INDEX

Page
Sr. No. TOPICS No.

1. Definition & Introduction. 3

2. Concept of unemployment. 4

3. Types Of Unemployment. 5-7

4. Causes of Unemployment. 8-10

5. Effects of Unemployment & Natural Rate. 11-13

6. Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey 14

7. Remedies for Solving Problems of Unemployment. 15

8. Government Policy for Removing Unemployment. 16-18

9. Solution. 19

10. Conclusion. 20

11. Weblography. 21

1
 Unemployment in India

 DEFINATION:

Unemployment is the state in which a person is without work, available to work, and is
currently seeking work.

It is a situation where there is non-availability of job for the persons.

Its an situation in which a person who is physically capable, mentally willing to work at
existing wage rate does not find any job and is forced to remain unemployed.

 INTRODUCTION:

It involves a waste of human resource and results in many social evils like theft, pick- pocketing,
robbery, murder etc. It’s a serious economic, social and political problem of the country. It’s a
cause as well as effect of poverty.
The unemployment rate is used in
economic studies. Rate is
determined as the percentage of
those in the labor force without
jobs.

There are a variety of

different causes of
unemployment, and disagreement
on which causes are most
important. Different schools of
economic thought suggest
different policies to address
unemployment. Monetarists for
example, believe that controlling
inflation to facilitate growth and
investment is more important, and will lead to increased employment in the long run.
Keynesians on the other hand emphasize the smoothing out of business cycles by manipulating
aggregate demand. There is also disagreement on how exactly to measure unemployment.

 CONCEPTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT

1. Usual Status Unemployment

2. Current Weekly Status Unemployment
3. Current Daily Status Unemployment

2
1) Usual Stauts Unemployment: It is meant to determine the Usual Activity Status- employed,
unemployed or outside the labour force. The activity status is determined with referance to a
longer period, say a year preceding to the time of survey. It is a person rate and indicates
constant unemployment.

2) Current Weekly Status: This concept determines activity status of a person with reference to
a period of preceding seven days. In this period, if a person seeking job fails to get work for even
one hour on any day, he is deemed to be unemployed.

3) Current Daily Status: This concept considers the activity status of a person for each person
for each day of the preceding seven days .If he works for one day but less than four hours, then
he is considered as employed for half a day.

Out of these concepts of unemployment, Current Daily Status concept provides most
appropriate measure of unemployment.

 UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA:

India as a nation is faced with massive problem of unemployment. Unemployment can be

defined as a state of worklessness for a man fit and willing to work. It is a condition of
involuntary and not voluntary idleness. Some features of unemployment have been identified as
follows:

1. The incidence of unemployment is much higher in urban areas than in rural areas.
2. Unemployment rates for women are higher than those for men.
3. The incidence of unemployment among the educated is much higher than the overall
unemployment.
4. There is greater unemployment in agricultural sector than in industrial and other major
sectors.

 TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Economists and social thinkers have classified unemployment into various types. Generally
unemployment can be classified in two types:

 VOLUNTARY UNEMPLOYMENT:

In this type of unemployment a person is out of job of his own desire doesn't work on the
prevalent or prescribed wages. Either he wants higher wages or doesn't want to work at all. It is

3
in fact social problem leading to social disorganization. Social problems and forces such as a
revolution, a social upheaval, a class struggle, a financial or economic crisis a war between
nations, mental illness, political corruption mounting unemployment and crime etc. threaten the
smooth working of society. Social values are often regarded as the sustaining forces of society.
They contribute to the strength and stability of social order. But due to rapid social change new
values come up and some of the old values decline. At the same time, people are not is a position
to reject the old completely and accept the new altogether. Here, conflict between the old and the
new is the inevitable result which leads to the social disorganization in imposed situation. In
economic terminology this situation is voluntary unemployment.

 INVOLUNTARY UNEMPLOYMENT:

In this type of situation the person who is unemployed has no say in the matter. It means that a
person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of
earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them. Forms and types of unemployment according
to Hock are.

a. Cyclical unemployment - This is the result of the trade cycle which is a part of the
capitalist system. In such a system, there is greater unemployment and when there is
depression a large number of people are rendered unemployed. Since such an economic
crisis is the result of trade cycle, the unemployment is a part of it.
b. Sudden unemployment - When at the place where workers have been employed there is
some change, a large number of persons are unemployed. It all happens in the industries,
trades and business where people are employed for a job and suddenly when the job has
ended they are asked to go.
c. Unemployment caused by failure of Industries - In many cases, a business a factory or
an industry has to close down. There may be various factors responsible for it there may
be dispute amongst the partners, the business may give huge loss or the business may not
turn out to be useful and so on.
d. Unemployment caused by deterioration in Industry and business - In various
industries, trades or business, sometimes, there is deterioration. This deterioration may be
due to various factors. In efficiency of the employers, keen competitions less profit etc.
are some of the factors responsible for deterioration in the industry and the business.
e. Seasonal unemployment - Certain industries and traders engage workers for a particular
season. When the season has ended the workers are rendered unemployed. Sugar industry
is an example of this type of seasonal unemployment.

Voluntary and Unvoluntary Unemployment (Graphically)

4
  RURAL UNEMPLOYMENT:

This kind of employment prevails is on rural areas. The nature of problem is also
complicated. There are only two types of unemployment commonly found in agricultural
economy e.g. India

a) Seasonal Unemployment:
In an agrarian economy like India, seasonal unemployment is the most significant type of
unemployment in rural sector. Agriculture labour in India is mostly dependent on monsoon.

b) Disguised Unemployment:

5
 In the rural subsistence agrarian sector of the Indian economy, the problem of disguised
unemployment is also typical. Disguised unemployment refers to that type of unemployment in
which laborers appear to be working and employed but in reality, they are not employed as they
do not add to the total output. In other words they are removed from their jobs, output would not
decrease.

 URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT:

This type of unemployment is found in urban areas i.e. towns and cities.

1) Industrial Unemployment:

This refers to unemployment amongst workers in industries and factories in urban areas.
Industrial workers may be skilled or unskilled. Industrial is open unemployment.

2) Educated Unemployment:

It is the problem of educated middle class people of urban society. It means joblessness
amongst the graduates, post graduates, doctors, engineers etc. However this type of
unemployment does not exist in countries worldwide. These are specific type of unemployment
that exist only in few countries especially those in involved in agricultural activities like India.

 CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Unemployment levels are increasing dramatically in many parts of the world. There is
considerable debate among economists as to the causes of unemployment. Keynesian economics
emphasizes unemployment resulting from insufficient effective demand for goods and service in
the economy. Others point to structural problems, inefficiencies, inherent in labour markets.
Classical economics tends to reject these explanations, and focuses more on rigidities imposed
on the labor market from the outside, such as minimum wage laws, taxes, and other regulations
that may discourage the hiring of workers.

In the set up of a modern market economy, there are many factors, which contribute to
unemployment.

Causes of unemployment are varied and it may be due to the following factors:

HIGH POPUALTION GROWTH:

6
The rapid increase in population of our
country during the last decade has further
worse the unemployment problem in the
country. Due to rapidly increasing
population of the country, a
dangerous situation has arisen in which
the magnitude of unemployment goes on
increasing during each plan period.

JOBLESS GROWTH: Although India is

a developing country, the rate of growth is inadequate to absorb the entire labour force in the
country. The opportunities of employment are not sufficient to absorb the additions in the labour
force of the country, which are taking place as result of the rapidly increasing unemployment in
India.

INEFFICIENT AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS: Industrialization is not

rapid in our country and industrial labor finds few job opportunities. As enough other
employment opportunities are not available, agriculture is the principal area of employment in
our country. Thus, pressure on land is high, as about 2/3 of the labor force is engaged in
agriculture. Land is thus overcrowded and a large part of the work force is underemployed and
suffer from disguised unemployment.

INAPROPRIATE EDUCATION SYSYTEM: After remaining at schools and colleges for a

number of years men and women come out in large numbers, having gained neither occupational
nor vocational training nor functional literacy from which all future skilled, educated
professional, and managerial manpower is drawn.

WEAKNESSES IN PLANNING TECHNIQUES: The growth strategy underlying our plans

has been found to be faulty. Lack in infrastructure development and poor labour-intensive
techniques planning has made unemployment a severe issue in our Indian economy.

RECESSION:

7
INFLATION:

8
DISABILITY:

 EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Unemployment has obvious and well-documented links to economic disadvantage and has also
been connected in some discussion to higher crime rates especially among the young suicide,
and homicide Garry Ottosen and
Douglas Thompson (1996) broaden
the consequences of
unemployment, relating it to increases
in the incidences of
alcoholism, child abuse, family
breakdown, psychiatric
hospitalization, and a variety of
physical complaints and illnesses.
Some researchers have
emphasized the importance of
preventing youth from falling
into unemployment traps. Robert
Gitter and Markus Scheuer (1997) suggest that unemployment among youth not only causes
current hardship, but may also hinder future economic success. This is because unemployed
youths are not able to gain experience and on-the-job training and because a history of
joblessness signals that the individual may not have the qualities that are valued in the labour
market.

9
 Attempts have, however, been made to estimate the economic cost associated with
unemployment. Ottosen and Thompson (1996, p.5) noted that "the United States loses a little
less than one percentage point of potential gross domestic product (GDP) or output for each
one percentage point of unemployment. This implies that an unemployment rate of 7 percent
costs the United States at least $400 billion annually in foregone output. This is more than
$2,000 for every man, woman, and child over 16 years of age." Similarly, in Australia, Peter
Kenyon (1998) calculated that the loss of GDP associated with an unemployment rate above
the full-employment rate is the equivalent of one year's worth of GDP over the past two
decades.

In addition to the loss of GDP, high unemployment increases the burden on social welfare
programs. These include unemployment insurance programs and other types of welfare, such
as food stamps, Medicaid, Medicare, and Supplemental Security Income (Ottosen and
Thompson 1996). There are also intergenerational effects, as unemployment of parents will
limit their capacity to finance the schooling of their children. As education is the primary
means of social mobility, this intergenerational effect will give rise to an inheritance of
inequality.

 NATURAL RATE:

The natural rate of unemployment is the rate of unemployment where the labour market is in a
position of equilibrium. This means that the labour supply = labour demand at a given real wage
rate. All those people willing and able to take paid employment at the going wage rate do so.

The diagram below shows the labour supply (those willing and able to take work at a going
wage rate) and the labour force - the number of active participants in the labour market. The
labour force expands as the real wage rises because there is a greater incentive to search for paid
work and sacrifice leisure.

Employment on the x-axis measures the total labour hours supplied by workers in the
economy in a given time period. As the real wage increases, the total number of hours supplied
by the labour force will expand.

10
 The natural rate of unemployment is not zero - at the equilibrium wage W1 in the
diagram above, there is unemployment measured by AB. This is made up of frictional plus
structural unemployment. At a wage rate W2 (above the equilibrium "market-clearing wage")
employment contracts along the labour demand curve and total unemployment rises (see the
diagram below)

11
 Dis-equilibrium unemployment rises to the level shown by the distance CD. This is because
labour demand has fallen and the labour force has expanded. There is an excess supply of labour
- some people who are willing and able to find employment cannot get paid work.

 LABOUR FORCE STATISTICS FROM THE CURRENT POPULATION SURVEY

12
Series Id: LNS14000000
Seasonally Adjusted
Series title: (Seas) Unemployment Rate
Labor force status: Unemployment rate
Type of data: Percent or rate
Age: 16 years and over

Graphical Presentation of Data:

 REMEDIES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS OF UNEMPLOYMENT

13
Reducing unemployment is a key target for all Governments. High unemployment has enormous
costs for individuals, businesses, the Government and the economy.The way of solving
unemployment will depend upon its cause

METHODS:-

 Government support to struggling industries in order to try to save jobs e.g. airline
industry
 Provide more training and education to the unemployed. This could help improve
computer skills and communication. These people will become more confident and
employable.
 Make more information available in job centres.
 Reduce unemployment benefits or cut benefits all together

Try to bring the country out of a recession. The Government needs to try to create
demand in the economy. It could;

 Give grants to businesses to produce goods

 Have projects such as road building
 Cut interest rates to encourage spending
 Cut income tax to encourage spending

NEW DEAL: Labour’s New Deal programme for young unemployed people was introduced
across the UK in April 1998. In June 1998 the Government launched a separate New Deal for
Long-Term Unemployed People aged over 25+.

The main options are:

 A subsidised job with an employer

 Remaining in full-time education and training
 Work within the accredited voluntary sector and
 Work experience with an environmental task force.

The programme is designed to provide pathways back into work for the long term unemployed –
many of whom have become outsiders in the labour market despite the continuing strength of the
British economy. Higher levels of employment and economic activity add to total national output
and should help to improve the overall performance of the labour market in sustaining long run
economic growth.

 GOVERNMENT POLICY FOR REMOVING UNEMPLOYMENT

14
Employment Policy up to the 1980s: Direct measures to eliminate unemployment were not
preferred as the apprehension was that they could slow down the growth process by raising
consumption expenditure on the other hand, and cutting down the economic surplus on the other.
This policy was obviously inadequate to tackle the unemployment problem and as a result, the
number of unemployment rose. Hence government decided to concentrate on self employment
ventures in various fields farm and non-farm operations.

Such as:-

 Rural development programme

 National rural employment programme
 National scheme of training youth for self employment
 The operation food II dairy project
 Integrated rural development programme
 Rural landless employment guarantee programme

Employment Strategies during the 1990s: Defining its employment perspective the Eighth
Plan clearly stated, “The employment potential of growth can be raised by readjusting the
sectoral composition of output in favour of sector and sub-sector having higher employment
elasticity.” In certain sectors where technologies are to be upgraded to a higher level of
efficiency and international competitiveness, there is little scope for generating additional
employment. However, in respect of certain other sectors some flexibility may be available in the
choice of technologies and thus it may not be difficult to generate considerable employment.

According to the present estimates, the employment strategy as stated above will enable
attainment of the goal of full employment in any case not before 2012 A.D. Therefore, special
employment programmes as in the past should be continued to provide short-term employment
to unemployed and underemployment among the Poor and the Vulnerable.

1. MAJOR EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMS

· Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) was launched from April 1, 1999 after
restructuring the IRDP and allied schemes. It is the only self-employment programme for the
rural poor.

· Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) was launched on September 23, 2001 and
the scheme of JGSY and Employment Assurance Scheme was fully integrated with SGRY. It
aims at providing additional wage employment in rural areas.

15
· The Swarana Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) came into operation from
December 1, 1997, subsuming the earlier urban poverty alleviation programmes. It aims to
provide gainful employment to the urban unemployed and underemployed poor by
encouraging the setting up of self-employment ventures or provision of wage employment.

· Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) was designed to provide self-employment to

more than a million educated unemployed youth by setting up seven lakh micro-enterprises
under the Eighth Five Year Plan.

· The National Rural Employed Programme (NREP) was started as a part of the Sixth plan
and was continued under the Seventh Plan. It was meant to help that segment of rural
population which largely depends on wage employment and has virtually no source of
income during the lean agricultural period.

· The Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) was started on 15th
August, 1983, with the objective of expanding employment opportunities for the rural
landless, i.e., to provide guarantee to at least one member of the landless household for about
100 days in a year.

· The Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) was launched in 1978-79 and
extended all over the country in 1980-81.It was to provide self-employment in a variety of
activities like sericulture, animal husbandry etc. in primary sector, handicrafts etc. in
secondary sector , and service and business activities in the tertiary sector.

· The Scheme of Training Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM) was initiated in
1979. It aimed at training about 2 lakh rural youth every year to enable them to become self-
employed.

Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) was announced in February 1989, it was supposed to
provide intensive employment creation in the 120 backward districts. It was later renamed

Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) whose objective was creation of infrastructure
and durable assets at the village level so as to increase opportunities for sustained
employment to the rural poor.

· The Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) aimed at providing 100 days of unskilled
manual work on demand to two members of a rural family in the age group 18 to 60 years in
the agricultural lean season within the blocks covered under the scheme.

16
 2. IMPLIMENTATION OF EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMS

Till now these programmes have not been launched on a sufficiently large scale and thus
their contribution from the point of view of the reduction in the incidence of unemployment
seems to be only marginally.

The three major problems which prevent pursuit of these programmes on a considerable
scale are the choice of appropriate works are to be done; finding the resources to finance the
programmes; and the lack of clarity with regard to the organisation of the rural work
programmes meant to generate employment.

CAUSES OF UNEMPOYMENT

The main causes of unemployment in India are:-

 HIGH POPUALTION GROWTH: The rapid increase in population of our country during
the last decade has further worse the unemployment problem in the country. Due to rapidly
increasing population of the country, a dangerous situation has arisen in which the magnitude
of unemployment goes on increasing during each plan period.

 JOBLESS GROWTH: Although India is a developing country, the rate of growth is

inadequate to absorb the entire labour force in the country. The opportunities of employment
are not sufficient to absorb the additions in the labour force of the country, which are taking
place as result of the rapidly increasing unemployment in India.

 INEFFICIENT AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS: Industrialisation is

not rapid in our country and industrial labour finds few job opportunities. As enough other
employment opportunities are not available, agriculture is the principal area of employment
in our country. Thus, pressure on land is high, as about 2/3 of the labour force is engaged in
agriculture. Land is thus overcrowded and a large part of the work force is underemployed
and suffer from disguised unemployment.

 INAPROPRIATE EDUCATION SYSYTEM: After remaining at schools and colleges for

a number of years men and women come out in large numbers, having gained neither
occupational nor vocational training nor functional literacy from which all future skilled,
educated professional, and managerial manpower is drawn.

17
 INAPPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY: In India, while capital is a scarce factor, labour is
available in abundant quantity. However, not only in industries, but also in agriculture
producers are increasingly substituting capital for labour. On account of abundance of labour,
this policy is resulting in large unemployment.

 WEAKNESSES IN PLANNING TECHNIQUES: The growth strategy underlying our

plans has been found to be faulty. Lack in infrastructure development and poor labour-
intensive techniques planning has made unemployment a severe issue in our Indian economy.

GOVERNMENT POLICY FOR REMOVING UNEMPLOYMENT

 Employment Policy up to the 1980s: Direct measures to eliminate unemployment were not
preferred as the apprehension was that they could slow down the growth process by raising
consumption expenditure on the other hand, and cutting down the economic surplus on the
other. This policy was obviously inadequate to tackle the unemployment problem and as a
result, the number of unemployment rose. Hence government decided to concentrate on self
employment ventures in various fields farm and non-farm operations.

Such as:-

o Rural development programme

o National rural employment programme
o National scheme of training youth for self employment
o The operation food II dairy project
o Integrated rural development programme
o Rural landless employment guarantee programme

 Employment Strategies during the 1990s:

Defining its employment perspective the Eighth Plan clearly stated, “The employment
potential of growth can be raised by readjusting the sectoral composition of output in favour
of sector and sub-sector having higher employment elasticity.” In certain sectors where
technologies are to be upgraded to a higher level of efficiency and international
competitiveness, there is little scope for generating additional employment. However, in
respect of certain other sectors some flexibility may be available in the choice of
technologies and thus it may not be difficult to generate considerable employment.

According to the present estimates, the employment strategy as stated above will
enable attainment of the goal of full employment in any case not before 2012 A.D. Therefore,
special employment programmes as in the past should be continued to provide short-term
employment to unemployed and underemployment among the Poor and the Vulnerable.

18
 1. MAJOR EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMS

 Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) was launched from April 1, 1999
after restructuring the IRDP and allied schemes. It is the only self-employment
programme for the rural poor.

 Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) was launched on September 23, 2001
and the scheme of JGSY and Employment Assurance Scheme was fully integrated with
SGRY. It aims at providing additional wage employment in rural areas.

 The Swarana Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) came into operation from
December 1, 1997, subsuming the earlier urban poverty alleviation programmes. It aims
to provide gainful employment to the urban unemployed and underemployed poor by
encouraging the setting up of self-employment ventures or provision of wage
employment.

 Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) was designed to provide self-employment to

more than a million educated unemployed youth by setting up seven lakh micro-
enterprises under the Eighth Five Year Plan.

 The National Rural Employed Programme (NREP) was started as a part of the Sixth
plan and was continued under the Seventh Plan. It was meant to help that segment of
rural population which largely depends on wage employment and has virtually no source
of income during the lean agricultural period.

 The Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) was started on

15th August, 1983, with the objective of expanding employment opportunities for the
rural landless, i.e., to provide guarantee to at least one member of the landless household
for about 100 days in a year.

 The Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) was launched in 1978-79 and
extended all over the country in 1980-81.It was to provide self-employment in a variety
of activities like sericulture, animal husbandry etc. in primary sector, handicrafts etc. in
secondary sector , and service and business activities in the tertiary sector.

19
  The Scheme of Training Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM) was initiated
in 1979. It aimed at training about 2 lakh rural youth every year to enable them to become
self-employed.
 Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) was announced in February 1989, it was supposed to
provide intensive employment creation in the 120 backward districts. It was later
renamed Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) whose objective was creation of
infrastructure and durable assets at the village level so as to increase opportunities for
sustained employment to the rural poor.

 The Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) aimed at providing 100 days of unskilled
manual work on demand to two members of a rural family in the age group 18 to 60 years
in the agricultural lean season within the blocks covered under the scheme.

2. IMPLIMENTATION OF EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMS

Till now these programmes have not been launched on a sufficiently large scale and
thus their contribution from the point of view of the reduction in the incidence of
unemployment seems to be only marginally.

The three major problems which prevent pursuit of these programmes on a

considerable scale are the choice of appropriate works are to be done; finding the resources
to finance the programmes; and the lack of clarity with regard to the organisation of the rural
work programmes meant to generate employment.

MICRO FINANCE

 DEFINITION: Micro finance involves financing for Self-help Groups which are small,
informal and homogeneous groups. After its formation, the group regularly collects a fixed
amount of thrift from each member. With this amount, it starts lending to members for petty
consumption needs. The working fund grows with time and the group can approach
Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) for credit.

 NEED: Despite having a wide network of rural bank branches in the country and
implementation of many credit linked poverty alleviation programmes, a large number of the

20
very poor continue to remain outside the fold of the formal banking system. The existing
policies, systems and procedures and the savings and loan products often did not meet the
needs of the hardcore and assetless poor.

Therefore, the concept of microfinance has gained currency among donors and
practitioners for its two significant roles:-

o In freeing the credit market of its countless dysfunctionalities that arise mainly
from political interference, imprudent financial policies and systematic
deficiencies.

o In replacing state-sponsored directed credit programmes for poverty alleviation,

which are seen as basically non-feasible because of high dose of subsidy, by
private initiatives.

 SOLUTION

 Faster economic growth is viewed as a means of generating more jobs.

 Unemployment agencies could tighten their job search and job acceptance requirements.

 Improvements to the education and training provided to young people, with a greater
focus on vocational skills.

 Countries need to ensure that their welfare systems do not provide discouragement to
work.

 Government support to struggling industries in order to try to save jobs.

 Provide more training and education to the unemployed. This could help improve
computer skills and communication. These people will become more confident and
employable.

 The Government needs to try to create demand in the economy.

21
 CONCLUSION

The whole length of discussion concludes that to solve the unemployment problem of India the
development plans and the family planning programmed, both, should be reformed on the lines
suggested herein above whereby the extra employment opportunities will be generated fast, on
one hand, and population growth will be checked, on the other, in such a way that growth of
employment opportunities would considerably exceed to the population growth.

To solve these massive problem efforts should be made to rectify the mistakes in the
development move on one hand, & to mitigate the high population growth, on the other reselect
its programmers & reconstruct its plans so as to make the development move rural oriented.

This will bring about fast agricultural development, uplift of village life & revival of village
industries, artisanship & handicraft to check the massive rural- urban migration. As regards to
the check on high population growth the prevailing family planning programmed has been
proved insufficient & incomplete. .

22
 BEBLOGRAPHY

1. www.economywatch.com
2. www.scribedoc.com
3. www.isid.ac.in
4. ideas.repec.org
5. www.legco.gov.hk/
6. www.jstor.org/stable/1818137
7. www.informaworld.com
8. www.cdedse.org/pdf/work174.pdf
9. www.icai.org/resource_file/16789ppui.pdf

23