What is a Morpheme?

A morpheme is the minimal grammatical unit within a language. Every word comprises
one or more morphemes. A standalone morpheme and a word are identical but when a
root word becomes modify with addition of affixes, it becomes word only.
Look at the examples:
Listen, listener, listened, listening
The root is listen is stand alone morpheme and a word at a same time.   When root word
was modifies with affixes like -s, -er, -ed and –ing it became a word consisting of two
morpheme in each word.
 
Types of Morpheme
There are two main types of morphemes
1.    Free morpheme
2.    Bound morpheme
 
Free Morphemes
The morpheme that can stand alone as a single word (as a meaningful unit) is called
free morpheme. The free morphemes are roots that are identical to words. Free
morpheme are set of separate English word forms such as basic nouns, verbs,
adjectives, etc. When a free morpheme is used with bound morphemes, the basic word
forms are technically known as stems or roots.
Examples of free morphemes:
Sun (noun), dog (noun), walk (verb), and happy (adjective)
Free morpheme can stand alone and cannot be subdivided further. ‘Sun’ or ‘dog’ are
‘free morphemes because they cannot be further split up, therefore the stems that
cannot divide further are also called roots.
Free morphemes are divided into two categories: Lexical morphemes and
functional morphemes.
Lexical morphemes are set of content words like nouns, verbs, adjectives, and
adverbs. They can be understood fully e.g. run, blue, slow, paper, small, throw, and
now. Lexical morphemes depict dictionary meaning of a word that is attributed to a
specific referent.
Functional Morphemes are set of functional words like conjunctions, prepositions,
articles, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, modals and quantifiers. Some examples of functional
morphemes are and, near, when, on, because, but, it, in, that, the, and above. 
Functional morphemes perform as a relationship between one lexical morpheme and
another. A functional morpheme modifies the meaning, rather than supplying the root
meaning of the word. It encodes grammatical meaning e.g., the players entered the
ground. In this sentence, ‘the’ is functional morpheme, which is specifying players and
ground.
 
Bound Morphemes
Segments that cannot stand alone and occurs with another root/stem are called Bound
Morphemes. Bound morphemes are also called affixes (prefixes, suffixes and infixes) in
English. Two bound morpheme cannot occur together but it is necessary for a bound
morpheme to occur with a root/stem.
Examples of bound morphemes:
Opened: (Open + ed) = root + suffix
Reopen: (Re + open) = Prefix + root
Men: (Man + plural) = root + infix (infix makes a change inside a root word)
The set of affixes that make up the category of bound morphemes can also be
divided into two types. Derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes
Derivational Morphemes: Derivational morphemes change the grammatical categories
of words. For example the word ‘bake’ (verb) is a root word (free morpheme) and
when we add bound morpheme ‘er’(a suffix)  with stem:  it becomes baker (a noun), So
the grammatical category was changed from verb to noun. 
Inflectional Morphemes: An inflectional morpheme is a suffix that is added to a word
to assign a particular grammatical property to that word. For example, liste +ing =
listening or boy+s = boys. They do not change the essential meaning or the
grammatical category of a word. Inflectional morphemes serve as grammatical markers
that indicate tense, number, possession, or comparison.

https://literaryenglish.com/types-of-morphemes-free-vs-bound-morphemes/

Content Words vs. Function Words

 Content = information, meaning
 Function = necessary words for grammar

In other words, content words give us the most important information while
function words are used to stitch those words together.

Content Word Types

Content words are usually nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. A noun tells us
which object, a verb tells us about the action happening, or the state. Adjectives
give us details about objects and people and adverbs tell us how, when or where
something is done. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs give us important
information required for understanding.

 Noun = person, place or thing

 Verb = action, state
 Adjective = describes an object, person, place or thing
 Adverb = tells us how, where or when something happens
Function Word Types
Function words help us connect important information. Function words are
important for understanding, but they add little meaning beyond defining the
relationship between two words. Function words include auxiliary verbs,
prepositions, articles, conjunctions, and pronouns. Auxiliary verbs are used to
establish the tense, prepositions show relationships in time and space, articles
show us something that is specific or one of many, and pronouns refer to other
nouns.

 Auxiliary verbs = do, be, have (help with conjugation of tense)

 Prepositions = show relationships in time and space
 Articles = used to indicate specific or non-specific nouns
 Conjunctions = words that connect
 Pronouns = refer to other nouns

https://www.thoughtco.com/content-and-function-words-1211726