Blue

Lecture-1: Non-toxic antifouling

biotechnol

technology

ogy
 Source: Niranjana Menon
Prof. Dr. Ir. Agus Sabdono, M.Sc.  2016 – 11 - 109

Refference:
Niranjana Menon 2016 – 11 – 109, Blue Biotechnology
Blue Biotechnology, Commonwealth Blue Economy Series, No.
No. POKOK BAHASAN DOSEN
1 Introduction to Marine Biotechnology AS
2 Biotechnological Potential of Marine Microbes AS
3 Biofouling Control by Quorum Quenching AS
4 Marine Microbial Biosurfactans for Bioremediation AS
5 Marine Functional Foods SB
6 Marine Nutraceutical SB
7 Omega-3 Fatty Acids Produced from Microalgae SB
8 MID-TERM
9 Transgenic Technology in Marine Organisms AJ
10 Functional Feeds in Aquaculture AJ
11 Microalgal Biotechnology: Biofuels and Bioproduct AJ
12 Marine Bacteriophages for the Biocontrol of Fish Diseases AJ
13 Drugs and Leads from the ocean through biotechnology DP
14 Marine Biomaterials in Therapeutics and Diagnostics DP
15 Cosmetics from Marine Sources DP
16 FINAL EXAMS DP
 1. INTRODUCTION TO MARINE
BIOTECHNOLOGY

• MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY- DEFINITION

• MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY- TOOLS
• MARINE SOURCES AND RESEARCH AREAS
• APPLICATIONS OF MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY
• RESEARCH SCOPE
• BLUE ECONOMY
• BLUE BIOTECHNOLOGY
 1. Marine Biotechnology- Definition

THE APPLICATION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO LIVING

ORGANISMS FROM MARINE RESOURCES, AS WELL AS PARTS,
PRODUCTS AND MODELS THEREOF, TO ALTER LIVING OR NON-
LIVING MATERIALS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE, GOODS
AND SERVICES.”
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 TOOLS &
DIAGNOSTIC
S FOR
Role of Blue Biotechnology REPRODUCT
ION &
GROWTH

Genetics, physiology,
biochemistry, ecology

Bioactive compounds-
function & mode of action

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2. Tools and Methods in Marine Biotechnology
TOOLS AND METHODS

• BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING OF PHOTOTROPHIC MARINE

ORGANISMS
• BIOINFORMATIC TECHNIQUES ON MARINE GENOMICS
• MICROBIAL BIOPROSPECTING IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTS
• NOVEL BIOREACTORS FOR CULTURING MARINE ORGANISMS
• TRANSGENIC TECHNOLOGY IN MARINE ORGANISMS
• MARINE ENZYMES – PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS
• BIOFOULING CONTROL BY QUORUM QUENCHING
• DETECTION OF INVASIVE SPECIES
Molecular tools can be used to identify and characterize important
aquatic germplasm including many endangered species. These
tools have made it possible to analyze the genomes of many
aquatic species. They have also helped us understand the
molecular basis of gene regulation, expression and sex
determination. This can improve the methodologies for defining
species, stocks and populations.
Such molecular approaches include:
 Developing marker-assisted selection technologies
 Improving precision and efficiency of transgenic techniques
 DNA fingerprinting to know polymorphism in fish stocks
 Improving technologies for cryopreservation of gametes and
embryos 10
 3. IMPORTANT MARINE SOURCES AND
RESEARCH AREAS
Research area Marine source Aims
Development of innovative methods
Algae, invertebrates,
Food To increase aquaculture production
fishes
Zero waste recirculation systems
Biofuel production
Energy Algae
Biorefineries
Algae, sponge,
Health To find novel bioactives
microorganisms
Biosensing technologies for marine
Environment Marine organisms environment monitors
Non-toxic antifouling technology
Industrial Production of marine biopolymers for
Algae
products food, cosmetics, and health
 To satisfy the growing demand for high quality and healthy
products from fisheries and aquaculture in a sustainable way.
 Intensive aquaculture
Examples
Marine derived food additives
Marine derived nutraceutics
Marine derived E-numbers
Marine biotechnological progresses in aquaculture

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Examples
• Production of biofuel from macroalgae
• Production of oil from microalgae
• Research priorities to improve microbial enhanced oil recovery
 MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY SECURING
HUMAN HEALTH
Examples
Marine derived anticancer drugs
Marine derived painkillers
Marine derived antibiotics
Marine derived cosmetics

The sponge Stylissa massa produces an

unusual compound palau'amine, with
antimicrobial activity 14
 MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY SECURING
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES

 GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) from jellyfish (Aequorea

victoria) and luciferase enzyme from Vibrio fischeri have
widespread applications in molecular biology as a reporter
protein.

 Shrimp alkaline phosphatase and other marine derived

enzymes with unique heat labile properties used to simplify
molecular biology reactions like PCR and others
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Examples
Marine derived enzymes
Marine derived biopolymers Marine derived biomaterials
Examples
Marine derived antifouling strategies
Marine habitat restoration
Bioremediation of marine ecosystems
Biosensing
Biostimulation
Bioaugmentation
5. APPLICATIONS OF MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY

 MARINE AQUACULTURE
 MARINE NATURAL PRODUCTS FOR MEDICINE
 MARINE NUTRACEUTICALS
 MARINE BIOMATERIALS
 MARINE BIOENERGY
 MARINE BIOREMEDIATION
 Ocean Pout Chinook salmon

16 AquAdvantage salmon
17
21
Conservation
 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS)

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 Seaweeds and their products
 Nutraceuticals (food)
 Biodiesel SCP - Chlorella
 Stabalizing agents - Chondrus crispus
 Bioremediation - Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb
 Pollution indicator
 Production of Hydrogen -
Tofu - Japanese cuisine
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
 Single cell protein

26 Gel electrophoresis
Fuels from algae
 Renewable and no damage to the environment.
 Biomass can be converted by bacteria to fuels such as methane.
 Dunaliella is an alga that can produce glycerol, which can be
converted by bacteria to chemicals such as ethanol and
butanol, which can be used as fuels.
 Algae may also be genetically modified to make gasoline-type
fuels.

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 Microalgae (green algae and cyanobacteria): mostly as food,
but also used as pigment sources such as β-carotene.
 Algae such as Spirulina and Chlorella are of much nutritional
value.
 Spirulina is marketed today as dried flakes that are used in
fish food and Japanese food.
 Spirulina – SCP, capsules for space researchers
 Phycobiliproteins are pigments involved in algal
photosynthesis, and can be used as phycofluors, which can
label biological molecules.
 Green mussels Shore pearl culture Hatchery technology
extract (GMe) for technology for clown fish
arthritis

ICAR - CMFRI patented products and techniques

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Enzymes 27

 Taq DNA polymerase - Thermus aquaticus

 Pfu DNA polymerase - Pyrococcus furiosus

 DNA ligase - Thermococcus fumicolans

 GFP - Aequorea victoria

 Shrimp alkaline phosphatases - Pandalus borealis

 Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty, an Indian - born scientist
working at GE in the 1960’s and 1970’s, developed the multi-
plasmid hydrocarbon - degrading Pseudomonas and patented
it in 1971.

 First time anyone had patented a living organism.

 Pseudomonas putida - degrades the hydrocarbon present in oil spils

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 EXAMPLES OF MARKET LEVEL MARINE -
DERIVED PRODUCTS
Products Source Application
Ara-A Marine sponge Antiviral
Ara-C Marine sponge Anticancer
Okadaic acid Dinoflagellate Molecular probe
Manolide Marine sponge Molecular probe
Deep-sea hydrothermal
Vent TMA polymerase PCR enzyme
vent bacterium
Bioluminescent jelly Bioluminescent calcium
Aequorin
fish indicator
Bioluminescent jelly
Green flourescent protein Reporter gene
fish
Conjugated antibodies used
Phycoerythrin Red algae in ELISA and flow
cytometry
Cephalosporium sp.,
Cephalosporins Antibiotic 33
marine fungi
THANK YOU

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