q = + 400 + 𝑸 = −𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
2 2 2000 2000 15
𝑸 = 𝒎 × −𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 𝑸 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝒈/𝒔 × 𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 𝑸 = 𝟖𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝑾

Inlet Area
From continutity equation
𝐴𝐶 𝐴×50
𝑚̇ = 15 = 𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝒎𝟐
𝑣 0.45
19. In an air compressor air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor. It enters
the compressor at 6 m/s with a pressure of 1 bar and a specific volume of 0.85 m 3/kg and leaves at 5
m/s with a pressure of 7 bar and a specific volume of 0.16 m3/kg. The internal energy of the air
leaving is 90 kJ/kg greater than that of the air entering. Cooling water in a jacket surrounding the
cylinder absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 60 kJ/s. Calculate : (i) The power required to drive
the compressor (ii) The inlet and output pipe cross-sectional areas.
Given: m=0.5 kg/s, W=12000kW,
C1=6 m/s, C2= 5 m/s
P1=1 bar, v1=0.85 m3/kg
3
P2=7 bar, v2=0.16 m /kg
Δu= - 90 kJ/kg, Q= - 60 kJ/s
Find : (i) W (ii) A1 and A2
Solution:
𝑪𝟐𝟏 𝑪𝟐𝟐
+ 𝒈𝒛𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝑸 = + 𝒈𝒛𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝑾
𝟐 𝟐
Where, z1 = z2
C12 − C22 Q
W= + (u1 − u2 ) + (p1 v1 − p2 v2 ) +
2000 m
62 − 52 (1 × 105 × 0.85) − (7 × 105 × 0.16) −60
W= + (−90) + +( )
2000 1000 0.5
𝐖 = −𝟐𝟑𝟕 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
Therefore,
W = m × 237 kJ/kg W = 0.5 kg/s × 237 kJ/kg 𝑾 = 𝟏𝟏𝟖. 𝟓 𝒌𝑾
Inlet Area and Exit Area
A1 C1 A1 ×6
ṁ = 0.5 = 𝐀 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖𝐦𝟐
v1 0.85
A2 C2 A1 ×5
ṁ = 0.5 = 𝐀 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔 𝐦𝟐
v2 0.16
20. 12 kg of air per minute is delivered by a centrifugal air compressor. The inlet and outlet conditions
of air are C1 = 12 m/s, p1 = 1 bar, v1 = 0.5 m3/kg and C2 = 90 m/s,p2 = 8 bar, v2 = 0.14 m3/kg. The
increase in enthalpy of air passing through the compressor is150 kJ/kg and heat loss to the
surroundings is 700 kJ/min. Find : (i) Motor power required to drive the compressor ; (ii) Ratio of
inlet to outlet pipe diameter. Assume that inlet and discharge lines are at the same level.

C1= 12 m/s, C2= 90 m/s
P1=1 bar, v1=0.5 m3/kg
P2= 8 bar, v2=0.14 m3/kg
Δh= 150 kJ/kg, Q= - 11.67 kJ/s
𝑑
Find : (i) W, (ii) 𝑑1
2
Solution:
(i) Motor power required to drive the compressor
𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟐
𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟏 + 𝒈𝒛𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 ) + 𝑸 = 𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟐 + 𝒈𝒛𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐 ) + 𝑾
Where, z1 = z2 , ℎ1 = 𝑢1 + 𝑝1 𝑣1 and ℎ2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑝2 𝑣2
C12 − C22
W = m[ + (h1 − h2 )] + Q
2000

2 2
12 − 90
W = 0.2 [ + (−150)] + (−11.67)
2000
𝐖 = −𝟒𝟐. 𝟒𝟔 𝐤𝐉/𝐬 𝑾 = −𝟒𝟐. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑾
(ii) Ratio of Inlet to outlet pipe diameter
A1 C1 A2 C2 A1 C2 v A1 90 0.5 𝐀𝟏 𝐝𝟏
ṁ = = = × C1 = 0.14 × 12 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟕𝟖 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟕𝟓
v1 v2 A2 v2 1 A2 𝐀𝟐 𝐝𝟐
21. At the inlet to a certain nozzle the enthalpy of fluid passing is 2800 kJ/kg, and the velocity is 50 m/s.
At the discharge end the enthalpy is 2600 kJ/kg. The nozzle is horizontal and there is negligible heat
loss from it.(i) Find the velocity at exit of the nozzle. (ii) If the inlet area is 900 cm 2 and the specific
volume at inlet is 0.187 m3/kg, find the mass flow rate. (iii) If the specific volume at the nozzle exit is
0.498 m3/kg, find the exit area of nozzle
Given: h1= 2800 kJ/kg, C1= 50 m/s,

h2= 2600 kJ/kg
2 3
A1=900 cm , v1=0.187 m /kg
v2=0.498 m3/kg
Find : (i) C2, (ii) 𝑚̇ , (iii) A2
Solution:
(i) The velocity at exit of the nozzle
𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟐
𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟏 + 𝒈𝒛𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 ) + 𝑸 = 𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟐 + 𝒈𝒛𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐 ) + 𝑾
Where, z1 = z2 , Q=0, W=0, ℎ1 = 𝑢1 + 𝑝1 𝑣1 and ℎ2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑝2 𝑣2
C22 C21 C22 502

= + (h1 − h2 ) = + (2800 − 2600) 𝐂𝟐 = 𝟔𝟑𝟒. 𝟒 𝐦/𝐬
2 2 2 2
(ii) Mass flow rate

A1 C1 900×10−4 ×50
ṁ = ṁ = 𝐦̇ = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟎𝟔 𝐦/𝐬
v1 0.187
(iii) Area at the exit

A2 C2 A2 ×634.4
ṁ = v2
24.06 = 0.498
𝐀 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟕 𝒄𝒎𝟐

22. Derive the steady flow energy equation and reduce it for a heat exchanger turbine, pump, and a
nozzle.
Assumptions :
The following assumptions are made in the system analysis :
(i) The mass flow through the system remains constant.
(ii) Fluid is uniform in composition.
(iii) The only interaction between the system and surroundings are work and heat.
(iv) The state of fluid at any point remains constant with time.
(v) In the analysis only potential, kinetic and flow energies are considered.
Inlet:
Kinetic energy + Potential energy+ Internal energy+ Flow energy + Heat
𝑪𝟐𝟏
+ 𝒈𝒛𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝑸
𝟐
Exit
𝑪𝟐𝟐
+ 𝒈𝒛𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝑾
𝟐
According to the SFEE
Inlet Energy = Exit Energy
𝑪𝟐𝟏 𝑪𝟐𝟐
+ 𝒈𝒛𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝑸 = + 𝒈𝒛𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝑾
𝟐 𝟐
Where,
Q = Heat supplied (or entering the boundary) per kg of fluid,
W = Work done by (or work coming out of the boundary) 1 kg of fluid
C = Velocity of fluid ,
Z = Height above datum,
p = Pressure of the fluid,
u = Internal energy per kg of fluid, and
pv = Energy required for 1 kg of fluid.
(i) Rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger
𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟐
𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟏 + 𝒈𝒛𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 ) + 𝑸 = 𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟐 + 𝒈𝒛𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐 ) + 𝑾
Where, z1 = z2 , C1 = 0, C2 = 0 , W=0, ℎ1 = 𝑢1 + 𝑝1 𝑣1 and ℎ2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑝2 𝑣2
𝐐𝟏𝟐 = 𝐦̇(𝐡𝟐 − 𝐡𝟏 )

(ii) The power output from the turbine assuming no heat loss
𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟐
𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟏 + 𝒈𝒛𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 ) + 𝑸 = 𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟐 + 𝒈𝒛𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐 ) + 𝑾
Where, z1 = z2 , ℎ1 = 𝑢1 + 𝑝1 𝑣1 and ℎ2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑝2 𝑣2 , Q = 0
𝟏 𝟐 𝐂 𝟐 −𝐂 𝟐
𝐖𝟏𝟐 = 𝐦 [ 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 + (𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 )]
(iii) The power output from the turbine assuming no heat loss
𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟐
𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟏 + 𝒈𝒛𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 ) + 𝑸 = 𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟐 + 𝒈𝒛𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐 ) + 𝑾
𝟏 𝟐 𝐂 𝟐 −𝐂 𝟐
𝐖𝟏𝟐 = 𝐦 [ 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 + (𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 )] (Negative work will attain)
(iv) The velocity at exit of the nozzle

𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟐
𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟏 + 𝒈𝒛𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 ) + 𝑸 = 𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟐 + 𝒈𝒛𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐 ) + 𝑾

C22 C2
1
= 2000 + (h2 − h1 ) C22 = √2000(C12 + (h2 − h1 )) 𝐶2 = 44.7√(C12 + (h2 − h1 ))
2
23. Air at a temperature of 20°C passes through a heat exchanger at a velocity of 40 m/s where its
temperature is raised to 820°C. It then enters a turbine with same velocity of 40 m/s and expands
till the temperature falls to 620°C. On leaving the turbine, the air is taken at a velocity of 55 m/s to
a nozzle where it expands until the temperature has fallen to510°C. If the air flow rate is 2.5 kg/s,
calculate :
(i) Rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger
(iii) The velocity at exit from the nozzle, assuming no heat loss
Given: t1= 20°C, C1= 40 m/s,

t2= 820°C, C2= 40 m/s
t3=620°C, C3=55 m/s
t4=510°C, 𝑚̇ = 2.5 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
Find : (i) Q (ii) W , (iii) C4
Solution:

𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟐
𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟏 + 𝒈𝒛𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 ) + 𝑸 = 𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟐 + 𝒈𝒛𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐 ) + 𝑾

𝑄12 = 𝑚̇(h2 − h1 ) 𝑄12 = 𝑚̇𝐶𝑃 (t 2 − t1 ) = 2.5 × 1.005(820 − 20) 𝑸𝟏𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎𝐤𝐉/𝐬

𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟐
𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟐 + 𝒈𝒛𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐 ) + 𝑸 = 𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟑 + 𝒈𝒛𝟑 + 𝒖𝟑 + 𝒑𝟑 𝒗𝟑 ) + 𝑾
2 3 C2 −C2 2 C2 −C2
3
W23 = m [ 2000 + (h2 − h3 )] W23 = m [ 2000 + 𝐶𝑃 (t 2 − t 3 )]
402 −552
W23 = 2.5 [ + 1.005(820 − 620)] 𝐖 = 𝟓𝟎𝟒. 𝟑 𝐤𝐉/𝐬 𝐖 = 𝟓𝟎𝟒. 𝟑 𝐤𝐖
2000
(iii) The velocity at exit of the nozzle

𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟐
𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟑 + 𝒈𝒛𝟑 + 𝒖𝟑 + 𝒑𝟑 𝒗𝟑 ) + 𝑸 = 𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟒 + 𝒈𝒛𝟒 + 𝒖𝟒 + 𝒑𝟒 𝒗𝟒 ) + 𝑾

C24 C23 C24 552
= + 𝐶𝑃 (t 2 − t 3 ) = 2000 + 1.005(620 − 510) 𝐂𝟒 = 𝟒𝟕𝟑. 𝟒 𝐦/𝐬
2 2 2
24. A piston-cylinder assembly contains air (ideal gas with 𝛄=1.4) at 200 kPa and occupies a volume of
0.01 m3 . The piston is attached to one end of a spring and the other end of the spring is fixed to a
wall. The force exerted by the spring on the piston is proportional to the decrease in the length of
the spring from its natural length. The ambient atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. Now, the air in
the cylinder is heated till the volume is doubled and at this instant it is found that the pressure of
the air in the cylinder is 500 kPa. Calculate the work done by the gas. [NOV/DEC 2015]
Solution:


25. An insulated rigid tank having 5 kg of air at 3 atm and 30°C is connected to an air supply line at 8
atm and 50°C through a valve. The valve is now slowly opened to allow the air from the supply line
to flow into the tank until the tank pressure reaches 8 atm, and then the valve is closed. Determine
the final temperature of the air in the tank. Also, find the amount of air added to the tank.
Solution: [NOV/DEC 2015]

26. A vessel of constant volume 0.3 m3 contains air at 1.5 bar and is connected via a valve, to a large
main carrying air at a temperature of 38°C and high pressure. The valve is opened allowing air to
enter the vessel and raising the pressure therein to 7.5 bar. Assuming the vessel and valve to be
thermally insulated, find the mass of air entering the vessel. [APR/MAY 2015]

27. A thermodynamic system operates under steady flow conditions, the fluid entering at 2 bar and
leaving at 10 bar. The entry velocity is 30 m/s and exit velocity is 10 m/s. During the process 25
MJ/hr of heat from an external source is supplied and the increase in enthalpy is 5 kJ/kg. The exit
point is 20 m above the entry point. Determine flow work from the system if the fluid flow rate is 45
kg/min. [APR/MAY 2015]
Given: C1= 30 m/s, C2= 10 m/s P1=2 bar, P2= 10 bar, ,Δh= 5 kJ/kg, Q= - 25 MJ/hr
Z1- Z2 =20m,
Find : (i) W, if m=45 m3/min
Solution:

𝑪𝟐𝟏 𝑪𝟐𝟐
𝒎 ( 𝟐 + 𝒈𝒛𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 ) + 𝑸 = 𝒎 ( 𝟐 + 𝒈𝒛𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐 ) + 𝑾
Where, , ℎ1 = 𝑢1 + 𝑝1 𝑣1 and ℎ2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑝2 𝑣2
C12 − C22
W = m[ + (h1 − h2 ) + 𝒈(𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 )] + Q
2000
𝐖 = ⋯ … … … ..
28. 90 kJ of heat are supplied to a system at a constant volume. The system rejects 95 kJ of heat at
constant pressure and 18 kJ of work is done on it. The system is brought to original state by
adiabatic process. Determine : (i) The adiabatic work ; (ii) The values of internal energy at all end
states if initial value is 105 kJ. [NOV/DEC 2014]

29. Three grams of nitrogen gas at 6 atm and 160°C in a frictionless piston cylinder device is expanded
adiabatically to double its initial volume, then compressed again at constant volume to its initial
state. Calculate the network done on the gas. Draw the P-V diagram for the processes.
[NOV/DEC 2014]

30. Determine the heat transfer and its direction for a system in which a perfect gas having molecular
weight of 600 kPa following the law pV1.3=constant. Take specific heat at constant pressure of gas
as 1.7kJ/kg.K. [APR/MAY 2014]

31. In a gas turbine installation air is heated inside heat exchanger up to 750°C from ambient
temperature of 27°C. Hot air then enters into gas turbine with the velocity of 50 m/s and leaves at
600°C. Air leaving turbine enters a nozzle at 60 m/s velocity and leaves nozzle at temperature of
500°C. For unity mass flow rate of air, determine the following assuming adiabatic expansion in
turbine and nozzle,
(i) Heat transfer to air in heat exchanger, (ii) Power output from turbine , (iii) Velocity at exit of
nozzle. Take Cp for air as 1.005 kJ/kgK. [APR/MAY 2014]
Given: t1= 27°C,

t2= 750°C, C2= 50 m/s
t3=600°C, C3=60 m/s
t4=500°C, 𝑚̇ = 2.5 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
Find : (i) Q (ii) W , (iii) C4
Solution:

𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟐
𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟏 + 𝒈𝒛𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 ) + 𝑸 = 𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟐 + 𝒈𝒛𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐 ) + 𝑾

𝑄12 = 𝑚̇(h2 − h1 ) 𝑄12 = 𝑚̇𝐶𝑃 (t 2 − t1 ) 𝑸𝟏𝟐 = − − − − −𝐤𝐉/𝐬
𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟐
𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟐 + 𝒈𝒛𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐 ) + 𝑸 = 𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟑 + 𝒈𝒛𝟑 + 𝒖𝟑 + 𝒑𝟑 𝒗𝟑 ) + 𝑾
2 3 C2 −C2 2 C2 −C2
3
W23 = m [ 2000 + (h2 − h3 )] W23 = m [ 2000 + 𝐶𝑃 (t 2 − t 3 )] 𝐖 = − − − 𝐤𝐖
(iii) The velocity at exit of the nozzle

𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟐
𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟑 + 𝒈𝒛𝟑 + 𝒖𝟑 + 𝒑𝟑 𝒗𝟑 ) + 𝑸 = 𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟒 + 𝒈𝒛𝟒 + 𝒖𝟒 + 𝒑𝟒 𝒗𝟒 ) + 𝑾

C24 C23
= + 𝐶𝑃 (t 2 − t 3 ) 𝐂𝟒 = − − − − − 𝐦/𝐬
2 2
32. Briefly explain the following: (i) Point and path function,(ii) Property, state, process and path,
(iii) Quasi-static process [NOV/DEC 2013]
Path function: The function whose value is dependent on the path of the process. e.g. work transfer and
heat transfer
Point function: The function the change in whose value is independent on the path of the process. e.g.
pressure, temperature, etc.
thermodynamic properties of system.
Thermodynamic property is any characteristic of a substance which is used to identify the state of the
system and can be measured, when the system remains in an equilibrium state
intensive and extensive properties

Intensive properties: These properties do not depend on the mass of the system. Examples: Temperature
and pressure.
Extensive properties: These properties depend on the mass of the system. Example :Volume
‘state’
‘Process’
Quasi static process
A process in which the system departs from equilibrium state only by a very small extent is quasi-
equilibrium process. Slow compression and slow expansions of a system of gases are quasi-equilibrium
processes.
33. A three process cycle operating with nitrogen as the working substance has constant temperature
compression at 34°C with initial pressure 100 kPa. Then the gas undergoes a constant volume
heating and then polytropic expansion with 1.35 as index of compression. The isothermal
compression requires -67 kJ/kg of work. Determine (i) P, v and T around the cycle, ii).Heat in and
out, iii) Net work done [For nitrogen gas, Cv=0.7431 kJ/kgK] [APR/MAY 2013]
Given: T1= T2 =34°C, P1=100kPa ,

Cv = 0.7431 kJ/kgK. W12= - 67 kJ/kg
Find : (i) P, v and T around the cycle

(ii) Q, (iii) W
Solution:
Molecular weight of nitrogen (N2) = 2x14 = 28

𝑅 8.314 𝑘𝐽
Gas constant of nitrogen, 𝑅 = 𝑀𝑢 = 28 = 0.297 𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾
Process 1-2: Isothermal Process
P P2
W12 = − RT1 ln (P2 ) W12 = − O. 297 × 307 ln (100) 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟖. 𝟓𝟏𝐤𝐏𝐚
1
Q12 = (U1 − U2 ) + W12 Q23 = (0) + (−67) 𝐐𝟏𝟐 = −𝟔𝟕𝐤𝐉
W23 = 0
p p3 p3
At T
=C p2 T3 = p3 T2 T3 = p2
× T2 = 208
× 307 𝐓𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝟐𝐩𝟑
27
34. (i) Derive the steady flow energy equation, stating the assumptions made.
Assumptions :
The following assumptions are made in the system analysis :
(i) The mass flow through the system remains constant.
(ii) Fluid is uniform in composition.
(iii) The only interaction between the system and surroundings are work and heat.
(iv) The state of fluid at any point remains constant with time.
(v) In the analysis only potential, kinetic and flow energies are considered.
28
Inlet:
𝑪𝟐𝟏
+ 𝒈𝒛𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝑸
𝟐
Exit
𝑪𝟐𝟐
+ 𝒈𝒛𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝑾
𝟐
According to the SFEE
Inlet Energy = Exit Energy
𝑪𝟐𝟏 𝑪𝟐𝟐
+ 𝒈𝒛𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝑸 = + 𝒈𝒛𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝑾
𝟐 𝟐
Where,
Q = Heat supplied (or entering the boundary) per kg of fluid,
W = Work done by (or work coming out of the boundary) 1 kg of fluid
C = Velocity of fluid ,
Z = Height above datum,
p = Pressure of the fluid,
u = Internal energy per kg of fluid, and
pv = Energy required for 1 kg of fluid.
(ii) Prove that energy is a property of a system.
Property is characteristic nature of substance (system) expressed in terms of some numerical
values followed by some unit. During process, properties get changed.
Energy can be classified as stored energy and transit energy. Stored energy (internal energy)
is a property. Heat and work are transit energies
We can prove that energy is a property - by first law of TD. As per law, on completion of a cycle the
net change in property value should be zero. (∑ 𝑄)𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = (∑ 𝑊)𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 or (∑ ∆U)Cycle = 0
by applying 1st law of TD to the processes A, B and C which are carried out between the
states 1&2
Internal energy is not a path function. It is a point function. So, it is proved that energy is
property
(iii) Enumerate and explain the limitations of first law of thermo dynamics. [APR/MAY 2013]
The 1st law of TD states that a certain energy balance will hold when a system undergoes a
change of state or a thermodynamic process. But it does not give any information on
whether that change of state or the process is at all feasible or not. (As per 1st law - Process
probability is available in both directions – but not true) All Spontaneous processes in nature
occur only in one direction. consequently in actual cases Process probability is in one
direction only
35. (i) Define enthalpy. How it is related to internal energy?
h = u + pv …..in kJ/kg, H =U+pV … ..in kJ
Enthalpy is directly related with internal energy (which is function of Temperature) and
flow energy
29
(ii) A fluid is confined in a cylinder by a spring-loaded, frictionless piston so that the pressure in the
fluid is a linear function of the volume (p=a+bV). The internal energy of the fluid is given by
U=(34+3.15pV) where U is in kJ, p in kPa and V in cubic meter. If the fluid changes from an initial
state of 170 kPa, 0.03 m3 to a final state of 400 kPa, 0.06 m3, with no work other than that done on
the piston, find the direction and magnitude of the work and heat transfer. [NOV/DEC 12]
3 3
Given: P1=170kPa , P2=400kPa , V1=0.03 m , V2=0.06 m ,
Solution:
170 = a + 0.03b 1
400 = a + 0.06b 2
b = 7666.67
170 = a + 0.03b 170 = a + (0.03x7666.67) a= - 60
p = -60 + 7666.67V
Work done:
V V
W = ∫ pdV W = ∫V 2 [−60 + 7666.67V] 𝑑𝑉 W = [−60V + 3833.34V 2 ]V21
1
𝑊 = [−60(V2 − V1 ) + 3833.34[𝑉22 − 𝑉12 ]]
𝑊 = [−60(0.06 − 0.03) + 3833.34[0.062 − 0. 032 ]]
𝐖 = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟓 𝐤𝐉
0.03
u1 = 34 + 3.15p1 v1 u1 = 34 + 3.15 × 170 × 𝐮𝟏 = 𝟐𝟏𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
1.5
1.2
u2 = 1.5p2 v2 − 85 u2 = 1.5 × 200 × 1.5 − 85 𝐮𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
∆U = (U2 − U1 ) ∆U = 34 + 3.15p2 v2 − 34 + 3.15p1 v1 ∆U = 3.15(p2 v2 − p1 v1 )

∆U = 3.15(400 × 0.03 − 170 × 0.06) ∆𝐔 = 𝟔𝟎𝐤𝐉
Q = ∆U + W Q = 60 + 8.55 𝐐 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟓𝟓𝐤𝐉
36. (i) Define the following terms: (i) Thermodynamics, (ii) Macroscopic Approach, (iii) Continuum
(1) Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is an axiomatic science which deals with the relations among heat, work
and properties of system which are in equilibrium. It describes state and changes in state of physical
systems
(2) Macroscopic Approach
In classical / macroscopic approach, the events occurring at molecular level are not taken
into account in arriving at the behavior of the system.
(3) Continuum
In thermodynamics, material in a system is considered to be continuum that is, it is
continuously distributed throughout the system. This assumption allows us to describe a system
using only a few measurable properties, thereby making the analysis easier
30
(ii) A gas of mass 1.5 kg undergoes a quasi static expansion, which follows a relationship P=a+bV,
where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are constants. The initial and final pressures are 1000 kPa and 200 kPa
respectively and the corresponding volumes are 0.2 m3 and 1.2 m3. The specific internal energy of
the gas is given by the relation u=(1.5 pV-85) kJ/kg, where p is in kPa and V is in m3. Calculate the
net heat transfer and the maximum internal energy of the gas attained during expansion.[NOV 12]
Given: m=1.5 kg, P1=1000kPa , P2=200kPa , V1=0.2 m3, V2=1.2 m3,
Solution:
1000 = a + 0.2b 1
200 = a + 1.2b 2
b = - 800
1000 = a + 0.2b 1000 = a + (0.2x(-800)) a=1160
p = 1160 - 800V
Work done:
V V
W = ∫ pdV W = ∫V 2 [1160 − 800V] 𝑑𝑉 W = [1160V − 400V 2 ]V21
1
𝑊 = [1160(V2 − V1 ) − 400[𝑉22 − 𝑉12 ]]
𝑊 = [1160(1.2 − 0.2) − 400[1.22 − 0. 22 ]]
𝐖 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐉
0.2
u1 = 1.5p1 v1 − 85 u1 = 1.5 × 1000 × 1.5 − 85 𝐮𝟏 = 𝟐𝟏𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
1.2
u2 = 1.5p2 v2 − 85 u2 = 1.5 × 200 × 1.5 − 85 𝐮𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
∆U = m(u1 − u2 ) ∆U = 1.5(215 − 155) ∆𝐔 = 𝟔𝟎𝐤𝐉

Q = ∆U + W Q = 60 + 600 𝐐 = 𝟔𝟔𝟎𝐤𝐉
(ii) The maximum internal energy
u = 1.5pv − 85 u = 1.5(1160 − 800v)v − 85 u = 1.5(1160v − 800v 2 ) − 85
∂u ∂u 1160
= 1.5(1160v − 1600v) − 85, For maximum u, ∂v = 0, v = 1600 = 0.725
∂v
umax = 1.5(1160 × 0.725 − 800 × 0.7252 ) − 85 𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟑𝟑𝟓. 𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

Umax = m × umax Umax = 1.5 × 335.5 𝐔𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟓𝟎𝟑. 𝟐𝟓𝐤𝐉
37. (i) Define heat and show that heat is a path function and not a property.
Heat is transient quantity which appears at the boundary when a system changes its state due to a
difference in temperature between the system and its surroundings.
Heat received by the system = + Q, Heat rejected or given up by the system = – Q
31
(ii) A fluid system, contained in a piston and cylinder machine, passes through a complete cycle of
four processes. The sum of all heat transferred during a cycle is -340 kJ. The system completes 200
cycles per min.
Process Q (kJ/min) W (kJ/min) E (kJ/min)
1-2 0 4340 -
2-3 42,000 0 -
3-4 - 4,200 0 -73,200
4-1 - - -
Complete the above table showing the method for each item, and compute the net rate of
work output in kW. [APR/MAY 2012]
32
38. (i) Air is compressed from 100 kPa and 22°C to a pressure of 1 Mpa while being cooled at the
rate of 16kJ/kg by circulating water through the compressor casing. The volume flow rate of air at
inlet condition is 150m3/min and power input to compressor is 500 kW. Neglecting the gravitational
potential energy, determine the mass flow rate and the temperature of air at exit
(ii) Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.4 kg/s through an air compressor, entering at 6 m/s with a
pressure of 1 bar and a specific volume of 0.85 m3/kg and leaving at 4.5 m/s with a pressure of 6.9
bar and a specific volume of 0.16 m3/kg. The internal energy of air leaving is 88kJ/kg greater than
that of the air entering. Cooling water in a jacket surrounding the cylinder absorbs heat from the
air at the rate of 59 W. Calculate the power required to derive the compressor and the inlet and
outlet cross-sectional area. [APR/MAY 2012]
Given: m=0.4 kg/s,

C1=6 m/s, C2= 4.5 m/s
P1=1 bar, v1=0.85 m3/kg
3
P2=6.9 bar, v2=0.16 m /kg
Δu= - 88 kJ/kg, Q= - 59 kJ/s
Find : (i) W (ii) A1 and A2
Solution:
𝑪𝟐𝟏 𝑪𝟐𝟐
+ 𝒈𝒛𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝑸 = + 𝒈𝒛𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝑾
𝟐 𝟐
Where, z1 = z2
C21 −C22 Q
W= + (u1 − u2 ) + (p1v1 − p2 v2 ) + m 𝐖 = − − − − 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
2000
Therefore,
W = m × W kJ/kg 𝑾 = − − − − − 𝒌𝑾
33
Inlet Area and Exit Area
A1 C1
ṁ = 𝐀 𝟏 = − − − − −𝐦𝟐
v1
A2 C2
ṁ = 𝐀 𝟐 = − − − − − 𝐦𝟐
v2
39. 25 people attended a farewell party in a small room of size 10x8m and have a 5m ceiling. Each
person gives up 350 kJ of heat per hour. Assuming that the room is completely sealed off and
insulated, calculate the air temperature rise occurring in 10 minutes. Assume Cv of air 0.718
kJ/kgK and R=0.287 kJ/kgK and each person occupies a volume of 0.05 m3. Take p=101.325 kPa
and T=20°C [NOV/DEC 2011]
Volume of air in room = vol of room – vol occupied by 25 persons
Apply perfect gas law for initial condition, find out mass of air inside the room
Calculate total heat liberated by 25 persons in 10 min
Process: const vol heating – heat source is inside the volume. No Work Transfer, No Heat Transfer
Internal energy change should be equaled with heat liberated in 10 min. find temp of the room air after 10
min.
Q = ∆U = mR(T2 − T1 )
40. (i) Considering a system which changes its state, prove that the internal energy is a point function.
Considering an open system with different forms of energies like PE, KE, IE and flow energy at its
inlet and outlet sections. With H.T and W.T by balancing energies between section 1 and 2 we got
c12 c22
m (gz1 + +u1 + p1 v1 . ) + Q1−2 = m (gz2 + +u2 + p2 v2 . ) + W1−2
2 2
Assumptions made are:
1. The mass flow through the system remains constant.
2. Fluid is uniform in composition.
3. The only interaction between the system and surroundings are work and heat.
4. The state of fluid at any point ( Internal / External properties) remains constant with time.
In the analysis – only potential, kinetic and flow energies are considered.
(ii) Air flows at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor, entering at 7 m/s, 100 kPa and 0.95
m3/kgand leaving at 5 m/s, 700 kPa and 0.19 m3/kg. The internal energy of air leaving is 90 kJ/kg
greater than that of the air entering. Cooling water in the compressor jackets absorbs heat from the
air at the rate of 58 kW. (i) Compute the rate of shaft work input to the air in kW (ii) Find the ratio
of the inlet pipe diameter to outer pipe diameter. [NOV/DEC 2011]

C1= 7 m/s, C2= 5 m/s
P1=100kPa, v1=0.95 m3/kg
P2= 700 kPa, v2=0.19 m3/kg
Δu= -90 kJ/kg, Q= - 58kW
𝑑1
Find : (i) W, (ii)
𝑑2
Solution:
34
(i) Motor power required to drive the compressor
𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟐
𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟏 + 𝒈𝒛𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 ) + 𝑸 = 𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟐 + 𝒈𝒛𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐 ) + 𝑾
Where, z1 = z2 , ℎ1 = 𝑢1 + 𝑝1 𝑣1 and ℎ2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑝2 𝑣2
1C2 −C2
2
W = m [ 2000 + (h1 − h2 )] + Q 𝑾 = − − − − − 𝒌𝑾
(ii) Ratio of Inlet to outlet pipe diameter
A1 C1 A2 C2 A1 C2 v1 𝐝𝟏
ṁ = = = × = −−−
v1 v2 A2 v2 C1 𝐝𝟐
41. A gas contained in a cylinder is compressed from 1 MPa and 0.05 m3 to 2 MPa. Compression is
governed by pV1.4 constant. Internal energy of gas is given by U=(7.5 PV-425) kJ. Where P is
pressure in kPa and V is volume in m3. Determine heat, work and change in internal energy
assuming compression process to be quasi static. Also find out work interaction, if the 180 kJ of
heat is transferred to system between same states. Also explain why it is different from above?
[APR/MAY 2011]
35
42. A rigid tank containing 0.4 m of air at 400 kPa and 30°C is connected by a valve to a piston
cylinder device with zero clearance. The mass of the piston is such that a pressure of 200kPa is
required to raise the piston. The valve is opened slightly and air is allowed to flow into the cylinder
until the pressure of the tank drops to 200 kPa. During this process, heat is exchanged with the
surrounding such that the entire air remains at 30°C at all times. Determine the heat transfer for
this process. [NOV/DEC 2010]
43. The electric heating system used in many houses consists of simple duct with resistance wire. Air is
heated as it flows over resistance wires. Consider a 15 kW electric heating system. Air enters the
heating section at 100 kPa and 17°C with a volume flow rate of 150m3/min. If heat is lost from the
air in the duct to the surroundings at a rate of 200 W, determine the exit temperature of air.
[NOV/DEC 2010]
36
44. (i) The resistance of the windings in a certain motor is found to be 80 ohms at room temperature
(25°C). When operating at full load under steady state conditions, the motor is switched off and the
resistance of the winding is immediately measured again, and found to be 93 ohms. The windings
are made of copper whose resistance at temperature at T°C is given by Rt=R0[1+0.00393T] where
R0 is the resistance at 0°C. Find the temperature by the coil during full load.
(ii) At the beginning of the compression stroke of a two-cylinder internal combustion engine the
air is at a pressure of 101.325 kPa. Compression reduces the volume by 1/5 of its original
volume, and the law of compression is given by pv1.2=Constant. If the bore and stroke of each
cylinder is 0.15m and 0.25m respectively, determine the power absorbed in kW by
compression strokes when the engine speed is such that each cylinder undergoes 500
compression strokes per minute. [APR/MAY 2010]
37
45. (i) The properties of a system, during a reversible constant pressure non-flow process at P=1.6 bar,
changed from v1=0.3m3/kg, T1=20°C to v2=0.55 m3/kg, T2=260°C. The Specific heat of the
fluid is given by Cp=1.5+(75/(T+45)) kJ/kg°C. Where T is in °C. Determine the heat added,
work done, Change in internal energy and change in enthalpy per kg of fluid.
(ii) A nozzle is a device for increasing velocity of a steadily flowing stream. At the inlet to a
certain nozzle, the enthalpy of the fluid passing is 3000 kJ/kg and the velocity is 60 m/s.
At the discharge end, the enthalpy is 2762 kJ/kg. The nozzle is horizontal and there is
negligible heat loss from it.
(i) Find the velocity at exit from the nozzle.
(ii) If the inlet area is 0.1 m2 and the specific volume at the inlet is 0.187 m3/kg, find the
mass flow rate.
(iii) If the specific volume at the nozzle exit is 0.498 m3/kg, find the exit area of the nozzle.
[APR/MAY2010]
38
Given: h1= 2800 kJ/kg, C1= 50 m/s,
h2= 2600 kJ/kg
A1=900 cm2, v1=0.187 m3/kg
v2=0.498 m3/kg
Find : (i) C2, (ii) 𝑚̇ , (iii) A2
Solution:
(i) The velocity at exit of the nozzle
𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟐
𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟏 + 𝒈𝒛𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 ) + 𝑸 = 𝒎 ( 𝟐𝟐 + 𝒈𝒛𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐 ) + 𝑾
C22 C21 C22 502

= + (h1 − h2 ) = + (2800 − 2600) 𝐂𝟐 = 𝟔𝟑𝟒. 𝟒 𝐦/𝐬
2 2 2 2
(ii) Mass flow rate

A1 C1 900×10−4 ×50
ṁ = ṁ = 𝐦̇ = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟎𝟔 𝐦/𝐬
v1 0.187
(iii) Area at the exit

A2 C2 A2 ×634.4
ṁ = 24.06 = 𝐀 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟕 𝒄𝒎𝟐
v2 0.498
39

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ME 6301- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2016-2017

UNIT – I BASIC CONCEPTS AND FIRST LAW

18. What is a quasi static process? Give an example.

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering / St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology 1

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering / St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology 2

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering / St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology 3

Given: m=1.5 kg, P1=0.1MPa, P2=0.7MPa, ρ=1.16kg/m3

For quasi-static process

Given: P1=80 kPa, P2=0.4MPa, V1=0.1 m3, V2=0.03 m3

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering / St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology 4

Given: P1=101.325 kPa, V2=1/5 V1 , D=0.15 m, L=0.25m and N=500rpm

Given: Pa= Pb=50bar ,

Find: The work done (W)

Work done under Area AB at constant pressure

The total work done:

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering / St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology 5

From the equation

Given: V1= 0.1 m3 , T1=300K, P1=1 bar, P2=8 bar

Find : (i) P3 , (ii) ΔU, (iii) W

∆U = mCv (T3 − T2 ) ∆U = 0.00813 × 10.2(300 − 544.5) P1 V1 (1 × 105 ) × 0.1

Find : (i) W , (ii) Q

Process 1-2: Isothermal Process

Process 2-3: Constant Volume Process

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Find : (i) W , (ii) n, (iii)

From the characteristic gas equation:

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(ii) The value of index ‘n’ for compression

(iii) The increase in internal energy of the gas

Process 1–2: Isothermal Process

𝑄12 = 178 − 103.972 𝐐𝟏𝟐 = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟎𝟑𝐤𝐉

Given: P1=1.4 bar , V1= 0.028 m3 , W12= 10.5kJ, U3= U2

Work done: (pdV)

From first law of thermodynamics

Given: m=8kg, P1=1000kPa , V1=1 m3, P2=5kPa, Δu= - 40 kJ/kg

The internal energy

𝑊 = [1160(V2 − V1 ) − 400[𝑉22 − 𝑉12 ]]

𝑊 = [1160(1.2 − 0.2) − 400[1.22 − 0. 22 ]]

∆U = m(u1 − u2 ) ∆U = 1.5(215 − 155) ∆𝐔 = 𝟔𝟎𝐤𝐉

umax = 1.5(1160 × 0.725 − 800 × 0.7252 ) − 85 𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟑𝟑𝟓. 𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

17. The properties of a certain fluid are related as follows:

Specific Heat at Constant Volume:

Given: m=15kg/s, W=12000kW,

The equation becomes

𝑸 = 𝒎 × −𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 𝑸 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝒈/𝒔 × 𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 𝑸 = 𝟖𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝑾

Given: m=0.2 kg/s, W=12000kW,

(i) Motor power required to drive the compressor

From steady flow energy Equation:

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering / St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology 14

𝐖 = −𝟒𝟐. 𝟒𝟔 𝐤𝐉/𝐬 𝑾 = −𝟒𝟐. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑾

(ii) Ratio of Inlet to outlet pipe diameter

From continutity equation

Given: h1= 2800 kJ/kg, C1= 50 m/s,

(i) The velocity at exit of the nozzle

From steady flow energy Equation:

Where, z1 = z2 , Q=0, W=0, ℎ1 = 𝑢1 + 𝑝1 𝑣1 and ℎ2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑝2 𝑣2

C22 C21 C22 502

(ii) Mass flow rate

(iii) Area at the exit

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering / St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology 15

Where, z1 = z2 , C1 = 0, C2 = 0 , W=0, ℎ1 = 𝑢1 + 𝑝1 𝑣1 and ℎ2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑝2 𝑣2

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering / St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology 16

(iv) The velocity at exit of the nozzle