DEFINITION OF TERMS

CRIMINALISTICS

FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION ( CRIMINALISTICS 1 )

1.

12.

17.

29.

 .

32.

39.

RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS

59.

68.

80.1st CENTURY A.D.

 A petroglyph located on a cliff face in Nova Scotia depicts a hand with exaggerated
ridges and finger whorls, presumably left by the Mi'kmaq people.

81.VISIBLE PRINTS

 also called patent prints and are left in some medium, like blood, that reveals them to the
naked eye when blood, dirt, ink or grease on the finger come into contact with a smooth surface
and leave a friction ridge impression that is visible without development.
82.LATENT PRINTS

 not apparent to the naked eye. They are formed from the sweat from sebaceous glands
on the body or water, salt, amino acids and oils contained in sweat. They can be made
sufficiently visible by dusting, fuming or chemical reagents.

83.IMPRESSED PRINTS

 also called plastic prints and are indentations left in soft pliable surfaces, such as clay,
wax, paint or another surface that will take the impression. They are visible and can be viewed
or photographed without development.

84.

POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY ( CRIMINALISTICS 2 )

90.

96.

98

 Emulsions coated on a cellulose nitrate film base, such as Eastman's, made the mass-
produced box camera a reality.

105

129.

151.

164

175.

182.

FORENSIC BALLISTICS ( CRIMINALISTICS 3 )

187.
199.

TWO BASIC TYPES OF COMMERCIAL BULLETS IN COMMON USED TODAY.

211.

217.

MARKS FOUND OF FIRED BULLETS

220.

225.TEST BULLET

 a bullet fired from a bullet recovery system for comparison analysis.

226.BULLET RECOVERY SYSTEM

 Any method which will allow the undamaged recovery of a fired bullet. Differing systems
are needed for different cartridges depending upon bullet composition, jacket thickness, and
velocity. Water tanks and cotton boxes are most commonly in use.

227.BULLET SPLASH

 The spatter and fragmentation of a bullet upon impacting a hard surface.

 BULLET WIPE

228.

MARKS FOUND ON CARTRIDGE CASES

238.

241

245.

CLASSIFICATION OF CARTRIDGE ACCORDING TO RIM

250.

260.

270.

QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS ( CRIMINALISTICS 4 )

275.ADDITION

 inserting or modifying clause or sentence in a document to alter its meaning.

276.SUBSTITUTION

 replacing original entries or writing with another.

277.ALBERT SHERMAN OSBORN

 became the pre-eminent American pioneer in the field when he authored "Questioned
Documents," a seminal work in scientific document analysis that remains in print and in use. He
founded the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners in 1942.

278.ALIGNMENT

 relation of successive characters or letter of a word, signature or line of writing to an

actual or imaginary base line.

279.ALPHABET

 is a standard set of letters (basic written symbols or graphemes) which is used to write
one or more languages based on the general principle that the letters represent phonemes
(basic significant sounds) of the spoken language.

280.ALTERATION

 any change made on a document before, during, or after its original execution.

290.ARRANGEMENT

 habitual placing and positioning of letters and words.

291.CASTING

 was one method used to produce counterfeit coins in Britain and America during the
colonial period. Basically it consisted of melting metal and then pouring the molten liquid into a
mold having a reservoir in the shape of a coin.

292.CLASS CHARACTERISTICS

 common to a group of people. Learned from school or from an individual's parent or

tutor. Class Characteristics are similarities between individuals who learned the same type of
writing systems.

293.INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS

 highly personal or peculiar to a particular writer. Influenced by habit, mindset, personal

preference. It identifies an individual from other writers.
294.PROPORTIONS

 is the symmetry of an individual letter.

295.HEIGHT

 is comparing the height of one letter to another. Height, proportions are usually habits
found in a specific writer.

296.LOOPS

 are similar to proportions.

297.PRESSURE

 is the difference in ink or pencil in width or shade. Helps show direction of movement.

298.BASELINE ALIGNMENT

 The value of this show the questioned writing in correlation to the baseline. Helps QDE
examiners determine whether the writing was altered or is consistent with the rest of the writing
or other examples.

299.PEN LIFTS

 Pen lifts are when the pen or pencil is lifted from the paper and reapplied to finish a word
or sentence.

300.SPEED

 The speed of a writer is a key indicator for QDE in the examination process. Fast and
slow speeds are difficult to duplicate leaving behind inconsistencies in the writing.

301.EMBELLISHMENTS

 decorate writing. Usually found in the beginning of word, but can be seen other places.

302.ENTRY/EXIT STROKES

 is the way a writer begins certain letter or words and can be very specific to an
individual. Also includes the idea of connecting stokes.

305.RETRACING

 is considered fixing a portion of writing that is not readable or pleasing to the writer. In
some cases, this can indicate forgery but is very common in normal handwriting to retrace
letters or words.

306.COIN CLIPPING
 shaving off a small portion of a precious metal coin for profit.

307.COIN MUTILATION

 cutting a portion of a coin.

308.COLLECTED STANDARD (PROCURED STANDARD)

 obtained from files executed in the course of everyday routine.

KINDS OF SIGNATURE

309.FORMAL SIGNATURE

 signature used on official documents such as will or deed of sale.

310.INFORMAL SIGNATURE

 signature used in routine correspondence such as personal letters and other documents
where you want the reader to recognize the signature but the exact spelling of the name isn’t
important.

311.STYLISTIC SIGNATURE

 signature used in signing checks, credit card receipts, etc. This is also like the famous
“physician’s signature” on a prescription. It is often highly stylistic and looks like a scribble with
little that would be recognizable as a signature.

312.SIGNATURE FORGERY

 refers to the act of falsely replicating the signature of another person.

METHODS OF SIGNATURE TRACING

313.CARBON OUTLINE METHOD

 carbon paper inserted between original and false document. Indentation Process original
document is placed over false one under it, to be traced later using a pen or pencil.

314.TRANSMITTED LIGHT PROCESS

 a light source is placed under a light, the original document is placed under the false
one. The light source will illuminate both documents so that the writings on the original
document will be seen and traceable on the false one.

KINDS OF FORGERY OF SIGNATURES

315.SIMPLE FORGERY (SPURIOUS FORGERY)

 signing of a document in his own or in a modified handwriting. Easy to detect once

standards of genuine signatures are obtained.

316.SIMULATED FORGERY (FREEHAND FORGERY)

 the copying or imitation of a signature.

317.SLANT

 slope of writing in relation to the base line.

318.SPACING

 is a blank area devoid of content, serving to separate words, letters, numbers, and
punctuation.

319.STRIKING (STAMPING)

 making an impression of a coin on a metal blank by pressure using steel dies.

320.SUPERIMPOSITION

 placing or laying of one document over another in a way that it appears as a single
image. The placement of an image or video on top of an already-existing image or video,
usually to add to the overall image effect, but also sometimes to conceal something.

321.TERMINAL

 The end of a writing stroke.

322.INITIAL STROKE

 the beginning of a writing stroke.

323.TREMOR

 deviation from uniform stroke brought about by lack of smoothness.

324.TYPEBAR
 one of the bars on a typewriter that bears type for printing.

325.TYPEWRITER

 is a mechanical or electro-mechanical machine for writing in characters similar to those

produced by printer's movable type by means of keyboard-operated types striking a ribbon to
transfer ink or carbon impressions onto the paper.

326.CARRIAGE RETURN

 referred to a mechanism or lever on a typewriter. It was used after typing a line of text
and caused the assembly holding the paper (the carriage) to return to the right so that the
machine was ready to type again on the left-hand side of the paper (assuming a left-to-right
language).

327.TYPEFACE

 the printing surface of the type block. The most popular type are pica and elite.

328.PICA

 10 characters per inch

329.ELITE

 12 characters per inch

330.VIGNETTE

 a small illustration or portrait photograph which fades into its background without a
definite border.

331.WATERMARK

 a faint design made in some paper during manufacture that is visible when held against
the light and typically identifies the maker.

332.WRITING

 is a medium of communication that represents language through the inscription of signs

and symbols.

333.CURSIVE WRITING

 also known as script, joined-up writing, joint writing, running writing, or handwriting is any
style of penmanship in which the symbols of the language are written in a conjoined and/or
flowing manner, generally for the purpose of making writing faster.
POLYGRAPHY ( CRIMINALISTICS 5 )

334.PLETHYSMOGRAPH

 from the Greek word "Plethysmos" - increase or enlargement and "grapho" - write or
record, is an instrument for recording and measuring variation in the volume of a part of the
body, especially as caused by changes in blood pressure.

335.ANTI–CLIMAX DAMPENING

 The principle of psychological focus which holds that a person will establish an
emotional priority for that stimulus which he perceives to represent the greatest threat to his well
being.

336.ANXIETY

 A state of mental uneasiness or concern. Abnormal apprehension or fear, often

accompanied by psychological signs, behavior symptoms or doubt concerning the nature and
reality of a threat; real or imagined. Unfounded self–doubt.

337.APNEA

 The transient cessation of breathing which follows forced breathing. On a polygraph

chart, apnea is generally represented by a blocking pattern in the pneumograph tracing.

338.APPLIED STIMULUS

 An intentionally applied external stimulus, normally in the form of a question, directed to

a person under going a polygraph examination. An applied stimulus may be employed for the
purpose of demonstrating a persons response capabilities at the time the stimulus is applied.

339.ASSOCIATED RESEARCH INC.

 in Chicago, manufactured the 1st commercial polygraph instrument for Leonarde

Keeler.

340.AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

 That part of the peripheral nervous system consisting of the sympathetic and the
parasympathetic nervous system.

341.AXON

 The central core which forms the essential conducting part of a nerve fiber. An extension
from and a part of the cytoplasm of some nerve cells.

342.BACKSTER ZONE COMPARISON TECHNIQUE

 a polygraph technique which primarily involved an alteration of the Reid question
sequencing.

BASIC POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS

343.THE EXAMINING ROOM

 Polygraph examinations should be conducted in a quiet. private room. Under normal

circumstances only the polygraphist and examines are permitted in the examining room.

344.PRE-TEST INTERVIEW

 The examination actually begins with the first contact between the examinee and the
polygraphist. The pre- test interview is vital to a proper polygraph examination. and no
examination will be administered by any AzPa member without an adequate pre-test interview.

345.QUESTION FORMULATION

 Question formulation should be conduced in accordance with established standards and

techniques. Unless specifically required by the nature of the issue being resolved, no questions
regarding morals or the intimate details of a person’s personal life will be asked.

346.TEST CONSTRUCTION

 The use and placement of test questions within the question sequence must adhere to
and be in accordance with those techniques generally recognized and widely accepted within
the polygraph profession.

347.STIMULATION TEST

 The “stim” test is optional. It may be conducted either as the first polygraph chart or
inserted between polygraph charts. The fact that an individual has been previously examined,
perhaps even by the same polygraphist], does not negate the use of the “stim” test.

348.REVIEW OF TEST QUESTIONS

 Under no circumstances will any test be administered without a prior, thorough review of
all test questions with the examinee.

349.CHART INTERPRETATION

 Chart interpretation is the final key to a valid polygraph examination. Under no

circumstances is it permitted that a AzPa polygraphist overlook or ignore the established, basic
concepts of chart interpretation taught in all accredited polygraph schools.

350.BEHAVIOR SYMPTOMS
 Those subjectively observable non-verbal manifestations of a person at the time of an
applied stimulus which may or may not be indicative of that person’s veracity.

351.BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE

 The visual representation of an increase or decrease in blood pressure or volume on a

polygraph chart by the cardio component of a polygraph instrument.

352.CARDIO-SPHYGMO-GRAPH HEART/PRESSURE/RECORDING

 The tracing on a polygraph chart, made by a pen moved by a bellows device in

connection with a closed air pressurized circuit and an in-line cardiosphygmomanometer, which
reflects blood pressure and radial pulse in response to an applied stimulus.

353.CARDIOSPHYGMOMANOMETER

 An in-line pressure dial in a closed air pressurized circuit capable of representing the
pressure in that circuit in units of millimeters of mercury.

354.CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

 Those portions of an organism which contain the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.
The functional means by which blood is transported throughout the body.

355.CEREBELLUM

 That portion of the brain which projects over the medulla and is especially concerned
with the coordination of muscular activity and body equilibrium.

356.CEREBRUM

 The enlarged front and upper part of the brain which contains the higher nervous
centers.

357.CESARE LOMBROSO (1835-1909)

 was the first in 1895 to experiment with a device, measuring blood pressure and pulse,
to detect deception in criminal suspects and noted increased blood pressure following relevant
questions when put to some subjects. He called it a Hydrosphygmograph.

358.CHART

 The graphic recorded representations of a persons psychophysiological responses to a

set of carefully controlled stimuli presented to him in the form of a valid and reliable question
structure.

359.DECEPTION

 the act of making someone believe something that is not true.

DENDRITES

 An extension or process of a neuron which serves to conduct impulses toward the cell
body.

360.DICK ARTHER

 refined the Reid Control Question Technique with his known Lie and Probable Lie
Question Technique and the Guilt Complex Question. This Became known as Arther's
Technique.

361.DICROTIC NOTCH

 graphic representation within the cardio tracing on a polygraph chart caused by a

backward surge of blood against the semi-lunar valve in the left ventricle of the heart.

362.DISTORTION

 change in polygraph tracings caused by artifact stimulus. A disturbance of normal

polygraph tracings not attributable to an intended stimulus within a test structure.

363.DYSPENA

 Abnormal breathing characterized by either labored breathing, shortness of breath,

suppression or serrated exhalation.

364.EFFERENT NERVE FIBERS

 Those neural fibers which carry impulses away from the central nervous system.

365.EGO DEFENSE MECHANISM

 Those psychological defenses used by a person to shield himself against that which he
perceives to represent a threat to his immediate well-being.

366.ENDOCRINE GLANDS

 Those ductless glands which discharge their secretions directly into the blood stream. In
general, the endocrine glands coordinate and control body activities at a slower rate than the
nervous system and thus promote long term adjustments.

367.ENVELOPING QUESTION

 A question used at the beginning and end of a searching peak of tension test which
deals with an issue or subject which is beyond the realm of possibility of the information being
sought.

368.EUPNEA

 Regular or normal breathing.

369.EXAMINEE

 An individual who has volunteered for and undergoes a polygraph examination.

370.EXCITABILITY

 The potential ability of a neuron to respond to any given stimulus.

371.EXPERT OPINION

 A statement reflecting the results of the evaluation of a polygraph chart.

372.EXTRASYSTOLE

 A premature contraction of the heart which is independent of the normal rhythm and
which arises in response to an impulse in some part of the heart other than the sino-auricular
node, or from some abnormal stimulus. An extra systole appears in the cardio tracing of a
polygraph chart as a break in the normal rhythm of the heart.

373.FIGHT OR FLIGHT SYNDROME

 The activation of involuntary sympathetic neural activity upon conscious recognition of a

threat to the immediate well-being of an organism. A group of neural symptoms which enable an
organism to cope with a stressful or threatening situation by taking that organism from a normal
relaxed state to an emergency state of preparedness for the sake of survival.

374.FORENSIC PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY

 Modern term for polygraph examination.

375.GALVANOGRAPH

 elecrtrical Current recording, known as the GSR, galvanic skin response and galvanic
skin conductance.

376.GALVANOMETER

 measures the small differences in electrical resistance and any shifts in a subject’s
anxiety.

377.GANGLIA

 Groups of nerve cell bodies found in the autonomic plexuses composed primarily of
sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

378.GUILT COMPLEX

 A group of associated ideas or attitudes which have a common emotional tone of

feelings of universal responsibility. these ideas or attitudes may be conscious or unconscious;
however, they may significantly influence an individuals behavior or psychophysiological
responses when confronted with an accusation.

379.STICKER

 one of the first to suggest the use of EDA, galvanic skin response as an indicator of
deception.

380.HIDDEN KEY

 An item of evidence known only to the victim, perpetrator, investigator and polygraphist.

381.HOMESTASIS

 The tendency of an organism to maintain a state of equilibrium between interrelated

psychological and psysiological stimuli.

382.HYDROSPHYGMOGRAPH(WATER PRESSURE RECORDING)

 a device consisting of a cylinder containing water and connected with a registering tube,
used to record the amount of blood forced with each pulsation into a limb in cased in the
apparatus.

383.HYPNOSIS

 alteration of consciousness and concentration, subject manifest heightened

suggestability, not admissible in court.

384.HYPOTHALAMUS

 That portion of the brain which contains centers for the regulation of body temperatures,
sleep and water balance. It also appears to be the center for the integration of emotions,
visceral activity and neural impulses which trigger the sympathetic division of the autonomic
nervous system.

385.IRRELEVANT QUESTION

 is intended to be an innocuous. harmless question, having no particular relationship to

the issue being resolved and which can unequivocally be answered truthfully.

386.JOHN AUGUSTUS LARSON

 was a Police Officer for Berkeley, California, United States, and famous for his invention
of modern polygraph used in forensic investigations. He was the first American police officer
having an academic doctorate and to use polygraph in criminal investigations.

387.JOHN E. REID

 a lawyer from Chicago, Illinois, developed the Control Question Technique (CQT) in
1947. Also called the "father of Controls".
388.KEELER POLYGRAPH

 It became the most widely used polygraph in the world for the next three decades.

389.KNOWN PEAK OF TENSION TEST

 This is a series of similar type questions containing only one relevant question. known to
the polygraphist.

390.KYMOGRAPH

 An instrument for recording variations in pressure, as of the blood, or in tension, as of a

muscle, by means of a pen or stylus that marks a rotating drum at a constant speed.

391.LEONARDE KEELER

 in 1926, modified the polygraph instrument designed by John Larson by adding a device
that measured electrical skin conductivity or electrodermal response. He also founded the
world's first polygraph school, the Keeler Polygraph Institute in Chicago, Illinois in 1948.
Considered the father of modern polygraph.

392.LIE

 is an intentionally false statement to a person or group made by another person or group

who knows it is not wholly the truth.

393.LUIGI GALVANI

 an Italian Physician and Physiologist who in 1791, accidentally discovered that a

dissected frog leg would twitch and contract at the touch of a scalpel charged with electricity. He
discovered that current or galvanic electricity flowed through animal tissue.

394.MECHANICAL ADJUSTMENT

 The manual centering of the ink pens on a polygraph instrument in order to maintain the
individual component tracings within their appropriate physical parameters.

395.MEDULA OBLONGATA

 The lowest or hindmost part of the brain continuous with the spinal cord. Contains
centers of respiratory, cardio inhibitory, cardio acceleratory, vasoconstrictor, vasodilator,
swallowing, salivary and vomiting.

396.MIDBRAIN

 The middle segment of the brain containing the centers for certain visual and auditory
reflexes.

397.NAME TEST
 A controlled peak of tension test utilized to establish an examinee’s response capability
to a known lie in which the name of a person upon whom the examinee places emotional
significance is used as a known peak of tension.

398.NERVES

 Those strands of tissue which specialize in the transmission of impulses to and from the
brain and spinal cord and all parts of the body.

399.NEURON

 A single nerve cell.

400.NEUTRAL QUESTION

 A question which does not pertain to the issue under investigation the answer to which
recognized as universally correct by both the examinee and the polygraphist. A neutral question
is intended to elicit a minimal response from the examinee and provide the polygraphist with a
valid graphic representation of the examinee’s non-stress response patterns.

401.NUMERICAL EVALUATION

 A valid and reliable system of numerical evaluation which employs a consistent set of
values to describe the observable physiological responses graphically represented on a
polygraph chart.

402.OPINION

The expert conclusion expressed by a qualified polygraphist concerning the veracity of the
statements made by examinee.

403.OTTO VERAGUTH

was a Swiss neurologist. In the 1900s he published a study of a phenomenon he called

"psychogalvanic reflex" associated with observed changes in the electrical properties of the
skin.

404.OUTSIDE ISSUE

 A circumstance unrelated to the primary issue which poses a greater threat to the
immediate well-being of the examinee than does the primary relevant issue.

405.PADDING QUESTIONS

 Those questions placed before and after the known relevant question in a known peak of
tension test. Padding questions are similar in nature to the known relevant question and fall
within the realm of possibility of the information being sought.

406.PARASYSMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

 That part of the autonomic nervous system which tends to induce secretion, to increase
the tone and contractibility of smooth muscle and to channel the dilation of blood vessels.

407.PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

 That portion of the nervous system lying outside the central nervous system.

408.PLETHSYSMOGRAPH

 The tracing on a polygraph chart made by a pen moved by a photo-optical system

controlled by an examinee’s psychophysiological responses to controlled stimuli.

409.PNEUMOGRAPH

 breathing/recording, from the Greek word "Pneuma" - air or breath and "Grapho" - write
or record, a device that recorded a subject's breathing patterns.

410.POLYGRAM

 One or more polygraph charts. The cumulative recorded representations of an

examinee’s psychophysiological responses to a set of controlled stimuli presented to him in the
form of a properly constructed question technique upon which an expert opinion is formed.

411.POLYGRAPH

 a machine designed to detect and record changes in physiological characteristics, such

as a person's pulse and breathing rates, used especially as a lie detector.

412.POLYGRAPHIST

 An individual who, by virtue of his education, training and experience, is capable of

conducting a valid and reliable polygraph examination for the purpose of determining whether or
not an examinee honestly believes that his own statements and answers concerning a
questioned issue are in fact truthful.

413.POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

 The entire environment within which a qualified polygraphist renders an expert opinion
as to the veracity of an examinee’s statements concerning the primary issue of the matter under
investigation.

414.POLYGRAPH EXAMINER

 interpret the charts generated by the polygraph machine. Polygraph came from the
Greek word "polys" - many writings and "grapho" write.

415.POLYGRAPH CHART

 is one continuous set of test questions recorded on paper by the polygraph instrument.
416.POLYSCORE

 a software program which used a sophisticated mathematical algorithm to analyze the

polygraph data and to estimate a probability or degree of deception or truthfulness in a subject.

417.PONS

 A band of nerve fibers in the brain connecting the lobes of the cerebellum, the medulla
and the cerebrum.

418.PRE-EMPLOYMENT EXAMINATION

 An examination in which an individual is tested regarding the truthfulness and accuracy

of an employment application. along with other background areas, which aids the employer in
selecting the most qualified individual for a position within the organization.

419.PRE-EXAMINATION INTERVIEW

 That portion of a polygraph examination during which information is obtained by the

polygraphist from the examinee regarding the facts and circumstances which from the basis of
the examination and from which the polygraphist develops appropriate questions for the
polygraph technique to be employed.

420.PSYCHOGALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE

 The recordable changes of body tissue polarization (neural discharge), sweat gland
activity or circulatory variations which occur as the result of work, emotion or a combination of
either. In polygraphy, these changes are recorded on a polygraph chart by a pen attached to a
galvanometer driven by the variations of electrical conductivity introduced into a Wheatstone
Bridge by the body tissues of an examinee.

421.PSYCHOGALVANOMETER

 a component that measured changes in a subject's galvanic skin resistance during

questioning, and in doing so, thus signaling the birth of the polygraph as we know it today.

422.PSYCHOLOGICAL SET

 The theory which holds that a person’s fears, anxieties and apprehensions will be
directed toward that situation which presents the greatest immediate threat to his self-
preservation or general well-being; generally to the exclusion of all other less threatening
circumstances within his environment.

423.PSYCHOSIS

 A form of sever personality disorder involving loss of contact with reality, generally
characterized by delusions and hallucinations.

424.QUESTION SPACING
 The elapsed time (not less than 15 seconds) between an answer given by an examinee
and the following question asked by the polygraphist during a polygraph test.

425.RECEPTORS

 Those specialized cells sensitive to incoming stimuli.

426.REFLEX ACTION

 The cumulative product of stimulus, receptor, afferent nerve, connecting neuron, efferent
nerve and effector action. A simple reflex arc.

427.REFRACTORY PERIOD

 That period of time in which a neuron is unable to conduct an impulse.

428.REID POLYGRAPH

 was the first instrument to use a movement sensor to detect subject movement during
the examination. Besides recording blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and GSR, this new
polygraph recorded muscular activity in the forearms, thighs, and feet thanks to metal bellows
placed under the arms and seat of the polygraph chair.

429.RELEVANT QUESTION

 That question within a structured polygraph test which pertains directly to the matter
under investigation.

430.RESIDUAL AIR

 That volume of air which remains in the lungs after the deepest possible exhalation.

431.SACRIFICE RELEVANT QUESTION

 A question used in the Zone comparison Test designed for the intended to dissipate
initial tension anticipated by an examinee in response to the target issue.

432.SEARCHING PEAK OF TENSION TEST

 a polygraph test in which a series of questions, usually similar in nature and scope, are
asked and in which the answer to only one of them may evoke a response from the examinee.

433.SCREENING EXAMINATION

 is one in which, without any specific allegation, an individual is examined to verify his/her
honesty, integrity and conduct as an employee.

434.SPECIFIC EXAMINATION

 is one in which there is one specific issue to be resolved, ex. theft, burglary, robbery
murder, etc.

435.SENSOR

 Any attachment made to the human body for the purpose of measuring and/or recording
a psychophysiological response during a polygraph test.

436.SPHYGMOMANOMETER

 or blood pressure meter (also referred to as a sphygmometer) is a device used to

measure blood pressure, composed of an inflatable cuff to restrict blood flow, and a mercury or
mechanical manometer to measure the pressure.

437.SPOT ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE

 A system of chart interpretation whereby analysis of response capability may be made at

each location on a polygraph chart wherein a relevant question is either preceded by or followed
by a control question.

438.SUPER DAMPENING

 The principle of psychological focus which holds that if a person considers an outside
issue to be a greater threat to his well-being than the main relevant issue, and that if he
anticipates an unreviewed question concerning this outside issue, he may tune out all relevant
and control questions by forcing his psychological set on the outside issue. The presence of an
outside issue usually results in poor responses or no responses.

439.STIMULATION TEST

 Verifies for the examiner that the examinee is testable. and aids in convincing the
examinee that the polygraph instrument works, and will work on him.

440.SUPPRESSION

 An involuntary reduction in the amplitude of the pneumograph and cardiograph tracings

in response to a stressful stimulus.

441.SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

 That part of the autonomic nervous system which tends to depress secretion, decrease
the tone and contractibility of muscle not under direct voluntary control, and cause the
contraction of blood vessels.

442.SYMPTOMATIC QUESTION

 A question contained within a structured question technique which is designed to identify

the presence of an outside issue upon which a person may be focusing during the course of a
polygraph examination.
443.SYNAPSIS

 The chemical junctions where nerve impulses pass from one neuron to another.

444.SYSTEM

 A group of body organs which combine to form a whole and to cooperate for the purpose
of carrying on some vital function.

446.TEST TECHNIQUE

 A valid and reliable question structure employed by a qualified polygraphist for the
purpose of verifying an examinee’s statements or answers during a polygraph examination. The
sequential order in which questions are asked during a polygraph examination. The foundation
of expert opinion.

447.THALAMUS

 The middle part of the brain through which sensory impulses pass to reach the cerebral
cortex.

448.TIDAL VOLUME

 The volume of air moved in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle.

449.VERAGUTH

 was one of the first to make word-association tests with the galvanometer.

450.VITTORIO BENUSSI

 an Italian Psychologist who in 1914 discovered a method for calculating the quotient of
the inhalation to exhalation time as a means of verifying the truth and detecting deception in a
subject. Benussi measured and recorded breathing by means of an instrument known as the
Pneumograph. He concluded that lying caused an emotional change within a subject that
resulted in detectable respiratory changes that were indicative of deception.

SCENE OF THE CRIME OPERATIONS ( CRIMINALISTICS 6 )

451.ADMISSION

 Any statement of fact made by a party which is against his interest or unfavorable to the
conclusion for which he contends or inconsistent with the facts alleged by him.

452.AFIS

 Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) is a biometric identification (ID)

methodology that uses digital imaging technology to obtain, store, and analyze fingerprint data

453.AMATEUR INTERMITTENT OFFENDER

 These types of robbers view themselves as lifetime robbers and commits infrequent
robbery offenses, often recklessly.

454.ARMED ROBBERY

 This involves the use of weapons such as firearm, a knife or other dangerous weapons.

455.ANIMUS LUCRANDI

 means intent to gain, in Robbery.

456.BIENES MUEBLES

 in Robbery, means personal property belonging to another.

457.ARREST

 The legal taking of a person into a custody in order that he may be bound to answer for
the commission of an offense.

LEGAL MEDICINE ( CRIMINALISTICS 7 )

458.ABRASION

 a skin injury caused by scraping off of superficial skin due to friction against a rough
surface.

459.ABORTION

 is the termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or
embryo before viability.

460.ADIPOCERE

a peculiar waxy substance consisting of salts and fatty acids and formed from the
decomposition of corpse tissues, especially in moist habitats, also called grave-wax.
461.ALGOR MORTIS (LATIN: ALGOR - COLDNESS; MORTIS - DEATH)

 is the reduction in body temperature following death.

462.RIGOR MORTIS (LATIN: RIGOR - STIFFNESS, MORTIS - DEATH")

 is one of the recognizable signs of death, caused by chemical changes in the muscles
after death, causing the limbs of the corpse to become stiff and difficult to move or manipulate.

463.AUTOPSY

 a post-mortem examination to discover the cause of death or the extent of disease. An

autopsy is derived from the Greek word "autos" - oneself and "opsis" - sight/view.

465.MEDICO-LEGAL AUTOPSY OR FORENSIC OR CORONER'S

 autopsies seek to find the cause and manner of death and to identify the decedent.

466.CLINICAL OR PATHOLOGICAL AUTOPSIES

 are performed to diagnose a particular disease or for research purposes

467.ANATOMICAL OR ACADEMIC AUTOPSIES

 are performed by students of anatomy for study purposes only.

468.VIRTUAL OR MEDICAL IMAGING AUTOPSIES

 are performed utilizing imaging technology only, primarily magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) and computed tomography (CT).

469.FORENSIC AUTOPSY

 is used to determine the cause and manner of death.

470.ANATOMY

 the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other
living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts

471.BIOCHEMISTRY

 the branch of science concerned with the chemical and physico chemical processes and
substances which occur within living organisms.

472.CADAVERIC SPASM

 also known as postmortem spasm, instantaneous rigor, cataleptic rigidity, or

instantaneous rigidity, is a rare form of muscular stiffening that occurs at the moment of death,
persists into the period of rigor mortis and can be mistaken for rigor mortis.
473.CEREBRAL CONCUSSION

 there is a brief loss of consciousness and sometimes memory after ahead injury that
doesn’t cause obvious physical damage.

474.CEREBRAL CONTUSION

 they are bruises to the brain, usually caused by a direct, strong blow to the head. They
are more serious than concussions.

475.CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

 also called the cardiovascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate
and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon
dioxide,hormones, and blood cells to and from cells in the body to nourish it and help to fight
diseases stabilize body temperature and pH, and to maintain homeostasis.

476.CONTEMPT OF COURT

 any willful disobedience to or disregard of a court order or any misconduct in the

presence of a court action that interferes with a judge's ability to administer justice or that insults
the dignity of the court. Punishable by fine or imprisonment or both.

478.CONTUSION

 also called a bruise, is a type of hematoma of tissue in which capillaries and sometimes
venules are damaged by trauma, allowing blood to seep, hemorrhage, or extravasate into the
surrounding interstitial tissues.

479.DEATH

 Complete cessation of all cardiopulmonary (heart-lung) and/or cessation of brain

activity.Death is the termination of all biological functions that sustain a living organism.

480.SOMATIC OR CLINICAL DEATH

 permanent cessation of all vital bodily functions.

481.MOLECULAR OR CELLULAR DEATH

 refers to the death of cells. 3 to 6 hours after cessation of life.

482.APPARENT DEATH OR STATE OF SUSPENDED ANIMATION

 a state in which the processes of the body (such as blood circulation) stop or become
very slow for a period of time while a person or animal is unconscious.

483.TOKYO DECLARATION

 is a set of international guidelines for physicians concerning torture and other cruel,
inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in relation to detention and imprisonment, which
was adopted in October 1975 during the 29th General assembly of the World Medical
Association

484.DEFLORATION

 is the laceration or rupture of the hymen as a result of sexual intercourse.

485.DERMIS

 the thick layer of living tissue below the epidermis which forms the true skin, containing
blood capillaries, nerve endings, sweat glands, hair follicles, and other structures.

486.DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

 The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy
and basic nutrients to feed the entire body.

487.DR. PEDRO P. SOLIS

 Philippines father of Legal Medicine.

488.ECCHYMOSIS

 a discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath, typically caused by

bruising.

489.ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

 refers to the collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones directly into the
circulatory system to be carried towards a distant target organ.

490.EPIDERMIS

 the outermost layer of the skin of a human or other vertebrate animal.

491.EUTHANASIA

 Meaning good death ( well or good ), Refers to the practice of ending life in a painless
manner. The deliberate intervention was undertaken with the express intention of ending life, to
relieve intractable suffering

492.EXCRETORY SYSTEM

 is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from an

organism, so as to help maintain homeostasis within the organism and prevent damage to the
body.

493.FORENSIC MEDICINE
 application of medical science to elucidate legal problems.

494.FORENSIC SCIENCE

 involves the application of the sciences to answer questions of interest to the legal
system.

495.FRACTURE

 comes from the Latin word “fractura” which means a break in the continuity of the bone.
It is also a combination of a break in the bone and soft tissue injury.

496.HEMATOMA

 is a collection of blood outside of a blood vessel.

497.HOMEOSTASIS

 means remaining stable or remaining the same.

498.INCISION

 a surgical cut made in skin or flesh.

499.COUP INJURY

 injury at the site of application of force.

500.MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE

 knowledge of the law in relation to the practice of medicine.