Fundamentals of Electronic

Communication Systems
 Signal Analysis and Mixing
Prepared
22 September
by: Engr.
2021Jacklyn Kate C. Garduque 2
 Introduction
When designing electronic communications' circuits, it is often necessary
to analyze and predict the performance of the circuit based on the power
distribution and frequency composition of the information signal. This is done
with mathematical signal analysis.
Although all signals in electronic communications are not single-frequency
sine or cosine waves, many of them are, and the signals that are not can be
represented by a series of sine and cosine functions.

22 September 2021 Prepared by: Engr. Jacklyn Kate C. Garduque 3

 Sinusoidal Signals
Electrical signals are voltage- or current-time variations that can be
represented by a series of sine or cosine waves. Mathematically, a single
frequency voltage or current waveform is
𝒗 𝒕 = 𝑽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝝅𝑭𝒕 + 𝜽 𝐨𝐫 𝒗 𝒕 = 𝑽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝅𝑭𝒕 + 𝜽
𝒊 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝝅𝑭𝒕 + 𝜽 𝐨𝐫 𝒊 𝒕 = 𝑰 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝅𝑭𝒕 + 𝜽
Where:
𝑣 𝑡 = time-varying voltage wave
V = peak voltage (Volts)
𝑖 𝑡 = time-varying current wave
I = peak current (Amperes)
F = frequency (Hertz)
𝜃 = phase (deg)

22 September 2021 Prepared by: Engr. Jacklyn Kate C. Garduque 4

 Sinusoidal Signals
Whether a sine or a cosine function is used to represent a signal is purely
arbitrary and depends on which is chosen as the reference. Therefore, the
following relationships hold true:

𝒗 𝒕 = 𝑽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝝅𝑭𝒕 + 𝜽 = 𝑽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝅𝑭𝒕 + 𝜽 − 𝟗𝟎 ͦ

𝒗 𝒕 = 𝑽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝅𝑭𝒕 + 𝜽 = 𝑽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝝅𝑭𝒕 + 𝜽 + 𝟗𝟎 ͦ

A series of sine waves is an example of a periodic wave. Periodic waves

can be analyzed in either the time or the frequency domain.

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 Sinusoidal Signals
• Time Domain – amplitude-versus-time representation of a signal waveform.

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 Sinusoidal Signals
• Frequency Domain – amplitude-versus-frequency representation of a signal
waveform.

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 Nonsinusoidal Periodic Waves (Complex Waves)
Essentially, any repetitive waveform that comprises more than one sine or cosine
wave is a nonsinusoidal or complex periodic wave.

To analyze a complex periodic waveform, it is necessary to use a mathematical

series developed in 1826 by the French physicist and mathematician Baron Jean
Fourier. This series is appropriately called the Fourier series.

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 Nonsinusoidal Periodic Waves (Complex Waves)
The Fourier Series
The Fourier series is used in signal analysis to represent the sinusoidal components
of a nonsinusoidal periodic waveform. In general, a Fourier series can be written for
any series of terms that include trigonometric functions with the following
mathematical expression:

𝒇 𝒕 = 𝑨𝟎 + 𝑨, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 + 𝑨𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜶 + 𝑨𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝜶 + ⋯ + 𝑨𝑵 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑵𝜶

+𝑩𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 + 𝑩𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜷 + 𝑩𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝜷 + ⋯ ⊢ 𝑩𝑵 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑵𝜷

22 September 2021 Prepared by: Engr. Jacklyn Kate C. Garduque 9

 Nonsinusoidal Periodic Waves (Complex Waves)

𝒇 𝒕 = 𝑨𝟎 + 𝑨, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 + 𝑨𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜶 + 𝑨𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝜶 + ⋯ + 𝑨𝑵 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑵𝜶

+𝑩𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 + 𝑩𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜷 + 𝑩𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝜷 + ⋯ ⊢ 𝑩𝑵 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑵𝜷

Any periodic waveform comprises an average component and a series of

harmonically related sine and cosine waves. A harmonic is an integral multiple of
the fundamental frequency. The fundamental frequency is the first harmonic, the
second multiple of the fundamental is called the second harmonic, the third
multiple is called the third harmonic, and so on.

22 September 2021 Prepared by: Engr. Jacklyn Kate C. Garduque 10

 Nonsinusoidal Periodic Waves (Complex Waves)
• Wave Symmetry
• Even Symmetry – Symmetric about the vertical (amplitude axis.

𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑓 −𝑡
22 September 2021 Prepared by: Engr. Jacklyn Kate C. Garduque 11
 Nonsinusoidal Periodic Waves (Complex Waves)
• Wave Symmetry
• Odd Symmetry – Symmetric about a line midway between the vertical and horizontal axes and
passing through the coordinate origin..

𝑓 𝑡 = −𝑓 −𝑡
22 September 2021 Prepared by: Engr. Jacklyn Kate C. Garduque 12
 Nonsinusoidal Periodic Waves (Complex Waves)
• Wave Symmetry
• Half-wave Symmetry – If a periodic voltage waveform is such that the waveform for the first half
cycle (t = T to T/2) repeats itself except with the opposite sign for the second half cycle (t=T/2
to T)

𝑓 𝑡 = −𝑓 T/2 + 𝑡
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Example 1-1

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Example 1-1

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 Rectangular Waveform
• Fourier Series for a Rectangular Waveform

Duty Cycle
1
𝐷𝑆 =
𝑇

𝑡
𝐷𝑆 % = × 100
𝑇

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 Rectangular Waveform
• Fourier Series for a Rectangular Waveform

𝑽𝒕 𝟐𝑽𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙

𝒗= + ൤ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕
𝑻 𝑻 𝒙 𝟐𝒙
+ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑵𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 + ⋯ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 ]
𝟑𝒙 𝑵𝒙
Where:
x = πt/T
N = Nth harmonic and can be any value integer

22 September 2021 Prepared by: Engr. Jacklyn Kate C. Garduque 17

 Rectangular Waveform
• The (sin x)/x function is used to describe repetitive pulse waveforms. Sin x is
simply a sinusoidal waveform whose instantaneous amplitude depends on x.
With only x in the denominator, the denominator increases with x. Therefore, a
(sin x)/x function is simply a damped sine wave.

22 September 2021 Prepared by: Engr. Jacklyn Kate C. Garduque 18

 Rectangular Waveform

It can be seen that the

amplitudes of the
harmonics follow a
damped sinusoidal
shape.

(a) rectangular pulse waveform; (b) frequency spectrum.

22 September 2021 Prepared by: Engr. Jacklyn Kate C. Garduque 19

 Rectangular Waveform
The following characteristics are true for all repetitive rectangular waveforms:

1. The dc component is equal to the pulse amplitude times the duty cycle.
2. There are 0-V components at frequency 1/t Hz and all integer multiples of that
frequency.
3. The amplitude-versus-frequency time envelope of the spectrum components
take on the shape of a damped sine wave.

22 September 2021 Prepared by: Engr. Jacklyn Kate C. Garduque 20

 END OF PRESENTATION

ONE HEART.
ONE COMMITMENT.
ONE LIFE.
1719 – 2019
#300LaSalle

Prepared
22 September
by: Engr.
2021Jacklyn Kate C. Garduque 21