Possessive Pronouns and adjectives

A pronoun usally refers to something already mentioned in a sentence or piece of text. They are used
instead of nouns to prevent repetition of the noun to which they refer.
On of the most common pronouns is it and the lovely thing about it is that’s it, there no gender.
Note: the possessive determiner is not a pronoun
A different pronoun is rquire depending on two elements; the noun being replaced and the function that
noun has in the sentence. In English, pronouns only have the gender of the noun they replace in the 3 rd
person singular form. The 2nd persond plural pronouns are identical to the 2 nd person singular pronouns
except for the reflexive pronoun.
Subject pronouns – replace nouns that are the subject of their clasuse. In the 3 rd person, subject
pronouns are often used to avoid repletion of the stubject’s name
Object prounouns – are used to replace nouns that are the direct or indirect object of a clasue.
Possessive adjective (determiniers) – are not pronouns, but rather determiners. It is useful to learn them
at th same time as pronouns, however, because they are similar in form to the possessive pronouns.
Possive adjuectives function as adjectives, so they appear before th e noun they modify. They do not
replace a noun as pronouns do.
Reflexive and intensive pronouns – are the same set of wrods but hy have different functions in a
sentence.
Reflecxive pronuns refer back to the subject of the clause because the subject of the action is also the
direct or indireact object. Only cetain types of verbs can be reflexive. You cannot
remove a reflexive pronoun form a sentence because the remaining sence would be
grammatically incorrect.
Intensive pronouns emphasize the subject of clause. They are not the object of the action. The intensive
pronoun can always be removed from a sentence without changing the meaning
significantly although the emphasis of the subject will be oved. Intensive pronound can
be placed immediately after the subject of the calsue, or at the end of the clause.
Pronouns
Pronouns take the place of nouns in sentences. Pronouns work in sentence the same way as nouns.
Pronouns are used so that nouns are not repeated. A pronoun generally refers back to a
noun that was written earlier. There are many differend kinds of pronouns. Each kind
has different forms and rules for when it is used.
Personal pronouns refer to a specific person or persons. The personal pronouns are I you, he, she it, we
and they. Personal pronouns change from depending on their role in a sentence. The
subjective case means the pronoun is used as the subject of the sentence. The
subjective personal are I he, she, you, it we, and they.
The other cases ar objective and possessive. Objective case means a pronoun usually is the object of the
verb or a preposition in a sentence. Objective pronouns are me, him, her, us and them.
Note: when there is a linking verb in a sentence the pronoun that follows it must be the subjective, not
objective, case. A common linking verbe is any form of the verb be such as is, are, was
and were.
Relative pronouns are which, that, and who I whom. Relative pronouns relate groups of words to nouns
or other pronouns.
Intensive pronouns- add emphasis to a noun or another pronoun. The form of the intensive pronoun is a
personal pronoun plus- self.
Reflexive pronouns – show that the sentence subject also receives the action of the verb in the
sentence. Reflexive pronouns have the same form as intensive onse:
Indefinite pronouns = function as nouns, but they do not rep;ace a noun. Include every body and some
Demonstrative prnouns – identify or point ot nouns. Demonstrative pronuns include this, that, and such
Iterrogative pronouns – introduce questions. Interrogative prnouns include who, which and what.
Types of Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns
Indefinite pronouns
Reflexive pronouns
Indefinite pronouns- an indefinite pronoun does not reere to any specific person thing or amount. It is
vague and not definite some typical indefinite pronouns are:
Singular
One, someone, anyone, no one, each, somebody, anybody, nobody, either, something
anything nothing
Plural
Many, some , both, several, few, fewer, several, others.
Singualr with non-countables/plural with countables: all, any, non, some, more, such
Verbs that are not normally used in the continuous form – the verbs in the list below are normally used
in the simple form, because they refer to states, rather than actions or processes:
List of common verbs normally used in simple form:
Senses/perception: feel, hear, see, smell, taste
Opinion: assume, believe, consider, doubt, feel find, suppose think
Mental states: forget, imagine, know, mean, notice, recognize, remember, understand
Emotions/ desires: envy, fear, dislike, hate, hope, like, live, mind prefer, regret, want wish
Measurement: look, seem, be, have,
Note: perception verbs are often used with can: see, hear, feel, taste, smell.

Present Perfect –Form – appropriate form of the main verb, plus the past participle of the main verb
Ex: she has visisted, I have walked.
-is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not
specified, and we are often more interested in the result thatn the action itself.
Be careful Thre was be a verb tense in you language with a similar form, but the meaning probably not
the same.
Present perfect is used to describe:
-an action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present
-an action performed during a period that has not yet finished (she has been to the cinema
-a repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now (we have visited
-an action that has completed in the very recent past (I have just finished
- an action when the time is not important ( he has read)
Present perfect continuous – is made up of two elements – the present perfect of the verbe to be
(have/ has been) and the present participle of the main verb (bse- ing)
she has been swimming
She has been running
The present perfect continuous refers to an unspecified time between before now and now . The
sepeaker is thinking about something that started but perhaps did not finish in that period of time. He/
she is interested in the process as well as the result and this process may still be goin on, or may have
just finished. And this process may still be going on or may have just finished
The Simple Future
The simple future is composed of two parts: will/shall + the infinite without to
Note; shall is slightly dated but can be used of will with I or we
The simple future refers to a time later than now, and expresses facts or certainty. In this case there is
no attitude.
The simple future is used:
To predict a future event:
To express a spontaneous decision
To express willingness:
To make an offer
To make a suggestion
To ask for advice or insructions
To give orders
To give an intitation.
Note: in modern English will is preferred to shall.
Shall is mainly used with I and we to make an offer or suggestion

Future with Presernt Continuous

Present Continuous for future events

Function and classes of determiners

Determiners are words placed in front of a noun to make it clear what the noun refers to.
The word people by itself is a genral reference to some group of human beings. If someone says these
people, we know which group they are talking about, and if they say a lot of people we know how big
the group is.
These and a lot of are determiners in these sentence.

There are several classes of determiners:

Definite and indefinite articles
The, a, an
Demonstratives
This, that, these, those
Possessives
My, you, his, her, its, our, their
Quantifiers
A few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some , any , enough, etc.
Numbers
One, ten, thirty, etc.
Distributives
All, both, half, either, neither, each, every
Difference words
Other, another
Question words
Which, what whose
Defining words
Which, whose,
The following words are pre-determiners. They go before determiners, such as articles: such and what,
half, rather quite

Definite Article
Articles I English are invariable. That is they do not change according to the gender or number of the
noun they refer to
The is used:
To refer to something which has already been mentioned
When both the speaker and listener know what is being talked about, even if it has not been mentioned
before.
In entences or clauses where we define or identify a prticualr person or object
To refer to objects we reagrad as unique
Before superlatives and ordinal numbers
With adjectives, to refre to a wole group of people;
With names of geographical areas and oceans
With decades, or groups of years
Names of rivers, seas, oceans, mountain ranges, and deserts
Direction

Exceptions to using the definite article

Thre is no article:
With names of countries(if singular)
With the names of language
With the names of meals
With people’s names( singular)
With titles and names:
After the ‘s possessive case
With professions
With names of shops
With years
With uncountable nouns
With the names of individual mountains, lakes and islands:
With most names of towns, streets, stations and airports:
In some fixed expressions, for exaple