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In this material, we will focus on these smaller parts of words, generally called
Morphemes.
The are of grammar concerned with the structure of words and with relationships
between words involving the morphemes that compose them is technically called
Morphology.
2. Kinds of Morpheme
Morpheme is smallest unit of words. In English. there are 2 types of morpheme they
are free morpheme and bound morpheme. There are two types of morphemes-free
morphemes and bound morphemes. "Free morphemes" can stand alone with a specific
meaning, for example, eat, date, weak, sing, pen. "Bound morphemes" cannot stand
alone with meaning. Morphemes are comprised of two separate classes called (a) bases
(or roots) and (b) affixes.
A "morpheme" is a short segment of language that meets three basic criteria:
It is a word or a part of a word that has meaning.
It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful segments without changing its
meaning or leaving a meaningless remainder.
It has relatively the same stable meaning in different verbal environments.
A "base," or "root" is a morpheme in a word that gives the word its principle
meaning. An example of a "free base" morpheme is woman in the word womanly. An
example of a "bound base" morpheme is -sent in the word dissent.
Free morpheme (bebas)
Every morpheme can be classified as either free or bound. Since the categories are
mutually exclusive, a given morpheme will belong to exactly one of them. Free morphemes
can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear within lexemes (e.g.
town hall, doghouse).
Free morpheme is morpheme that can stand by themselves as single words. . Ex:
smart, sing, pen, make
Lexical morpheme (content words/ open class words): carry the content of word include:
noun, verbs, adjective, adverb. Ex: beauty, play, sing
Functional morpheme (function words): include Pronoun, article, conjunction, preposition.
Ex: and, from, in, or, etc.
Derivation morpheme: change either the meaning and word class of root into which
they are attached. Ex: develop – development : V – N; dan tambahan lain yang
merubah kelas kata: re, ment, ly, ing,
Inflexional morpheme : don’t change the class of words adn meaning of roots into
word they are attacted. Ex: book – books; dan tambahan lain yang tidak merubah
kelas kata: s, es, est, ed,
Functional morpheme (function words): include Pronoun, article, conjunction,
preposition. Ex: and, from, in, or, etc.
Prefixes
Prefixes is non morphemes that precede the root.
Example: En – large
↓ ↓
Prefix root
Suffixes
Suffixes is non-root morpheme which follow the root or placed after the
root.
Example: Perfom – ance
↓ ↓
Root suffixes
Combining Form
Combining form is combination of two roots or more to make new word.
Example: Photo – graphy
↓ ↓
Root root
"A word cannot be divided into morphemes just by sounding out its syllables.
Some morphemes, like apple, have more than one syllable; others, like -s, are less
than a syllable. A morpheme is a form (a sequence of sounds) with a recognizable
meaning. Knowing a word's early history, or etymology, may be useful in dividing it
into morphemes, but the decisive factor is the form-meaning link.
"A morpheme may, however, have more than one pronunciation or spelling.
For example, the regular noun plural ending has two spellings (-s and -es) and three
pronunciations (an s-sound as in backs, a z-sound as in bags, and a vowel plus z-
sound as in batches). Similarly, when the morpheme -ate is followed by -ion (as in
activate-ion), the t of -ate combines with the i of -ion as the sound 'sh' (so we might
spell the word 'activashun'). Such allomorphic variation is typical of the morphemes
of English, even though the spelling does not represent it."
Derivational morphemes
Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change the semantic meaning or the
part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the
bound morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a
noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme since it
inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind. Generally, affixes used with a root
word are bound morphemes.
Inflectional morphemes
Inflectional morphemes modify the tense, aspect, mood, person, or number of a verb, or the
number, gender, or case of a noun, adjective, or pronoun, without affecting the word's
meaning or class (part of speech). Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are
adding -s to the root dog to form dogs, or adding -ed to wait to form waited. An inflectional
morpheme changes the form of a word. English has eight inflections.
Allomorphs
Allomorphs are variants of a morpheme that differ in pronunciation but are semantically
identical. For example, the English plural marker -(e)s of regular nouns can be pronounced
/-s/ (bats), /-z/, (bugs), or /-ɪz, -əz/, (buses), depending on the final sound of the noun's plural
form. Allomorphs of the plural morpheme for regular nouns: /s/ (e.g. in cats /kæts/), /ɪz, əz/
(e.g. in dishes /dɪʃɪz/), and /z/ (e.g. in dogs /dɒɡz/).
Generally, these types of morphemes have no visible changes. For instance, sheep is both the
singular and the plural form. The intended meaning is thus derived from the co-occurring
determiner (in this case, "some-" or "a-").
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