1

SCIENCE vs ENGINEERING
 CONNECTION: Biology, technology, and
society are connected in important ways
ü The goal of science is to understand natural
phenomena.

ü The goal of technology is to apply scientific

knowledge for some specific purpose.

ü These two fields, however, are interdependent.

Technological advances stem from scientific research,
and research benefits from new technologies.
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
 What is Science? 3

Science is a way of knowing—an approach to understanding the natural world.

§ The process of science is repetitive,
nonlinear, and collaborative.
Ø Observations
Ø Hypothesis
Ø Prediction
Ø Experimental plan
Ø Substantiate or refute the
hypothesis
Ø More proof
 Observation:
Flashlight doesn’t work.

Question:
Why doesn’t the
flashlight work?

Hypothesis #1: Hypothesis #2:

Batteries are dead. Bulb is burned out.
 Observation:
Flashlight doesn’t work.

Question:
Why doesn’t the
flashlight work?

Hypothesis #1: Hypothesis #2:

Batteries are dead. Bulb is burned out.

Prediction: Prediction:
Replacing batteries Replacing bulb
will fix problem. will fix problem.

Test of prediction: Test of prediction:

Replace batteries. Replace bulb.
 Observation:
Flashlight doesn’t work.

Question:
Why doesn’t the
flashlight work?

Hypothesis #1: Hypothesis #2:

Batteries are dead. Bulb is burned out.

Prediction: Prediction:
Replacing batteries Replacing bulb
will fix problem. will fix problem.

Test of prediction: Test of prediction:

Replace batteries. Replace bulb.

Results: Results:
Flashlight doesn’t work. Flashlight works.
Hypothesis is contradicted. Hypothesis is supported.
 7

What is theory?

What is law/principle?
 8
Two hypotheses for the group in which red
pandas should be classified
Scientists tested hypotheses about the
evolutionary relationships of red
pandas.
• Based on observations of physical
similarities, scientists initially
?
hypothesized that the red panda was
most closely related to raccoons. Should red pandas
• Other scientists, observing that the be grouped with
diet and habitat of red pandas raccoons or with
were similar to those of giant giant pandas?
pandas, placed the two pandas
together in their own family. ?
• But recent studies comparing DNA
sequences led scientists to classify
red pandas as the only living species
of their own family.
 Predictions 9

Figure. Biological predictions lead to the establishment of Figure. The more data points that are known, the better the
new knowledge, whereas engineering predictions lead to a prediction of the location of the next data point. If the
successful application of existing knowledge. Designs prediction involves deduction rather than induction, then the
requiring new knowledge are never attempted. prediction can be made very precisely.
 Science and Engineering 10

Scientists usually speak of Engineers more often speak of

discoveries inventions

Mathematical Modeling

Theoretical Models Empirical Models

Ø Well-established basic Ø Mathematical descriptions of

principles observations
Ø Relatively simple Ø Often involves fitting curves
 Principles of Physics1 11

Diffusion and Osmosis

Diffusion is the movement of

particles (atoms, ions or
molecules) from a region in
which they are in higher
concentration to regions of
lower concentration.

1. Isotonic: Here the external solution concentration and the

internal concentration of the organism are the same.
2. Hypotonic: Here the external solution concentration is
less than the concentration of the organism. In this case
water will rush into the organism.
3. Hypertonic: Here the external solution concentration is
greater than the concentration of the organism. In this case
the water will rush out of the organism.
 Principles of Physics2 12

Fluid movement and energy:

Causes of turbulent blood flow:
! Fluids move due to a difference q High velosities
in pressure. q Sharp turns in the circulation
• Laminar Flow q Rough surfaces in the circulation

• Turbulent Flow q Rapid narrowing of blood vessels

Balance:
The Saint Francis’ satyr
butterfly in eastern North
Carolina (endangered)
 Principles of Physics3 13

Electricity: Temperature Effects:

Cancer treatment
Electroporation

Protein Seperation by
Gel Electrophoresis