VIDYAVARDHINI’S BHAUSAHEB VARTAK POLYTECHNIC

Academic year: 2020-21

ONLINE INDUSTRIAL TRAININGREPORT ON

BAKER HUGHES OIL INDUSTRY COMPANY.

Program Code:Mechanical Engineering

Semester:VthCourseCode:

Name: Patil Yash Vishwanath

Roll no:1608
Enrolment No: 1700930313

Name of Mentor: Mr. S.L.Gavalhe

1
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION.

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION
OFINDUSTRIAL TRAINING

This is to certify that Mr. Patil Yash Vishwanath Enrollment No. 1700930313
has successfully completed Industrial Training in BAKER HUGHES OIL
INDUSTRY COMPANY From 15/06/2020 to 12/07/2020 for partial fulfillment towards
completion of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering from BhausahebVartak Polytechnic,
Institute code-
0093.

Signature Seal of Signature

Head of the Department Institute Head of the Institute

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The online case study and report making I had with BAKER HUGHES OIL INDUSTRY
COMPANY was a great chance for learning and skills developments.Therefore, I consider
myself as a very lucky individual as I was provided with an opportunity to be a part of it. I am
alsograteful for having a chance to learn about how a company works during the internship
period.

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my mentor Prof.S.L.Gavalhe as well

as our principal who gave me the permission to do online internship on Baker Hughesand
guided me during the internship period. They guided me and kept me on the correct path and
helped me to carry out my internship. Also gave me necessary advices and arranged all the
facilities which made my internship easier.

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 ABSTRACT

I did my online industrial training (Report making) on BAKER HUGHES OIL INDUSTRY
COMPANY. The company was established in 1908.The company manufactures products for
oil industry and provides services related to it. The internship report contains fivechapters in
which I tried to explain my four week research experience on the Company. The content of
all the chapters is broadly explained in report.

In the opening chapter I have given the details of the company, its background including
their mission statement and its vision. In this chapter I have put all the history and record of
the company and the quality policy statement of the company.

In the second chapter I have given a brief information regarding drilling and its types. I
have wrote in detail about horizontal drilling ,its history and also about its advantages.

The third chapter gives all the information about the tool setup with the development
process. It also includes the directional principle of Autotrak rotary steerable system and
the directional principle adopted by the company for efficient drilling and extraction of oil
and gases.

Fourth chapter includes all the detail about the company’s financial performance. In this
chapter I have also put the controlling methods and steering principle used by the company’s
product.

In the final chapter (i.e. chapter no. 5)I have added all the assignments we were given by
our mentor at the end of every week.

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 INDEX
SR NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
1. Chapter no 1:
➢ Introduction 6-11
➢ History
➢ Mission statement
➢ Vision statemnent
➢ Milestone Achieved By Tesla
 TESLA INC Overview

2. Chapter no 2:( Rotary steerable system)

➢ Application
➢ Types of drilling 12-15
➢ Horizontal drilling
➢ History of horizontal drilling
➢ Advantages of horizontal drilling
3. Chapter no 3:
➢ Development process of autotrak rotary steerable system
➢ Directional principle of rotary steerable system 16-22
➢ Fundamental structure of autotrak rotary steerable
system
➢ General tool setup
➢ Rotary steerable tool
4. Chapter no 4
➢ Steering method used by autotrak rotary steerable system
➢ Steering principle of rotary steerable system
➢ Control method of autotrak 23-28
➢ Problem and suggestions
➢ Autotrack curve rotary steerable system

5 Chapter no .5
➢ Assignment 29-33
➢ Reference
5
 CHAPTER no. 1
INTRODUCTIO
N

• Baker Hughes Company is an American international industrial service company and one of the
world's largest oil field services companies. the leading energy technology company. We design,
manufacture and service transformative technologies to help take energy forward.

• History
• “Baker Hughes History"
• Ground-breaking inventions that revolutionized the petroleum industry
• For more than a century, innovation has been part of our DNA. Baker Hughes was formed in 1987
with the merger of Baker International and Hughes Tool Company – both founded over 100 years ago
when R.C. Baker and Howard Hughes conceived ground-breaking inventions that revolutionized the
fledging petroleum era. Since those earliest advancements, we’ve never stopped searching for
solutions to conquer the next frontier.
• In 1907, Reuben C. Baker developed a casing shoe that modernized cable tool drilling. In 1909,
Howard R. Hughes, Sr. introduced the first roller cutter bit that dramatically improved the rotary
drilling process. Over the ensuing eight decades, Baker International and Hughes Tool Company
continued to lead the industry with innovative products in well completions, drilling tools and related
services

• Company Overview
• Baker Hughes operates in over 120 countries across the globe. Its headquarters are divided between
Texas in the United States and the United Kingdom, with research and manufacturing facilities in
Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, India, Dubai, Saudi Arabia, Italy, Germany, Norway, Louisiana and
Missouri. The company provide a wide range of products and services, covering all areas of oil and
gas exploration and production.
• Oilfield Services - provides products and services for onshore and offshore operations across the
lifecycle of a well, including drilling, evaluation, completion, production, and intervention.
• Oilfield Equipment - provides products and services required to facilitate the safe and reliable flow
of hydrocarbons from the wellhead to the production facility, including deepwater drilling equipment,
subsea production systems, onshore wellheads, and related services.
• Digital Solutions - provides operating technologies helping to improve the health, productivity, and
safety of asset intensive industries and enable the Industrial Internet of things, including measurement
& controls and software application development platform.
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• Hughes Tool Company

• Hughes Tool Company's oil drill manufacturing plant in downtown Houston, 1915.
▪ The company was established in December 1908[1] as Sharp-Hughes Tool Company when Howard
R. Hughes Sr. patented a roller cutter bit that dramatically improved the rotary drilling process for oil
drilling rigs. He partnered with longtime business associate Walter Benona Sharp to manufacture and
market the bit. Following her husband's death in 1912, Sharp's widow Estelle Sharp sold her 50%
share in the company to Howard Hughes, Sr. in 1914.[2] The company was renamed Hughes Tool
Company on February 3, 1915.
❖ In 1932, Hughes formed Hughes Aircraft Company as a division of the Hughes Tool Company.
Hughes Aircraft thrived on wartime contracts during World War II (though not on the only two
contracts it received to actually build airplanes), and by the early 1950s was one of America's largest
defense contractors and aerospace companies with revenues far outpacing the original oil tools
business. In 1953, Hughes Aircraft became a separate company and was donated to the Howard
Hughes Medical Institute as its endowment. Hughes Aircraft's helicopter manufacturing business was
retained by Hughes Tool Co. as its Aircraft Division until 1972.
• In 1946, Hughes gave Noah Dietrich "full charge at Toolco." Dietrich hired Fred Ayers to bring order
to the production line, and Dietrich invested more than $5,000,000 of the company reserves
modernizing the plant. Automation replaced handiwork, and the company standardized on drill bit
sizes, while embarking on an advertising campaign. The company also opened plants in Ireland and
West Germany, taking advantage of cheaper labor, and lower transportation costs to clients in Saudi
Arabia and Russia. Profits for the next 8 years amounted to $285,000,000.

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• Baker Oil Tool Company

Reuben “ Carl" Baker in 1919

• Reuben C. Baker was a farm boy with a third grade education who followed his brother Aaron
Alphonso Baker into the oil business. In 1895 he got a job in a California oilfield with 95 cents in his
pocket. His first job was driving a horse team to haul oil for drillers. One year later he became a
drilling contractor.
• Baker Oil Tools is a division of the respected company Baker Hughes, which operates in over 90
countries serving independent, international and national oil companies.
 Baker Hughes’ service network is organised into 23 geomarkets operating in nine regions and two
hemispheres. Region and geomarket management teams work to understand customer needs and co-
ordinate delivery of individual products and comprehensive service solutions that include the right
Baker Hughes technologies for the project.
 The Baker Oil Tools product line includes completion, intelligent production and intervention
solutions that help manage cost and reduce risk while maximising recovery. The product line provides
Baker Oil 07 2009 ba comprehensive line of completion systems, which maximise performance and
safety from the reservoir to the surface. Production optimisation services include permanent
monitoring, chemical automation, and intelligent production systems. Wellbore intervention solutions
address issues ranging from temporary well abandonment and fishing to casing exits, wellbore
cleaning, and isolation,remediation and stimulation operations.
➢Acquisitions

Brown Oil Tools

In 1929, Cicero C. Brown organized Brown Oil Tools in Houston, and patented the firstliner hangerin
1937. Liner hangers enable drillers to lengthen their casing strings without having the liner pipe extend
all the way to the surface. This saves capital cost and reduces weight borne by offshore platforms. In
1978, Hughes Tool Company acquired Brown Oil Tools. In 1970, Baker Oil Tools acquired Lynes,
Inc., which produced liner hangers and other completion equipment. In 1978, Baker Oil Tools
8
 introduced the Bakerline casing liner hanger. In 1985, the FlexLock Liner Hanger was introduced,
extending the performance range and functionality of liner hanger systems. In 1987, the Brown liner
hanger technology was merged into Baker Oil Tools. In 1992, Baker Oil Tools introduced the ZXP
Liner Top Packer, with expandable metal seals, which set the stage for development of expandable
screens, casing systems and liner hangers.

Mission statement of baker hughes

The Baker Hughes Core Values and Keys to Success sre the basis for establishing a common culture
for baker hughes. Our keys to Success are four priorities that should guide decisionmaking in Baker
Hughes: Engage People, Deliver Value, Be Cost Efficient, Resource Effectively.

vision of baker hughes

1)Attract, equip, and empower the workforce of the future by investing in early leadership development,
supporting employee health and wellbeing, and creating opportunities for the next generation of
talent.
2)Collaborate with organizations and on projects aligned with interests and needs of the communities
where we live and work around the globe.
3)Reduce Baker Hughes' environmental footprint by minimizing emissions and waste each year.
4)Partner with customers to help reduce their environmental footprint.
5)Invent technologies and invest in a portfolio of low-carbon products and services.
6)Do the right thing always, delivering the best quality products, services, processes, and technologies in
the industry.

Company leadership
• Management team
Our executive management team supports the long-term interests of
shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, and the communities where we
do business.
• Board of directors
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Our board is active and engaged, and supports a culture of open dialogue,
collaboration, and rigorous decision-making to create long-term stakeholder
value.

➢HEALTH, SAFETY, ENVIRONMENT

• Protecting our people and the environment

We believe in doing the right thing always. Our teams strive to make
every day one with no injuries, accidents or harm to the environment.

• ENERGY FORWARD STORIES

❖ Stories from Baker Hughes and beyond

What's an energy technology company? We're so glad you asked.
Discover our latest stories showcasing the innovations and people
shaping the future of our industry.

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11
 CHAPTER no. 2

• WHAT IS A ROTARY STEERABLE SYSTEM?

❖ A rotary steerable system (RSS) is a form of drilling technology used in directional drilling. It
employs the use of specialized downhole equipment to replace conventional directional tools such
as mud motors. They are generally programmed by the measurement while drilling (MWD) engineer
or directional driller who transmits commands using surface equipment (typically using either
pressure fluctuations in the mud column or variations in the drill string rotation) which the tool
responds to, and gradually steers into the desired direction. In other words, a tool designed to drill
directionally with continuous rotation from the surface, eliminating the need to "slide" a mud motor.

❖ The first known patent application is from Christopher G. Cross in 1873 for "Drills for Boring
Artesian Wells", followed in 1884 by the brothers Morris and Clarence Baker for a "Machine
for Operating Drills".
❖ Due to the relative high cost of this technology limited inroads to the lower end of the
directional drilling marketplace have been achieved. As a result this sector of the
marketplace is still dominated to a large extent by traditional motor steerable BHA
technology. A number of entrepreneurs have made attempts to develop tools aimed at this
market (Rotary Steerable Tools BVI, Terravici and Kinetic Upstream Technologies for
example) however the impact made has thus far been limited.

❖ WHAT ARE THE APPLICATIONS OF

ROTARY STEERABLE SYSTEM?
 State-of-the-art rotary steerable systems have minima l interaction with the borehole.
 eliminating the need to slide a steerable motor.
 Single-run vertical, curve, and lateral
 Extended-reach wells
 Pad or batch drilling
 It can also be used for Pad or batch drilling.
 Onshore, shelf, or deepwater

➢ WHAT ARE THE FEATURES AND BENEFITS

OF ROTARY STEERABLE SYSTEM?
➢ Rotary steerable drilling systems are a mainstream service that offer advantages for a number of
applications. They offer the ability to drill directionally and continuously without having to stop or
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 slow down to change direction, allowing uninterrupted drilling with continuous weight on the bit,
while at the same time providing real-time log data.
➢ These systems have been on the market for over six years with great success and reliability. Rotary
steerable systems have demonstrated that with the proper drilling parameters and bit selection, they
can produce accurate results with less downtime and produce a faster, cleaner, and smoother
wellbore.

• WHAT IS DRILLING?
❖ Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-section in solid
materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-point. The bit is pressed against the
work-piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions per minute. This forces the
cutting edge against the work-piece, cutting off chips (swarf) from the hole as it is drilled.
❖ In rock drilling, the hole is usually not made through a circular cutting motion, though the bit is
usually rotated. Instead, the hole is usually made by hammering a drill bit into the hole with quickly
repeated short movements. The hammering action can be performed from outside the hole (top-
hammer drill) or within the hole (down-the-hole drill, DTH). Drills used for horizontal drilling are
called drifter drills.

➢TYPES OF DRILLING
Conventional Drilling
• Conventional wells are drilled vertically from the surface straight down to the pay zone. This is the
traditional and still common type of drilling.

Horizontal Drilling
• Using technologies such as bottom driven bits, drillers are able to execute a sharp turn and drill
horizontally along a thin pay zone. In a related procedure, developed in this area, two horizontal well
bores are drilled one above the other, about 3 meters apart. One application for this is SAGD (Steam
Assisted Gravity Drainage) where steam is injected into the higher of these horizontal holes and the
heat precipitates oil down into the lower hole, increasing production of heavy oil. Drilling these holes
requires an experienced crew, precision techniques and advanced technology.

Slant Drilling
• Drilling at an angle from perpendicular (commonly 30° to 45°). This approach minimizes surface
environmental disturbance. For example, oil reserves under a lake can be tapped by a slant hole
drilled from on shore. More commonly in this area; four, six, even eight slant wells are drilled from
one "pad" (i.e. well lease site). This allows the oil reserves under a large land area to be tapped by
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 only one well site. Thus, production of valuable oil reserves is effectively harmonized with
conserving the environment.

Directional Drilling
• Drilling has advanced from slant and horizontal drilling to drilling that can change direction and
depth several times in one well bore. A schematic of these drill bores (often several from the same
drill pad, resembles the roots of a plant. This type of drilling is uniquely suited to pay zones in the
Lloydminster are a which are often distributed like prairie sloughs across the underground
landscape. Directional drilling is also being applied in other parts of the world now such as
Venezuela and where there is a special need to limit environmental impact on the surface.

❖ WHAT IS HORIZONTAL DRILLING?

 The directionally controlled horizontal drilling process was developed in the U.S., and has become
commonly used for installing pipelines under natural or manmade obstacles, especially river
crossings. This method has revolutionized complicated river crossings for pipelines which were
initially done by conventional dredging methods or were rerouted through long distances and crossed
over at a bridge location.
 The method, an outgrowth of the oil well drilling technology, was reportedly first developed in the
early 1970s by Titan Construction, of Sacramento, California. The first installation was accomplished
in 1971 for Pacific Gas & Electric Co., and involved the installation of approximately 600 lf (180 m)
of four-inch diameter steel pipe under the Pajaro River near Watsonville, California. Prior to 1979,
the method was limited to the installation of short lengths. In 1979, the method was acquired by
Reading & Bates Construction Company (Now In arc Drilling, Inc.), Tulsa, Oklahoma. Since 1979,
the method has progressed to state-of-the art where long lengths of crossing with a wide variety of
pipe sizes can be accomplished.
 From 1971 to 1979, only 36 crossings were made using this method, all of them in the United States.
However, in the next seven years, over 175 crossings were made, with several accomplished in South
America, Europe, Africa and Asia. Currently, there are several firms competing in the market, and the
total number of crossings exceed well over 500.
 For a time, horizontal directional drilling (HDD) was primarily used by the oil and gas industry on
large-diameter, cross-country pipeline transmission lines. Increasingly, it is being approved and used
for small-diameter gas distribution lines in urban and suburban areas, as well for municipal water and
telecommunication cable crossings at airports, highways, and waterways.

➢ HISTORY OF HORIZONTAL DRILLING:

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• The directionally controlled horizontal drilling process was developed in the U.S., and has become
commonly used for installing pipelines under natural or manmade obstacles, especially river
crossings. This method has revolutionized complicated river crossings for pipelines which were
initially done by conventional dredging methods or were rerouted through long distances and crossed
over at a bridge location.
• The method, an outgrowth of the oil well drilling technology, was reportedly first developed in the
early 1970s by Titan Construction, of Sacramento, California. The first installation was accomplished
in 1971 for Pacific Gas & Electric Co., and involved the installation of approximately 600 lf (180 m)
of four-inch diameter steel pipe under the Pajaro River near Watsonville, California. Prior to 1979,
the method was limited to the installation of short lengths. In 1979, the method was acquired by
Reading & Bates Construction Company (Now Inarc Drilling, Inc.), Tulsa, Oklahoma. Since 1979,
the method has progressed to state-of-the art where long lengths of crossing with a wide variety of
pipe sizes can be accomplished.
• From 1971 to 1979, only 36 crossings were made using this method, all of them in the United States.
However, in the next seven years, over 175 crossings were made, with several accomplished in South
America, Europe, Africa and Asia. Currently, there are several firms competing in the market, and the
total number of crossings exceed well over 500.
• For a time, horizontal directional drilling (HDD) was primarily used by the oil and gas industry on
large-diameter, cross-country pipeline transmission lines. Increasingly, it is being approved and used
for small-diameter gas distribution lines in urban and suburban areas, as well for municipal water and
telecommunication cable crossings at airports, highways, and waterways.

❖Advantages of horizontal drilling :

➢ Reduced water and gas coning because of reduced drawdown in the reservoir for a given production
rate, thereby reducing the remedial work required in the future.
➢ Increased production rate because of the greater wellbore length exposed to the pay zone.
➢ Reduced pressure drop around the wellbore.
➢ Lower fluid velocities around the wellbore.
➢ Larger and more efficient drainage pattern leading to increased overall reserves recovery.
➢

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 CHAPTER no. 3

Development Process Of Autotrack Rotary Streeable

System
Some typical RSSs in oil drilling engineering are summarized in TABLE I [13]. It is indicated from this
table that most of the drilling steering tools of RSSs in early stage belong to the type of push-the-bit, such as
the PowerDrive SRD from Schlumberger, the Auto-Trak RCLS from Baker Hughes and so on. Push-the-bit
RSSs can accomplish the task of directional drilling efficiently in most instances, while several problems
need to be solved. For example, the extendable pads connected to the hydraulic cylinders can lead to the
stable platform’s violent torsional vibration, even may render borehole spiraling and bring difficulties for
next well cementation and completion. In order to overcome these drawbacks of push-the-bit, point-the-bit
RSSs were developed and the PowerDrive Xceed from Schlumberger and the Geo-Pilot from Halliburton
were representative among this kind of RSSs. The point-the-bit steering tools currently adopt a set of offset
mechanisms to deflect the eccentric shaft and consequently regulate the drilling trajectory. In the section of
driving power, due to the fact that point-the-bit steering tool uses servo motors rather than hydraulic
cylinders, its control accuracy is much better and the working life of BHA is greatly longer than the push-the-
bit RSS. At the same time, because the point-the-bit steering tool has the benefits of less friction resistance
and torque, larger ultimate horizontal displacements, better adaptability to complex stratum and working
condition, it can provide better wellbore quality, lower vibration, higher rate of penetration and shorter
drilling time. Main shortage of the point-the-bit RSS is that its eccentric shaft is easy to be worn, which is
difficult to be overcome. Therefore, a new hybrid type RSS with both advantages of push-the-bit and point-
the-bit has been studying by some researchers in the past few years. A prominent example is the PowerDrive
Archer from Schlumberger [20, 21], which changes the direction of the drill bit by inclining the steering
sleeve, and uses extendable pad installed on the inner sleeve to push the outer sleeve to regulate the drilling
trajectory.

TABLE I
COMMON COMMERCIAL RSSS
Company Year Machine Model Type

Baker Hughes Inteq 1997 Auto-Trak RCLS Static bias pushthe-bit

Pathfinder Energy Services 2003 Pathmaker Static bias pushthe-bit

Noble Corp, NDT 2004 Express Drill Static bias pushthe-bit

TerraVici Drilling Solutions 2005 TerraVici X2 Static bias pushthe-bit

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 Schlumberger 1998 PowerDrive SRD Dynamic bias push-
the-bit
Sinopec 2008 MRSS Dynamic bias push-
the-bit
Gyrodata Incorporated —— Well-Guide RSS Static bias pointthe-bit

Weatherford 2005 Revolution Static bias pointthe-bit

Halliburton 2006 EZ-Pilot Static bias pointthe-bit

Halliburton 2013 Geo-Pilot Dirigo Static bias pointthe-bit

Schlumberger 2003 PowerDrive Xceed Dynamic bias point-

the-bit
Schlumberger 2011 PowerDrive Archer The hybrid type

Directional Principal Of Rotary Steerable System

Rotary steerable system regulates the parameters in drilling process according to the pre-defined procedures
to fulfill the purpose of controlling the wellbore trajectory and direction. The directional principle of push-
the-bit RSS as Fig. 2(a) [22]. The power of driving drill string to change direction comes from pressure
difference between inside and outside of drill string produced by drilling fluid through the drilling channel.
The downhole steering tool usually has 3, 4 or 6 hydraulic cylinders and their phase differences are 120°, 90°
and 60° respectively. In most cases the number of hydraulic pistons are 3 because of its simple structure and
superior performance. The operating principle of bias unit is to push the 1560 hydraulic cylinder through the
pressure exerted by the drilling fluid control valve when drill string is rotating. Then the extendable pads are
pushed by corresponding hydraulic cylinders and contact the borehole wall. The magnitude of thrust force is
related to the pressure exerted by drilling fluid control valve. At the same time, the reaction force provided
by the borehole wall to the extendable pad pushes the drill string changing original path and moving to the
pre-setting drilling trajectory. When the drilling direction is consistent with the setting direction, the
extending magnitudes of three extendable pads will keep the same lengths and will not provide thrust force
on the borehole wall. The directional principle of pointthe-bit is similar to push-the-bit. The operating
principle of bias unit is to push the 1560 hydraulic cylinder through the pressure exerted by the drilling fluid
control valve when drill string is rotating. Then the extendable pads are pushed by corresponding hydraulic
cylinders and contact the borehole wall. The magnitude of thrust force is related to the pressure exerted by
drilling fluid control valve. At the same time, the reaction force provided by the borehole wall to the
extendable pad pushes the drill string changing original path and moving to the pre-setting drilling trajectory.
When the drilling direction is consistent with the setting direction, the extending magnitudes of three
extendable
pads will keep the same lengths and will not provide thrust force on the borehole wall. The directional
principle of point- the-bit is similar to push-the-bit. The difference is only that point-the-bit uses eccentric
shaft to control drilling trajectory, whose schematic diagram is roughly shown as in Fig. 2(b).
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(a) Steering tool of push-the-bit (b) Eccentric shaft of point-the-bit

Fig. 2 The directional principle of RSS.

Rotary Steerable System Steering Principle

❖ Push The Bit
Deflect drill bit by pushing tools collar to opposite desired direction while the BHA being rotated.
❖ Point Of Bit
Deflect drill bit off centre of the tool pointing the bit to desired direction while the BHA
being rotated.

❖ Hybrid
Deflect drill bit off centre of the tool using pushing mechanism within tools collar.

➢Fundamental Structure Of Autotrack Rotary

Steerable System
RSS is mainly composed of ground monitoring center, bidirectional communication system, logging
while drilling (LWD) or measurement while drilling (MWD), downhole steering tool [15] as shown in Fig.1.
LWD uses logging well tool fixed on BHA to measure the geophysical parameters in the borehole while
drilling and transmit real-time measurement results to the surface for geological analysis via a drilling mud
pulser or other advanced techniques. MWD is used to obtain drilling parameters about pressure, temperature,
inclination, azimuth or others to ensure pre-defined drilling process. Downhole steering tool is a key part to
realize wellbore trajectory control and is usually made up of bias unit, drilling fluid control unit and stable
platform [16]. The bias unit relies on wing rib and hydraulic cylinder to realize bias effect. Drilling fluid
control unit can regulate the lateral force that comes from hydraulic cylinder by controlling the flux of
drilling fluid and rotation angle of upper disc valve on control unit. Stable platform is of great importance for
keeping stability of downhole control system and signal transmission, which can guarantee bias unit work
18
normally in the vibrational conditions while drilling [17]. Stable platform is mainly composed of two turbine
generators, electronic hardware, measurement and control unit. The two turbine generators are Proceedings
of 2016 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation August 7 - 10, Harbin, China used
to provide the power with electric equipment in the borehole by converting kinetic energy into electric
energy. Some devices of signal detection and transmission are contained in electronic hardware, such as tri-
axial accelerometer, gyroscope, control circuits, annunciator and so on. The electronic hardware part and
measurement and control system are located between the two turbine generators which are used to implement
signal transmission and reception, and measurement of deviation angle.

1. Ground monitor system 2. Stable platform 3. Drilling fluid control

unit 4. Bias unit 5. PDC bit
Fig. 1 The fundamental structure of RSS [18].
RSS can be divided into static bias and dynamic bias according to different bias units, and can also be
divided into push-the-bit and point-the-bit according to different directional principles. So, RSS can be
divided into four categories comprehensively: static bias push-the-bit, static bias point-thebit, dynamic bias
push-the-bit and dynamic bias point-the-bit [13, 19]. Static bias refers that the bias unit in the drill rig does
not rotate with drill bit, and it only provides lateral force in a certain constant position, while dynamic bias
refers that the bias unit in the drill rig rotates with drill bit, and it can provide periodic lateral force in the
position to realize directional drilling effect. The bias unit of push-the-bit RSS is fixed near the drill bit and
directly provides lateral force for drill bit. The bias unit of point-the-bit RSS provides lateral force to the
eccentric shaft directly or indirectly in the drill string (just as shown in Fig. 1). Under the action of the lateral
force, the eccentric shaft is bent and makes drill bit point to the given direction.

19
 General tool setup for Autotrak rotary steerable system:-

Primary Electronics Module Non -Rotating Steerable Stabilizer

X/Y and Z Accelerometer

3-Axis Magnetometer

High Bandwidth VSS

Non–Rotating steerable stabilizer:-The Non–Rotating Adjustable stabilizer (NAS) can be controls

curvature rate by exactly positioning and run with the optimum bit, use the most effective weight (WOB)
and rotary speed (RPM) and apply all of the available hydraulic energy to the bit.
Magnetometer:- A magnetometer is a device that measures magnetism its direction, strength, or relative
change of a magnetic field at a particular location.
Accelerometer:-An accelerometer is an electromechanical device used to measure acceleration forces. Such
forces may be static, like the continuous force of gravity or, as is the case with many mobile devices,
dynamic to sense movement or vibrations.
Diamond bearing:-Diamond bearing technology is an innovative way for pumping applications operating
in severe environments. This advanced diamond technology provides a high-performance and is ideal for
operation in process fluids where abrasive particles can cause accelerated wear.

Inductive transformer:-Inductive voltage transformers are designed to provide a scaled down replica of the
voltage in the HV line and isolate the measuring instruments, meters, relays, etc., from the high voltage
power circuit.

Rotary Steerable Tools

Rotary Steerable Tools (RST) was incorporated in 1998 and says it is becoming the leading provider of
simply constructed, reliable, effective and low cost, directional drilling tools, including a rotary steerable
system that improves the practice of directional drilling.RST says its tool design is simple and low cost. The
tool has no practical limitations on flow rate, rotary speed or weight on bit, the company
says.Communication to the tool to change tool face heading is made through simple RPM commands. The
tool has less than 70 total components and is field serviceable. It is capable of producing a dogleg severity as
high as 8°/100 ft, and can also be used to keep wells vertical. The through-bore nature of the tool means
valuable pump pressure is available for hole-cleaning, and new technology such as thru-bit-logging is
enabled. The simple, low-cost features of the RST tool allows the expansion of the proven technical benefits
of rotary steerable systems from current high cost, complex well profiles to lower cost environments and
more conventional directional well profiles, the company says.
The tool is an instrumented, near-bit stabilizer, with three main components: a rotating mandrel, an eccentric
inner sleeve, and a weighted, non-rotating outer housing. The tool works by controlling the orientation of the
20
eccentric, inner sleeve, which offsets the mandrel and thus the bit, in the desired
direction. Rotation of the inner sleeve to change tool face orientation is made by a geared, brush-less DC
motor powered by lithium batteries.
DRILL MORE SIZES OF HIGH-QUALITY, HIGH-ACCURACY BOREHOLES:
That lets you improve your ability to drill high-quality boreholes with optimal control of wellbore trajectory-
in intermediate and reservoir sections of the well. This Revolution rotary-steerable systems (RSS) has been
expanded to drill a wide range of hole sizes from 6 to 17-1/2 in.

Non rotating housing :

Antirotation devices restrict the outer housing from rotating with the drillstring.

NEAR BIT STABILIZER

The near bit stabilizer provides the fulcrum point for rotary steerable tool deflection. The stabilizer increases
bit stability further improving directional control and hole quality.

DRILLSTRING
Revolution systems feature point-the-bit technology for drilling smoother, cleaner wellbores by orienting the
drill-bit axis with the axis of the hole.Cutting action is kept square on the face of the bit to eliminate
inefficient side-cutting forces. This extends bit life, increases drilling efficiency and enhances steering
accuracy. Optimal performance is achieved when the Revolution RSS is combined with HEL MWD
(Measurement While Drilling) and Precision LWD systems. Point-the-bit technology uses a near-bit-
stabilizer to orient the axis of the drill bit with that of the holes. This technology improves wellbore quality
by reducing ledging, spiraling, tortuosity and gauge problems associated with
push-the-bit systems.

21
HOW DOES IT WORK?
➢ The Revolution system’s point-the-bit technology uses a near-bit stabilizer to orient the axis of the
drill with that of the hole. Relative rotation between the center shaft (Which carries torque to the bit)
and a non-rotating outer housing drive a hydraulic pump. The pump generates the motive force
required to deflect the drillstring according to the programmed steering plan.
➢ Sensors mounted on the shaft measure drillstring tool face and deflection. Integration with
the HEL MWD system provides bidirectional communication.

A robust insert module houses control electronics and near-bit inclination and gamma ray measurement
capabilities. Uplink telemetry is accomplished either by mud pulse, with the HEL MWD system, or by
electromagnetic wave, with the Empulse MWD system.

22
 CHAPTER no. 4

Steering method used by autotrak rotary steerable system

❖ A method for drilling a wellbore with a rotary steerable drilling system connected to a drill string
while simultaneously selectively orienting a drill bit being rotated thereby, comprising:
❖ rotating a tool collar with a rotating drill string, said tool collar defining a longitudinal axis and
having a bit shaft pivotally mounted therein, said bit shaft defining a longitudinal axis disposed for
omnidirectional pivotal movement relative to said tool collar;
❖ operating a turbine within said tool collar with drilling fluid flowing through said tool collar and
rotating an output shaft of said turbine;
❖ driving an alternator with said output shaft of said turbine and producing an electrical output of said
alternator;
❖ operating an electric motor with said electrical output of said alternator and with a rotary output shaft
of said electric motor driving an offsetting mandrel within said tool collar in synchronous pivotal
counter-rotational relation with tool collar rotation and translating rotary motion of said offsetting
mandrel into pivotal movement of said bit shaft within said tool collar for geostationary orientation of
said longitudinal axis of said bit shaft in selected angular relation with said longitudinal axis of said
tool collar for drilling a curved wellbore; and
❖ selectively rotationally braking said offsetting mandrel in reference to external disturbances acting to
divert said drill bit from its projected course.

23
 steering principle of rotary steerable system

• A rotary steerable system (RSS) is a form of drilling technology used in directional drilling. It
employs the use of specialized downhole equipment to replace conventional directional tools such as
mud motors. They are generally programmed by the measurement while drilling (MWD) engineer or
directional driller who transmits commands using surface equipment (typically using either pressure
fluctuations in the mud column or variations in the drill string rotation) which the tool responds to,
and gradually steers into the desired direction. In other words, a tool designed to drill directionally
with continuous rotation from the surface, eliminating the need to "slide" a mud motor.

• The first known patent application is from Christopher G. Cross in 1873 for "Drills for Boring
Artesian Wells",[1] followed in 1884 by the brothers Morris and Clarence Baker for a "Machine for
Operating Drills"[2]

• The methods used to direct the well path fall into two broad categories, these being “push-the-bit” or
“point-the-bit”. Push-the-bit tools use pads on the outside of the tool which press against the well bore
thereby causing the bit to press on the opposite side causing a direction change. Point-the-bit
technologies cause the direction of the bit to change relative to the rest of the tool by bending the
main shaft running through it. The latter require some kind of non-rotating housing or reference
housing in order to create this deflection within the shaft.

24
 Control methods of Autotrak rotary steerable system
• With the development of oil drilling to the new directions of extended reach well, three-
dimensional multi-target directional well, horizontal well with deep and deeper pay zone and so
on [1], the equipment of oil drilling not only needs to meet the requirements for well drilling
trajectory, but also needs to work reliably in more complex stratum and harsher operating
conditions in a long time. However, traditional drilling technique is hard to satisfy the
performance requirements of oil drilling in the new era. For the past 20 years many new
techniques are presented such as directional drilling, vertical drilling, ultrasonic drilling, laser
drilling and so on [2-5], which can shorten the drilling period, improve the drilling accuracy and
increase the rate of penetration (ROP) [6-8].
• Rotary steerable system (RSS) is a new automatic technique of directional drilling developed
in the late 1980s [9-11], which is mainly composed by bottom hole assembly (BHA) and
ground monitoring center. RSS can automatically adjust the inclination and azimuth and keep
the downhole system’s stability while drilling. The downhole steering tool which fixed on drill
rig is the key part of BHA to realize borehole propagation and drilling trajectory control [12].
At present, major oilfield technology service companies in domestic and abroad have
successively developed techniques of RSSs [14]
• Control system design plays an important role in RSS which is mainly used to control the
magnitude and direction of lateral force to make the drill bit point to the desired propagation
[13]. In practical rotary steerable system, the drilling performances are influenced by lithology,
dip, type of drill bit, configurations and dimensions of BHA, rotary speed, weight-on-bit (WOB),
hole curvature and so on. It is hard to establish the system’s mathematical model and predict its
state accurately due to the fact that downhole working condition contains numerous intense
nonlinearity, time-variation and other unknown disturbance factors. Therefore, advanced control
algorithms and strategies are introduced to realize accurate control of RSS, which have solved
the problems in the borehole such as low control precision, bad control effect and so on to a large
extent.

25
PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTIONS
Researchers have been studying the rotary steerable system for decades. And great progresses in
design, manufacture and other aspects of RSS are achieved. However, there are several problems still need
to be solved in the future due to the excessively complex downhole control condition and the
development of oil and gas exploration such as the extraction of shale gas.

A. Angle Build Hole Rate At present the rotary steerable system has better performance in angle build
hole rate than before. However, compared with directional drilling approach which uses screw, the angle
build hole rate of RSS need to be increased by advanced techniques. Although several companies
and institutes have studied novel RSSs which have high build hole rate, they still need to be validated
further in the field of drilling application.

B. Directional Mechanism Due to the limitation of mechanical structure and material, as well as
complex condition in the downhole such as corrosive stratum, mudstone, mechanical oscillation or others,
the directional mechanism is liable to be worn. The point-the-bit RSS is easier to be damaged compared
with the push-the-bit RSS because of its relatively fragile eccentric shaft. This situation is especially
serious when drills ultra-deep wells or horizontal wells. Therefore, this is a problem that needs to
adopt new-style materials or structures to realize eccentric shaft and other auxiliary mechanisms. This
limiting factor should be solved further.

26
C. Sealing Performance of BHA Sealing performance of BHA is also an important factor in the
working life of RSS. If a BHA has bad sealing performance in the downhole, drilling mud will flow
into the inner directional mechanism and lead to sticking accident. At present, sealing performance of
BHA limits directly the working life of RSS. Researchers have studied many new approaches to
modify the sealing performance and achieved some progress. However, in order to improve the
sealing performance, the mechanical structure and material of BHA both need to be further enhanced.

D. Mathematical Model Establishment A rigid and exact mathematical model of RSS is the key factor to
achieve excellent control effects. Most mathematical models adopted in current RSS control systems
cannot reflect the real working model because their establishments and state observer designs are usually
based on some assumptions and simplifications. With the development of neural network, automatic
techniques, deep learning and other intelligent modeling techniques based on learning mechanism, these
new techniques will be combined with auto regression, least square method, augmented state space
method and other traditional system identification techniques to comprehensively use model analysis, data-
driven and others to make the mathematical model approximate real working process of RSS.

E. Downhole Real-time Condition Measurement and Data Processing Model construction techniques based
on data-driven and learning need stable and reliable real-time measurement to obtain large amounts of
multidimensional working data. In the actual working condition the measured data will be disturbed by
lots of noise and perturbation. Therefore, development of data filtering and data mining technologies
suitable for RSS will become more important for downhole real-time data processing.

AutoTrak Curve Rotary Steerable System

When drilling in unconventional plays, the AutoTrak™ Curve rotary steerable system from Baker Hughes
27
provides you with better drilling economics, exact wellbore placement, and faster drilling. It reduces the time
in the well with reliable performance and less risk, improving your bottom line.

Land the well sooner:

The AutoTrak system eliminates slides and delivers consistent steering with a high rate of penetration (ROP),
even in high stick-slip environments. Continuous string rotation maximizes overall efficiency by reducing
torque and drag to provide you with a high-quality wellbore, better hole cleaning, and less cleanup time.

Improve production:
In one run, you get smooth curves, straight tangents, and better hole quality for more effective fracturing
operations and higher production rates. High buildup rates (up to 15°/100 ft [30 m]) let you drill deeper, hit
the reservoir earlier, and increase wellbore exposure in the sweet spot.

Ensure accurate well placement:

For precise steering in the reservoir, real-time azimuthal gamma ray service delivers accurate, near-bit
measurements. Expandable pads on a slow-rotating sleeve maintain precise trajectory and allow fluid
circulation to carry cuttings out of the hole.

Directional control from the surface maintains your drilling plan or lets you change targets on the fly. Our
latest polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit technology delivers longer laterals, better weight-on-bit,
improved hydraulic efficiency, and longer life in tough formations.

Contact your Baker Hughes representative today to find out how you can experience less time in the well,
reliable performance, and an improved bottom line with the AutoTrak Curve rotary steerable system.

Bene fit s:

1. Better drilling economics

2. Exact wellbore placement
3. Faster drilling

Appl ica ti ons:

1. Unconventional oil and gas wells

 CHAPTE
R NO . 7
Assignments
Q.1) In Areas Were Tesla Has There Auto – Mobile Services

 North – America
 Europe
 Australia
 New Zealand
 East Asia
 Middle East

2.Where is the Head quarter of Tesla And The Key People In company
 3500 Deer creek RoadPalo Alto , california , united states

 Robyn Denholm ( chair person )

 Elon Musk ( CEO )
 Zach Kirkhom CFO )

3. Number Of Employer Working ,Production Output And Revenue Collected

 Worker : 70,757 (2020)

 Production Output : 509,737 vehicle (2020)
 3GWh Battery Energy Storage System (2020)
 205 MV Solar Energy (2020)

 Revenue Colleted : US$ 31.5 Billion (2020)

 Operating Income : US$ 2 Billion ( 2020 )
 Net Income : US$ 721 Billion (2020)
 Total asset : US$ 51.2 Billion (2020)

4. What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages of Electric Motor ?

ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC MOTOR

• Electric motors have a number of advantages when compared to traditional engines. The
initial cost of an electric motor is much lower than a fossil-fuel engine with the same
horsepower rating. Electric motors have relatively few moving parts, which means they
have a longer lifespan. Typically, an electric motor that is properly maintained offers up to
30,000 hours of operating life without needing major repairs. Overall, electric motors
require minimal maintenance service..
• Additionally, electric motors are highly efficient, and automated controls allow for
automatic and remote start and stop functions. Electric motors don’t require fuel, so there is
no engine oil maintenance or battery service, and they don’t freeze in sub-zero temperatures

DISADVANTAGE OF ELECTRIC MOTOR

• There are some disadvantages, though, with electric motors. For instance, many large
electric motors are not easily portable, and consideration must be made for the correct
electrical supply and voltage. Sometimes expensive line extensions are necessary in remote
locations where existing electrical power is not available. Also, if you are using a high-
horsepower motor and a low load factor, you might have a high cost per hour of operation.

• Generally, an electric motor performs more efficiently and for less when compared with
other engines.

5. How does Electricity Makes Motor Rotates ?

ANS)
• It is easiest to understand in a brush type DC motor. The armature at rest sits in a magnetic
field (or a cluster of them). The brushes apply electricity to the armature which has multiple
windings through a commutator on the rotor. The windings are placed so that they do not sit
symmetrically in the field(s) so the magnetic force starts to “center” by beginning to rotate.
Just as it approaches a neutral center the brushes begin to make contact with the next
armature winding as the commutator turns and the imbalance is recreated. That continues
the rotation.

• A brushless AC induction motor is a bit more difficult to describe but the same principle
applies, except that the constantly reversing magnetism of the field winding(s) acts like a
transformer to induce current in the armature (rotor) windings. Again, the fields produced
create an asymmetric magnetic field that causes an imbalance so that rotation moves the
rotor toward a stable place, but as it moves the next winding recreates the imbalance. AnAC
induction motor will synchronize with the AC frequency to the speed that has the most
efficient transfer of the induced energy in the rotor.

• There are several other types of motors. Brush type motors in corded hand tools that are
essentially like DC motors and most will work with AC or DC. Brushless DC motors that
have rotating magnets and electronically create AC on the stators…. the list
goes on…. But rotation is always achieved by creating imbalanced set of magnetic fields
that rotation would seek to balance, but just in time the field are changed to recreate the
imbalance.

6.Why Tesla Modern Electric Car Uses Induction Motor ?

Tesla uses 3 phase 4 pole Induction Motor. There are a number of reasons for using it
• Induction motors especially 3 phase are rugged and reliable.
• 3 phase Induction Motors are highly efficient and have low weight/kW power
requirement.
• 3 phase Induction motors are self starting unlike gasoline engines where a separate DC
motor is required for initial crank.
• Most importantly with the help of VVVFD drives, these motors have efficient start with
low current and high starting torque
• Induction motors are efficient in terms of braking also. Regenerative braking is an
inherent property where the motor can return electric power back to the supply during
Electrical braking.
• Speed regulation of an induction motor is quite good. Also the speed of the motor can be
easily controlled by just varying frequency.
These are some reasons which makes Induction Motor a great option for EVs.

7.WHAT HOW AN ELECTRIC MOTOR PUMP UPTHE WATER ? ARE THE STANDARDS OFMOTOR?

▪ International Electro-technical Commission: IEC 60034 Rotating Electrical Machines

▪ National Electrical Manufacturers Association (USA): NEMA MG 1 Motors and
Generators
▪ Underwriters Laboratories (USA): UL 1004 – Standard for Electric Motors

8.WHAT CAUSES HEATING OF ARMATURE ?

▪ THE CAUSES ARE :

▪ lack of oil
▪ belt too tight
▪ armature not centred with respect of pole pieces
▪ bearings too tight or not in line

9. HOW AN ELECTRIC MOTOR PUMP UP THEWATER ?

▪ A water pump pulls underground water by repeated process called upstroke and
downstroke.

▪ Downstroke: when the handle of water pump is lifted up ,piston is pushed down . It is
downstroke. In this condition, the volume of lower part decreases and pressure increases. It
makes makes the water in lower level to rise up from the cylinder

▪ Upstroke: when the handle of water pump is pushed down the piston lifts upward. The
volume at lower level decreases and the water pressure increases. It makes lower valve to
open and upper valve to close. Thus water from source enter in the cylinder is the pump.
And water comes out if the spout.
30
10.Why 3-Phase Induction Motor is Self Starting?

 In a 3-phase motor, there are 3 single-phase lines through a phase difference with 120°. So the rotary
magnetic field includes a similar phase difference, so this phase difference will rotate the rotor.For
instance, if we consider a, b & c as three phases once phase ‘a’ gets magnetized, then the rotor will
shift towards the phase ‘a’. Inthe next second phase, ‘b’ will get magnetized, so it will magnetize the
rotor & after that phase ‘c’. In this way, the rotor will rotate continuously.

11. Advantages & Disadvantage Of Indcution Motor ?

12. What is Universal Motor ?

 A series-wound motor is known as a universal motor when it has been designed to operate on either
AC or DC power. It operate well on AC because the current in both the field and the armature (and
hence the resultant magnetic fields) will alternate in synchronism and hence, the resulting mechanical
force will occur in a constant direction of rotation

13.PRINCIPLE OPERATION OF COMMUTATOR ?

 A commutator consists of a set of contact bars fixed to the rotating shaft of a machine, and connected
to the armature windings. As the shaft rotates, the commutator reverses the flow of current in a
winding.

14.. TERMINOLOGY OF AXLE ?

 On cars and trucks, several senses of the word axle occur in casual usage, referring to the shaft itself,
its housing, or simply any transverse pair of wheels. Strictly speaking, a shaft which rotates with the
wheel, being either bolted or splined in fixed relation to it, is called an axle or axle shaft. However, in
looser usage, an entire assembly including the surrounding axle housing (typically a casting) is also
called an axle

15 . RING SEGMENT CONSTRUCTION OF COMMUTATOR ?

 A commutator consists of a set of copper segments, fixed around the part of the circumference of the
rotating machine, or the rotor, and a set of spring-loaded brushes fixed to the stationary frame of the
machine. Two or more fixed brushes connect to the external circuit, either a source of current for a
motor or a load for a generator

16.WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGE OF GREASE LUBRICATION ?

• Grease is frequently used as an electric motor bearing lubricant because of its simplicity of
application and unique characteristics.The primary functions of an electric motor bearing grease are to:

1.Reduce friction and prevent wear

2.Protect bearings against corrosion
3.Act as a seal to prevent entry of contaminants

17. HOW MANY TYPES OF GEAR DRIVE ARE THERE ?

➢ The several types of gear drives include: helical, spur, bevel, and worm gear drives. Helical and
bevel gear drives are the most widely used and are quite efficient

18. IS EFFECIENCY OF MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION IS DEPEND ON BELT ?

➢ The efficiency of mechanical power transmission depends on grip between pulley and belt, which
further depends on µ (Co-efficient of friction) and strength (Tensile) of the belt. In case of rubber
coated canvas belts or leather belts available earlier, µ was as low as 0.2. Then with the coming up of
V-Belt, effective µ improved up to 0.55
Q.4) how does autotrak rotary steerable system helps to achieve efficient
drilling?
ANS)
• No sliding:-
➢ Autotrak rotary steerable system ensures no sliding while working because of the 3 hydraulics
ribs available with the help of which precise drilling is achieved without sliding.
• Continous hole cleaning:-
➢ It is very important to clean the hole while drilling or elsae the dirt or remains will block the
further pathway of the drill bit and will force to bring the drill bit above again to the surfacce.
➢ This will not only consume time but the productivity will also be lost and even money.
➢ Thus to overcome this problem of choking Autotrak rotary steerable system comes with
continous cleaning of hole.
• Excellent quality hole:-
➢ Quality holes are always a concern for many in rotary steerable system because earlier rotary
steerable system use pseudo steering which was not to trustworthy for providing quality hole.
➢ And also earlier the bit used to change its direction depending on only one hydraulics pad
which was even a risk because once it is damaged you have to bring the whole system on the
surface to repair.
➢ Baker Hughes studied the above problems and came up with a solution that the steering
should be done by on/off pad cycles which wil ensure proper steering with the help of three
hydraulics pad and produce quality holes.

• Saves time by faster rate of penetration(ROP):-

➢ The faster the rate of penetration is the better your hole quality will be and which is the
priority of Baker hughes autotrak inteq rotary steerable system product.

• Reduce risk:-
➢ Traditionally drilling was a very dangerous process because it can cost the lifes of many
workers on the offshore rig.
➢ To eliminate the risk of workers life autotrak came with computerized drilling in which the
commands are sended to the servo motor in the system which in return gives feedback to the
command centre on the surface or onshore.

31
 ➢ Also thier are electronics component fitted in the system like accelerometer,magetometer,etc
to help the people control the whole system automatically.

Q.5)What makes the AutoTrak RSS different? ANS)

• Baker Hughes has optimized RSS technology since introducing it to the industry in 1997. The
steering principle applied in the AutoTrak RSS series eliminates the need to control and adjust
BHA angles.
• The steering unit continuously bends the BHA gently in the desired direction.The slow
rotating steering sleeve decouples the torsional vibrations effect from directional performance.
• Even in a situation with stick slip, the well can be positioned accurately in the sweet spot.
Steering ribs in the sleeve adjust direction to provide accurate steering without alternating
BHA angle setting.
• Each of the ribs is driven and controlled by its own dedicated hydraulic control mechanism —
operating independent of bit pressure differential.
• By means of downlink while drilling, the tools can be switched off and the steering ribs
automatically retracted into the steering unit body for easier tripping out of hole.
• Natural building or dropping tendencies are continuously corrected to drill a quality straight
wellbore. The forces applied by the steering rib can be accurately controlled manually or by
means of smart algorithms, and can be adjusted while drilling.

Q.6)What is rotary steerable tool? ANS)

❖ Rotary Steerable Tools (RST) was incorporated in 1998 and says it is becoming the leading
provider of simply constructed, reliable, effective and low cost, directional drilling tools,
including a rotary steerable system that improves the practice of directional drilling.
❖ RST says its tool design is simple and low cost. The tool has no practical limitations on flow
rate,rotary speed or weight on bit, the company says. Communication to the tool to change
tool face heading is made through simple RPM commands. The tool has less than 70 total
components and is field serviceable. It is capable of producing a dogleg severity as high as
8°/100 ft, and can also be used to keep wells vertical. The through-bore nature of the tool
means valuable pump pressure is available for hole-cleaning, and new technology such as
thru-bit-logging is enabled. The simple, low-cost features of the RST tool allows the
expansion of the proven technical benefits of rotary steerable systems from current high cost,
complex well profiles to lower cost environments and more conventional directional well
profiles.

32
 REFERENCE
• https://www.bakerhughes.com/

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Hughes

• https://www.bakerhughes.com/sites/bakerhughes/files/2020-05/AutoTrak-Curve-Pro-
high-build-up-rate-rotary-steerable-system-slsh.pdf

• https://www.drillingcontractor.org/rotary-steerables-cost-reliability-still-key-higher-
dogleg-capability-downhole-motor-integration-also-on-asking-list-4562

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nnEu0GG7la4

33