COLLEGE ENGLISH REVIEWER
 Can range from unproductive to fully productive
SYNTAX - The study of the way in which sentences
constructed from smaller units called constituents;
how sentences are related to each other
MORPHOLOGY- The study of the construction of
words out of morphemes.
Morpheme - is the smallest linguistic unit that can
have meaning in grammatical function
TYPES OF MORPHEME
DERIVATIONAL MORPHEME - Create new words by
changing the meaning.
In derivation a new word is formed by adding an
affix to the root or stem
INFLECTIONAL MOREPHEMES - Does nor produce
new words in the language.
- Used to indicate aspects of grammatical function
word.
-Does not change category and does not create new
lexemes, but rather change the form of lexemes so
they can fit into different grammatical contexts.
8 TYPES OF INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES:
NOUN INFLECTION
 Number
 Person
 Gender
 Case
VERB INFLECTION
 Tense
 Aspect
 Voice
 Mood and modality
NUMBER - category of nouns; marks singular or
plural
VOICE - category of inflection that allows different
noun phrases to be focused in sentences.
MOOD AND MODALITY - category of verb, marking
speech act type and possibility
INFLECTIONAL
 Never changes category
 Do not change part of speech
 Adds grammatical meaning
 Is important to syntax
 Is usually fully productive
DERIVATIONAL
 Sometimes changes category
 Can change part of speech
 Often adds lexical meaning
 Produces new lexemes
PHONETICS - The study of speech sounds
PHONOLOGY- the study of the sound system of a
language
SEMANTICS - study of meaning in languge
ANOMALOUS SENTENCE- A sentence that is
syntactically well formed but semantically
meaningless
CONTRADICTIONS- two statements don't seem to
agree with each other.
PRESUPPOSITION- constitutes a necessary
assumption required to understand the meaning of
a sentence
METAPHOR- It may provide clarity or identify hidden
similarities between two different ideas.
AMBIGUITY- The property of words or sentences of
having more than one meaning.
VERB TENSES
PRESENT TENSE - Action of the verb is happening
now.
PAST TENSE- Action of the verb has already
happened.
FUTURE TENSE- The action of the verb has not
happened yet, but it will.
PROGRESSIVE TENSES - Made up of a verb phrase
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE - Used to
describe an action that is occurring right now.
Use AM if the subject is I.
Use IS if the subject is SINGULAR
Use ARE if the subject is PLURAL
PAST PROGGRESSIVE TENSE - Used to talk about
an activity that was in progress at a specific point of
time in the past.
Use WAS if the subject is SINGULAR
Use WERE if the subject is PLURAL
MOOD
LIFE DEFINITION - how are you feeling at a given
time.

LITERATURE DEFINITION- the reader’s emotional

response or the atmosphere of a story.

IN GRAMMAR- The form of verb takes indicate the

attitude of the person using verb.

TENSE- shows time (past, present, future)

VOICE- shows who’s doing an action or having action

done to them.

MOOD - shows attitude (telling a fact, command and

wish)

TYPES OF MOOD

INDICATIVE- Fact, opinion, or question

IMPERATIVE - Command or request

SUBJUNCTIVE

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE - Suggestion, necessity,

indirect command/order.

PAST SUBJUNCTIVE- untrue condition, a wish or

desire. Not yet happening.