Grammar and Punctuation: The Parts of

Speech

The Parts of Speech

All words in the English language can be classified as one of the eight different parts of speech.
Understanding the different parts of speech is important in understanding how words can and
should be joined together to make sentences that are both grammatically correct and readable. An
understanding of the parts of speech is also important for knowing how to correctly punctuate
sentences.
The eight parts of speech are nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions,
prepositions, and interjections.
Noun – A noun is generally defined as a person, place, or thing; however, ideas are also nouns. For
example, love is not a tangible thing that can be seen or held, but clearly it exists, so it is a also a
noun.
Nouns can be divided into two main categories: proper nouns and common nouns. Proper nouns are
the names of people or places that are capitalized (Aims Community College, John Smith, etc.).
Common nouns are names that do not require capitalization (book, chair, school, etc).
Verb – A verb is a word that describes action or a state of being. The second part of this definition
is important, as many believe that verbs are always action words that can be visualized. This is true
of action verbs: run, walk, play, jump, sing, scream, etc.
However, there are also linking verbs, and these types of verbs do not express action; instead, they
express identity, classification, or existence. (The following are the most common linking verbs: is,
am, was, were, are, and verb phrases ending in be, been, being.)
Verbs often change their form as different endings are added to them. These endings are changed to
show a verb’s relationship to time. This is referred to as verb tense.
Pronoun – A pronoun is a word that is used to replace a noun For example, instead of saying “Sam
likes pizza” we can use “He” as a substitute for Sam. Writers need to be careful with pronoun use,
as pronouns should only be used after a noun has been used first, and it must be clear which noun
the pronoun is replacing.
Adjective – An adjective modifies (limits or describes) a noun or a pronoun. Essentially, it
provides more information about a person, place, or thing. For instance, in the sentence Frank is a
tall, skinny man, both tall and skinny are adjectives as they are used to describe Frank.
Adverb – Similar to adjectives, an adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. In the
sentence Susan walked slowly towards the door, the word slowly serves as an adverb since it
describes how she walked.
Preposition – A preposition shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other
word in the sentence. This relationship is spatial, temporal, or directional. For instance, in the
sentence Mark walked towards the house, the word towards is a preposition since it shows
direction. When linked with nouns or pronouns, prepositions create word groups referred to as
prepositional phrases. (In the previous example, towards the house is a prepositional phrase.)
Conjunction – Conjunctions are used to link words or parts of sentences together. There are four
different types of conjunctions: coordinating, subordinating, adverb, and correlative.
Coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) are used to connect similar words
or independent clauses (sentences) together. Coordinating conjunctions are often referred to
with the acronym FANBOYS.
Subordinating conjunctions come at the beginning of subordinate clauses and are used to
connect the subordinate clause to the rest of the sentence (also referred to as the independent
clause). Common subordinating conjunctions include after, as, although, because, before,
even though, if, once, rather than, since, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever,
whereas, while.
Conjunctive adverbs are transitional words used to connect one sentence to another.
Common conjunctive adverbs include additionally, in addition, moreover, also,
consequently, furthermore, otherwise, instead, for instance, for example, however, on the
other hand, conversely, nevertheless, accordingly, therefore, generally, in fact, in other
words, in conclusion, finally.
Correlative conjunctions are a combination of a coordinating conjunction and another
word (example: In the sentence both John and I are having a hard time with the homework,
both…and are the correlative conjunctions.)

Interjection – An interjection is a word added to a sentence to convey emotion and is not

grammatically related to any other part of the sentence. Interjections can also serve as a single word
sentence (ex: Wow!). Interjections are rarely used in academic writing and their use should be
avoided in most essays.