Parts of Speech

By My English Store
 Definition: A part of speech is a group of words that belong to the same grammatical category. It is also called a word
class.

 Ex. Book, Cow, and Ahmed are words that belong to the part of speech of nouns.

 There are 9 parts of speech in English:

Nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, articles/determiners, interjections.

Nouns: are words that refer to a person, place, thing, or idea.

Person: Ahmed, teacher, Sally, doctor.

Place: Agadir, hospital.
thing: book, phone.
Idea: love, freedom.

 A noun can be the subject or object of a sentence or phrase.

Ex.
Ali is my best friend. Subject
I love my dog. Object
Abstract nouns: are nouns that name an idea, quality, or concept (courage, freedom, love)

Concrete nouns: are nouns that name a material or tangible object—something recognizable through the senses (such
as chicken, egg, phone)

Attributive nouns: are nouns that serve as an adjective in front of another noun--such as "nursery school" and
"birthday party.

Collective nouns: are nouns that refer to a group of individuals—such as team, committee, and family.

Common nouns: are nouns that are not the name of any particular person, place, or thing (singer, river, and tablet).

Proper nouns: are nouns that refer to a specific person, place, or thing (Lady Gaga, Monongahela River, and iPad).

Count nouns: are nouns that has both singular and plural forms—like dog(s) and dollar(s).

Mass nouns: (also called noncount nouns) are nouns that are generally used only in the singular and can't be counted.
For instance,music and knowledge

NB: Some nouns have both countable and non-countable uses depending on their context.

My hair is red. Uncountable I found three hairs in my food. Countable

Denominal nouns: are nouns that are formed from another noun, usually by adding a suffix—such
as guitarist and spoonful.

Verbal nouns: (gerunds) are nouns that are derived from a verb (usually by adding the suffix -ing) and
that exhibit the ordinary properties of a noun—for example, "My mother didn't like the idea of
me writing a book about her."
pronouns: are words that are used in place of a noun.

There are 9 types of pronouns in English:

Personal pronouns: are words that refer to a specific person or thing (e.g. I, he, they, we)

Demonstrative pronouns: are pronouns that represent a noun and tell us whether it is singular or plural and whether
it is near or far (e.g., this, that, these)

Interrogative pronouns: are pronouns that are used to ask questions "what," "which," "who," "whom," and "whose.“

Indefinite pronouns: Indefinite pronouns refer to people or things without being specific. (e.g., none, several, any)

Possessive pronouns: A possessive pronoun represents a noun and also tells us who owns it (e.g., his, yours, ours)

Reciprocal pronouns: the reciprocal pronouns are "each other" and "one another." Reciprocal pronouns are used for
actions or feelings that are reciprocated.

Relative pronouns: the relative pronouns are "which," "that," and "who" (including "whom" and "whose"). A relative
pronoun is used to head a relative clause (or an adjective clause), which adds more information to a sentence.
Reflexive pronouns: refer to another noun or pronoun in the sentence (usually the subject of the sentence) (e.g., itself,
himself, ourselves)

Intensive/emphathic pronouns: they are the same as the reflexive pronouns, but they are used differently. They
refer back to another noun or pronoun in the sentence to emphasize that it is the thing carrying out the action) (e.g.,
itself, himself, ourselves)

Ex. I made it myself. He painted the house himself.

Verbs: are words that express an action or a state.

Action verbs: are verbs that are used to refer to an action. Work, speak, sleep..

Stative verbs: are verbs that refer to a state of being. Be, seem, appear..

Transitive verbs: are verbs that require a direct object. The dog ate the bone

Intransitive verbs: are verbs that do not require a direct object. The dog barked

Linking verbs: are verbs that are used to link a subject with a subject compliment. be, become, seem, appear, grow…

A subject complement describes or identifies the subject of the sentence or clause. Ahmed is a doctor.

Helping verbs: also called auxiliary verbs, are verbs are used to form tenses, moods and voices of other verbs; Be, have,

do, can, will…

Modal verbs: are a subgroup of helping verbs that are used to give a sentence a specific mood. Each modal verb is used

differently, and they can express concepts such as ability, necessity, possibility, or permission e.g. can, may, might, could,

would, shall, ought to…

Regular verbs: are verbs whose past tense form and past participle ends in -ed, played

Irregular verbs: are verbs whose past tense and past participle form doesn’t end in -ed, - chosen

Phrasal verbs: are combinations of a verb with prepositions and/or adverbs that have a different meaning from the

individual words used to form them. Drop out, fall apart, wake up…

Infinitives: are verbs that are not conjugated; Bare infinitives and to infinitives. Go, to go.

Main verbs: are the main verbs in a sentence. I am eating right now

Prepositional verbs: are verbs that consist of a verb and a preposition: count on, resort to, result in…

Phrasal-prepositional verbs: are verbs that are formed with a verb, a particle and a preposition: do away with, look up to,
Adjectives: are words that describe nouns and pronouns.

Adverbs: are words that describe verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs. They specify when, where, how, and why
something happened and to what extent or how often. Examples: softly, lazily, often, only, hopefully, softly, sometimes.

Types of Adverbs:

Sentence adverb:  are adverbs that start the sentence and modifies the whole sentence. Apparently there is nothing that
cannot happen today.

Adverbs of time: are adverbs that indicate the time of an action. Yesterday, now, later…

Adverbs of frequency: are adverbs that indicate how often something happens. Sometimes, always, often

Adverbs of place/direction: are adverbs that indicate place/direction of the action in the sentence. Above, behind, inside

Adverbs of degree: are adverbs that express the degree of an action. Almost, slightly, entirely, very, extremely…

Adverbs of manner: are adverbs that express the manner of an action. Slowly, loudly, quickly..

Conjunctive adverbs: are adverbs that signify a transition or relationship between two separate parts of a sentence;
Besides, therefore, hence, moreover…
NB: Articles and determiners function like adjectives by modifying nouns, but they are different than
adjectives in that they are necessary for a sentence to have proper syntax. Articles and determiners
specify and identify nouns, and there are indefinite and definite articles. Examples: articles: a, an, the;
determiners: these, that, those, enough, much, few, which, what.

Interjections: are expressions that can stand on their own or be contained within sentences. These
words and phrases often carry strong emotions and convey reactions.

Examples: ah, whoops, ouch, hooray…

Prepositions: are words that are used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a
sentence. they connect the people, objects, time and locations of a sentence. In, on, at, till, to
Conjunctions: are parts of speech that link words, phrases, and clauses with one another.

coordinating conjunction: are used to connect or "coordinate" two sentence elements with equal grammatical rank. They join

words with words, phrases with phrases, clauses with clauses, and so on.

There are seven coordinating words in total:

For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. FANBOYS

Correlative conjunctions: are conjunctions that come in pairs, and they connect words or phrases that are equally important

within a sentence. This relationship between the two elements can signify either matching or contrasting ideas

either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, so/as, whether/or, both/and

Subordinating conjunctions: are conjunctions that connect dependent and independent clauses  A subordinating conjunction

can signify a relationship between the two clauses - i.e., it can be a contrast or a cause-and-effect relationship between two

statements or ideas; while, when, whereas, whenever, wherever, whether