meen y BnT ep 264 Gsm URa eins Hee? a 7) g a o. > eer Crt NT \esNGUYEN BACH HOA AM TRUYEN THONG (TU THO! C6 BIEN DEN THO! HIEN DAD HOP AM THUAN HOP AM NGHICH HOP AM BIEN HOA V6I GAN 600 Vi DY BUGC TRICH TU NHIEU TAC PHAM CUA CAC NHAC si LUNG DANH MOI THOI DAI NHIEU BAI TAP UNG DUNG PHONG PHU TRINH BAY GON GANG, SUC TICH, DE HIEU NHA XUAT BAN AM NHAC HA NOI 2003Tang che con: aie - THY - NHAT - GIANG VN otkee Lii mé dau Chuvng I. NHUNG DIEM CAN THIET VE QUANG VA AM GIAT 15 A. QUANG 15 1. Tint CHAT CUA QUANG 15 TLQUANG THUAN - QUANG NGHICH 18 IIL. Su pAo QUANG . 18 TV. SAc THAI CUA QUANG 19 B. AM GIAL 22 1. Phan biét gitta Am giaf - digu thitc - giong. 22 IL. Cac loai am giai thudng gap 22 Bai tap vé chuong 1 26 Bai tap lam thém 27 Chung 2, PHAN LOAI HGP AM 3 NOT, 4 NOT VA5 NOT 29 1. PHAN LOAI HOP AM 3 NOT 29 IL PHAN Loar Hor AM 4 NOT 30 IIL, PHAN LOAL HGP AM 5 NOT 31 IV. HGP AM THUAN - HOP AM NGHICH 32 IV.1. Hop 4m than 32 1V.2. Hop am n 32 V. Si puNG CAC HOP AM 32 V.1. Sit dung cac hep 4m 3 nét 32 V.2. Sit dung cic hgp am 4 nét 33 V3. Sit dung cdc hgp am 5 nét 34 Bai tap vé chutong 2 35 Chuong 3. HGP AM 3 NOT 37 1. NOt CHUNG CUA HAT HOP AM 37 I. Taw etrtiénc 37 in. Am wie - Am Glas 37 MLL. Am kép 37 1.2. Am giam 39 IV. CAc THE cia HGP AM 39 V. KHOANG CACH GIIIA CAC BE 39 Vi. Tu (hay XfP) COA HOP AM 40 VL1. Thé rong ro)A V1.2. Thé hep VIL. Vi rei cia HOP AM BAITAP VE CHUONG 3 Chuung 4. CAC LOAL CHUYEN HANH 1. CHUYEN HANH GIAT BIBU 11. Chuyén hanh lién bic 12. Chuyén hanh céch bac 1.3. Mot s6 quy tic 1.4. Mét sO chuyén hanb theo chiéu bit bude IL. CHUVEN HANH HOA BIEU ILL. Chuyén hanh nguge chiéu 11.2, Chuyén hanh xién 31.3. Chuyén hanh cing chiéu 1.4, Chuyén hanh song song IIL, QUANG 5 VA QUANG 8 THUAN (hay TRUC Tig) 11.1. Dinh nghia IIL2. Nguyén the Ti13. Chi y IV. QUANG 5 VA QUANG 8 THEO NHAU JV.1. Nguyén tic 1V.2. Ghi chit V. CHUYEN HANH TRONG KRLBOLV] TRY, BOL THE VAL. Déi vi Uri 8 © vj tri 3 va vi Bri Be vi OS V.2. DG vi Wi 8 «> vi tri S VI. QUANG TAM AM VL1. Dinh nghia VL2. B3c tinh VII. CHEo BE Chuong 5. TIEN TRINH HOA AM A. TIEN TRINH HOA AM J. MOr SO-BINH NGHIA WL. DAc TINH B. LIN KET CAC HOP AM 6 THE TRUC (NGUYEN VD 1, AM NEN CACH NHAU QUANG 2 HAY QUANG 7 LL. Nhan xét 1.2, Nguyén tc lien két IT. AM NBN CACH NHAU QUANG 3 HAY QUANG 6 ILL. Nhan xét TL2. Lién két kigu hda am Hoa Am truyén thong a0 40 AL 43 43 43 43 43 44 4S 45 45 46 46 AT AT ay AT AT aT 48 48 48 Ag 49 49 49 49 51 31 BL 52 53 53 53 53 53 53 53Muc hac 113. Lién két kidu giai digu TIL. Am Ni8N CACH NHAU QUANG 4 HAY QUANG 5 T.1. Lién két kiéu hda 4m TIL2. Lign két kidu giai digu TV, NHAN XET CHUNG V. Lign KET CAC HOP AM BAC PHU BAL TAP VE CHUONG 5 Chuong 6, CAU TROC HOA AM 1. KHAINIEM TI. S6 LUONG THAY BOI HOA AM 1.1, Héa am tinh 11.2, Anh huéng cia hanh 46 11.3. Sy phan bé hop 4m TH. KHOI pA CAU NHAC IV, Ket THOC CAU NHAC W.1. Két chinh cach 1V.2. Ket neta V. Kft MaNH vA KET YEU V.L Két manh V2, Két yéu Chuong 7. HOP AM QUANG 6 (THE BAO 1) 1. BINH NGHIA I. Am wep Ii]. Higu QuA TONG Qué IIL1, Phuong dién hoa am. {IL2, Phuong dién giai digu 111.3. Phuong dign tiét téu 1, CHuvéN HANH CtiA MOI BE V. CAcH st’ DUNG CAC HOP AM THE DAO V1, Hop am Ig V.2. Hop am Ig V.3. Hgp am Ils V.4. Hop am V5 V5. Hgp am V5 V.6. Hgp 4m Vig V.7. Hop am Vig VI. Lity x VIAL. Lign két Ip v6i V5 va Ve 54 54 55 55 ST 60 63 63 64 64 65 66 67 67 67 7 87 68 69 69 69 70 70 70 7 7 72 72 3 74 6 77 79 80 81 81V1.2. Lign két Ie va Ve Phy luc 1. BE BASSE CO DANH S65 BAI TAP VE CHUONG 7 Chung 8. NOT NGOAI HOP AM 1. KiAtNIEM TL PRAN LOATNOT NCOAL HOP AM Hl. Not hic chu (4m luét - passing tone, note de passage) IL2. Am théu (nét trang diém - neighboring tone, brodery) IL3. Not dua (nét nhn - appoggiatura) 11.4. Not treo (seespension) 11.5, Nét thoat (échappée) va nét cambiata 11.6. Nét vao true (anticipation) Bat TAP VE CHUONG 8 Chuong 9. KET HOA AM 1. KHADNIEM IL. KET BOAN NHAC 11.1. Két chinh cich (authentic cadence) 1.2, Két nghiém (két bién cdch hoan toan - plagal cadence) IL3. Két hoan toan (perfect) va khong hoan toan (imperfect) Il, Kér nwa poan 1.1, Két nda (half cadence) IIL2. Két tranh (deceptive cadence) Chuong 10. HGP AM 6/4 (THE DAO 2) |. KHALNIEM. LL. Dinh nghia 12. Tinh chat Il. CHUAN 8} VA GIA OUYET In. Am xi IV. NHONG TRUGNG HOP Sif DUNG 1V.1. Hop am 6/4 ket 1V.2. Hop 4m 6/4 nhéin (hay diya) 1V.3. Hop am 6/4 lugn (hay théu) 1V.4. Hap am 6/4 be cliu (hay lust) BAI TAP Vi CHUGNG 10 Chudng 11. TET TAU HOA AM 1 KHAINIEM I. CAu T30 THT TAU CHA AM NHAC I, PHAN Loar Tift TAU IILL. Tiét tu giai diéu Hoa Am truyén thong 82 84 86 87 87 87 87 92 96 99 102 103 105 107 107 107 107 108 110 lil iil 113 117 7 117 7 17 us gy 119 121 122 123 125 127 127 4128 129 129Muc iue HL2. Tiét tau hoa am TV. Hoa Am tint - TIEU CHUAN NHIP 1V.1. Hoa am tinh (static harmony) 1V.2. Tiéu chudn nhip (time values} V. TIEN TRINH MANII VE YEI V.1. Dinh nghia Chong 12. CHUYEN DIEU 1, KHALNIEM - MOT SO BINH NGHIA 1. Khai nigm ve chuyén digu 1.2. Digu tinh ho hang cap I (Thang 4m gan ~ neighboring keys) 1.3. Diéu tinh xa (Thang am xa - remote keys) L4, Digu linh xa la (Thang am xa la — remote keys) 1.5. Hop 4m ban [é (pivot chord) 1.6. Nét chuyén dig: TL PHAN 10A1 1.1, Phan loai theo cach chuyén 11.2. Phan loai theo thi gian SI. Crue DIEU HG HANG CAPT IIL1 Ky thuat chuyén tryc tigp 111.2 Ky thuat chuyén gién Uép TV. CHUYEN IV.1. Chuyén digu dot ngot IV.2. Chuyén digu c6 chuan bi bing hop 4m ban Ie 1V.3. Chuyén digu bing hop 4m 7 gir 1V.4, Chuyén diéu bing két tranh bién héa IV.5 Chuyén diéu theo Idi cia SAINT — SAENS 1V.6 Chuyén diéu bing cach ding mt loat hgp 4m céch quang 5 ding Vo Chuyés pig THAT XA, V.1. Thang am chinh c6 dau thiing 6 bd khéa V.2. Thang am chinh c6 dau ging d bd khoa BAI TAP VE CHUGNG 12 Chuong 13. HOA AM TREN MOT BE CHO SAN 1 KHAUNIEM Tl. Hoa AM MGT DONG Ca ClO SAN 111. Phan tich giai digu 11.2. Bude nhay giai digu 113. N6t ngin dai 1 132 132 132 133 133 134 136 137 137 137 137 138 138 138 138 139 139 139 140 140 140 143 143 144 144 145 145 146 146 146 146 148 151 151 152 152 153 1548 1.4. Su chon lua hep 4m 115. Phan chia ciu III. Hoa AM v1 BE TRAM CHO SAN TIL. Khai nigém HIL2. Mot vai diém can lau $ IV. KET LUAN BAL TAP VE CHUGNG 13 Chuong 14. Hop 4m quang 7 at am (V7) 1. Sy HINH THANH AM QUANG 7 AT AM Li. Sy hinh thanh theo lich ste 1.2, Cach thanh ‘ap 1.3. Chigu chuyén déng cia cdc Am TL. Grd Quyér nop AMV > TL1. Gidi quyét binh thudng IL2. Gidi quyét bat thudng IL, CHUAN BI HGP AM Vz IV, NutéM vy ctla HGP AMV 7 V.-VaALTRo clia Hgp AM V 7TRONG HOA AM Vi. THE pag ctla HOP AMV 7 VL1. Cac loai thé dao VL2. Nhiém vu ctia thé dao VL3, Chuan bj cho thé dao cla hop am V7 VIA. Gidi quyét cac thé dao ca hop am V7 VILMOr 86 VAN DE KHAC VIL. Hgp am Vil va hgp am v °° VI1.2. Quang tam 4m giai di@u melodie tritone) VIL3. Céng thife lién két thudng gap BALTAP VE CHUONG 14 Chuang 15. HOP AM QUANG 7 GIAM (7 dim) L. DINH NGHIA VA Si! THANH LAP IL Garquvér Ti. Cac THE pdo IV. CONG DiNG 1V.1, Hop am at etia bac phy 1V.2. Hop am 7 giam theo nhaw V. GIA QUYET BAT THUONG VI. CAC CONG THUC THUONG CAP BAIL TAP vé CHUONG 15 Hoa Am truyén thong 154 156 156 156 157 157 158 159 159 159 159 160 161 161 169 171 172 174 174 174 177 179 180 180 181 181 183 187 187 189 190 191 191 192 192 194 195Muc lyc Chung 16. HGP AM QUANG 9 TRUONG THIEU 1. CACH THANH LAP IL. GIALQUYET BINH THUONG ILL. NOt bac IT 11.2. Thé ddo 1 Vg; 11.3. Thé dio 2 V°x3 ILA. Lata y IL. GIAL Quy BAT THUGNG TILL. Gidi quyét vé hgp am bac IL IL2. Gidi quyét vé hop Am bac IT UL3. Gidi quyét vé hop 4m bac IV IA. Gidi quyét v8 hgp 4m bie VI TV. CONG DUNG IV.1. Hop 4m at cia bac phy 1.2. Chuyén digu V. CAC CONG THUC THUONG GAP BAI TAP VE CHVONG 16 Chung 17. HGP AM QUANG 9 TRUONG DU (Va) 1, DAC TINH CHUNG 1.1, Am gidm. 1.2. Gidi quyét bat thudng Tl. KHOANG CACH GIUA CAC BE TIL. CAc DANG THE BAO TV. UNG pune IV.1. Gidi quyét bat thuéng IV.2. Hgp am at ca bac phu V. CAC CONG THUIC THUONG GAP BAI TAP VE CHUONG 17 Chuong 18. MO TIEN (SEQUENCE) I. KHAINIEM I. MO inn BAN DAU IIL. Tier TAU HOA AM WW. D&c TINH cua MO TIEN IV.1. Chiéu dai mé tién 1V.2. Cap d6 chuyén dich V. PHAN LOAI MO TIEN V.1. M6 tién khong chuyén digu V.2, Mé tién chuyén diéu VI. MOr VAL DIBU CAN LUU Y 197 197 197 197 198 198 199 200 200 200 201 201 201 203 203 204 205 205 205 205 208 209 210 210 212 213 214 215 215 215 216 218 218 218 218 218 221 22210 Hoa Am truyén thong Chyong 19, HGP AM QUANG 7 CUA CAC BAC KHAC NGOAI BAC V 223 J, KHAI NEM VA SU THANH LAP 223 LL. Lich st 223 1.2. Thanh lip 223 II. CACH sth Dunc 224 Ii. Chugin bi 224 11.2. Gidi quyét 224 IIL. KHAO SAT TUNG HOP AM QUANG 7 PEL 225 ILI Hgp am quang 7 chit (17) 225 IIL2 Hgp Arn quang 7 thugng chi 4m (II;) 226 IIL3 Hgp 4m quang 7 trung am (III7) 230 HLA, Hgp 4m quang 7 ha at (V7) 230 HLS. Hop 4m quang 7 thugng at 4m (VI7) 233 WV. Unc pune 234 BAI TAP VE CHUONG 19 237 Chvong 20. HOP AM BAC II BIEN HOA VA VI BIEN HOA 239 1. KxAIniém 239 I GA quer 240 MH. CACH KY AM 240 IV. Tier Tau 242 V. LiGN HE CHEO 243 VL. GIAL QUYET BAT THUONG 244 VLA, Hop am Ty 244 VL2. Hop am Viz 245 VILCACH st) DUNG 245 VILL. Digu thir 245 VIL2. Chuyén digu 246 VIL3. Cac céng thic thuéng gap 247 BAI TAP vi CHUONG 20 248 Chudng 21. HOP AM QUANG 6 NAPOLI 251 1 KHALNIEM 251 L1. Binh nghia 251 1.2. Ky higu va cach thanh lap 251 13. Tinh chat 252 a. Am KEP 252 Am kép 252 Lién hé chéo. 252 UL. GIA QuyéT 253Muc hue IIL.2. Gidi quyét vé bac V IL2. Chuyén dén mét hop am khac trudc khi quyét vé hop am bac V TV. CONG DUNG BAL TAP VE CHUONG 21 Chitong 22. HOP AM QUANG 6 TANG 1. Kear NigM Li. Su thanh lap 4.2. Tinh chat 13. Phan loai IL. Céc THE pdo IIL. GIA Quyét - Conc pyNG TILL. Gidi quyét binh thudng TIL2. Gidi quyét bat thugng IV. CHuyitn pik V. NHUING TRUONG HOP NGOAI LE VL. CAC CONG THUC THUONG GAP Chung 23. HOP AM 3 NOT GIAM E TRONG DIEU THEE TRUGNG 11. Ciu tao 1.2. Cac trudng hop si dung TL. TRONG btgU THUC THE M1. AM Kep Chuang 24, HOP AM 3 NOT TANG L CAéutao IL VirRivACACH st DUNG IL.2. Dung nhu hgp am tri hoan eda mét hgp am quing 6 (Thé déo 1) IL2. Xuat hién do vigc tri hoan bé Basso (tif hop 4m trude dé) II3. Duge tao thanh do viéc bién héa chromatic (déng chuyén) SACH THAM KHAO 253 254 255 258 259 259 259 260 260 261 261 265 266 266 268 269 269 269 269 270 272 275, 275 275 275 276 276 279ee VINE kde Doc 5 cudn sdch gid tri dé viét think mot cudn theo nhu cau, cu tric, n6i dung ctia minh, dé 1a “tham khéo", Xem 2 tac phdm dé viét lai thanh mét, d6 la “sao chép”. Lay nguyén ven mot tac phdm hay cé sta chia déi chit dé lam thanh mét tac phém véi tén minh la tac gid, dé 1a “an cép”, “dgo van”, “dao nhac”. Noi dung cia cuén sich “HOA AM TRUYEN THONG” nay tuy dude tham khdo tit kha nhiéu séch khdc nhau (xem phan “Séch Tham Khdo”, trang 279) nhmg that ra c6 ngudn géc tit nhiing bai gidng cho cdc lép Hoa Am ma ching toi da giding day lién tuc ty nam 1982 dén 1989. Do d6, truéc tién, ching t6i xin cdm on céc hoc vién cfia minh, Nhd cé ho, nhéing néi dung cia sdch nay méi duge dén dan hoan chinh qua thy té gidng day va hoc tap. Trong nhiing nam nghién cifu va lam viée d CHLB Die, tir 1989 dén 1998, ching tdi lai e6 thém yéu cau gidng day mén hoc nay cho cdc ban tra Viét Nam da séng lau tai nuéc ngoai. Do tit ngit chuyén mén Am nhac cia nuéc ta chia dude thong nhat bai mot Vién Han lam nao, do viée tiép xiic cla cdc hoc vién d6 véi tai liéu tiéng Viét rt ft so vdi tiéng nude ngodi, nén dé giip ho hiéu duge nhanh, 46 dang hon bang céch so sdnh, chiing ti phai chit thich tir ting Anh, Phép hoa ¥ twong tng véi nhitng khai niém lien quan trong ting Viét. Khi soan théo cudn séch “HOA AM TRUYEN THONG” nay ching t6i mudn git Jai nhiing cht thich dé dé ban doc moi gidi dé dang theo dai, mac db sé cd ngudi ngd nhan ring séch may duige dich ra tir tai Ligu nude ngoai. Lan xuét ban du tién ca cuén sdch nay do Nha xudt ban TRE thuc hign vao ném 1997, Khi d6, ching t6i chua trd vé qué hung, nén cae thudt ngit 4m nhac trong séch van khéng duge s&p xép cho phir hop vdi nhiing gi dang dugc gidng day tai cée Nhac vidn va cée Trung chuyén nganh Am nhac khdc. Tit dé dén nay da nhiéu lan ching t6i muén chinh sita va cho téi ban lai tai liéu nay. Véi nhing kinh nghiém gat hai thém tir cc dp Hda 4m ciia ching t6i trong giai doan nay, chung toi quyét dinh cho xudt ban lai sau khi da c6 nhing diéu chinh va b6 sung cén thiét. Déi vi céic thuat ngif ding trong sach, tuy ching téi wu tién ding cach goi dang duge ding trong cdc Nhac vién va trung Am nhac trong ca nuéc, nhung14 Hoa Am truyén thong khéng 6 nghfa 1a hoan toan ding nhimg cach goi 46. Béi van cé nhtng khai niém chua dude goi chinh xac, hode dang cé khuynh huéng thay déi. Ching toi danh 2 chuong dau dé 6n lai nhiing diém thuéc ly thuyét 4m nhac cén cho mén hoc Héa 4m. Sau d6, c6 thé chia séch thanh 2 phan: + phan I tit chugng 3 dén chugng 14. Gé ngudi sip loai nhiing ndi dung duge dé cap dén trong phén nay 1a “Hoa Am thuan” + phan I tt chugng 18 d&n chung 24. Cé thé goi la phdn “Hoa Am nghich”. Theo ching t6i, khai nigm “thugn - nghich” chi mang tinh tugng déi. N&u trong tac phdm am nhac ding da phan la cdc hgp 4m ba nét, thi cdc hgp 4m 4 nét khi vang lén sé nghe nghich tai, Nhung trong am nhac Jazz, Rock, ngudi ta dang phan nhiéu 1a hop 4m 4 nét, khi a6, nghe cdc hop 4m ba nét lai thay rd tinh nghich am. Dé thém tinh thuyét phuc cho cdc van dé dude néu ra trong sich, ching ti cO géng tim phan tich tac phdm ca cdc nha soan nhac ndi tiéng cia lich sit Am nhac thé gidi qua céc théi ky dé dua ra gan 600 vi du khac nhau. Cuéi mai chudug, ching tdi gidi thiéu mot sé bai tap dé doc gid thye hanh nhiing diéu da nghién ctu trong phan ly thuyét truéc dé. Ching tdi khéng chit truong dia ra bai gidi, dap dn cho cac bai tap dé bdi vi Am nhac khong phai 1a todn hoc. C6 nhidu céch gidi khde nhau cho mot bai tap. Cuéi cing, ching tdi xin chan thanh cém on quy déc gia da huéng ting cho sy ra ddi cia sach nay trong lan in thi nhdt, Chting toi mong doi nhing g6p ¥ cla quy déc gid va gidi chuyén mon, déng nghiép cho tin xudt ban nay véi tat ca long biét on. Tp. Hé Chi Minh, ngdy 18 thang 3 nam 2003 Soan gid, Nguyén BachCHUONG 1 NHONG DIEM CAN THIET VE QUANG, AM GIAI vA BIEU THUG uc dich cla chusng nay 1a: On lai nhiing diém can thiét, thuéng gap vé quang va thang 4m. Cting c6 nhiing kién thife da cd, bé sung nhitng diéu méi vé quang, digu thiic va am giai' dé chudn bi vao phan hoa am. Vi vay, ching ta can phai nam viing phan ly thuyét vé quang va 4m giai trong chucng trinh Ly thuyét Am nhac can ban. A. QUANG (Interval) Quang duge coi la dén vj cua hoa 4m. 1. TINH CHAT CGA QUANG: 1.1, Quang Truéng (major interval) Quang Trudng viét tat la M hay Tr. Vi dy g.3M = 4.3Tr = quang 3 Trudng. Ben canh cac cach xae dinh thuéng ding, ching toi gidi thigu dén cdc ban mot cach méi dé dinh ra tinh chat quang (phusng phap 2). 1.1.1 Phuong php 1 "Cée qung 2, 3, 6, 7 dude goi la quang Truéng cén cit theo sé cung va ban cung cia ching” + Quang 2 Trudng gdm cé: 1 cung + Quang 3 Truéng gém co: 2 cung + + Quang 6 Trvéng gém cé: 4 cung va | ban cung di Quang ? Truéng gém cé: 5 cung va 1 ban cung di 1.1.2 Phuong php 2 "Cae quing 2, 3, 6, 7 dugc thanh lip trén nét Do gol la quéng Trudng." 6 1ai hee con gai 1a “gant” (dich ta: gamme ~ Hing Philp}.16 Hoa Am truyén thong Vi dy khi can xét xem quang Fat - Ré# cé phai la quang Truéng khéng, ching ta lam nhu sau: «Tu Fa dén Ré cé 6 tén nét, vay day la quang 6. «Tw Do dén La cing 1a quang 6, hon nifa theo dinh nghia trén, né sé 1a quang 6 Trugng (vi duc thanh lap trén nét Do). « Xét quang Do - La ta thdy ¢6 4 cung va 1 ban cung di. » Vay tir Fa#, ta tinh dan lén nhu sau: bancungdi icung = lcung i cung 1 cung « Két luan: quang Fa# - Re# la quang 6 Truéng vi déng dang (cing sé cung) vdi Do - La. Loi diém cla phucng phép 2 la chung ta khéng can phai nhé thugc Jong so cung, ban cung nhu phusng php 1 ma chi vdi sf suy ludn, te phudng phap 2, ta cé thé suy ra le lang tinh chat truéng cda Quang. 1.1.3 Phuong phap 3 - "Thanh lap am giai Truéng mang tén nét duéi cla quang. - Néu nét trén cia qudng trang voi cdc nét cia 4m giai dy thi ta cé céc quang trudng v6i cdc quang 2, 3, 6, 7." Vi du 1: (eb) qg2T qg3T q6T q7T g48 q5D q8O (Véi nét duéi cia quang dang xét la MI, ta thanh lap am giai Mi gidng ‘Trudng (Es-Dur). Cac nét trén: Fa, Sol, Do, Ré déu nam trong am giai Es-Dur va tao nén céc quang 2Tr, 3Tr, 6Tr, 7Tr). Phuong phép nay nhanh hon cae phucng phép khac, tuy nhién chung ta phai quen cdch thanh lap 4m giai. 1.2, Quang Thi (minor interval): Quang thir viét tat la (m) hay (t). Vi dy q.3m = q.3t = quang 3 thi. 1.2.1 Phuong phap 1 "Cac quang 2, 3, 6, 7 duge goi la quang thif can cif theo 56’ cung va ban cung cua chting. Quang Thif it hon quang Truténg mét ban cung."Nining diéu can thiet vé Quang, Am gial va Digu thie 17 1.2.2 Phuong phap 2 "Cac quang 2, 3, 6, 7 duge thanh [dp trén not Mi gol la quang Thi." Vi du 2: q2thvt) q3t gOl q7t cing la qGivicd sd cung bang quéng mi-do 1.2.3 Phuong phap 3 Xem lai phan 1.1.3. "Cée quang nhé hon quang trudng 1/2 cung goi la quang Thu." 1.3. Quang Bing (perfect interval) Khong viét tat hoa viet tat la D. Vi du q.4D hay q.4 hay quang 4 ding. 1.3.1 Phuong php 1 "Cac quing 4, 5, 8 dude gol la quing Ding khi cé cdc 36 cung va ban cung alt sau: + Quang 4 Dung gdm cé: 2 cung va 1 ban cung di. + Quang 5 Dung gdm cé: 3 cung va 1 ban cung di. + Quang 8 Bing gom cé: 5 cung va 2 ban cung di.“ 1.3.2 Phuong phap 2 "Cac quang 4, 5, 8 di due thank Igp trén not Do hay Mi déu f4 quang Bing." 1.3.3 Phuong php 3 Xem lai phan 1.1.3. "Néiu nét trén eda quing tring vél céc nét cia am giai dy thi ta cd cdc quang Ding véi cdc quang 4, 5, 8." (xem vi dy 1) 1.4 Quang Tang (Augmented interval) "Quang Jén hon quang Ding hay Truéng mét ban cung dong dupe gol 14 quang Tang." 1.5. Quang Gidm (Diminished interval) "Quéng ahd hon quang thi? hay quang dling mgt ban cung déng, duge got 13 quang Gidm."18 Hoa Am trayén thong Il. QUANG THUAN - @GANG NGHICH: IL1, Quang thuan (consonant interval) + Quang 5, 8 dung va quéing déng nhét goi !a thuan hoan toan. + Quang 3, 6 trudng hay thi goi la thuan khéng hoan toan. + Quang 4 ding dude coi la thuan khi cd mét quang 3 hay quang 5 dung dudi né (xem vi dy 3). 11.2. Quang nghich (dissonant interval) + Cée quang 2, 7, 9 trudng hay thir va cac quang tang hay gidm déu la quang nghich. + Quang 4 dung dude coi la nghich khi khéng co 4m nao 6 dui am cudi cling cla quang (vi dy 3). Vi du 3: e 4.4 ngbich q.4 thugn ll. Sd DAO QUANG: Chung ta tém tat vé cdc quang dao bang so dé sau: quang 5 Bung / Tang quang 2 thi / Truéng quang 6 Trugng / thu = quang 1 Pung Q)<— quan 8 Bung quang 3 thy / Truéng quang 7 Truéng / thi quang 4 Dung / Giam Bang la ach ap dun (1) Vidu: + Quang 3 Trung dao thanh quang 6 this.Nhung diéu can thiét vé Quang, Am giai va Bigu thic 19 + Quang 5 dung dao thanh quang 4 dung. + Quang 5 tang dao thanh quang 4 gidm. (2) Sé chi cde quang céng véi 56 chi cée quang dao cla ching bang 9- Iv. SAc THAI CGA QUANG: Dya vao kinh nghiém sang tac cla cac nhac su tién béi, chung ta co thé tam nhan xét vé sdc thai ctia cac quang nhu sau: IV.1. Quang 2 1V.1.1 Quéng 2 Trudng giai digu + Quang 2 Truéng la quang déng cung véi quang 3 gidm. + Quang 2 Truéng giai diéu tao cam giac ém a, diu dang, déu dn, phang lang. Vidy 4: “Gloria in Exelcis Deo" Set ot i 1V.1.2 Quang 2 Thi ca digu Quang 2 thi ca di@u tao cdm giac budn ba, 40 nao, dy mi. TH thai ky lang man, cc nhac si nh’ Wagner (1813 - 1883) cé khuynh huéng st dung nhieu quang 2 thi lin tiép tao nén hé théng ban cung. Vidu 5: BRAHMS = "Concerto Nr. 2" 1V.1.3 Quang 2 thit hoa digu Quang 2 thi nhiéu nghich tinh hon quang 2 trudng. Sau nay, trong hoa ém thé ky 20, chuing ta sé gap céch ding nhigu quang 2 thif hoa digu theo nhau ggi | ki thuat pha nhat dong ca. 1V.2 Quang 7 Quang 7 dude tac thanh do vie ddo quang 2 (nhu vay, ta ting <6 thé noi, né xudt phat ti quang 3. Xem lai IV.1.1)20 Hoa Am truyén thong 1V.2.1 Quang 7 ca digu Tao cam gidc bang khuang, chi voi; dién ta tam trang xao xuyén. Béi vst quang 7 Trudng, cam gidc nghen ngao, chai voi Sy co thé thoat dugc, nhung déi vdi quang 7 this thi nhu bj bé tac. Vi du 6: 1V.2.2 Quang 7 héa digu Quang 7 héa diéu ¢é tinh chat dé nghich hon quang 2. IV.3. Quang 3 Ta ¢é thé ndi rang nhiing quang khac déu duge suy ra tf quang 3. Mon “Héa 4m" ma ching ta sp khao sat sau day da due xay dung ti lau di trén oo sd quang 3. 1V.3.1 Quang 3 Truéng ca digu Tao cam giac nhi nhdnh, tung tang, vui tusi, trong sang. Vidu 7; BEETHOVEN - “Leonore Ouverture Nr. 23, op. 72" 1V.3.2 Quang 3 Thi’ ca diéu Quang 3 thi tao cam gide buédn, tdi. Vidu 8: BEETHOVEN - “Symphony Nr 5, ¢-moli” 1V.3.3 Quang 3 héa digu + Tao ra manh lc héa am manh nhat. Thit tu anh huéng sé gidm dan au sau: quang 3 trudng > quang 7 thf » quang 2 thi > quang 7 wudng... (theo sép xép cua Paul HINDEMITH?) + Quang 8 ding khéng cé manh lyc héa am. + Quang 4 tang, 5 gidm rat it manh lye hoa am. * (1895 - 19631 nha soan mle thé ky XX newt DiteNhung diéu can thiét vé Quang, Am giai va Digu thic ai IV.4. Quang 6 Quang 6 dude xem ta ddo cla quang 3. IV.4.1 Quang 6 Trung Quang 6 truéng tae dung nhu quang 3, dién ta tinh cam au yém, sang. 1V.4.2. Quang 6 thif Quang 6 tht tao cam giac ém, au yém, tinh cam hon 6Tr Vidu9: FRANCIS LAL - “Love story” IV.5. Quang 4 Ping Quang 4 diing la quang déng cung véi quang 3 tang 1V.5.1 Quang 4 Diing ca diéu Tao cam giac uy nghi, hung trang, manh mé. 1V.5.2 Quang 4 Diing Hoa Diéu Em ai nhung khéng vifng. Quang 4 cang 6 am wife tram nghe cang cling, cang cae cang dju. Khi ding phai cé chudn bj va gidi quyét (theo quan niém hoa am cé dién). IV.6. Quang 5 Ding Quang 5 ding la dao cla quang 4 dung. 1V.6.1 Quang 5 ca digu Tao cam giac tudi sang, rc 13, vang déi. Néu la quang 5 gidm sé teo ve ty mj, u téi. Vi dy 10; BRAHMS. a “Sestetto"22 Hoa Am truyén thong B. AM.GIAI (Scale) I. PHAN BIET AM GIAI - DIEG THAC - GIONG (scale - mode - tonality): LI. Digu thie (mode) Digu thie, cén goi la am thifc, 1a inh thie, su qui dinh vé sé am va khoang cach gitfa cdc nét ctla mot chudi am dé tao nén tinh chat riéng biel. Trong qua trinh phat trign am nhac, trong giai diéu cé nhiing am néi lén hon so vdi cae am khac, goi ld am tya. Nhiing am tua nay thudng duge goi la am én dinh. Nhung am khéng néi bat goi la 4m khéng én dinh. Va, diéu thife con dude hiéu la he théng méi tuong quan gitta 4m 6n dinh va khéng Gn dinh. Nhac Hy Lap cé va Nhac Binh Ca cé 8 am thie. Nhac Au Chau cé dién 2 4m thie 1a Am thite Truéng va Thi, Méi am thie lai chia ra lam am thus ty nhién va nhan tao. 1.2. Am giai (scale) Am giai. con goi la “gam” (gamme) la chudi am lien tiép, khdi ddu va két thac bang mél nét va mang tén nét dy. Noi cdch khae, dé la sy sdp xép cdc am ihanh cia diéu thitc theo thi tu dé cao, bat ddu ter am chu dén am chu 6 quang & lip theo. Do 46, am giai_cén dude goi la hang dm cia digu tiie. Trong am giai, cac nét ndi tiép nhau theo chuyén hanh lién bac (conjunct motion). 1,3. Gigng (tonality) Giong, con goi la dm thé, dé la suf len he gitia céc not trong am giai v6i mot nét duge chon lam trung tam goi la am chi (tonic). Sy lién hé do digu thc quy dinh. Ten goi cua gigng la tén goi am chu, kém theo digu thu. Vi du: giong Do Truéng, giong La tht, v.v.. Trong giong, cdc nét néi tiép nhau theo chuyén hanh lién bac hog chuyén hanh cach bac (disjunct motion). Tém lai, khi ndi digu Trung, thi, ta hiéu do 1a ndi tinh chat téng quat cla diéu thie. Dem nhiing tinh chat nay 4p dyng cho nét nao lam 4m chu thi ta co gigng, cung hay am thé cua nét dé, Néu dem tinh chat én ap dung cho mét chuédi 8 nét sdp xép lién bac, ta cé 4m giai trudng hay thi’ mang tén nét ditng dau. Il. CAC LOAI AM GiAI THUGNG GAP: Thue ra cé rét nbiéu am giai khac nhau, & day ching ta dé cap dén 3 loai am giai chinh, lam nén tang cla am nhac va cach riéng mén Héa 4m ching ta dang khdo sat.Nhung diéu cdn thiét vé Quang, Am giai va Digu thiic 23 ILL Am giai Truéng (major scale) 1.1.1 Am giai Truéng ty nhién (natural major scale) Midu Li: lan xudng ©) Pon om ow vv viv Trong dé, cdc bac cé tén goi nhu sau: 1 Am ehii (Tonic) i Thugng chi 4m’ (Supertonic) Wt Am trung (Mediant) v Am ha at (Subdominant) Vv Am at (Dominant) vi Thugng at 4m (Superdominant) vil Am dan‘, cam am (Leading-tone) Vi] ~~ Am chi trén (Supertonic) 1.1.2. Am giat Truéng nhan fo (artificial major scale) 1.1.2.1 Trong chuyén déng xuéng, nét bac Vil gidm nifa cung, dé cach nét bac Vill 1 cung, né khéng cén vai tré am dan nhu trong chuyén déng lén. Midu 12: cs «cy Mil 1.1.2.2 Bac VI bj gidm nia cung. Khéng thay ddi trong hai chuyén déng len va xuéng. No con due goi la am giai trudng hoa am. Vidu 1 ic) 1.1.2.3 Bac IV dude tang nia cung. Khéng thay ddi trong hai chuyén dong lén va xuéng. ligu voi 1a “din déin di xudug”. Ching ti thiét nghl, cdich gui nay khong chinh xic. 4 6 lai ligu goi 1a “dm dda di len”. Theo ching ti cach goi may thifa.24 Hoa Am truyén thong Vidu 14: _——— ee wy Iw Theo quy ude chung, khi néi “am giai Trudng”, ngudi ta sé hidu dé !a am giai Trung ty nhén. 1.2. Am giai tht (Minor scale) 1.2.1 Am gial thi? ty nhién (natural minor scale) Gém cae bac duge sdp xép theo chuyén déng lén va xudng nhuf sau: thi nhan tgo (artificial minor scale) 1.2.2.1 Am giai thir nhan tao ca diéu (melodic minor scale) Trong am giai thi nhan tao ca diéu, nét bac VI va VII tang 1/2 cung trong chuyén déng lén. Trong chuyén déng xuéng, ca hai not ay lai giam ted ve 1/2 cung. Vi du 16: Luts g: Trong chuyén déng xuéng, am VII khong cén vai tré am daa (nghia la khong ¢én céch am chi niéfa cung). 1.2.2.2 Am giai thet nhan tao héa diéu (harmonic minor scale) Trong 4m giai thi? nhan tao héa digu, nét bac Vil tang 1/2 cung di trong chuyén dong lén hay xuéng. Vi du 17: . (Cm} o val viNhung diéu cdn thiét vé Quang, Am giai va Digu thiic 25 1.2.2.3 Du muc®: Trang am giai thi du myc, nét bac IV tang 1/2 cung, nét bae Vil tang 1/2 cung. Vi du 18: = (cm) W wl Mil vw Theo quy uée chung, khi néi “am giai thi”, ching ta phai hidu dé la 4m giai thif hoa digu. 1.3 Am giai déng chuyén (Chromatic scale) Am giai nay gém nhiing ban cung déng, rét quan trong, tién Idi cho viéc chuyén thé. Vi du 19: 1 it mow v Ml vil Vath SSS SS 5 uy giai ut dt mye edn goi 1a Am giai this Hungary hay am giai thet Bohémicn,26 Hoa Am truyén thong BAI TAP VE CHONG 1 Cac bai tap dugc cho trong tap sach nay co much dich tam mdu hodc nhu nhting dé nghj dé chung ta lif lam thém. Chitng khéng phai la nhifng bai thie tap hoan thién. Nhitng bai tap nay phdi dugc gia lang len cho Idi khi chting ta thuc suv nam sau xa van dé ong méi chuong. 1. Goi tén cae quang sau day: 2. Véi nét Fa thang (Fat) lam nét bén duéi, hay tao thanh cdc quang: 3 thi”, 6 tang, 5 gidm, 4 dung, 2 tang, 7 trudng, 9 thif, 5 tang. 3, Voi nét Ré gidng (Ré”) lam nét bén trén, hay tao cdc quang: 5 gidm, 9 trudng, 7 gidm, 2 thu, 4 tang, 5 ding, 6 thir, 3 giam. 4. Hay viét cac tudng dung déng am cuia cdc quang trong bai tap 3. 5. Cac 6 nhip dudi day thuéc vé thang 4m nao ? 6, Hay thanh lap mét thang am trudng véi ndt Do thang la am bac 6. 7. Hay thanh lap mét hang am thf ca digu di xudng véi nét Re” la chu am. 8. Viét va agi tén cdc quang nghich duge hinh thanh gitfa ch am va cdc am khac trong thang am Es-Dur (Mi Trudng}. 9. Viét va ggi ten cdc quang thuan duge hinh thanh gitfa 4m bac 3 va céc am khde trong thang am Si ging thi héa diéu.Nhung diéu cdn thiét vé Quang, Am glai va Digu thic 27 BALTAP LAM THEM 1. Goi ten ca¢ quang dudi day: 2, Véi mdi quéng dudi day, hay xd¢ dinh thang am cé chita c8 2 not ca quang. Ban sé thdy co hon mét thang am cho méi quang a b © d e 3, Trong moi phan 4 nét dudi day, hay xéc dinh thang am nao chiia cd 4 net. es Ss eS Fe 4) ®) a) b) oCHUONG 2 PHAN LOAI . HOP AM 3 NOT, 4 NOT VA 5 NOT I. PHAN LOAI HGP AM BA NOT (Triad): Hgp am ba nét gém cac loai sau: Vi du 20: c cm Cdim c+ Csus4 = Csus? Tinbchst. vui budn omongmanh ting cdi Kyhidu thse CW/Cmaj cflmin CSC" C+8fCeug Nhung trong héa 4m truyén théng, ngudi ta chi tinh hgp 4m ba nét (goi tat: “hdp am ba”) la cdc hdp 4m Truéng, thus, tang va giam ma théi. Bang tém tat cac hdp am 3 nét nay, dude thanh lap trén am giai trudng ty nhién va this hoa di¢u gém co: Bang 1b Loai Hgp 4m Am Giai Trugng Am Giai Thy Truéng S bach VV d bac V.VI Tho 1, Ul, VI 1IV Tang | eee ul Giam vil Ui, Vil Ap dung bang tom tat trén day dé phan tich cac hop am 3 nét duge thanh lap trén cdc bac cla 4m giai Do Trudng va La Thi, ta dude: Vidu 21: c tm F Bdim «c- Bur | oT v wl30 Aa (earell) 9 Beim C+ Hoa Am truyén thong Dm & Fo ddim I. PHAN LOAI HOP AM BON NOT (Tetrad): Hgp 4m 4 nét gém cac loai sau: Vi du 22: a ‘at Cau tuo quéng [3 3T Ky higu kbd Crear) 3 ‘Cu teo quang ae Ky higu khée ; Caug(enaj?) cm70s CmaP Cmirep) 3T 3T aT 3 3 3T 3t 3T a cm cm? crs 3gim —g 6T aot, 31 sHepam = aHop arm aT Truéng Tho 0 Canal Bang tom tat cdc hgp am 4 nét duge thanh lap trén am giai truéng tu nhién va tha héa dieu nhu sau: Loai Hgp Am Am Giai Truéng Am Giai Thi 7 Vv. Vv. M7 lv vt m7 HH, Ul, VI Vv. m?s Vl Wi + (Maj 7) iL dim 7 vil min (Maj 7) + i Ap dung bang tom tat tren day dé phan tich cac hgp 4m 4 nét dude thanh lap trén 4m giai Do Truéng va La thet, chung ta duge:Phan loai hop am 3 not, 4 not va 5 not 3h Vi du 23: Cmap Dm? Em? Fmay fan? Bm7t5) (C-Dur) | 0 mh v v M Mil Amie?) B75) Calrayy Dm? £7 Fmay Gbdin? (emo) " il Vv v w wil Ghi chu: 1. Cac nét trong hep am (3, 4, hay 5 nét) phai la nhting nét cé trong am gial dang xét (ttc la 4m giai cé mang nét duéi cing - ndt nén - cua hgp am). 2. Cac hop am 6 bac |, Ill cda am giai thi hoa digu thudng duge xem hu nhiing hgp am cé chifa nét ngoai hgp 4m (xem chuong 8) (Trong vi du 23, do la cdc hdp 4m: Amin (Maj 7) va C+ (Maj 7). 3. Hop am 4 nét d bac VII cla am giai trudng duge gai la Hop 3m quang 7 cam am. No tuy gidng véi hgp 4m 4 nét & bac Il cua am giai thi tuong Gi (cung héa bé vdi am giai trudng) nhung cdc st dung rat khac nhau. (trong vi dy 23 la hop am B-(7)) il. HGP AM NAM NOT (Pentad): C6 nhigu loai hép 4m 5 nét nhung ta chi ké cdc loai thong dung sau day: Vi du 24: caCmaP cabycrs £8) B79 @) (9) «© Céutgo quing: 49T + Hop 4m 7 aSt+Hep m7 — cfu tao 3T at gidna (b) Hoy } 3¢ Hay | 3t 3t 3t aT 3T Ghi chy: Néu quang 9 thit duge thanh lap trén nét nén cua hgp am ma not trén eda quang khéng cé déu b thi ta ky higu: -9 thay cho 9b ( xem Vi du 24c).32 Hoa Am truyén thong Iv. HOP AM THUAN - HOP AM NGHICH 1V.1, H¢gp am thuan Dé la hop 4m cé chifa nhitng quing thugn, cho ta cam giac day dan, thoai mai. Nhu thé, cac hgp am 3 nét nhu: hdp am Truéng, thit, é hgp am thuan. 1V.2. Hgp &m nghich Dé la hop am cé chita it nhat l4 mét quéng nghjch, cho ta cam gidc cing thang, khé chiu. Nhu thé cae hp am 3 nét nhu: hgp am tang, gidm, sus 4, sus 2 va tat ca cac hgp am 4 nét déu la hop am nghich. v. Sd DUNG CAC HOP Am: Sau day ching ta ban sd luge vé cach ding hgp 4m da biét vao viée ghi hop am cho cac bai nhac. Viéc lam nay thyc ra chi ding cho cac ca khiic mét, hai bé don gidn. Béi véi nhitng tac phém nhiéu ba, ching ta can ¢6 them cAc kién thie cua mon Héa Am sau nay. V.1, Sit dung cae hgp am 3 nét Khi sir dung, ta can luu y tdi cac diém sau day: 1. Nen ding thudng xuyén cdc hgp am bac |, IV, V cla am gia. Nen khdi dau va két thiic vdi hgp am bac I. 2. Dé them mau sdc, phong phu cho bai nhac ta cé thé thay hgp am bac |, IV, V bang hop am bac VI, Il, Ill. Vidu 25: Trong am thé (C-Dur) thay cdc hgp am C, F, G bang cdc hop am Am, Dm, Em. 3. Hep am bac Vil thuéng dude dat truée hgp 4m bac | dé thay thé hgp am bac V, nhat la trong giai két. Vidu 26: L, RUSSEL & 1. JAMES. : "Ve n Dios” a Bdimn Cc Dm? CC oS 4. Nén lién két céc hgp am ¢é nhiéu nét chung véi nhau. Mi 27: C-F-Am-Dm-DPhan loat hop am 5 not, 4 not va 5 not 33 5. Cac hdp am thuéng co khuynh huéng chuyén dén hdp am cach chiing quang 4 dang: A->Do-» Go» Co» Fes Bb» Eb-> Ab-> 6. Nén dat hgp am 6 phach manh, chi ¥: - Khéng dé cdc nét ngoai Am (non-harmonic tones) - C6 gdng dé hop am chia nhiéu nét 6 trong 6 nhip nhdt. 7. Hgp am bac Ill trong am giai tht héa diéu duge diing nhu héa am tam, thodng qua (passing chord). Vi du 28: RERRY GILKYSON & MILLER a “Greenfields” ab Bhs m7 o V.2. Sit dung hgp 4m 4 nét V.2.1. Bac V7: - Duge dung rat nhiéu, thay cho hgp am bac V. - Thudng ¢ giai két, né chuyén vé bac I, hodc gidi quyét bat thudng vé bac Wy, Vi. Vidu 29: + Ngu@i ta thudng lién két nhiing hgp am V7 cach nhau quang 4 dung. Vidu 30: "Who's sorry now” Bb o a34 Hoa Am truyén théng V.2.2. Bac VIZ: ~ Dung thay hgp 4m V7 hode duge dat trude hgp am V7, nhat la 6 giai két cuGi bai. Vi du 31: “Algho-oe" or Go An a o - Hop 4m VII7 cia am giai trudng doi khi duge thay bang hgp 4m VII? cua am giai thi déng nguyén. Hgp am VII7 cla 4m giai thir thuéng duge ding nhiéu hen. Vi du 32: NGUYEN DUY.NHAT _-_ "ung Thanh Gia” eb Gm Drdim Trong vi dy tran, D7 dim 1a Vil 7 ca thang am ( E bm). V.2.3. Bae 17 (cla am giai truéng) - Ding khdi dau bai nhac khi bai nhac bat déu bang cém am. - Thay bac | trong viéc két thiic bai nhac. V.2.4. Bae 7 Thuéng di trudc hop am V7. V.3. Si dyng hgp 4m 5 nét Viéc su dyng hdp am 5 nét duge tém tat trong nhting trudng hgp thudng gap sau day: * Hop am 9 thudng ding la hgp 4m V9 trudng cua 4m giai trudng, hgp 4m V9 the cua am giai thif va hgp am 19. « Hop am V 9 cé thé chuyén sang hdp 4m V7 trude khi gidi quyét vé hop 4m bac | (hodc khéng can chuyén sang V7). « Hap am V7-9 cé thé stf dung thay hgp am V9 trong am giai truéng. » Hop am 19 duge ding dé két thay hgp 4m bac | cua am giai truéng.Phan loai hop am 5 not, 4 not va 5 not 35 BAI TAP VE CHUGNG 2 1, Ching ta hay goi ten c4e hop am sau: . 2. Hay viét bang hinh nét cdc thanh phan cua hgp am: G+, G sus 4, G dim, G 7-9, B7, E 7 dim, F#m, B, DM7, Em6 3. Hay ghi hgp am cho tac phém sau day cla Henry MANCINI - “Moon river" 4. Ban nhac sau day chi gam cdc hdp am 3 nét cua am giai OM. Chung ta hay chuyén ching thanh nhiing hép 4m 4 not, méi khi cé thé duge. Can cht y rang: co vai hgp am néu dé lai dang hgp 4m 3 nét sé hay hdn déi sang 4 nét: "Parlez-moi, d'amour” GfmAm DGEmAm DG CAmEm Am Em Am D GEmAm D36 Hoa Am truyén thong G EmAm DG Can 9 o 5. Chung ta hay phan tich céch ghi hgp am trong tac phdm sau: NGUYEN DUY NHAT : “Bung Thanh Gia" Expressive doloroso tH Fm pv Es Ab Bb e a cna Ab Fm 2 S ab o7 Q? Bdim? Cm sb yg Cn AD Qm? 4 Daim? ebBAL CUONG VE HOP AM 3 NOT I. NOT CHUNG CUA HAI HGP AM: Hai hgp am khac nhau sé c6: + 1 nét chung: néu am nén eda ching cach nhau quang 5, 4. + 2nét chung: néu am eda ching cdch nhau quang 3,6 + Khong cé nét chung, néu 4m nén ciia chting cach nhaw quang 2, 7. ia 33: = not chung a4 ab a3 a6 a2 a7 I. TAM C& TIENG (voice range): Viée nghién cdu hoa am lién quan tél nung nguyén téc cd ban cia cdc ban viét 4 phan. Nhitng van dé dude dat ra, va cac bai tap trong sach nay diya trén cd sé 4 loai tiéng: Soprano, Alto, Tenore va Basso. Tam ci tiéng cua ching nhu sau: Vidu 34: Soprano Alto Tenore Basso i. AM KEP - AM GIAM: in.1. Am kép Hop am ba chi gdm c6 3 ndt, nén khi viét ban héa 4m 4 phan, ngudi ta phai lap lai mét nét nao 46 trong hgp am. Neét dé dude goi la am kép.Hoa Am truyén thong Khi ding 4m kép chiing ta phai theo cac quy dinh sau M11 Quy dinh “Dai Loi hop am bac 1, IV, V ( bac tét cia am giai) 6 thé tryfe ( xem phan IV cdc thé ctia hop am ) 6m kép sé Ja 4m nén.” Vidu 35: i wer) not Do képinot Sol 2 a (C-Dur) ' Iv v ML.1.2. Quy dink 2 i vdi hop am bac H, iil, VI ( bac phu cla am gial), 4m kép sé la am nén fay 4m 3°. Sé di am 3 cua cdc hop am nay dude kép vi ching la nét dinh thé Vidu 36: kép keep. kép kep. kép ep ranén | [amd J armnén | fdm3 P feranén |) am 3 2 2 Ss (€-Dur) 11 0 a lit Wv IL1.3. Quy djnh 3 "DSi vdi hop am bge Vil, nguéi ta it ding o thé tre ma dung 6 thé ddo 1 ¢ xem phan IV), kép 4m 3". Néu kép am nén trong truéng hp nay ta sé pham di hai quang 8 theo nhau khi gidi quyét cam 4m vé chi am. Vidu 37: Mil, thé true VU thé dso. kép 8m nén, 161 6 theo nhau ep arn 3Bai cuong vé hop am ba not 39 11.2. Am giam Ngudi ta co thé bd bat di mot nét trong hgp am. Not dy goi la 4m gidm. Am gidm khéng duge la am 3, ngoal try am 3 cua bac V. Am 3 xac dinh tinh trudng, thi cla hgp am. Déi vdi hgp 4m bac V thi di @ thang am trudng hay thtt, né cling la hgp am truéng, nén cé thé bé am 3 ma kh6ng gay ra nhém lan. IV. CAC THE HGP AM: Néu nét mang tén cla hgp am (nét nén) ndm 6 bé dusi cng, ta cé thé true (con goi la thé’ nguyén vj, thé af nhién) cba hop am. Néu nét quang 3 (am 3) cla hgp 4m nam 6 bé dudi cting, ta cé thé déo 1. Néu nét quang 5 (am 5) cua hgp am nam 6 dudi cing, ta cé thé ddo 2. Vi dy 38: Xél hop 4m CM ctia giong Do Truéng Th trye Kehitus 1 fly V. KHOANG CACH GIA CAC BE (spacing): Khi mot nét duge phat ra, trén thu té sé cd mot sé nét khac cung xuat hién, chting ta ggi la nhting béi 4m (overtones). Vi du 39: Béi am trén nét Do bo ha40 Hoa Am truyén thong Nhu vay chung ta thay rng: khoang cach giifa cde béi arn cang ngay cang thu hep khi di tiv thap lén cao. Vi thé khi viét héa 4m 4 phan, chung ta can chad y dén khoang cach gitfa cae bé nhu sau: * 3 be Soprano, Alto, Ténor, khong dude cach nhau qua quang 8 dung * 2 bé Tenore va Basse khéng bi buéc bdi quy luat trén. * Théng thuéng nén sdp xép cdc bé sao cho cdc quang hep nam 6 céc bé trén va cae quang réng ndm é bé dudi. VI. THE (hay XEP) CGA HGP AM (position): Thé ca hgp am con dude goi la cach xép hop hgp am. Cé hai lo: VL1. Thé réng (open position) Khi ba bé trén cing (Sop, Alto, Ten) cach nhau quang 5, quang 6, hgp am 6 thé’ réng (hayxép rng). V1.2. Thé hep (close position) Khi ba bé trén cling cach nhau quang 3, quang 4, hop am & thé hep thayxép hep). Vi du 40; ( Thé rang va hep déu dude ding thudgng xuyén nhu nhau. Viéc fifa chon loai thé ndo tdy thuge vao nhiéu diéu kién khac nhau, nhung quan trong nhat co 18 1a tién trinh cda déng ca (giai diéu). Mot diéu kién khac nia Ja tam ci tiéng. Vi du, néu ba Soprano d am vuc cao thi thé hep sé lam cho céc bé khdc qua cao. Thé hep Thé réng Vil. VI TRI CUA HOPAM: Mét hgp am d thé tryc (ty nhién) cé ba vi tri khac nhau: + Am nén é be trén cing goi ta: vi tri 8. + Am 3 4 ba trén cling goi la + Am 5 4 bé trén cung ggi la: vi ti 5.Dai cuong vé hyp am ba not Al Vidu 41: \F ~ ° 2 2 = = 2 { = = =a Witri8 Vviarid Vite 5 Thong thuéng, chung ta nén khdi dau va két thc bai nhac bang h¢p 4m bac i, vi tri 8. BAI TAP VE CHUGNG 3 1. Nhé mot ngusi choi trén piano hoge organ hay may vi tinh phat mot digu truéng hoéc thi, va tiép theo la céc hdp am 3 nét, thé tryc thanh lap trén thang am d6, ching ta nghe va ndi lén loai hop am 3 nét va bac cla né trong thang 4m. 2. Nhan dang cdc hop am 3 ndt sau day thudc loai nao (Truéng, Thi, Tang hay Giden). R4i xem né c6 thé la hgp am bac méy? (danh sd La Ma) cla thang 4m nao? (Vi dy, hgp am (a) 18 Trung, nd la béc IV cla thang am H-Dur, va 1a bac 1 cla E-Dur, v.v..} ( 3. Vidt 4 phan, 6 ca hai thé rong va hep, cho cac hdp 4m 3 nét sau: Bac IV cda thang am (b-moll). Bac V cia thang am (Cis-Dur). . Bac Vi cda thang am (A-Dur). Bac Ill cla thang am (d-moll). ll da thang 4m (f-moll). Bac IV cda thang am (A-Dur) mean ge42 Hoa Am truyén thong g. Bac I cua thang am (es-moll). h. Bac VI eda thang am (E-Dur). i, Bac Vl cia thang 4m (G-Dur). J. Bae Il ca thang am (As-Dur). 4. Viét 3 cach bé tri khac nhau cla cdc hgp am sau: 8 > © ¢ e 5. Bang cach ding cdc déu héa bat thudng ( thang, giam, binh), hay viét cdc hgp am 3 nét dudi day, mdi hgp am 3 cach khac, dé c6 dude 4 logi hdp am: trudng, thu, tang, giam. 8 b c d e 6. Citi nét sol # lam nét tren cng cua hgp am, hay viét 4 phan cua cc hgp am 3 nét quy dinh nhu sau: . Hgp am truéng, thé dao 1, vai am 5 4 bé Soprano. . Hgp am nghich véi am 3 bé Soprano. Hop am thé déo 2 trong thang am E-Dur. Hgp &m cé am nén 1a am bac Ill trong 1 am giai thu. . Hp am G thé réng, vdi am nén nam 6 be Soprano. Hgp 4m thit 6 thé hep. |. Hop am tang kép am 3. |. Hgp am thuan trong thang 4m h-moll. Hop 4m gidm trong thang 4m dis-moll. Hop am 6 thé dao 1, vdi am bac IV d bé Basse. vir remeoanoge 7. Hay lay cdc nét cho dudi day lam 4m nén réi tao nén cdc hgp 4m trudng, ther, tang, gidm: Soli, Si®, La’, Fa#, Dos. 8. Viét 4 phan vdi: a, Thé rong d ba vj tri 8, 3 va 5. b. Thé hep d ba vi tri 8, 3 va 5. cua cdc hgp am sau: C,D,E, Fm, Gm, A®,CHUONG 4 CAC LOAI CHUYEN HANH 2 . o 1. CHUYEN HANH GIAI DIEU (melodic motion): Chuyén hanh giai digu la chuyén hanh eda riéng tting bé hoa am. Cac quy tac sau day chi la nhiing loi khuyén, nhting chi dan (cht khong bat bude) cho chung ta muén chuyén déng cdc bé. Can chu y dac biet téi chuyén hanh cla 2 bé Soprano va Basso hon cac be khac. 1.1. Chuyén hanh lién bac (conjunct motion): Goi 1a chuyén hanh lién bac khi céc nét chuyén dong val quang 2 (hay di lian bac - "by step"). 1.2, Chuyén hanh cach bac (disjunct motion): Goi la chuyén hanh cdch bac khi cdc ndt chuyén dgng vdi cac quang ién hon quang 2 (hay néi cach khac, cae nét di cach bac - “by skip"). Vi du 42: ae a4. & —— = Sj 2 as Lin bac Céch béc Met giai digu hay thuding chia nbiéu chuyén hanh lién bac, cén chuyén hanh cach bac duge ding mét cach khéo léo dé thay déi sdc thai. Qua nhiéu bude nhay cach bac sé lam cho giai digu mang nhiéu tinh sde canh, gay, hon !a tinh luu Jodt cén phai co. Cn chi ¥ rang, bé Basso thu@ng gém nhiéu quang cach bac hdn nhéing bé khdc; dac biét khi chéing ta ding nhiéu hgp am ba nét thé tryc. 1.3. Mot sé quy tac 1.3.1. Quy tée 1 (4p dung cho ting chuyén hanh) "Khéng nén chuyén hanh vdi cdc quang tang, hay quang giam."