LECTURE NOTES IN TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF GRAMMAR

MIDTERM & SEMI-FINAL COVERAGE

LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of this Module, you are expected to:
1. Discuss the fundamental terms and concepts associated to the teaching and assessing of grammar; and
2. Share the implications of one’s knowledge of key concepts in the teaching learning process.

LET’S BEGIN!
What is Grammar?
 In linguistics, the grammar of a natural language is its set of structural constraints on speakers' or writers' composition of
clauses, phrases, and words.
 In other words, it is the whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting of
syntax and morphology (including inflections) and sometimes also phonology and semantics.

Grammar Ability needs to be:

 Accurate
 Meaningful
 Appropriate

What are Some Basic Rules of Grammar?

 It includes ensuring all the sentences have a subject and a verb; placing directly adjective before the noun they describe, or
after it if separated by a verb; using a comma to connect two ideas.

Why is Grammar important in Writing?

 Grammar allows us to combine individual words to make complex meanings and communicate effectively. By learning the
rules of grammar, you can write with better clarity while enjoying the freedom to make stylistic choices.

Eight Parts of Speech:

1. Noun
- It is a word that names a person, place, thing, animal, or an idea.

Examples:
Cathy (Person)
Cebu City (Place)
Guitar (Thing)
Cat (Animal)
Love (Idea)

Types of Noun:
a. Proper Noun – It is a noun that serves as the name for a specific place, person, or thing.
Examples:
Abraham (Specific Name of a Person)
Zamboanga City (Specific Name of a City)
Iphone (Specific Brand of a Phone)
 b. Common Noun – It is a noun that describes a type of person, thing, or place or that names a concept.
Examples:
paper, pencil, cat, dog, doctor, policeman, etc.

c. Abstract Noun – It is a word that cannot be perceived by the five senses. It is a noun denoting an idea, quality, or state
rather than a concrete object.
Examples:
love, kindness, hatred, acceptance, honesty, etc.

d. Concrete Noun – it is a word that can be perceived by the five senses. It can be touched, tasted, smelled, seen, or even
heard.
Examples:
food, music, chair, etc.

e. Collective Nouns – It is a noun that denotes a group of people, things, or animals.

Examples:
People: board, choir, class, committee, family, group, jury, panel, etc.
Animals: flock, herd, pod, swarm, etc.
Things: bunch, collection, fleet, flotilla, pack, set, etc.

f. Compound Nouns – It combines two or more words into one. Compound nouns can appear as a single word, multiple
words used separately, or words connected by hyphens.
Examples:
Editor-in-chief, rainbow, stepson, son-in-law, ballpoint, mousetrap, etc.

g. Countable Nouns – It is one that you can count. When you have three books or 10 pennies, you are describing a noun
that is countable.
Examples:
Table, rabbit, ear, etc.

h. Uncountable Nouns – It is one that cannot be counted.

Example:
Salt, hair, sand, etc.

2. Pronoun
- It is a word that replaces a noun.

Examples:
He, she, it, they, we, us, them, etc.

Types of Pronoun:
a. Possessive Pronouns – It is a pronoun that is used to express ownership or possession.
Examples: Mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs.
 b. Personal Pronouns – It is a short word we use as a simple substitute for the proper name of a person.
Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, us.

c. Relative Pronouns – It is a pronoun that marks a relative clause. An example is the word which in the sentence.
Examples: "This is the house which Jack built."
Other Examples:
Who, whoever, whom, whomever, that, which, when, where, whose.

d. Reflexive Pronouns - These are words like myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves.
They refer back to a person or thing.
Examples: Myself, yourself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves.

e. Indefinite Pronouns – It does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite".
Examples: All, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each, everybody/everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none,
one, several, some, somebody/someone.

f. Demonstrative Pronouns – It is a pronoun used to point to specific people or things.

Examples: This, these, that, those.

g. Interrogative Pronouns - It is a pronoun used to ask a question.

Examples: What, why, where, when, who, how.

3. Verb
- It is a word that indicates physical action, mental action, or state of being or condition.

Examples: fly, dance, walk, sick, think, feel, etc.

Verb Tenses:
1. Past Tense – The verb form you use to talk about things that happened in the past.
Example:
I looked at the painting.
2. Present Tense – It is a verb tense that describes a current activity or state of being.
Example:
I look at the painting.
3. Future Tense – It is the verb form you use to talk about things that haven't happened yet.
Example:
I will look at the painting.

Note: The rest is in your notes.

BASIC SENTENCE PATTERN

1. S – LV - SC (Subject – Linking Verb – Subject Complement)

Linking verbs are the types of verbs that join the subject with an adjective or another noun. Some commonly used linking
verbs include be, am, are, is, was, were, and seem.
2. S – IV (Subject – Intransitive Verb)
3. S – TV – DO (Subject – Transitive Verb – Direct Object)
4. S – TV – ID – DO (Subject – Transitive Verb – Indirect Object – Direct Object)
5. S – TV – DO – OC (Subject – Transitive Verb – Direct Object – Object Complement)