Unemployment in India

 DEFINATION:

Unemployment is the state in which a person is without work, available to work,

and is currently seeking work. It is a situation where there is non-availability of job for
the persons.

It’s a situation in which a person who is physically capable, mentally willing to work at
existing wage rate does not find any job and is forced to remain unemployed.

 INTRODUCTION:

It involves a waste of human resource and results in many social evils like theft, pick-
pocketing, robbery, murder etc. It’s a serious economic, social and political problem of
the country. It’s a cause as well as effect of poverty. The unemployment rate is used in
economic studies. Rate is determined as the percentage of those in the labor force
without jobs.

There are a variety of different causes of unemployment, and disagreement on which

causes are most important. Different schools of economic thought suggest different
policies to address unemployment. Monetarists for example, believe that controlling
inflation to facilitate growth and investment is more important, and will lead to increased
employment in the long run. Keynesians on the other hand emphasize the smoothing
out of business cycles by manipulating aggregate demand. There is also disagreement
on how exactly to measure unemployment.

 CONCEPTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT:

1. Usual Status Unemployment

2. Current Weekly Status Unemployment
3. Current Daily Status Unemployment

1
1) Usual Status Unemployment: It is meant to determine the Usual Activity Status-
employed, unemployed or outside the labor force. The activity status is determined with
referance to a longer period, say a year preceding to the time of survey. It is a person
rate and indicates constant unemployment.

2) Current Weekly Status: This concept determines activity status of a person with
reference to a period of preceding seven days. In this period, if a person seeking job
fails to get work for even one hour on any day, he is deemed to be unemployed.

3) Current Daily Status: This concept considers the activity status of a person for each
person for each day of the preceding seven days .If he works for one day but less than
four hours, then he is considered as employed for half a day.

Out of these concepts of unemployment, Current Daily Status concept provides

most appropriate measure of unemployment.

 UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA:

India as a nation is faced with massive problem of unemployment. Unemployment can

be defined as a state of wordlessness for a man fit and willing to work. It is a condition
of involuntary and not voluntary idleness. Some features of unemployment have been
identified as follows:

1. The incidence of unemployment is much higher in urban areas than in rural

areas.
2. Unemployment rates for women are higher than those for men.
3. The incidence of unemployment among the educated is much higher than the
overall unemployment.
4. There is greater unemployment in agricultural sector than in industrial and other
major sectors.

 TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Economists and social thinkers have classified unemployment into various types.
Generally unemployment can be classified in two types:

2
  VOLUNTARY UNEMPLOYMENT:

In this type of unemployment a person is out of job of his own desire doesn't work on
the prevalent or prescribed wages. Either he wants higher wages or doesn't want to
work at all. It is in fact social problem leading to social disorganization. Social problems
and forces such as a revolution, a social upheaval, a class struggle, a financial or
economic crisis a war between nations, mental illness, political corruption mounting
unemployment and crime etc. threaten the smooth working of society. Social values are
often regarded as the sustaining forces of society. They contribute to the strength and
stability of social order. But due to rapid social change new values come up and some
of the old values decline. At the same time, people are not is a position to reject the old
completely and accept the new altogether. Here, conflict between the old and the new is
the inevitable result which leads to the social disorganization in imposed situation. In
economic terminology this situation is voluntary unemployment.

 INVOLUNTARY UNEMPLOYMENT:

In this type of situation the person who is unemployed has no say in the matter. It
means that a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages
although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them. Forms
and types of unemployment according to Hock are.

a. Cyclical unemployment - This is the result of the trade cycle which is a part of the
capitalist system. In such a system, there is greater unemployment and when there
is depression a large number of people are rendered unemployed. Since such an
economic crisis is the result of trade cycle, the unemployment is a part of it.
b. Sudden unemployment - When at the place where workers have been employed
there is some change, a large number of persons are unemployed. It all happens in
the industries, trades and business where people are employed for a job and
suddenly when the job has ended they are asked to go.
c. Unemployment caused by failure of Industries - In many cases, a business a factory
or an industry has to close down. There may be various factors responsible for it
there may be dispute amongst the partners, the business may give huge loss or the
business may not turn out to be useful and so on.
d. Unemployment caused by deterioration in Industry and business - In various
industries, trades or business, sometimes, there is deterioration. This deterioration
may be due to various factors. In efficiency of the employers, keen competitions less
profit etc. are some of the factors responsible for deterioration in the industry and the
business.
e. Seasonal unemployment - Certain industries and traders engage workers for a
particular season. When the season has ended the workers are rendered
unemployed. Sugar industry is an example of this type of seasonal unemployment.

3
  RURAL UNEMPLOYMENT:

This kind of employment prevails is on rural areas. The nature of problem is also
complicated. There are only two types of unemployment commonly found in agricultural
economy e.g. India

a) Seasonal Unemployment: In an agrarian economy like India, seasonal

unemployment is the most significant type of unemployment in rural sector.
Agriculture labour in India is mostly dependent on monsoon.
b) Disguised Unemployment: In the rural subsistence agrarian sector of the Indian
economy, the problem of disguised unemployment is also typical. Disguised
unemployment refers to that type of unemployment in which laborers appear to
be working and employed but in reality, they are not employed as they do not
add to the total output. In other words they are removed from their jobs, output
would not decrease.
 URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT:
This type of unemployment is found in urban areas i.e. towns and cities.

1) Industrial Unemployment:

This refers to unemployment amongst workers in industries and factories in urban

areas. Industrial workers may be skilled or unskilled. Industrial is open unemployment.

2) Educated Unemployment:

It is the problem of educated middle class people of urban society. It means

joblessness amongst the graduates, post graduates, doctors, engineers etc. However
this type of unemployment does not exist in countries worldwide. These are specific
type of unemployment that exist only in few countries especially those in involved in
agricultural activities like India

 CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT:

Unemployment levels are increasing dramatically in many parts of the world. There is
considerable debate among economists as to the causes of unemployment. Keynesian
economics emphasizes unemployment resulting from insufficient effective demand for
goods and service in the economy. Others point to structural problems, inefficiencies,
inherent in labour markets. Classical economics tends to reject these explanations, and
focuses more on rigidities imposed on the labor market from the outside, such as

4
minimum wage laws, taxes, and other regulations that may discourage the hiring of
workers.

In the set up of a modern market economy, there are many factors, which contribute to
unemployment.

Causes of unemployment are varied and it may be due to the following factors:

HIGH POPUALTION GROWTH:

The rapid increase in population of our country during the last decade has further worse
the unemployment problem in the country. Due to rapidly increasing population of the
country, a dangerous situation has arisen in which the magnitude of unemployment
goes on increasing during each plan period.

JOBLESS GROWTH:

Although India is a developing country, the rate of growth is inadequate to absorb the
entire labour force in the country. The opportunities of employment are not sufficient to
absorb the additions in the labour force of the country, which are taking place as result
of the rapidly increasing unemployment in India.

INEFFICIENT AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS:

Industrialization is not rapid in our country and industrial labor finds few job
opportunities. As enough other employment opportunities are not available, agriculture
is the principal area of employment in our country. Thus, pressure on land is high, as
about 2/3 of the labor force is engaged in agriculture. Land is thus overcrowded and a
large part of the work force is underemployed and suffer from disguised unemployment.

INAPROPRIATE EDUCATION SYSYTEM: After remaining at schools and colleges for a

number of years men and women come out in large numbers, having gained neither
occupational nor vocational training nor functional literacy from which all future skilled,
educated professional, and managerial manpower is drawn.

WEAKNESSES IN PLANNING TECHNIQUES:

The growth strategy underlying our plans has been found to be faulty. Lack in
infrastructure development and poor labour-intensive techniques planning has made
unemployment a severe issue in our Indian economy.

 EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT:

5
 Unemployment has obvious and well-documented links to economic disadvantage and
has also been connected in some discussion to higher crime rates especially among
the young suicide, and homicide Garry Ottosen and Douglas Thompson (1996)
broaden the consequences of unemployment, relating it to increases in the incidences
of alcoholism, child abuse, family breakdown, psychiatric hospitalization, and a variety
of physical complaints and illnesses. Some researchers have emphasized the
importance of preventing youth from falling into unemployment traps. Robert Gitter
and Markus Scheuer (1997) suggest that unemployment among youth not only causes
current hardship, but may also hinder future economic success. This is because
unemployed youths are not able to gain experience and on-the-job training and
because a history of joblessness signals that the individual may not have the qualities
that are valued in the labour market.

Attempts have, however, been made to estimate the economic cost associated
with unemployment. Ottosen and Thompson (1996, p.5) noted that "the United States
loses a little less than one percentage point of potential gross domestic product (GDP)
or output for each one percentage point of unemployment. This implies that an
unemployment rate of 7 percent costs the United States at least $400 billion annually
in foregone output. This is more than $2,000 for every man, woman, and child over 16
years of age." Similarly, in Australia, Peter Kenyon (1998) calculated that the loss of
GDP associated with an unemployment rate above the full-employment rate is the
equivalent of one year's worth of GDP over the past two decades.

In addition to the loss of GDP, high unemployment increases the burden on

social welfare programs. These include unemployment insurance programs and other
types of welfare, such as food stamps, Medicaid, Medicare, and Supplemental
Security Income (Ottosen and Thompson 1996). There are also intergenerational
effects, as unemployment of parents will limit their capacity to finance the schooling of
their children. As education is the primary means of social mobility, this
intergenerational effect will give rise to an inheritance of inequality.

 REMEDIES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Reducing unemployment is a key target for all Governments. High unemployment has
enormous costs for individuals, businesses, the Government and the economy.The way
of solving unemployment will depend upon its cause

6
METHODS:-

 Government support to struggling industries in order to try to save jobs e.g.

airline industry
 Provide more training and education to the unemployed. This could help improve
computer skills and communication. These people will become more confident
and employable.
 Make more information available in job centres.
 Reduce unemployment benefits or cut benefits all together

Try to bring the country out of a recession. The Government needs to try to create
demand in the economy. It could;

 projects such as road building

 Cut interest rates Give grants to businesses to produce goods
 Have to encourage spending
 Cut income tax to encourage spending

NEW DEAL: Labour’s New Deal programme for young unemployed people was
introduced across the UK in April 1998. In June 1998 the Government launched a
separate New Deal for Long-Term Unemployed People aged over 25+.

The main options are:

 A subsidised job with an employer

 Remaining in full-time education and training
 Work within the accredited voluntary sector and
 Work experience with an environmental task force.

The programme is designed to provide pathways back into work for the long term
unemployed – many of whom have become outsiders in the labour market despite the
continuing strength of the British economy. Higher levels of employment and economic
activity add to total national output and should help to improve the overall performance
of the labour market in sustaining long run economic growth.

 GOVERNMENT POLICY FOR REMOVING UNEMPLOYMENT:

Employment Policy up to the 1980s: Direct measures to eliminate unemployment were

not preferred as the apprehension was that they could slow down the growth process by

7
raising consumption expenditure on the other hand, and cutting down the economic
surplus on the other. This policy was obviously inadequate to tackle the unemployment
problem and as a result, the number of unemployment rose. Hence government
decided to concentrate on self employment ventures in various fields farm and non-farm
operations.

8
Sr. Name of the Ministry Remarks
No. Scheme/
Programme
1 Atmanirbhar Ministry of Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana (ABRY) was launched with
Bharat Rojgar Labour and effect from 1st October, 2020 as part of Atmanirbhar Bharat
Yojana Employmen package 3.0 to incentivize employers for creation of new
(ABRY) t employment along with social security benefits and restoration of
loss of employment during Covid-19 pandemic. The website link
for the scheme is https://labour.gov.in/aatmanirbhar-bharat-
rojgar-yojana-abry
2 Pradhan Ministry of Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana (PMRPY) was
Mantri Rojgar Labour and launched with effect from 1.4.2016 to incentivise employers for
Protsahan Employmen creation of new employment. The beneficiaries registered upto
Yojana t 31st March, 2019 will continue to receive the benefit for 3 years
(PMRPY) from the date of registration under the scheme i.e. upto 31st
March, 2022.
3 National Ministry of Project for transformation of the National Employment Service
Career Service Labour and to provide a variety of career related services like job matching,
(NCS) Project Employmen career counselling, vocational guidance, information on skill
t development courses, apprenticeship, internships etc. This
project consists of three important components namely - (i) NCS
Portal (www.ncs.gov.in); (ii) Model Career Centres; and (iii)
Interlinking of Employment Exchanges. The website
is https://www.ncs.gov.in/
4 Mahatma Ministry of MGNREGA is to provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage
Gandhi Rural employment in a financial year to every rural household whose
National Rural Developme adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The
Employment nt website link for the scheme
Guarantee Act is https://nrega.nic.in/MGNREGA_new/Nrega_home.aspx
(MGNREGA)
5 Pradhan Ministry of The Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan (GKRA) is a 125-day
Mantri Garib Rural Abhiyan launched by Hon’ble Prime Minister on 20th June, 2020
Kalyan Rojgar Developme with a mission to address the issues of returnee migrant workers
Abhiyaan nt and similarly affected rural population by Covid-19 pandemic
(PMGKRA) through a multi- pronged strategy of providing immediate
employment & livelihood opportunities to the
9
distressed, to saturate the villages with public infrastructure and c
reation of livelihood assets to boost the income generation
Such as:-

 Rural development programme

Sr. Name of Mini Remarks
No. the stry
Scheme/
Program
me
1 Digital Minist Digital India is a flagship programme of the Government of India with a vision to transform
India ry of India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. The details of the
Electr scheme is at website: https://www.digitalindia.gov.in/
onics
and
Infor
matio
n
Techn
ology
2 Atal Minist The mission of AMRUT is providing basic services (e.g. water supply, sewerage, urban
Mission for ry of transport) to households and build amenities in cities which will improve the quality of life
Rejuvenati Housi for all, especially the poor and the disadvantaged is a national priority. The details of the
on and ng scheme is available at website: http://tcpo.gov.in/atal-mission-rejuvenation-and-urban-
Urban and transformation-amrut-reforms
Transforma Urban
tion Affair
(AMRUT) s
3 Make in DPIIT, ‘Make in India’ initiative was launched on September 25, 2014 with the objective of
India Minist facilitating investment, fostering innovation, building best in class manufacturing
ry of infrastructure, making it easy to do business and enhancing skill development. The details i
Com at the website: https://www.makeinindia.com/
merce
&

10
 Indust
ry
4 Smart Minist Smart Cities Mission was launched by the Hon’ Prime Minister on 25 June, 2015. The main
Cities ry of objective of the Mission is to promote cities that provide core infrastructure, clean and
Housi sustainable environment and give a decent quality of life to their citizens through the
ng & application of ‘smart solutions’. The Mission aims to drive economic growth and improve
Urban quality of life through comprehensive work on social, economic, physical and institutional
Affair pillars of the city. The details is available at website: https://smartcities.gov.in/
s
5 Shyama M/o The Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM) follows the vision of "Development
Prasad Rural of a cluster of villages that preserve and nurture the essence of rural community life with
Mukherji Devel focus on equity and inclusiveness without compromising with the facilities perceived to be
Rurban opme essentially urban in nature, thus creating a cluster of "Rurban Villages". The objective of the
Mission nt Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM) is to stimulate local economic
development, enhance basic services, and create well planned Rurban clusters. The details
of the scheme is at website:https://rurban.gov.in/#gsc.tab=0
6 The Minist To coordinate the development of the industrial corridors, with smart cities linked to
National ry of transport connectivity, drive India’s growth in manufacturing and urbanization. The details
Industrial Com is at website: https://www.nicdc.in/
Corridor merce
&
Indust
ry
7 Stand up Depar Stand-Up India Scheme for financing SC/ST and/or Women Entrepreneurs. The objective of
India tment the Stand-Up India scheme is to facilitate bank loans between 10 lakh and 1 Crore to at
Scheme of least one Scheduled Caste (SC) or Scheduled Tribe (ST) borrower and at least one woman
Finan borrower per bank branch for setting up a greenfield enterprise. This enterprise may be in
cial manufacturing, services, agri-allied activities or the trading sector In case of non-individual
Servic enterprises at least 51% of the shareholding and controlling stake should be held by either
es, an SC/ST or Woman entrepreneur. The details of the scheme is at
Minist website: https://www.standupmitra.in/

11
 ry of
Finan
ce):
8 Start Up DPIIT, Startup India is a flagship initiative of the Government of India, intended to catalyse startup
India Minist culture and build a strong and inclusive ecosystem for innovation and entrepreneurship in
ry of India. The details is at website:https://www.startupindia.gov.in/
Com
merce
&
Indust
ry
9 Pradhan Minist Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Urban is a flagship Mission of Government of India being
Mantri ry of implemented by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), was launched on 25th
Awas Housi June 2015. The Mission addresses urban housing shortage among the EWS/LIG and MIG
Yojana – ng & categories including the slum dwellers by ensuring a pucca house to all eligible urban
Urban Urban households by the year 2022, when Nation completes 75 years of its Independence.
Affair PMAY(U) adopts a demand driven approach wherein the Housing shortage is decided based
s on demand assessment by States/Union Territories. State Level Nodal Agencies (SLNAs),
Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)/ Implementing Agencies (IAs), Central Nodal Agencies (CNAs)
and Primary Lending Institutions (PLIs) are main stakeholders who play an important role in
implementation and success of PMAY(U). The details of the scheme is at
website:https://pmay-urban.gov.in/about
10 Swachh Minist To accelerate the efforts to achieve universal sanitation coverage and to put the focus on
Bharat ry of sanitation, the Prime Minister of India had launched the Swachh Bharat Mission on 2nd
Mission- Jal October 2014. Under the mission, all villages, Gram Panchayats, Districts, States and Union
Grameen Shakti Territories in India declared themselves "open-defecation free" (ODF) by 2 October 2019,
the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, by constructing over 100 million toilets in
rural India. The details at available at
website:https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/index.htm
11 Swachh Minist The Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban (SBM-U), launched on 2nd October 2014 aims at making
Bharat ry of urban India free from open defecation and achieving 100% scientific management of

12
 Mission - Housi municipal solid waste in 4,041 statutory towns in the country. The objectives of the mission
Urban ng & are Elimination of open defecation, Eradication of Manual Scavenging, Modern and
(SBM-U), Urban Scientific Municipal Solid Waste Management, To effect behavioral change regarding
Affair healthy sanitation practices, Generate awareness about sanitation and its linkage with
s public health, Capacity Augmentation for ULB’s, To create an enabling environment for
private sector participation in Capex (capital expenditure) and Opex (operation and
maintenance). The details is available at website:https://mohua.gov.in/cms/swachh-
bharat-mission.php#:~:text=The%20Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission%20%2D
%20Urban,Elimination%20of%20open%20defecation
12 Pradhan Minist Under Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY), Government of India has contributed
Mantri ry of both 12% employer’s share and 12% employee’s share under Employees Provident Fund
Garib Labou (EPF), totaling 24% of the wage for the wage month from March to August, 2020 for the
Kalyan r and establishments having upto 100 employees with 90% of such employees earning less than
Yojana Emplo Rs. 15000/-. Details of the scheme is at the
(PMGKY) ymen link: https://www.epfindia.gov.in/site_docs/PDFs/Circulars/Y2020-2021/
t SchemeCOVID_24_10042020.pdf
Flagship programmes of the Government that have the potential to generate productive employment opportunities.

 National rural employment programme

 National scheme of training youth for self employment
 The operation food II dairy project
 Integrated rural development programme
 Rural landless employment guarantee programme

Employment Strategies during the 1990s: Defining its employment perspective the
Eighth Plan clearly stated, “The employment potential of growth can be raised by
readjusting the sectoral composition of output in favour of sector and sub-sector having
higher employment elasticity.” In certain sectors where technologies are to be upgraded
to a higher level of efficiency and international competitiveness, there is little scope for
generating additional employment. However, in respect of certain other sectors some
flexibility may be available in the choice of technologies and thus it may not be difficult
to generate considerable employment.

13
 1. MAJOR EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMS
Employment Generation Schemes/ Programmes of
Government of India
Employment generation coupled with improving employability is the priority of the
Government. Accordingly, the Government of India has taken various steps for
generating employment in the country. The efforts comprise of various long term
schemes/ programmes/ policies for making the country self-reliant and to create
employment opportunities. A brief on Employment Generation Schemes/ Employment
Promotion Programmes of the Government alongwith their website detail is given below:

Sr. Nam Mi Remarks

No. e of nis
the try
Sche
me/
Prog
ram
me
1 Prad Mi Government of India has introduced a pension scheme for unorganised workers
han nist namely Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan (PM-SYM) to ensure old age
Man ry protection for Unorganised Workers.
tri of The unorganised workers mostly engaged as home based workers, street vendors, mid-day
Shra La meal workers, head loaders, brick kiln workers, cobblers, rag pickers, domestic workers,
m bo washer men, rickshaw pullers, landless labourers, own account workers, agricultural
Yogi ur workers, construction workers, beedi workers, handloom workers, leather workers, audio-
Maa & visual workers and similar other occupations whose monthly income is Rs 15,000/ per
n- Em month or less and belong to the entry age group of 18-40 years. They should not be covered
dha plo under New Pension Scheme (NPS), Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC)
n ym scheme or Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO). Further, he/she should not be
(PM- ent an income tax payer. Details of the scheme is at website: https://labour.gov.in/pm-sym
SYM

14
 ):
2 Nati Mi The scheme is meant for old age protection and social security of retail traders/ shopkeepers
onal nist and self-employed persons whose annual turnover is not exceeding Rs. 1.5 crore. These
Pens ry retail traders/ shopkeepers and self-employed persons are mostly working as shop owners,
ion of retail traders, rice mill owners, oil mill owners, workshop owners, commission agents,
Sche La brokers of real estate, owners of small hotels, restaurants and other LaghuVyaparis. The
me bo website for the scheme is https://labour.gov.in/nps-traders
for ur
Trad &
ers, Em
and plo
Self- ym
empl ent
oyed
Pers
ons
(NP
S-
Trad
ers)
Prad
3 Mi The PMJJBY is available to people in the age group of 18 to 50 years having a bank
han
Man nist account who give their consent to join / enable auto-debit. Aadhar would be the primary
tri
ry KYC for the bank account. The life cover of Rs. 2 lakhs shall be for the one year period
Jeev
an of stretching from 1st June to 31st May and will be renewable. Risk coverage under this
Jyoti Fin scheme is for Rs. 2 Lakh in case of death of the insured, due to any reason. The premium is
Bim
aYoj anc Rs. 330 per annum which is to be auto-debited in one instalment from the subscriber’s
ana e bank account as per the option given by him on or before 31st May of each annual coverage
(PM
JJB period under the scheme. The scheme is being offered by Life Insurance Corporation and
Y) all other life insurers who are willing to offer the product on similar terms with necessary
approvals and tie up with banks for this purpose. The website
is https://financialservices.gov.in/beta/en/pmjjby

15
 Prad
4 Mi The Scheme is available to people in the age group 18 to 70 years with a bank account who
han
Man nist give their consent to join / enable auto-debit on or before 31st May for the coverage period
tri ry 1st June to 31st May on an annual renewal basis. Aadhar would be the primary KYC for the
Sura
ksha of bank account. The risk coverage under the scheme is Rs.2 lakh for accidental death and full
Bim Fin disability and Rs. 1 lakh for partial disability. The premium of Rs. 12 per annum is to be
aYoj
ana anc deducted from the account holder’s bank account through ‘auto-debit’ facility in one
(PM e installment. The scheme is being offered by Public Sector General Insurance Companies or
SBY
) any other General Insurance Company who are willing to offer the product on similar terms
with necessary approvals and tie up with banks for this purpose. The website
is https://financialservices.gov.in/beta/en/pmsby
Atal
5 Mi The Atal Pension Yojana (APY) was launched on 09.05.2015 to create a universal social
Pens
ion nist security system for all Indians, especially the poor, the under-privileged and the workers in
Yoja ry the unorganised sector. APY is administered by Pension Fund Regulatory and Development
na
of Authority (PFRDA). ` The website is https://financialservices.gov.in/beta/en/atal-pension-
Fin yojna#:~:text=Atal%20Pension%20Yojana%20%7C%20Department%20of,of%20Finance%20%7C
anc %20Government%20of%20India
e
Nati
6 Mi The National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) is a welfare programme being
onal
Soci nist administered by the Ministry of Rural Development. This programme is being implemented
al ry in rural areas as well as urban areas. NSAP represents a significant step towards the
Assi
stanc of fulfilment of the Directive Principles of State Policy enshrined in the Constitution of India
e Ru which enjoin upon the State to undertake within its means a number of welfare measures.
Prog
ram ral The website for the programme is https://nsap.nic.in/circular.do?method=aboutus
me De
(NS
AP) vel
op
me
nt
Ayu
7 Mi Ayushman Bharat, a flagship scheme of Government of India, was launched as
shm
an nist recommended by the National Health Policy 2017, to achieve the vision of Universal
Bhar ry Health Coverage (UHC). This initiative has been designed to meet Sustainable
at-

16
 Prad
of Development Goals (SDGs) and its underlining commitment, which is to "leave no one
han
Man He behind." Ayushman Bharat is an attempt to move from sectoral and segmented approach of
tri alt health service delivery to a comprehensive need-based health care service. This scheme
Jan
Arog h aims to undertake path breaking interventions to holistically address the healthcare system
yaY & (covering prevention, promotion and ambulatory care) at the primary, secondary and
ojan
a Fa tertiary level. The website for the scheme is https://pmjay.gov.in/about/pmjay
(AB- mil
PMJ
AY) y
We
lfar
e
Heal
8 Mi Health Insurance Scheme was implemented by Ministry of Textiles till 30.09.2014 to
th
Insur nist provide health care facility to handloom weavers. The healthcare facility was provided
ance ry through a Health Insurance Company which was selected by open tender procedure. Only
Sche
me of the annual premium was paid to the Health Insurance Company as per the actual enrolment
for Te done. The health insurance claims submitted by the weavers were paid directly by Health
Wea
vers xtil Insurance Company. The Government of India, Office of the Development Commissioner
(HIS es (Handicrafts) is implementing following Schemes for promotion and development of
)
Handicrafts Sector:
o National Handicraft Development Programme (NHDP)
(Of
o Comprehensive Handicrafts Cluster Development Scheme (CHCDS)
fic
The information is in the website: https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?
e
PRID=1579532 and http://handicrafts.nic.in/schemes.aspx
of
the
De
vel
op
me
nt
Co
m

17
 mis
sio
ner
(H
and
icr
afts
)
Nati
9 Mi National Safai Karamcharis Finance & Development Corporation(NSKFDC), A
onal
Safai nist wholly owned Govt. of India Undertaking under the Ministry of Social Justice &
Kara ry Empowerment (M/o SJ&E) was set up on 24th January 1997 as a Company “Not for
mch
aris of Profit” under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956. NSKFDC is in operation since
Fina So October, 1997, as an Apex Corporation for the all round socio-economic upliftment of the
nce
and cial Safai Karamcharis, Scavengers and their dependants throughout India, through various loan
Dev Jus and non-loan based schemes. The website is https://nskfdc.nic.in/
elop
ment tice
Corp &
orati
on Em
(NS po
KFD
C) we
rm
ent
Self
10 Mi The Self-Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers (SRMS) was
Emp
loym nist introduced in January, 2007, with the objective to rehabilitate the remaining
ent ry manual scavengers and their dependents in alternative occupations by March, 2009.
Sche
me of However, as this could not be done by the target date, the Scheme was extended up to
for So March, 2010, with a provision for the coverage of spill-over of beneficiaries even thereafter,
Reha
bilita cial if required. As per the updated number, reported by States/UTs, after launch of the Scheme,
tion Jus 1.18 lakh manual scavengers and their dependents in 18 States/UTs were identified for
of
Man tice implementation of the Scheme. After the enactment of ‘Prohibition of Employment as
ual & Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013’, SRMS was revised in
Scav

18
 enge
Em synchronization with the provision of the Act.
rs
(Rev po As per the revised Scheme, identified manual scavengers, one from each family, are
ised) we provided one-time cash assistance. The identified manual scavengers and their dependents
rm are provided project based back-ended capital subsidy up to Rs. 3,25,000 and concessional
ent loan for undertaking self-employment ventures. Beneficiaries are also provided training for
skill development for a period up to two years, during which a stipend of Rs. 3,000 per
month is also provided. The website is https://socialjustice.gov.in/schemes/37

Publ
11 Mi The Public Distribution System (PDS) evolved as a system of management of scarcity
ic
Distr nist through distribution of food grains at affordable prices. Over the years, PDS has become an
ibuti ry important part of Government’s policy for management of food economy in the country.
on
Syst of PDS is supplemental in nature and is not intended to make available the entire requirement
em Co of any of the commodities distributed under it to a household or a section of the society.
(PD
S) nsu PDS is operated under the joint responsibility of the Central and the State Governments.
me The Central Government, through Food Corporation of India (FCI), has assumed the
r responsibility for procurement, storage, transportation and bulk allocation of food grains to
Aff the State Governments. The operational responsibility including allocation within State,
airs identification of eligible families, issue of Ration Cards and supervision of the functioning
, of Fair Price Shops (FPSs) etc., rest with the State Governments. The website
Fo is https://nfsa.gov.in/portal/PDS_page
od
and
Pu
bli
c
Dis
trib
uti
on
Prad
12. Mi PMAY-G aims at providing a pucca house, with basic amenities, to all houseless
han
Man nist householder and those households living in kutcha and dilapidated house, by 2022. The

19
 tri
ry immediate the objective is to cover 1.00 crore household living in kutcha house/dilapidated
Awa
as of house in three years from 2016-17 to 2018- 19.The minimum size of the house has been
Yoja Ru increased to 25 sq.mt (from 20sq.mt) with a hygienic cooking space. The unit assistance has
na-
Gra ral been increased from Rs. 70,000 to Rs. 1.20 lakh in plain and from Rs. 75,000 to Rs 1.30
min De lakh in hilly states, difficult areas and IAP district. The website is https://pmayg.nic.in/
(PM
AY- vel
G) op
me
nt
Prad
13. Mi Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maandhan Yojana is a government scheme meant for old age
han
Man nist protection and social security of Small and Marginal Farmers (SMF). All Small and
tri ry Marginal Farmers having cultivable landholding up to 2 hectares falling in the age group of
Kisa
n of 18 to 40 years, whose names appear in the land records of States/UTs as on 01.08.2019 are
Maa Ag eligible to get benefit under the Scheme.
ndha
n ric Under this scheme, the farmers would receive a minimum assured pension of Rs 3000/- per
Yoja ult month after attaining the age of 60 years and if the farmer dies, the spouse of the farmer
na
ure shall be entitled to receive 50% of the pension as family pension. Family pension is
and applicable only to spouse.The website is
Far https://www.myscheme.gov.in/schemes/pmkmy
me
rs
We
lfar
e
From eShram Website

· Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) was launched from April 1, 1999
after restructuring the IRDP and allied schemes. It is the only self-employment
programme for the rural poor.

· Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) was launched on September 23,

2001 and the scheme of JGSY and Employment Assurance Scheme was fully

20
 integrated with SGRY. It aims at providing additional wage employment in rural
areas.

· The National Rural Employed Programme (NREP) was started as a part of the
Sixth plan and was continued under the Seventh Plan. It was meant to help that
segment of rural population which largely depends on wage employment and has
virtually no source of income during the lean agricultural period.

· The Scheme of Training Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM) was

initiated in 1979. It aimed at training about 2 lakh rural youth every year to enable
them to become self-employed.

Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) whose objective was creation of

infrastructure and durable assets at the village level so as to increase opportunities
for sustained employment to the rural policy.

2. IMPLIMENTATION OF EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMS

Till now these programmes have not been launched on a sufficiently large scale
and thus their contribution from the point of view of the reduction in the incidence of
unemployment seems to be only marginally.

The three major problems which prevent pursuit of these programmes on a

considerable scale are the choice of appropriate works are to be done; finding the
resources to finance the programmes; and the lack of clarity with regard to the
organisation of the rural work programmes meant to generate employment.

 SOLUTION

 Faster economic growth is viewed as a means of generating more jobs.

 Unemployment agencies could tighten their job search and job acceptance
requirements.

21
 Improvements to the education and training provided to young people, with a
greater focus on vocational skills.

 Countries need to ensure that their welfare systems do not provide

discouragement to work.

 Government support to struggling industries in order to try to save jobs.

 Provide more training and education to the unemployed. This could help improve
computer skills and communication. These people will become more confident
and employable.

 The Government needs to try to create demand in the economy.

22
  CONCLUSION

The whole length of discussion concludes that to solve the unemployment problem of
India the development plans and the family planning programmed, both, should be
reformed on the lines suggested herein above whereby the extra employment
opportunities will be generated fast, on one hand, and population growth will be
checked, on the other, in such a way that growth of employment opportunities would
considerably exceed to the population growth.

To solve these massive problem efforts should be made to rectify the mistakes in the
development move on one hand, & to mitigate the high population growth, on the other
reselect its programmers & reconstruct its plans so as to make the development move
rural oriented.

This will bring about fast agricultural development, uplift of village life & revival of village
industries, artisanship & handicraft to check the massive rural- urban migration. As
regards to the check on high population growth the prevailing family planning
programmed has been proved insufficient & incomplete.
.

23
 WEBLOGRAPHY

1. www.economywatch.com
2. www.scribedoc.com
3. www.isid.ac.in
4. ideas.repec.org
5. www.legco.gov.hk/
6. www.jstor.org/stable/1818137
7. www.informaworld.com
8. www.cdedse.org/pdf/work174.pdf
9. www.icai.org/resource_file/16789ppui.pdf

24