Class Notes

EPE447
 Parts of Speech

LESSON 1, WEEK 1 (14/10/2020)

Introduction

Each part of speech explains not what the word is but how the word is used. In fact,
the same word can be a noun in one sentence and a verb or adjective in the next.

Parts of Speech includes noun, adjective, verb, conjunction, preposition, article,

interjection, and adverbs.
Adverbs

An adverb can modify a verb, an

adjective, another verb, or a sentence.

TYPES OF ADVERBS:
1. Time (already, ago, before etc)
2. Frequency (always, usually, etc)
3. Place (here, everywhere, etc)
4. Manner (slowly, so, badly, etc)
5. Degree (almost. fully, etc)
6. Affirmation (certainly, surely, etc)

Be especially careful with the word

'only', which is one of the most often
misplaced modifiers.

When an adverb is modifying a verb

phrase, the most natural place for the
adverb is usually at the middle of the
phrase.
snuoN

A noun is a person, place or thing. In a

sentence, nouns can play the role of
subject, direct object, indirect object,
subject complement, object
complement, appositive. or adjective.

TYPES OF NOUN :

1. Common vs Proper
2. Countable vs Uncountable
3. Concrete vs Abstract
4. Compound vs Collective

PRONOUNS :
A pronoun can replace the noun or
another pronoun.
Conjunctions

Coordinating
Coordinate or join 2 or
more sentences, main
clauses, words, or other
parts of speech which
are of the same syntactic
importance.
Subordinating
Join dependent clauses
to independent clauses.
For example, inserting
'because', 'until', 'so that',
'since', and 'unless
before'.

Correlative
A phrase that joins
together 2 other words,
phrases or clauses. I.e.
neither...nor,
rather...than.
Prepositions

A preposition is a word used

to link nouns, pronouns,
or phrases to other words
within a sentence.

They act to connect the people.

objects, time and
locations of a sentence
 An interjection is a word added to a
sentence to convey emotion.
Interjection

For example :
Doubt - hmmm, err, umm
Pain - ouch, owww
Elation - hurrah, yippee, woohoo
Relief - phew, whew, whoa
 Verbs
Verbs are the action words in a sentence that describe
what the subject is doing.

We have action verbs, auxiliary verbs, transitive verbs,

intransitive verbs, modal verbs, phrasal verbs, irregular
verbs, regular verbs, finite verbs, infinite verbs.
 The English

Verb

Helps to make the

BE continuous forms

Auxiliary verbs : Helps to make the

HAVE
BE, HAVE, and DO perfect forms

Helps to make -ve and

DO
interrogative sentences

They convey different meaning, and they are

Modal Verbs : special - they don't take -s in the 3rd person,
CAN, COULD, MAY, they don't have infinitive, gerund or past
WILL,... participle, they always followed by a bare
infinitive and they don't take do to make
their -ve or interrogative sentences

Lexical Verb : the rest of them :

the rest of them go, work, play...
Adjectives

An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun by describing,

identifying, or qualifying words.

There are 2 types of adjective - descriptive and limiting

Descriptive adjective consists of :

ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE & PREDICATE ADJECTIVE

Limiting adjective consists of :

1. Definite & Indefinite Articles
2. Possessive Adjectives
3. Demonstrative Adjectives
4. Indefinite Adjectives
5. Interrogative Adjectives
6. Cardinal & Ordinal Adjectives
8. Proper Adjectives
9. Nouns used as adjectives
 Adjective Phrase
An adjective that acts as an adjective to a noun or pronoun
is called an adjective phrase. An adjective phrase has
adjective as the main word. We can use a modifying adverb
before an adjective too.

Adjective Clause
A dependent clause that acts as an adjective in a sentence is
called adjective clause. An adjective clause works like an
adjective in a sentence. The function of an adjective is to
modify (describe) a noun or pronoun. Similarly, an adjective
clause modifies a noun or pronoun.