Mohammad Aneeq

FA21-BSE-098
ECA Lab 2

V R=1KΩ R=2.2KΩ R=4.7KΩ

CalculatedI (ma)

CalculatedI (ma)

CalculatedI (ma)
MeasuredI (ma)

SimulatedI (ma)

MeasuredI (ma)

SimulatedI (ma)

MeasuredI (ma)

SimulatedI (ma)
(Volts)

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.23 0.23 0.1 0.11 0.11
1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.45 0.45 0.2 0.21 0.21
1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 0.7 0.68 0.68 0.3 0.31 0.31
2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.9 0.91 0.91 0.4 0.44 0.44
2.5 2.4 2.5 2.5 1.2 1.14 1.14 0.5 0.52 0.52
3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0 1.4 1.36 1.36 0.6 0.64 0.64
3.5 3.6 3.5 3.5 1.7 1.60 1.60 0.7 0.75 0.75
4.0 4.1 4.0 4.0 1.9 1.82 1.82 0.8 0.84 0.84
4.5 4.3 4.5 4.5 2.1 2.05 2.05 0.9 0.96 0.96
5.0 4.9 5.0 5.0 2.3 2.27 2.27 1.0 1.01 1.01

Chart Title
6

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

R = 1K ohm R = 2.2K ohm R = 4.7K ohm

What is the advantage if using LTSpice in circuit analysis?
LTSpice allows us to build circuit simulations easily, input values and run the simulations using these values. This

allows us to check beforehand if the circuit we are planning to build is feasible or not. Thus, we can easily design

and analyze circuits. Its cheaper than buying real parts and building the circuit and testing out the circuit. We can

easily recalculate and make changes in the circuit.

What would happen if a wire having no resistance at all (0Ω) was connected directly across the terminals of a
6V battery? How much current would result, according to Ohm’s Law?
According to Ohm’s Law, an infinite current would flow in the circuit, and the battery may burst. It is a dangerous

Experiment as it is a short circuit. The wires overheat and may eventually melt. It mostly occurs when the hot

Wire comes in contact with the ground wire.

How do you place a DC current source with downward direction in LTSPICE schematic?
You locate the component button in the toolbar and click on it. Then we select the voltage. To align it in

Downward direction, we press Ctrl + r two times.

When you simulate the circuit (Figure 2.6) in LTSPICE, the magnitude of current through all elements is same,
however, negative sign appears with current through voltage source. What is the reason?
We use positive to indicate that conventional current is flowing into a pin/terminal. Actually it is the flow of

negatively-charged elctrons that constitute current.

Critical Analysis/Conclusion:
This is an experimental validation of Ohm’s law. As we can see in our results, as the value of resistance increases

while keeping the voltage constant, the value of the current decreases. We have used resistors of 1KΩ, 2.2KΩ and

4.7KΩ. Along with that we used a breadboard, DMM and a DC power supply with a range of 0 to 5 volts. We also

used a simulation software “LTSPICE” to help us design circuits beforehand.

If we take a close look at the different types of readings i.e. measured, calculated and simulated, we notice that the

difference between them, for the same value of Voltage and Resistance is close to zero. Although there is a

difference in a few readings, which may be due to faulty equipment.

Therefore, we can conlude that any experiment when carried out practically has an element of error because of

equipment, and the environment. Simulation on softwares like LTSPICE makes getting fully accurate readings

easier and less time consuming.