Writing Level 3

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A- BOOK- Writing level 3. ENG 217 - OCT 2022- SEND SS
Writing (Trường Đại Học Duy Tân)
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BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO

ĐẠI HỌC DUY TÂN
KHOA TIẾNG ANH
GIÁO TRÌNH
WRITING LEVEL 3
Mã môn học: ENG 217
Chủ biên: Th.S. Lê Thị Kim Uyên
LƯU HÀNH NỘI BỘ

Đà Nẵng, năm 2022

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PREFACE
This course book aims to equip students with knowledge to train their Writing skill
and help them to do tests of TOEIC. Its content includes adjective clauses, Noun clauses and
Passive voice, language for giving instructions and directions, making inquiries and
responding to inquiries in writing an e-mail response, and complete introductory paragraph,
key idea development by giving reasons and examples in writing an opinion essay.
Chapter 1 includes 06 lessons, chapter 2 consists of 5 lessons, chapter 3 includes 4
lessons. This book gives students an opportunity to develop skills in writing. Many
exercises help students quickly improve writing skills through language material selected
from real tests. Each lesson has goals, which are clearly written, helping students obtain
what they need after a lesson. At the completion of this course, students will be able to
identify adjective clauses, noun clauses and passive voice language for giving instructions and
directions, making inquiries and responding to inquiries in writing an e-mail response;
introductory paragraph, reasons and examples in developing the body paragraphs in an
opinion essay, write sentences with adjective clauses, noun clauses and passive voice to
describe pictures based on words given; response e-mails using language for giving
instructions and directions, making inquiries and responding to inquiries; complete
introductory paragraph, key ideas development in the body by giving reasons and examples
in writing an opinion essay, and acquired knowledge and skills in doing TOEIC writing test
with the average score of 80-100 over 200 points.
Although a great effort has been made during the time researching and compiling this
course book, limitations, of course, are unavoidable.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Chapter 1: WRITING SENTENCES 3

Lesson 1: Adjective Clauses (Who, What, Which- as the Subject) 4
Lesson 2: Adjective Clauses 2 (Who, What, Which- as the Object) 11
Lesson 3: Adjective Clauses 3 (Whose + Quantity & Quality) 17
Lesson 4: Noun Clauses 22
Lesson 5: Passive Voice 28
Lesson 6: Reviews 34
Chapter 2: RESPONDING TO AN E-MAIL REQUEST LETTER 37

Lesson 7: Giving “How to” instructions (1) 38
Lesson 8: Giving “How to” instructions (2) 42
Lesson 9: Writing directions 46
Lesson 10: Inquiries 49
Lesson 11: Responding to inquiries 54
Chapter 3: WRITING AN OPINION ESSAY 57

Lesson 12: Writing general introductory sentences 58
Lesson 13: Writing a complete introductory paragraph 61
Lesson 14: Giving reasons and examples 63
Lesson 15: Developing key ideas by giving reasons and examples 66

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CHAPTER 1
WRITING SENTENCES
Lesson 1: Adjective Clauses 1
(Who, What, Which- as the Subject)
(Who, What, Which- as the Object)
(Whose + Quantity & Quality)
Lesson 4: Noun Clauses 4
Lesson 5: Passive Voice
Lesson 6: Review

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LESSON 1: ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 1

(WHO, THAT, WHICH- AS THE SUBJECT)
I. LANGUAGE FOCUS
A relative pronoun can be the subject of its own clause.

 Subject Relative Pronouns: who, which, that
American football, which is the most popular sport In the United States, began at
Harvard University.
In this pattern, who, which, and that can be either singular or plural. Make the verb agree
with the antecedent.
I have not read the magazine that is lying on the coffee table.
(The verb is lying is singular to agree with the singular antecedent magazine.)
I have not read the magazines that are lying on the coffee table.
{The verb are lying is plural to agree with the plural antecedent magazines.)
• Adjective clauses are either restrictive (necessary) or nonrestrictive (unnecessary).
Restrictive (necessary): no commas
The professor who teaches my biology class won a Nobel Prize two years ago.
Nonrestrictive (unnecessary): commas
Professor Jones, who teaches my biology class, won a Nobel Prize two years ago.
The following examples show you how to combine two sentences to make a new sentence
containing a subject pattern adjective clauses.
For People
Restrictive People save time and energy. They use microwave ovens.
who, that People who use microwave ovens save time and energy.
People that use microwave ovens save time and energy.
Nonrestrictive Microwave cooking is not popular with most professional chefs.
Who Professional chefs say that fast cooking does not allow flavors to blend.
Microwave cooking is not popular with most professional chefs, who
say that fast cooking does not allow flavors to blend.
For Animals and Things
Restrictive Ovens are capable of cooking food quickly. They use microwave
That energy. Ovens that use microwave energy are capable of cooking
Nonrestrictive An electron tube in the oven produces microwaves. Microwaves cook
Which by agitating the water molecules in food.
An electron tube in the oven produces microwaves, which cook by
agitating the water molecules in food.
- You may delete the relative pronoun and the be verb when:
1.1. they are followed by a prepositional phrase.
Ex1: The man who is in the house is my father.
 The man in the house is my
father. Ex2: The books that are on the desk
are mine
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 The books on the desk are mine.

1.2. the main verb in the relative clause is progressive.
Ex1: The man who is swimming in the lake is my father.
The man swimming in the lake is my father.
Ex2: The books that are lying on the floor are mine.
 The books lying on the floor are mine.
1.3. the main verb in tenses
Ex1: People who buy lottery tickets are often found at bingo.
 People buying lottery tickets are often found at bingo.
Ex2: The bus which leaves at 6:03 was late today, so I caught the 6:08 one for downtown.
 The bus leaving at 6:03 was late today.
II. LANGUAGE PRACTICE
2.1. Combine the two sentences. Add commas if necessary.
1) She loves books (the books have happy endings).
……………………………………………………………………..
2) They live in a city (the city is in the north of England).
……………………………………………………………………..
3) The man is in the garden (the man is wearing a blue jumper).
……………………………………………………………………..
4) Anyone must have a logical mind. He or she wants to be a computer programmer
……………………………………………………………………………..
5) Foreigners also have difficulty with English spelling. English spelling is not
always consistent with its pronunciation. .
……………………………………………………………………..
6) The fruit is on the table. The fruit isn’t fresh.
……………………………………………………………………..
7) While he lectured, he showed us a slide. The slide diagrammed the double helix structure
of DNA.
……………………………………………………………………..
2.2. Reduce the relative clauses
1. The man who is standing there is a clown.
……………………………………………………………………..
2. Benzene, which was discovered by Faraday, became the starting point in the
manufacture of many dyes, perfumes and explosives.
……………………………………………………………………..
3. My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house.
……………………………………………………………………..
4. Joggers who will run in the marathon should get to the stadium early to warm up.
……………………………………………………………………..
5. A person who does at least 30 minutes of exercise a day will feel better.
……………………………………………………………………..

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2.3. Identify Adjective clause in the following sentences

1. Environmental science, which is compulsory for all students, is one of the most
popular courses in the college.
……………………………………………………………………..
2. The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
……………………………………………………………………..
3. The envelop which lies on the table has no stamp on it.
……………………………………………………………………..
4. The student don’t know how to do exercise which were given by the teacher yesterday.
……………………………………………………………………..
5. Words in English which begin with the consonants th are often difficult for foreigners to
pronounce.
……………………………………………………………………..
III. PRACTICE IN TOEIC

3.1. Language building
a-Give some words which may be used to describe pictures 1-3. Compare with your
friends
b-Complete the following about pictures 1-3 with the suitable words
Picture 1
1. The man who is holding a suitcase is
………………………….
2. The man who stands behind

the counter is …………………….
Picture 2
3. The women sitting at the table are …….

……………...
4. The women who are.......................try

to reach an agreement.

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Picture 3
5. There are buildings on the side of

the river which................the city.
6. People are walking along the path

which…...............the rive
3.2. Tactic Practice
3.2.1. Put the words in the correct
order Picture 1
1. The/ searching/ guard/ is/ the/

apart/ his/ arms/ man/ who/ has.
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
2. The /raising/ man/ who/ arms/ is/ his/

is/ the guard/ searched/ by.
………………………………………….
……………………………………………
Picture 2
3. Some/ listening to/ people/ a pen/
man/ are/ the/ holding/ who is.
…………………………………………
…………………………………………..
4. The/ the left/ a presentation/ man/
on/ is/ making.
……………………………………………
…
…………………………………………..
….
Picture 3

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5. The/ reading/ man/ sits/ a / the

shelf/ book/ next to.
……………………………………………
…
…………………………………………..
….
6. The/ book/behind /shelf/ reading/

man/ is/ the/ who/ is/ a
……………………………………………
…
………………………………………
3.2.2. Make sentences about the pictures with the suggested words
1. who/ discuss/ engineers
3. modern/ locate/ river

…………………………………………
…
..
…………………………………………
…
..
2. wait/ want/ line
……………………………………………
..
……………………………………………
..
………………………………………….
…………………………………………
IV. TEST PRACTICE
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In this part of the test, you will write ONE sentence that is based on a picture. With
each picture, you will be given two words or phrases that you must use in your sentence.
You can change the forms of the words and you can use the words in any order.
tie/ boat map/ look

1……………………………………………. 2………………………………………..
……………………………………………… …………………………………………..
hat/ look stand/ across

3……………………………………. 4…………………………………….
……………………………………….. ……………………………………….
woman/ hold
5…………………………………….
………………………………………..
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teacher/ explain
6. …………………………………….
………………………………………..

(WHO, WHAT, WHICH- AS THE
OBJECT)
I. LANGUAGE FOCUS
A relative pronoun can be an object in its own clause.
Object Relative Pronouns

whom,
which, OSV
that,
0 (no
pronoun)
Note: You can omit that in object pattern clauses only.
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Ex: The address (that) he gave me was incorrect.
The following examples show you how to combine two sentences to make a new sentence
containing an object pattern adjective clause
For People
Restrictive The professor is chair of the English Department. You should see
whom, that, the professor.
0 The professor whom you should see is chair of the English
Department.
The professor that you should see is chair of the English
Department. (informal)
The professor you should see is chair of the English Department.
Nonrestrictiv Dr. White is an ecologist. You met Dr.White in my office.
e Dr. White, whom you met in my office, is an ecologist.
whom
For Animals and Things
Restrictive The book was written in German. The professor translated the
that, 0 book. The book that the professor translated was written in
German. The book the professor translated was written in
German.
Nonrestrictiv Environmental science is one of the most popular courses in the

e which college.
Dr. White teaches environmental science.
Environmental science, which Dr. White teaches, is one of the
most popular courses in the college.

2.1. Combine the two sentences. Add commas if necessary
1. The movie was interesting. We went to it.
 …………………………………………………………………
2. I met the people. You told me about them.
 ………………………………………………………………
3. I couldn’t understand the woman. I talked to her on the phone.
 …………………………………………………………………
4. I want to tell you about the party. I went to it last night.
 …………………………………………………………………
5. The music was gentle. We listened to it last night.
 …………………………………………………………………
6. Alice likes the foreign family. She is living with them.
 …………………………………………………………………
7. The market has refresh vegetables. I usually go to it.
 …………………………………………………………………
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8. The man is over there. I told you about him.

 …………………………………………………………………
9. The film is fantastic. They are talking about it.
 …………………………………………………………………
10. She’s the nurse. We gave the flowers to her.
 …………………………………………………………………
11. Lung cancer is very dangerous. Millions of people died of it.
 …………………………………………………………………
2.2. Identify Adjective Clause in the following sentences
1. She is the most beautiful woman that I have ever met.
…………………………………………………………………
2. I like standing at the window from which I can see the park.
………………………………………………………………
3. The man whom we are speaking to was our new history teacher.
…………………………………………………………………
4. The teacher who we studied with last year is Mr. Pike.
…………………………………………………………………
5. The problem which we are very interested in has been discussed in class.
…………………………………………………………………
3.1. Building language
Picture 1
1. The kid is trying to reach the

cookie plate which his mother
…………...
2. The cookie plate that the boy

is trying to reach looks ………..
Picture 2
3. They are talking about the food

that they.......for lunch.
4. The lunch that they are eating is

……………..
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Picture 3
5. The building that they are visiting is

…………….
6. They are coming to the building

which many tourists
……………….every year.
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1. Reorder the words to complete sentences
Picture 1 1. clothes/ he/ The/ dirty/ which/ put/

basket/ in/ the/ are
……………………………………………
…
……………………………………………
…
2. The/ needs/ clothes/ wash/ that/ he/

to/ basket/ are/ in/ the
……………………………………………
…
……………………………………………
…
Picture 2
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……………………………………………
…
4. The bicycle/ yesterday/ fixing/

that/ broke down/ they/ are.
3. The man/ is/ bicycle/ fixing/ often/
the/ that /he/ uses. ……………………………………………
…
………………………………………… ……………………………………………
…
…
Picture 3
5. The car/ is waiting/ that/ driving/

the traffic/ the woman/ is/ for.
……………………………………………
…
……………………………………………
…
6. The/ looks/ bored/ woman/ traffic/ at/

has to/ the/ that/ she/ wait.
……………………………………………
…
……………………………………
2. Make sentences about the pictures with the suggested words
1. gloves/ warm/ that 3. Chung cakes/ which/
…………………………………………..
……………………………………………… ……………………………………………
… …
……………………………………………… ……………………………………………
… …
………………………………………………
……
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2. Christmas/ party/ happy
………………………………………………
…
………………………………………………
……
………………………………………………
……
IV. TEST PRACTICE

1. street/ repair
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…………………………………………… ……………………………………………
…………………………………………… ……………………………………………
……. ……
2. tree/ decorate 4. cheap/ look
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……. ……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……
3. buy/ car
5. modern/ building
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6. volunteer/ teach
……………………………………………
…………………………………………… ……………………………………………
…… …..
……………………………………………
…..
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(WHOSE + QUANTITY & QUALITY)
I. LANGUAGE FOCUS
1.1. Possessive pronoun “whose”
In possessive adjective clauses, the relative pronoun whose replaces a possessive word
such as Mary’s, his, our, their, the company’s, or its. Possessive adjective clauses can
follow the subject or the object pattern.
In the subject pattern, the whose + noun phrase is the subject of the adjective clause. In
the object pattern, the whose + noun phrase is the object in the adjective^ clause.
Notes
1. Some writers feel that whose should be used to refer only to people. For animals
and things, they recommend using of which. Compare:
I returned the book whose cover was torn.
I returned the book, the cover of which was torn.
Other writers use whose in all but the most formal writing (such as legal documents).
2. When whose + noun is the subject of an adjective clause, the verb agrees with
that noun.
She takes care of two children whose mother works at night.
(The verb works is singular to agree with mother.)
She takes care of two children whose parents work at night.
(The verb work is plural to agree with parents.)
1.2. Phrases of quantity and quality
A relative pronoun can occur in phrases of quantity and quality.
Quantity Relative Pronouns
some of whom He gave two answers, both of which were
all of whom correct.
each of which The top students, all of whom graduated with
both of which,etc. honors, received scholarships.
Quality Relative Pronouns
the best of whom She has three daughters, the oldest of whom is
the oldest of whom studying abroad.
the most important The comedian’s jokes, the funniest of which 1
of which, etc. had heard before, were about politics.
II. LANGUAGE
PRACTICE Rewrite the
sentences
1. Nam is the boy with black curly hair.
--> The boy ....
2. The man seems very lonely because his wife and children are away
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--> The man ...

3. I went to 2 telephone boxes but they were both out of order
--> I went........................worked
4. The city has sixteen schools. Two of them are junior colleges.
-> The city has sixteen schools, two of …………………………….
5. Last night the orchestra played three symphonies. One of them was Beethoven’s Seventh.
---> …………………………………. ......................
6. I tried on six pairs of shoes. I liked none of them.
---> …………………………………. ......................
7. I apologized to the woman. I spilled her coffee.
---> …………………………………. ......................
7. The village has around 200 people. The majority of them are farmers.
---> …………………………………. ......................
8. That company currently has five employees. All of them are computer experts.
---> …………………………………. ......................
9. After the riot, over one hundred people were taken to the hospital. Many of them
had been innocent bystanders.
---> …………………………………. ......................
10. The man called the police. His wallet was stolen.
---> …………………………………. ......................
2.2. Identify Adjective clause in the following sentences
1. I met the woman whose husband is the president of the corporation.
---> …………………………………. ......................
2. The village has around 200 people, the majority of whom are farmers.
---> …………………………………. ......................
3. The professor whose course I am taking is excellent.
---> …………………………………. ......................
4. Mr. North teaches a class for students whose native language is not English.
---> …………………………………. ................
5. The people whose house we visited were nice.
---> …………………………………. ......................
III. PRACTICEIN TOEIC
3.1. Language
building Picture 1
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1. The woman whose tire ……………

is calling the telephone.
2. The woman whose baby

……………..has a flat tire.
Picture 2 Picture
3
3. The people whose dog is 5. The children whose teacher

………………are exercising. is explaining look ……………..
4. The people are walking the dog 6. The teacher is explaining to the boy
whose color is … whose book is ……………
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3.2.1. Reorder the words to make a meaningful sentence.
Picture 1
1. The/ whose bag/ to carry/ woman/ big/

is/ very/ is trying/ it/ upstairs.
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
2. There/ is/ a/ whose /heavy/ bag/

woman/ looks.
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
Picture 2
3. The man/ standing/ is cooking/

whose/ next to/ family/ is/ him.
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
4. The man/ is/ both of them/ cooking/ wife/

and/ next to/ daugher/ with/ his/ are
standing/ him.
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
Picture 3
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5. The man/ cleaning/ whose friend/

is sleeping/ is/ the wall.
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
6. The/ husband/ woman/ resting/

is/ cleaning/ whose/ is.
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
1. read/ interest/ whose 3. secretary/ whose/ shake
……………………………………………..
…………………………………………….. ………………………………………
…………………………………………… ………….
………………………………………
………..
………………………………………
…………
2. women/ both/ cheap
……………………………………………………
…
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………………
………………………………………………………
………………
………………………………………………………
……………..
IV. TEST PRACTICE
1. women/ yoga
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
2. move/ surface
……………………………………………
…..
……………………………………………
….
4. grandmother/ lucky money
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
3. eat/ party
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……
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5. umbrellas/ all 6. woman/ street
……………………………………………
…………………………………………… ……………………………………………
….. ……………………………………………
…
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LESSON 4: NOUN CLAUSES
I. LANGUAGE FOCUS
A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun. A noun clause is often part of
an independent clause, where it can be a subject or an object.
What the newspaper reported was incorrect.
Subject
People once believed that the world was flat.

Object
A noun clause can also follow certain adjectives and nouns.
We were happy that the semester was over.
Adjective
Who first challenged the belief that the world was flat?
Noun
There are three kinds of noun clauses:
1. that clauses, which begin with the word that
2. if/whether clauses, which begin with the words whether or if
3. question clauses, which begin with a question word, such as who, what, where, when,
or how
1.1. That clauses
1.2. If/ whether clauses
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1.3. Question clauses
Note:
2.1. Write that-clauses
1. Tim hasn’t been able to make any friends.

……………………………………………………………………
2. Drug abuse can ruin one’s health.
……………………………………………………………………
3. Some women do not earn equal pay for equal work.
……………………………………………………………………
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4. The earth revolves around the sun.
……………………………………………………………………
5. Irene, who is an excellent student, failed her entrance examination.
……………………………………………………………………
2.2. Write if-clause and question clauses

1. How much does this book cost?
……………………………………………………………………
2. When is Flight 62 expected to arrive?
……………………………………………………………………
3.Where is the nearest phone?
…………………………………………………………………… 4.Is
this word spelled correctly?
……………………………………………………………………
5. What time is it?
……………………………………………………………………
6. Does this bus go downtown?
…………………………………………………………………… 7.Is
this information correct?
……………………………………………………………………
8.Whose pen is this?
……………………………………………………………………
2.3. Identify Noun clause in the following sentences
1. It is true that smoking can cause cancer.
……………………………………………………………………
2. That English is the principal language of the business community throughout
much of the world is obvious
……………………………………………………………………
3. He didn’t know why the stove wasn’t working.
……………………………………………………………………
4. What the newspaper reported was incorrect.
……………………………………………………………………
5. Could you please show me how to get to the train station?
……………………………………………………………………
6. The child asks whether she can start piano lessons tomorrow.
……………………………………………………………………

3.1. Building Language
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a- Give some words which may be used to describe pictures 1-3. Compare with
your friends
b-Complete the following about pictures 1-3 with the suitable words
Picture 1 Picture 2
1. He knows how 3. The girl knows that she has to

to………………………….. ……………………exam.
2. That he can play golf is
…………………………………… 4. She doesn’t know
what……………………………………….
Picture 3
5. The girl is practising what she

…………………
6. It is obvious that the girl

can……………………..

3.2.1. Reorder the words to make a meaningful sentence.
Picture 1 1.They/how/ are/ asking/ car/ much/

the/ is.
……………………………………………
…
……………………………………………
…
2. They/ whether/ car/ wonder/ they/ buy/

should/ the.
……………………………………………
…
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…………………………
Picture 2 3. They/ the/ tree/ know/ decorate/
how/ to.
……………………………………………
…
……………………………………………
…
4. It/ is/ spring/ apparent/ coming/

that/ the/ is.
……………………………………………
……….
………………………………………..
Picture 3
……………………………………………
…
……………………………………………
…
6. They/ don’t/ finish/ know/ when/ work/

they/ can/ their
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……
5. The/ fix/ workers/ are/ they/
doing/ what/ road/ can/ to/ the.
3.2.2 Make sentences about the pictures with the suggested words
1. heavy/ lift/ athletic 2. look/ what/ man
……………………………………… ………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
………………………………………… ………………………………………
………………………………………… …………………………………………
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3. explain/ teacher/ help
………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
IV. TEST PRACTICE

1. focus/ study 2. look/ say
3. show/ to 4. smell/ woman
……………………………………………
… ………………………………………………
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…………………………………………….. .
…………………………………………… ……………………………………………..
… ………………………………………………
5. fix/ break 6. swim/ pool
……………………………………………….
……………………………………………….
……………………………………………..
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
……………………………………………..
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LESSON 5: PASSIVE VOICE
I. LANGUAGE FOCUS
1. Present simple: is/are + Vpp

Ex: He reads a book every day.
 A book is read everyday.
2. Present continuous: is/are + being +
Vpp Ex: He is feeding the dog.
 The dog is being fed.
3. Present perfect: have/ has + been+ Vpp
Ex: He has just solved the
problem.
 The problem has just been solved.
4. Past simple: was/ were
+Vp.p. Ex: He broke the
plate.
 The plate was broken.
5. Future : will/ be going to + be + Vpp
Ex: He is going to draw the
money.
 The money is going to be drawn.
6. have/ has someone do something = have something done (by
someone) Ex: He has the teacher explain the math.
 He has the math explained by the teacher.
Note:
II. LANGUAGE
PRACTICE Change into
passive voice
1. The waitress is serving the customer.
 ……………………………………………………
2. The teacher is going to explain the lesson.
 ……………………………………………………
3. She has suggested a new idea.
 ……………………………………………………
4. They are painting the house.
 ……………………………………………………
5. A hurricane destroyed the small village.
 ……………………………………………………
6. The student is erasing the blackboard.
34

 ……………………………………………………
7. He is awarding her the scholarship.
 ……………………………………………………
8. The waiter handed Ann a menu at the restaurant.
 ……………………………………………………
9. The teacher is explaining the problem to the
students.
 ……………………………………………………
10. They have him fix the bicycle.
 ……………………………………………………
11. The assistant manager is interviewing me.
 ……………………………………………………
12. The lesson interests him.
 ……………………………………………………
13. The result disappoints him.
 ……………………………………………………
14. The class bores students.
 ……………………………………………………
15. She has her daughter clean the house.
 ……………………………………………………
III. PRACTICEIN TOEIC

3.1. Building Language
a-Give some words which may be used to describe pictures 1-3. Compare with your
friends
C- omplete the following about pictures 1-3 with the suitable
words Picture 1 Picture 2
1. She is.............................an award for 3. The clothes are piled

her achievement. in…………………...
2. An award is................................to the 4. A lot of clothes needs to be …………

excellent student
35

Picture 3
5. The mother..............a gift on her

birthday.
6. A gift..........................to the
mother
3.2. Tactic practice
3.2.1. Reorder the words to make a meaningful
sentence Picture 1
1. The/ needs/ man/ bicycle/ to be/ has/

a/ which/ repaired.
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……
2. The/ bicycle/ two men/ repaired/ is/

being/ by.
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……
Picture 2
3. Many/row/ shopping/ lined up/ carts/

are/ in/ a.
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
…….
4. The/ arranged/ shopping/ next to/ wall/

carts/ are/ a.
36

…………………………………………
…
…………………………………………
…
……
Picture 3
5. The/ Christmas/ribbons and

tinsels/being/ with/ decorated/ tree/
is
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……
6. Ribbons and tinsels/ decoration/

Christmas tree/ are/ hung/ on/ the/ for.
………………………………………..
……………………………………………
1. pile/ place/ armchair 2. bed/ make/ woman
…………………………………………… …………………………………………
… …………………………………………
…………………………………………… …….
… …………………………………………
…… …………………………………………
…………………………………………… …
…
…..
……………………………………………
…
….
3. chef/ prepare/ cake
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…….
37

…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…
IV. TEST PRACTICE

1. giraffe/ feed 2. ATM/ money
………………………………………… ……………………………………………
………………………………………… ……………………………………………
…………
3. . amaze/ small 4. have/ fix
………………………………………… ……………………………………………
………………………………………… ……………………………………………
………… ……
38

5. grow/ hill 6. child/ shout
………………………………………… ……………………………………………
………………………………………… ……………………………………………
……….. ……
39

LESSON 6: REVIEW
I. LANGUAGE FOCUS REVIEW
1. who, that, which- subject

2. whom, that, which -object,
3. whose, …of which/ whom
4. Noun clauses
5. Passive voice
II. PRACTICE IN TOEIC
Mini-test 1
Question 1 of 5
Directions: Write ONE sentence based on the picture using the TWO words or phrases
under it. You may change the forms of the words and you may use them in any order.
in front of/ building
Question 2 of 5
a lot of/ road

40

Question 3 of 5
horse/ graze
Question 4 of 5
interest/ music
Question 5 of 5
41

read/ bed
Mini-test 2
Question 1 of 5
sit/ portrait
Question 2 of 5
award/ on
Question 3 of 5
42

mechanic/ teach
Question 4 of 5
newspaper/ while
Question 5 of 5
make/ speech
43

CHAPTER 2
RESPONDING TO AN E-MAIL REQUEST LETTER
Lesson 7: Giving “How to” Instructions
(1) Lesson 8: Giving “How to”
Instructions (2) Lesson 9: Giving
Directions
Lesson 10: Inquiries
Lesson 11: Responding to Inquires
44

LESSON 7: GIVING “HOW TO” INSTRUCTIONS (1)
In this part of the test, you will be requested to respond to an email enquiring some
information. You will be given specific instructions on what to include in your response.
For example, after an email asking for directions, you may be asked to cover four steps.
Your response will be scored on

the quality and variety of your sentences,
vocabulary, and
organization.
You will have 10 minutes to read and answer each email
Some of the emails in this section of the test will ask you to explain how to do something.
For example, you might be asked how to send a fax or bake a cake. In this unit, you will
learn a few linguistic “signposts” to use to make your instructions more precise. Using these
signposts will boost your score for organization.
I. FOCUS
Basically, when you give instructions, you are guiding someone through a series of steps in
sequence. These are approprite words to indicate sequence:
First, / First of all,

Next,
Then,
Finally, / Now, finally you ....
When the person answers, ...
When you hear the dialing tone, ....
Using these words will help the reader have a clear idea of the order of instructions.
Often, when you give instruction, you also need to help the person avoid common mistakes.
Here are some phrases that clearly indicate that’s what you’re doing.
- Be careful not to leave the oven on.

- Be sure to turn off the oven when you leave.
- Don’t forget to turn off the oven when you leave.
- If the paper jams, then clear the paper and turn the copier off.
45

Notice that the first phrase specifically tells someone what not to do, whereas the next two
remind the person of what they need to do.
II. PRACTICE
2.1. Exercise 1
How to make an English Breakfast
Put each of the following verbs in the correct space in the constructions below.
fry boil stir clear away

add pour lay spread
1. ............... the table (with the table-cloth, knives, forks, spoons, plates, glasses,
napkins etc.)
2. To make tea, first................the water in a kettle.
3. Put a tea-bag in a cup and .................. the boiling water on it. (This is quicker than
using a teapot.)
4. .............. milk (from a jug) and sugar (from a bowl), and..............with a spoon.
5. Make some toast, using the toaster, and................butter on it.
6.................eggs and bacon in a frying-pan.
7. Put it on a plate with the toast, and eat it with a little salt and pepper.
8. When you”ve finished your breafast,.................all the breafast things.
2 2. Exercise 2
Sentence matching
List A and List B explain how to use a payphone in London. But List A is not in the correct
order. Match List A and List B. Then write the sentences as one paragraph.
List A List B
a. First of all ... 1. pick up the receiver
b. Now, finally you ... 2. dial the number and wait for the person
c. When the person answers, ... to answer
d.When you hear the dialing tone, 3. put in the money
.... 4. speak
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
46

............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
2.3. Exercise 3
Arranging sentences
These pictures show how to make a papier-mâché pot. The sentences explain the
pictures. Put the sentences in the correct order and write them as one paragraph.
a) When the paper on the jar is dry, rub it with glass-paper. This makes it smooth.
b) After this, paste on about eight layers of small pieces of paper.
c) Now finally paint the pot with bright colours.
d) Because it is smoother, use tissue paper for the last two layers.
e) You can make a lovely pot with a simple jar.
f) First of all, tear some old paper into small pieces.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
2.4. Exercise 4
Guided writing
47

This is a recipe for Spiced Oranges. Recipes usually have incomplete sentences. Use the
information in the recipe: (i) to write sentences like those in Exercise 2; (ii) to write a
paragraph with those sentences. Use these words if necessary: First of all; After this; Then;
Now; the; some; for; a; them. Add articles before the nouns when necessary.
Ingredients:
4 large oranges
4-5 dl ( ¾ pint) water
½ teaspoon ground cinnamon
½ teaspoon ground nutmeg sugar
• Peel oranges and remove all white parts.
• Cut into slices.
• Put water, cinnamon and nutmeg into saucepan.
• When water is boiling, add orange slices.
• Add sugar.
• Simmer gently 3-4 minutes.
• Put in refrigerator several hours.
 Eat cold.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
48

LESSON 8: GIVING “HOW TO” INSTRUCTIONS (2)
In this lesson, you will be requested to respond to an email enquiring some information.
You will be given specific instructions on what to include in your response. For example,
after an email asking for directions, you may be asked to cover four steps.
I. FOCUS
For each of the following situations, write a sentence telling someone how to avoid a
common mistake.
Making rice
Setting the TV to show DVD
Sewing a shirt
Training a dog
Turing an office alarm system off
For example,
Don’t forget to turn it way down after it boils.

If the screen is blank, make sure the channel is set to 3.
Be careful not to stick yourself with the needle!
Be careful not to pet him if he does something wrong.
If the alarm goes off, call the office manager right away.
Now as you answer the next three e-mails, be sure to use the signpost words in all how-to
instructions. Also include instructions for how to avoid common mistakes in at least one
response.
Making rice
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
Setting the TV to show DVD
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
Sewing a shirt
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
Training a dog
49

............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
Turing an office alarm system off
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
II. PRACTICE
2.1. Practice 1
From: Alyssa Lee

To: Carr Davidson
Subject: Ruth’s birthday
Sent: June 20, 7:32
Hi, Carr,
Thanks so much for making sure Ruth gets a birthday cake tomorrow. I understand
she wants a chocolate icing. I basically know how to make a cake, but wondered if
you could tell me exactly how to make the cake Ruth likes.
Thanks in advance!
Directions: Respond to the email as if you are Ruth’s boyfriend, Carr. In your email, tell
Alyssa how to make Ruth’s favourite birthday cake. You intructions should include at least
THREE steps.
To : Alyssa Lee
Subject: Re:Ruth’s birthday
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Self-Evaluation
Evaluation Criteria Yes No
Does your reply meet the requirements outlined in the  
50

directions?
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence variety?  
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence structures?  
Does your reply demonstrate good overall organization?  
Does your reply use correct and appropriate vocabulary?  
2.2. Practice 2
From: Rachel Jones

To: David Paris
Subject: Babysitting
Sent: March 8, 4:19 p.m.
Hi, David,
I’m really excited to babysit for you and April tomorrow. I’m a tiny bit worried about
getting Bony to sleep, though. You had said there was a magic way to get him to go to
sleep. Could you tell me again what it is? Otherwise, I can’t wait to spend time with
baby Bony!
Thanks!
Directions: Respond to the email as if you are Bony’s father, David. In your email, tell
Rachel how to get the baby to go to sleep . You intructions should include at least THREE
steps.
To : Rachel Jones
Subject: Re:Babysitting
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Self-Evaluation
directions?
51

2.3. Practice 3
From: My Nguyen
To: Kate Peace
Subject: Sending a fax
Sent: April 30, 8:24 a.m.
Hi, Kate.
I’m sorry to bother you, but I need to send a fax for the first time since I’ve been
working here, and I realized I don’t know how to do it! I’m using the fax machine in
the administration office. It’s a long-distance fax. Could you tell me how to do it?
Thank you so much!
Directions: Respond to the email as if you are Kate Peace. In your email, tell My how to
send a fax. You intructions should include at least THREE steps.
To : My Nguyen
Subject: Re:Sending a fax
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Self-Evaluation

directions?
52

LESSON 9:GIVING DIRECTIONS
In this lesson, you will learn how to give directions to a certain place. Using the right
vocabulary for giving directions will improve the vocabulary portion of your score.
I. FOCUS
The following phrases / sentences are useful in giving directions.
- Go out the door and take a left.

- Follow this street until you get to Sunrise Avenue.
- Follow the signs for Hastings Boulevard.
- Turn right / Take a right.
- Turn left / Take a left.
- Look for the orange sign.
- Go 3 blocks.
- At the fourth light.
- You’ll see a corner store on the right.
- My house is the second one on the left.
- If you pass Truong Dinh Street, you’ve gone too far.
- Take the Main Street exit.
Here are the sample instructions:
Go out the door and make a left. Go down one block to 22nd Street. Make a left. Follow
Now, practice giving directions with a classmate. Give instructions from your school to your
22nd Street about 5 blocks until you reach South Van ness. Make a right. The grocery
house and from your classmate’s house to your own.
store is halfway down the block on the right. If you reach 21st Street, you’ve gone too
As you answer the following emails, use the phrases / sentences above to help you.
II. PRACTICE
2.1. Practice 1
From: Dan Jack

To: Michael Kose
Subject: Plans
Sent: September 10, 11:18 a.m.
53

Hi, Michael.
I wanted to let you know that my flight arrives on Friday at 2:30. I have a rental car
all lined up. So all I need is how to get to your house . I’ll be coming in on Route 1
headed North, so I just need to know how to get to your place from here. Thanks a
bunch, and I can’t wait to see you.
Thank you so much!

Directions: Respond to the email as if you are Michael Kose. In your email, tell Dan how to
get to your house from the highway. You intructions should include at least THREE steps.
To : Dan Jack
Subject: Re:Plans
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Self-Evaluation
directions?
2.2. Practice 2
From: Thomas Hardy

To: Chesson Shaw
Subject:
54

Hi, Michael.
I am ready to send the mailing out. I have everything in envelopes and ready to go.
The only thing is, the post office told me they won’t pick up a mass mailing, so I’ll
need to take them to the post office myself. Could you tell me where the nearest post
office is? I would really appreciate it.
Thank you!
Directions: Respond to the email as if you areThomas Hardy. In your email, tell Chesson
how to get to the post office. You intructions should include at least THREE steps.
To : Chesson Shaw
Subject: Re:Post office
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Self-Evaluation
directions?
55

LESSON 10: INQUIRIES
In this lesson, you will learn how to give directions to a certain place. Using the right
vocabulary for giving directions will improve the vocabulary portion of your score.
I. FOCUS
The following phrases / sentences are useful in asking for information.
I would like to ask you a few questions about your product / offer and
services. I would like to inquire about your product / offer.
I wonder
And some words ifofIsequence:
can get another discount on it.
I’m not sure if I can get another discount on
it. I have two questions
Firstly, I’d like to ask you.
...............................................................................
I would like to ask
Secondly, you a few questions about the heath and safety seminar.
...........................................................................
Actually, I dowith,
To stat have .......................................................................
some questions about the product.
CouldIn you tell me .........................................................................
addition, where ...
First of all, ..........................................................................
Also, ...................................................................................
Finally, / And finally, .........................................................
For one thing, .......................................................................
For another, ..........................................................................
Lastly, ...................................................................................
Sample
From: Henry Thomson

To: Eaton Hann
Subject: Post of Marketing Sup.
56

Dear Mr. Hann,
I’m very interested in the marketing supervisor’s role. However, before accepting
the offer, I need to first ask a couple of questions about the position.
Firstly, I was wondering which branch the vacancy is in. I would much prefer to
stay in New York. Secondly, can you please tell me what hours I would have work?
I would rather not work weekends.
Please get back to me as soon as you
can. Sincerely,
Henry Thomson
BRAINSTORMING 
Before writing the reply email, work in pairs to brainstorm your possible questions.
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ ...........
............................................................................................................................. ......................
.................................................................................................................. .................................
....................................................................................................... ............................................
............................................................................................ .......................................................
...............................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ ...........
..................................................................................................................................
II. PRACTICE
2.1. Practice 1
From: Sarah Bush, General Affairs

To: All employees
Subject: Company policy on lateness
Sent: July 22, 11:30 a.m.
Hi, everyone!
Employee punctuality is important for our company productivity. However,

management has noticed that many employees are frequently late to work. To address
this issue, employees must check in with their managers by 8:30 a.m.
If you have any questions with this policy, please contact me
directly. Sarah Bush, General Affairs
57

Directions: Respond to the email as if you are an employee of the organization. In
your email, ask Sarah TWO questions (about flexible working hours, cases of out-of-
office meeting, .......................,.....................).
To : Sarah Bush, General Affairs

Subject: Re: Company policy on lateness
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Self-Evaluation
directions?
2 1. Practice 1
From: Link Travel

To: Rowanna Robinson
Subject: Link Travel special offer
Sent: June 6, 9:38 p.m.
We’re offering all our loyal customers a fantastic opportunity to travel this summer.
For a limited time only, we’re offering discounts on trips to selected destinations.
Email us or visit your local Link Travel branch for more details.
Directions: Respond to the email as if you are R. Robinson . In your email, ask TWO
questions (about the expiry of the offer, what the selected destinations
are, ....................,................................).
To : Jane Moore
Subject: Re: Link Travel special offer
.........................................................................................................................................
58

.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Self-Evaluation
directions?
 Practice 3 .
From: Matthew Eaton, Love Valley Travel

To: Jane Moore – Southeast Asian Adventure Tours
Subject: Opening for overseas tour guide
Sent: August 26, 2:40 p.m.
Thank you for your interest in the position of tour guide.
I am attaching an application form for the position. Please let me know if you have
any questions about the application or the job itself.
Matthew Eaton
Directions: Respond to the email as if you are J. Moore. In your email, ask TWO questions
(about the working place and
hours, .............................., .........................................,..................................).
To : Matthew Eaton
Subject: Re: Opening for overseas tour guide
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
59

.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
Self-Evaluation
directions?
60

LESSON 11:RESPONDING TO INQUIRIES
In this lesson, you will learn how to reply to inquiries. Writing effective replies to business
emails is one of the most important skills you should acquire as a good business owner,
sales person or marketing personnel.Using the right vocabulary for responding to inquiries
will improve the vocabulary portion of your score.
I. FOCUS
Acknowledging receipt of an enquiry/request
- Thank you for your letter of … regarding / concerning / in connection with …
- I refer to your enquiry about / relating to …
- I have received your letter of … requesting information about
Explaining action taken as a consequence of the enquiry

- I have (reviewed our available stock) …
- We held a meeting on 21 January to discuss possible solutions.
- I have checked/looked into/investigated (the possible approaches) …
Making suggestions / justifying recommendations / pointing out pros and cons /

hedging
- The best choice would be … since …
- I highly recommend … as / due to the fact that …
- I recommend this item since …
- In view of the fact that …, I would strongly recommend … as …
Apologising and rejecting proposals

- Your proposal is of interest to us, and we have had consultations about it.
- However, we feel that it will not be in our interests to … for reasons of (privacy).
- We are concerned that …
Stipulating action requested or to be taken

- We shall arrange for … by …at the latest.
- I shall see to it that …
- Our company will arrange for …
Establishing goodwill and suggesting contact

- I hope that this information will help you to make decisions on your order.
- I look forward to hearing from you.
- I look forward to doing business with your company in the future …
- Please feel free to contact me again if you have any further queries on …
- Do contact me on 27615432 if you need further information.
- Please do not hesitate to contact me on 27615432 if I can be of further assistance.
Sample 1
61

From:Silvia Choi - Merchandising Manager - NOVELTY SAFETY EQUIPMENT
LTD
To: Mr. Tim Lee – Manager - Sun Lee Consultancy Ltd
Subject:Fire extinguishers
Dear Mr. Lee:
Thank you for your enquiry regarding our newly released range of fire extinguishers.
You will see from the enclosed catalogue that the range has been extended to include
some highly efficient portable extinguishers for use on construction sites.
We are offering to our existing customers a 15% discount on orders of extinguishers

from this new range.
We look forward to your increased order at this discount rate.
Yours sincerely,
Silvia Choi
Merchandising Manager
II. PRACTICE
2.1. Practice 1
Supply the blanks with appropriate words or expressions.
From: David Lee - Distributions Manager- Everlong Batteries ]

To:Jake Wong - Purchasing Officer - Fortune Goods
Subject:Enquiry about Batteries
Sent: May 21, 8:40 a.m.
................................ for your letter of Friday, 27 September 2013...................making

copies of the sample battery you sent us.
I have investigated the situation and found that your specifications are exactly the
same as the design of a proprietary camera battery manufactured by a large Japanese
electronics company.
We.................that it would not be in our interests to supply this type of battery.
However, I................................to thank you for considering our company as your

supplier.
62

I look forward to.........................................with your company in the future.
2.2. Practice 2
From: Hill Thommson, Manager, Telfo Wire Company

To: All sales reps
Subject: New computers
We will soon be replacing computers for all sales staff. As we would like you to be
available when we replace your computer, could you tell us a time convenient for
you? Also please let us know if you need any other equipment.
Directions: Respond to the email as if you are a sales representative for Telfo Wire
Company. In your email, give ONE time you are free and make TWO requests for new
equipment.
To : Hill Thommson, Manager, Telfo Wire Company

Subject: Re: New computers
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Self-Evaluation
directions?
63

2.3. Practice 3
From: Lou Herr

To: Human Resources Dept., JJ Corp.
Subject: Employment
Sent: March11, 10:40 a.m.
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am interested in applying for an entry-level position at your company. I understand

that you are not advertizing any openings right now, but I believe my education and
experience would make me a positive addition to your company. Can we meet to talk?
Sincerely,
Lou Herr
Directions: Respond to the email as if you work in Human Resources Department of JJ

Corporation. In your email, make TWO pieces of information and ask ONE question.
To : Lou Herr
Subject: Re: Employment
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Self-Evaluation
directions?
64

Chapter 3
WRITING AN OPINION ESSAY
Lesson 12: Writing general introductory sentences
Lesson 13: Writing a complete introductory paragraph
Lesson 14: Giving reasons and examples
Lesson 15: Developing key ideas by giving reasons and

examples
LESSON 12: WRITING GENERAL INTRODUCTORY
65

LESSON 12: WRITING GENERAL INTRODUCTORY SENTENCES
I. FOCUS
1.1. Guidelines for the introductory paragraph
The first paragraph in an essay is called the introductory paragraph. There are two purposes
of the introductory paragraph: to get the readers’ attention and to introduce them to the
subject of your essay. In other words, you need to lead readers to the subject of the essay in
an interesting way and convince them that reading your essay will be worth their time.
There are several guidelines for writing a good introductory paragraph.
• It must be relevant to the topic; that is, it should not introduce material not covered
in the essay.
• It should not give detailed information about the main ideas of the essay. Detailed
information belongs to the body paragraphs.
• There should be at least two sentences before the thesis statement.
• The thesis statement should come at the end of the introductory paragraph.
1.2. Model of an introductory paragraph
Essay question: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Businesses should do anything they can to make a profit. Use specific reasons and
examples to support your position.
Sample introduction:
Nowadays, the competition among the businesses has been increasing, and every
company tries to struggle and survive in such a situation. Some people think that
businesses should do anything they can do to reach their goal - maximum profits. In
my opinion, however, businesses must not do anything harmful to the community.
II. PRACTICE
2.1. Task 1
Put the sentences in each of the following sets in the correct order to form a good
introductory paragraph for the intended essay.
1. a. In some cultures, people bow, and in others, they shake hands.

b. In English-speaking countries, shaking hands is the custom.
c. A proper handshake has four ingredients: pressure, pumps, eye contact, and
verbal message.
d. The way people greet each other when they meet for the first time varies
from culture to culture.
2.a. However, in others, the nuclear family with only the parents and young children
is the norm.
66

b. If this new system becomes widespread, it could have enormous effects on
the society.
c. In most cultures, people live in extended families, in which several generations
share the same house.
d. People in different cultures have different systems for family life.
e. In recent years, some couples are experimenting with still another system of
family life: living together without marriage.
3.a. I believe that it is cheaper, more convenient, and better for the environment
than private cars are.
b. In order to get around city, you can use public transportation or private cars.
c. My preference is definitely for public transportation.
d. Your choice of transportation basically depends on where you want to go.
2.2. Task 2
Read the four introductory paragraphs that follow the essay question. Check (√) the
features of a good introduction that they have (Remember: they must have all four to
be a good introduction).
Essay question: Which, in your opinion, is more important in making someone’s life happy:
a good environment or good genes?
1. Some people have a happy life and some people don’t. My friend Tony has a miserable
life. He just got divorced, and now his wife won’t let him see his children. To live a
happy life, a good environment is more important than good genes.
□ It is relevant to the topic of the essay.

□ It contains at least three sentences.
□ It doesn't give details that belong to the body of the essay.
□ It ends with the thesis statement.
2. First, a good environment can make you healthier, which can make you happy. Second,
if you live in a good environment, you probably have many friends who can help you when
you need it. Friends are important for emotional health as well. People with friends are
happier than people without friends. Also, a good environment is probably safer, so you
don’t have to be afraid to walk down the street. Being safe makes everyone happy. To live a
happy life, a good environment is more important than good genes.

□ It doesn’t give details that belong to the body of the essay.
□ it ends with the thesis statement.
3. It is said that your mother and father make you what you are. You get your genes
from them, and they may have great genes. However, if they don't raise you in a safe,
loving environment, you may never be happy. To live a happy life, a good environment
is more important than good genes.
67

4. Before the nineteenth century, most people lived in dirty, smelly, unhealthy
environments. To live a happy life, a good environment is more important than good
genes.

5. Environment is much more important that genes when you are growing up. A good
example of this is the millions of people in the world who were born with physical
challenges. If people are raised in a good environment, they can be successful and live
a happy life.

2.3. Task 3
Read each essay question. Then choose the more general introductory sentence of the
two that follow. This sentence would appear just before the thesis statement, which
states your opinion. Compare your answer with that of a partner. Say why the other
sentence is not appropriate.
1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Consulting with a group
of people is the best way to make an important decision.
a. Making an important decision is not an easy thing to do, and there are different ways
to do it.
b. If you want to make an important decision, you should definitely always do it by
yourself.
Thesis statement: Many people believe that getting the opinion of other is the best way to
make an important decision; however, I disagree with this approach.
2. When travelling medium distances, some people prefer to fly. Others prefer to
take express trains. Which do you prefer?
a. Trains and airplanes have both advantages and disadvantages.
b. I don’t really like flying because it is very expensive and I often get airsick.
Thesis statement: Although some people prefer to fly, I’d rather take the train.
3. What would you consider the best type of job?

a. I don’t really like my current job much and would like to find a new one soon.
b. Choosing the best type of job involves considering many factors.
68

Thesis statement: I think the best type of job for me would be the one that involves both
sales and travel.
2.4. Task 4
Write ONE general introductory sentence that would appear just before the thesis
statement.
1.
I’m totally opposed to living in the city.
2.
In my opinion, the internet is the best place to buy things.
3.
There are several things about my current job, but I believe that the best aspect of my job
is the long vacations.
69

LESSON 13: WRITING A COMPLETE INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH
I. FOCUS
As explained in the previous lesson, a good introductory paragraph should be relevant and
consist of at least two general sentences that are followed by the thesis statement. Now, let’s
practise writing complete introductory paragraphs for your intended essays.
II. PRACTICE
2.1. Task 1
Write two or more general sentences for each of the following thesis statement to make
the complete introductory paragraph for your intended essay.
1.
I’m totally opposed to living in the city.
2.
In my opinion, the internet is the best place to buy things.
3.
70

There are several things about my current job, but I believe that the best aspect of my job
is the long vacations.
2.2. Task 2
For each of the following essay questions,

a. underline the key words,
b.write a thesis statement, that states your opinion,
c. and add two or more general sentences to the thesis statement to
make the complete introductory paragraph for your intended essay.
1. It is important for travelers and business people to understand the cultures they come
into contact with. What are the main advantages of doing so?
Your thesis statement:
Your complete introductory paragraph:
2. Employers should pay young people the same salary as older colleagues doing the
same job. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
71

3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Universities should make
more links with businesses.
72

Lesson 14: GIVING REASONS AND EXAMPLES
I. GIVING REASONS
1.1. Focus
When you write about your opinion, it is important to give reasons why you think about
things in this way or that way.
A common way to give support for your ideas is to show how a situation would be different
in other circumstances. Conditional sentences can be used for this purpose. An opinion essay
may include a present condition, so you can use will or other modal verbs to give ideas about
possible present or future results.
If people migrate to cities, they may become trapped in poor, overcrowded accommodation.
1.2. Practice
1.2.1. Task 1
Complete conditional sentences 1-6 with the words and phrases a-f.
1. The will melt if we don’t do anything to stop .

2. If you study the in school, you can get the .
3. If employees are forced to do , they will often do a .
4. You should look for a if you really don’t like the .
5. If we reduce , we might be able to attract .
6. Unless we change , our will stay very high.
a. prices / more customers

b. right subjects / job you want
c. suppliers / costs
d. ice caps / global warming
e. different job / working conditions
f. things they don’t like / poor job
1. 2.2. Task 2
Complete sentences 1-3 with your own ideas. Compare your answers with your
partner’s and see if you agree with his or her idea.
1. If you don’t get enough sleep,
73

2. If you are always polite to your co-workers,
3. Unless the local governments restrict the number of cars coming into cities,
II. Giving Examples
2.1. Focus
The easiest, and usually the best, way to keep your writing specific and concrete is to use
specific examples whenever possible. A specific example is a particular instance. So to
give a specific example of technology would be to write about particular people using a
particular machine. To give a specific example of any human activity would require that
you write about individual people. To give a specific example of teaching history would be
to describe what a particular teacher or students do. Give examples of every point you
make, and make your examples clear and forceful by making them specific. Write about
people and what people actually do, not just about ideas or concepts.
2.2. Practice
2.2.1 Task 1
Match beginning 1-5 to the ending a-e. Note the common phrases for introducing
examples in bold.
1. There are several disadvantages to working in a big city. Some examples include …
2. Spending money on research can have a great impact. One clear example of this is …
3. I think the most important factor is practical experience. By this I mean …
4. We could save money by reducing costs. For example, …
5. One example of the problems we faced was high material costs. Another example was …
a. Zentex’s development of the first biochip in 2004.

b. a lack of understanding of the market.
c. we could stop giving free samples to all visitors.
d. expensive housing, heavy traffic, and a stressful lifestyle.
e. actual time spent working in the field.
74

2.2.2. Task 2
Look at each of the sentences in task 1 and match the phrases s in bold to the definition
of how it is used below.
a. Used for providing a single and easily understood example.

b. Used to provide a second example of something.
c. Used to clarify an example you have given.
d. Used as a simple and common way to introduce an example.
e. Used to introduce a list of example points to support your idea.
2.2.3. Task 3
Use common phrases in task 1 to write examples for the statements in 1-3.
1. Many countries in the world make cars.
2. People in my country get to work in many different ways.
3. After work, people like to relax.
75

Lesson 15: DEVELOPING KEY IDEAS BY GIVING REASONS AND EXAMPLES
I. FOCUS
In this lesson, you will be practicing how to use reasons and examples to develop the key
ideas in your answers to opinion essay questions.
II. PRACTICE
2.1. Task 1
Choose one of the prompts below to express your own opinions, and then use ONE
reason or example to support each of your opinions.
1. I think our newspapers …
□ are doing a great job reporting the news.

□ are doing a poor job reporting the news.
2. Overall, I think the medical care in our country is …
□ excellent.
□ getting better.
□ in need of major improvements.
76

3. In my opinion, taxes should be …
□ reduced and people should use their own money to take care of themselves.
□ spent to help those on need.
2.2. Task 2
For each of the following essay questions,

a. underline the key words,
b. write a thesis statement, that states your opinion,
c. develop a complete essay introductory paragraph,
d. specify TWO main points you would like to use to support you
opinion in the thesis statement,
e. and give a reason or an example for each main point that support
your opinion
1. In general, people are living longer now. How will this change affect society?
Use specific details and examples to develop your essay.
2. If you could change one important thing about your hometown, what would
you change? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.
3. Think of the most important class you have ever taken. Why did you enjoy this
class so much? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.
77

REFERENCES
1. Oshima, A. & Hogue, A. (2006). Writing academic English (phiên bản 4). New
Jersey,U.S.A.: Pearson Longman.
2. Boswell J. & Hyejeong, L. & Hyeonju, K. & McCormick, D. S. (2009) . Tomato TOEIC writing
flow. Hồ Chí Minh,Việt Nam: Nhà xuất bản Tổng hợp Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh.
3. Koo, J. (2012). New TOEIC – writing coach. Hồ Chí Minh,Việt Nam: Nhà xuất bản Tổng hợp
Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh.
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A- BOOK- Writing level 3. ENG 217 - OCT 2022- SEND SS

Writing (Trường Đại Học Duy Tân)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO

Chủ biên: Th.S. Lê Thị Kim Uyên

LƯU HÀNH NỘI BỘ

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Chapter 1: WRITING SENTENCES 3

Chapter 2: RESPONDING TO AN E-MAIL REQUEST LETTER 37

Chapter 3: WRITING AN OPINION ESSAY 57

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Lesson 1: Adjective Clauses 1

(Who, What, Which- as the Subject)

Lesson 2: Adjective Clauses 2

(Who, What, Which- as the Object)

Lesson 3: Adjective Clauses 3

(Whose + Quantity & Quality)

Lesson 4: Noun Clauses 4

Lesson 5: Passive Voice

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LESSON 1: ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 1

A relative pronoun can be the subject of its own clause.

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 The books on the desk are mine.

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2.3. Identify Adjective clause in the following sentences

III. PRACTICE IN TOEIC

2. The man who stands behind

3. The women sitting at the table are …….

4. The women who are.......................try

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5. There are buildings on the side of

6. People are walking along the path

3.2. Tactic Practice

3.2.1. Put the words in the correct

1. The/ searching/ guard/ is/ the/

2. The /raising/ man/ who/ arms/ is/ his/

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5. The/ reading/ man/ sits/ a / the

6. The/ book/behind /shelf/ reading/

1. who/ discuss/ engineers

3. modern/ locate/ river

IV. TEST PRACTICE

tie/ boat map/ look

hat/ look stand/ across

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LESSON 2: ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 2

Object Relative Pronouns

Note: You can omit that in object pattern clauses only.

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Ex: The address (that) he gave me was incorrect.

Nonrestrictiv Environmental science is one of the most popular courses in the

II. LANGUAGE PRACTICE

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8. The man is over there. I told you about him.

1. The kid is trying to reach the

2. The cookie plate that the boy

3. They are talking about the food

4. The lunch that they are eating is

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5. The building that they are visiting is