A 0541 R

ECFS
ɊɍɄɈȼɈȾɋɌȼɈ
ɉɈ ɈɉɂɋȺɇɂɘ ɉɈɑȼ
ǿȍȚȊȍȘȚȖȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ, ȐșȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȍ Ȑ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȖȍ
ǷǸǶǬǶǪǶǳȄǹǺǪǭǵǵǨȇ ǰ ǹǭǳȄǹǲǶǽǶǯȇǱǹǺǪǭǵǵǨȇ ǶǸǫǨǵǰǯǨǾǰȇ

ǶǩȂǭǬǰǵǭǵǵȃǽ ǵǨǾǰǱ
ǸȐȔ, 2012
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɉɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ
ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ (ɎȺɈ) ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ
ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ, ɢɥɢ ɢɯ
ɜɥɚɫɬɟɣ, ɢɥɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɢɥɢ ɪɭɛɟɠɟɣ. ɍɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɡɚɩɚɬɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɵ
ɨɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ, ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɎȺɈ ɨɞɨɛɪɹɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬ ɢɯ, ɨɬɞɚɜɚɹ ɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɧɟ
ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ.
Ɇɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ

(ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ) ɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɎȺɈ.
ISBN 978-92-5-405521-9
ȼɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɵ. ɎȺɈ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɟɬ ɬɢɪɚɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ,

ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ. Ɋɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚ. Ɂɚ
ɬɢɪɚɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɟɪɟɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɡɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɥɚɬɚ. Ɂɚɹɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɬɢɪɚɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɎȺɈ, ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɵ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɣ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɱɬɟ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ: copyright@fao.org ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɉɨɞɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɭ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ
ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ:
Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and
Extension, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy.
© ɎȺɈ 2012
iv
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ
ǷȘȍȌȐșȓȖȊȐȍ Ȓ ȘțșșȒȖȔț ȐȏȌȈȕȐȦ x
ǩȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖșȚȤ xi
ǹȗȐșȖȒ șȖȒȘȈȡȍȕȐȑ xii
1. ǪȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ 1
2. ǶȉȡȈȧ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ Ȗ ȔȍșȚȍ ȏȈȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȘȈȏȘȍȏȈ, ȍȋȖ 4
ȘȍȋȐșȚȘȈȞȐȧ Ȑ ȔȍșȚȖȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ
ǵȖȔȍȘ ȗȘȖȜȐȓȧ 4
ǺȐȗ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȜȐȓȧ 4
ǬȈȚȈ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ 4
ǨȊȚȖȘȣ 4
ǴȍșȚȖȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ 5
ǷȘȍȊȣȠȍȕȐȍ 6
ǵțȔȍȘȈȞȐȧ ȓȐșȚȈ ȒȈȘȚȣ Ȑ ȒȖȖȘȌȐȕȈȚȕȈȧ șȍȚȒȈ 6
3. ǼȈȒȚȖȘȣ ȗȖȟȊȖȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ 7
ǨȚȔȖșȜȍȘȕȣȑ ȒȓȐȔȈȚ Ȑ ȗȖȋȖȌȕȣȍ țșȓȖȊȐȧ 7
ǷȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȒȓȐȔȈȚ 7
ǼȖȘȔȣ Ȑ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ ȘȍȓȤȍȜȈ 8
ǶșȕȖȊȕȈȧ ȜȖȘȔȈ ȘȍȓȤȍȜȈ 8
ǷȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȖ ȘȍȓȤȍȜț 10
ǼȖȘȔȈ șȒȓȖȕȈ 10
ǲȘțȚȐȏȕȈ Ȑ ȥȒșȗȖȏȐȞȐȧ șȒȓȖȕȈ 10
ǯȍȔȓȍȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȘȈșȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ 11
ǯȍȔȓȍȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ 11
ǹȍȓȤșȒȖȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ 11
ǨȕȚȘȖȗȖȋȍȕȕȖȍ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ 11
ǸȈșȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ 15
ǷȖȟȊȖȖȉȘȈȏțȦȡȐȍ ȗȖȘȖȌȣ 16
ǪȖȏȘȈșȚ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ 19
4. ǶȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȟȊȣ 20
ǽȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȐ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ 20
ǪȣȝȖȌȣ ȗȖȘȖȌȣ 20
ǶȉȓȖȔȖȟȕȣȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ȕȈ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ 20
ȅȘȖȏȐȧ 21
ǲȖȘȒȖȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ 23
ǶȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȚȘȍȡȐȕ 23
ǫȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȔȍȎȌț ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȔȐ 24
ǫȓțȉȐȕȈ 24
ǷȍȘȍȝȖȌ Ȑ ȜȖȘȔȈ 25
v
ǷȍȘȊȐȟȕȣȍ ȒȖȔȗȖȕȍȕȚȣ 26
ǫȘȈȕțȓȖȔȍȚȘȐȟȍșȒȐȑ șȖșȚȈȊ ȔȍȓȒȖȏȨȔȈ 26
ǶȉȓȖȔȒȐ ȗȖȘȖȌ Ȑ ȈȘȚȍȜȈȒȚȣ 30
ǹȚȍȗȍȕȤ ȘȈȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȋțȔȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȐ ȚȖȘȜȈ 34
ǨȥȘȖȔȖȘȜȕȣȍ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȣ ȓȍșȕȖȑ 34
ȗȖȌșȚȐȓȒȐ
ǾȊȍȚ ȗȖȟȊȣ (ȖșȕȖȊȕȈȧ ȔȈșșȈ) 34
ǷȧȚȕȐșȚȖșȚȤ 36
ǾȊȍȚ ȗȧȚȍȕ 37
ǶȉȐȓȐȍ ȗȧȚȍȕ 37
ǸȈȏȔȍȘ ȗȧȚȍȕ 38
ǲȖȕȚȘȈșȚȕȖșȚȤ ȗȧȚȍȕ 38
ǫȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȗȧȚȍȕ 38
ǶȒȐșȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ-ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓ ȗȖȟȊȣ Ȑ 38
ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ țșȓȖȊȐȧ
ǰșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ǶǪǷ ȗȖȓȍȊȣȔȐ ȔȍȚȖȌȈȔȐ 38
ǪȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ țșȓȖȊȐȧ 38
ǲȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȣ 40
ǹȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ 40
ǼȖȘȔȣ 40
ǫȐȗș 41
ǹȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ȋȐȗșȈ 41
ǼȖȘȔȣ ȊȚȖȘȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȋȐȗșȈ 41
ǳȍȋȒȖȘȈșȚȊȖȘȐȔȣȍ șȖȓȐ 42
ǷȘȖȞȍȌțȘȈ 42
ǷȖȓȍȊȖȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ pH ȗȖȟȊȣ 44
ǯȈȗȈȝ ȗȖȟȊȣ 44
ǨȕȌȐȒȖȊȣȍ șȊȖȑșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȊțȓȒȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȍ șȚȍȒȓȖ 45
ǷȘȖȞȍȌțȘȈ 45
ǹȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȊȍȡȍșȚȊȈ 45
ǶȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȖȔȗȖȕȍȕȚȖȊ 47
ǹȚȘțȒȚțȘȈ ȗȖȟȊȣ 47
ǲȖȕșȐșȚȍȕȞȐȧ ȗȖȟȊȣ 51
ǪȓȈȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȟȊȣ 53
ǷȓȖȚȕȖșȚȤ 54
ǷȖȘȖȏȕȖșȚȤ 57
ǷȖȘȐșȚȖșȚȤ 57
ǺȐȗ 58
ǸȈȏȔȍȘȣ 58
ǶȉȐȓȐȍ 58
ǵȖȊȖȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ 58
ǲțȚȈȕȣ 59
ǾȍȔȍȕȚȈȞȐȐ Ȑ țȗȓȖȚȕȍȕȐȧ 61
ǴȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȍ șȚȧȎȍȕȐȧ 64
ǩȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ 66
vi
ǲȖȘȕȐ 66
ǷȘȖȟȐȍ ȉȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ șȊȖȑșȚȊȈ 66
ǨȕȚȘȖȗȖȋȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ 67
ǨȘȚȍȜȈȒȚȣ 67
ǴȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ, ȗȍȘȍȔȍȡȍȕȕȣȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ 68
ǫȍȖȔȍȔȉȘȈȕȣ Ȑ ȗȓȖȚȕȣȍ ȚȍȝȕȖȋȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȖȘȖȌȣ 69
ǶȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȈȘȚȍȜȈȒȚȖȊ 70
ǶȗȐșȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ, ȗȍȘȍȔȍȡȍȕȕȣȝ 70
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ
ǶȚȉȖȘ ȖȉȘȈȏȞȖȊ 70
5. ǷȖȟȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȒȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ 73
ǶȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȖȊ 73
ǶșȕȖȊȕȣȍ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȣ 73
ǷȍȘȍȝȖȌȕȣȍ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȣ 77
ǪȚȖȘȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȣȍ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȐ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ 77
ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȖȊ Ȑ șȓȖȨȊ
ǷȘȈȊȐȓȈ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ 81
ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȑ
ǸȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȗȖȌȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȣ 82
ǳȐȚȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȕȍȖȌȕȖȘȖȌȕȖșȚȤ 82
ǰșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȠȚȘȐȝȈ Ȋ ȊȍȘȝȕȍȔ ȐȕȌȍȒșȍ 83
ǷȘȈȊȐȓȈ ȒȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȐ Ȋ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȐ ș ǴȐȘȖȊȖȑ 84
ȉȈȏȖȑ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȘȍșțȘșȖȊ (WRB)
ȀȈȋ 1 85
ȀȈȋ 2 86
ȀȈȋ 3 86
ȀȈȋ 4 86
ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ Ȑ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȒȊȈȓȐȜȐȒȈȚȖȘȖȊ Ȋ WRB 87
ǲȖȕȚȘȖȓȤȕȣȑ șȗȐșȖȒ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȖȊ, șȊȖȑșȚȊ Ȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ 88
ȗȖ ȒȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȐ WRB
ǬȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ Ȗ ȋȘȈȕțȓȖȔȍȚȘȐȟȍșȒȖȔ 88
șȖșȚȈȊȍ Ȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȕșȒȖȑ ȗȖȘȖȌȍ ȘȍȜȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȣȝ ȋȘțȗȗ ȗȖȟȊ
ǩȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ 90
ǷȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ 92
1. ǶȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȚȍȔȗȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ ȘȍȎȐȔȖȊ ȗȖȟȊȣ 92
2. ǶȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȊȖȌȕȣȝ ȘȍȎȐȔȖȊ ȗȖȟȊȣ 96
3. ǶȉȖȘțȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖȍ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȓȍȊȣȝ ȘȈȉȖȚ 101
vii
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ
1. ǺȐȗ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȜȐȓȧ 5
2. ǶȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȋȖȌȕȣȝ țșȓȖȊȐȑ 7
3. ǶȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ ȚȍȔȗȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȊȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȘȍȎȐȔȖȊ ȗȖȟȊȣ 8
4. ǰȍȘȈȘȝȐȧ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ ȜȖȘȔ ȘȍȓȤȍȜȈ 9
5. ǷȖȌȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȜȖȘȔ ȘȍȓȤȍȜȈ 9
6. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȜȖȘȔ șȒȓȖȕȈ 10
7. ǲȓȈșșȣ șȒȓȖȕȖȊ ȗȖ ȒȘțȚȐȏȕȍ 10
8. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȏȍȔȓȍȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ 12
9. ǶȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ Ȍȓȧ șȍȓȤșȒȖȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȒțȓȤȚțȘ 14
10. ǸȍȒȖȔȍȕȌțȍȔȣȍ ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ Ȍȓȧ ȈȕȚȘȖȗȖȋȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȧ 14
11. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȘȈșȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ 15
12. ǰȍȘȈȘȝȐȟȍșȒȐȑ șȗȐșȖȒ ȖȚȓȖȎȍȕȐȑ 17
13. ǻșȓȖȊȕȣȍ ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ Ȍȓȧ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ 19
14. ǸȍȒȖȔȍȕȌȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ȒȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȊȣȝȖȌȖȊ ȋȖȘȕȣȝ ȗȖȘȖȌ 20
15. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȖȉȓȖȔȖȟȕȣȝ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ ȕȈ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ 21
16. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȥȘȖȏȐȐ ȗȖ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȧȔ 21
17. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ, ȗȖȌȊȍȘȎȍȕȕȖȑ ȥȘȖȏȐȐ Ȑ 21
ȊȣȔȣȊȈȕȐȦ
18. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȥȘȖȏȐȐ (ȗȖ țȘȖȊȕȦ) 22
19. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȥȘȖȏȐȐ (ȗȖ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ) 22
20. ǷȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȐ ȒȖȘȒȖȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ 23
21. ǽȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȈ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȕȣȝ ȚȘȍȡȐȕ 23
22. ǲȘȐȚȍȘȐȐ Ȍȓȧ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ șȖȓȍȊȣȝ ȊȣȌȍȓȍȕȐȑ 24
23. ǲȘȐȚȍȘȐȐ Ȍȓȧ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ ȖȚȉȍȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȍșȒȖȊ 24
24. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȖȊ ȔȍȎȌț ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȔȐ 25
25. ǲȓȦȟ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȓȍȊȖȋȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȋȘȈȕțȓȖȔȍȚȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȖșȚȈȊȈ 29
ȗȖȟȊ
26. ǶȉȐȓȐȍ ȖȉȓȖȔȒȖȊ ȋȖȘȕȣȝ ȗȖȘȖȌ Ȑ ȈȘȚȍȜȈȒȚȖȊ ȗȖ ȖȉȢȨȔț 30
27. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȖȉȓȖȔȒȖȊ ȋȖȘȕȣȝ ȗȖȘȖȌ Ȑ ȈȘȚȍȜȈȒȚȖȊ 32
28. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȖȉȓȖȔȒȖȊ ȋȖȘȕȣȝ ȗȖȘȖȌ 32
29. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȒȘțȗȕȣȝ ȜȘȈȋȔȍȕȚȖȊ ȗȖ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȊȣȊȍȚȘȐȊȈȕȐȧ 32
30. ǶȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȍȘȊȐȟȕȣȝ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȖȊ 32
31. ǷȖȓȍȊȈȧ ȖȞȍȕȒȈ Ȑ ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȘȈȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ Ȑ 33
ȋțȔȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȐ ȚȖȘȜȈ
32. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȖȉȐȓȐȧ ȗȧȚȍȕ 36
33. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȖȊ ȗȧȚȍȕ 36
34. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȒȖȕȚȘȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȗȧȚȍȕ 37
35. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȧȚȕȖȔ Ȑ ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȑ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȑ 37
ȔȈșșȖȑ
36. ǶȒȐșȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ-ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȐ ȗȖȟȊȣ Ȑ Ȑȝ 39
șȊȧȏȤ șȖ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧȔȐ rH Ȑ ș ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈȔȐ
viii
37. ǪȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȒȖȔȉȐȕȈȞȐȧ ȞȊȍȚȖȊ Ȑ ȕȈȓȐȟȐȍ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȑ 39

ȎȍȓȍȏȈ
38. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȐ ȕȈ ȒȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȣ Ȋ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȈșșȍ 40
39. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȜȖȘȔ ȊȚȖȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȒȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȖȊ 40
40. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ ȋȐȗșȈ 41
41. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȜȖȘȔ ȊȚȖȘȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȋȐȗșȈ 42
42. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȖȟȊ ȗȖ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȦ șȖȓȍȑ 43
43. ǪȓȈȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȈșȚȣ ȗȘȐ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȖȔ 43
ȋȘȈȕțȓȖȔȍȚȘȐȟȍșȒȖȔ șȖșȚȈȊȍ Ȑ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȐ ȋțȔțșȈ (Ȍȓȧ
ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȖȟȊ) Ȑ ȗȘȐ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȘȈȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȚȖȘȜȈ
(Ȍȓȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȖȟȊ)
44. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȖȟȊ Ȋ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȚ pH Ȑ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ 44
ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȊȍȡȍșȚȊȈ
45. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȏȈȗȈȝȈ ȗȖȟȊȣ 44
46. ǶȞȍȕȒȈ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȊȍȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȗȖȟȊȈȝ ȕȈ 46
ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȞȊȍȚȈ ȗȖ ȠȒȈȓȍ ǴȈȕșȍȓȓȈ ș țȟȨȚȖȔ
ȋȘȈȕțȓȖȔȍȚȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȖșȚȈȊȈ
47. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȖșȚȘțȒȚțȘȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȟȊȣ 48
48. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȚȐȗȖȊ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȑ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ 49
49. ǶȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ ȚȐȗȖȊ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȑ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ 50
50. ǲȓȈșșȣ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȕȣȝ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖșȚȍȑ ȗȖ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȈȔ Ȋ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȐ 51
ȖȚ ȚȐȗȈ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ
51. ǲȖȔȉȐȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȒȓȈșșȣ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ ȗȖȟȊ ȗȖ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȕȖșȚȐ 51
52. ǹȖȟȍȚȈȕȐȧ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȝ șȚȘțȒȚțȘ 51
53. ǲȖȕșȐșȚȍȕȞȐȧ ȗȖȟȊȣ Ȋ șțȝȖȔ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ 52
54. ǲȖȕșȐșȚȍȕȞȐȧ ȗȖȟȊȣ ȊȖ ȊȓȈȎȕȖȔ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ 52
55. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȖȟȊ ȗȖ ȓȐȗȒȖșȚȐ 53
56. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȖȟȊ ȗȖ ȗȓȈșȚȐȟȕȖșȚȐ 53
57. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȊȓȈȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȟȊȣ 54
58. ǷȖȓȍȊȖȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȓȖȚȕȖșȚȐ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȖȟȊ 55
59. ǷȖȓȍȊȖȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȉȢȍȔȈ, ȏȈȕȧȚȖȋȖ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ 56
ȟȈșȚȐȞȈȔȐ, Ȑ ȗȓȖȚȕȖșȚȐ ȚȖȘȜȧȕȣȝ ȗȖȟȊ
60. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȖȘȐșȚȖșȚȐ 57
61. ǺȐȗȣ ȗțșȚȖȚ 57
62. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗțșȚȖȚ ȗȖ ȌȐȈȔȍȚȘț 58
63. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȖȉȐȓȐȧ ȗȖȘ 58
64. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȖȉȐȓȐȧ ȒțȚȈȕ 60
65. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȒȖȕȚȘȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȒțȚȈȕ 60
66. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȒțȚȈȕ ȗȖ șȖșȚȈȊț 61
67. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȜȖȘȔ ȒțȚȈȕ 61
68. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȒțȚȈȕ Ȑ ȋȓȐȕȐșȚȣȝ ȈȒȒțȔțȓȧȞȐȑ 61
69. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȞȍȓȖșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȞȍȔȍȕȚȈȞȐȐ / țȗȓȖȚȕȍȕȐȧ 62
70. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ șȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ șȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ / țȗȓȖȚȕȍȕȕȖȋȖ 62
ix
șȓȖȧ
71. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȚȐȗȖȊ ȞȍȔȍȕȚȈȞȐȐ/țȗȓȖȚȕȍȕȐȧ 62
72. ǹȚȍȗȍȕȤ șȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖșȚȐ / țȗȓȖȚȕȍȕȐȧ 63
73. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȖȉȐȓȐȧ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȧȎȍȕȐȑ, ȗȖ ȖȉȢȨȔț 64
74. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȊȐȌȖȊ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȧȎȍȕȐȑ 64
75. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȧȎȍȕȐȑ ȗȖ ȘȈȏȔȍȘț Ȑ ȜȖȘȔȍ 64
76. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȧȎȍȕȐȑ ȗȖ ȗȓȖȚȕȖșȚȐ 65
77. ǷȘȐȔȍȘȣ șȖșȚȈȊȈ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȧȎȍȕȐȑ 65
78. ǵȈȏȊȈȕȐȧ ȞȊȍȚȈ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȧȎȍȕȐȑ 65
79. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȒȖȘȕȍȑ ȗȖ ȘȈȏȔȍȘț 66
80. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȖȉȐȓȐȧ ȒȖȘȕȍȑ 66
81. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȉȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ 66
82. ǷȘȐȔȍȘȣ ȉȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ 66
83. ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȊȐȌȖȊ ȈȘȚȍȜȈȒȚȖȊ 69
84. ǺȈȉȓȐȞȈ Ȍȓȧ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȈȕȚȘȖȗȖȋȍȕȕȣȝ ȖȚȓȖȎȍȕȐȑ Ȑ Ȑȝ 71
ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ
85. ǪȚȖȘȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȣȍ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȐ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȖȊ 79
86. ǹȗȐșȖȒ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȖȊ, șȊȖȑșȚȊ Ȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ ȗȖ ȊȍȘșȐȐ WRB 88
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɜ
1. ǷȘȖȞȍșș ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ, ȒȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ ȗȖȟȊȣ Ȑ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ 1
ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȏȍȔȓȍȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ
2. ǴȍșȚȖȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ șȒȓȖȕȖȊ ȕȈ ȝȖȓȔȐșȚȖȑ Ȑ ȋȖȘȕȖȑ ȔȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ 9
3. ǼȖȘȔȣ șȒȓȖȕȖȊ Ȑ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȕȖȋȖ șȚȖȒȈ 10
4. ǹȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȔȗȖȕȍȕȚȖȊ ȗȖȟȊȣ ȗȖ ȘȈȏȔȍȘț, șȚȘțȒȚțȘȕȣȔ 27
ȒȓȈșșȈȔ Ȑ ȗȖȌȒȓȈșșȈȔ
5. ǹȝȍȔȣ Ȍȓȧ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ ȌȖȓȐ ȒȘțȗȕȣȝ ȜȘȈȋȔȍȕȚȖȊ Ȑ ȗȧȚȍȕ 31
6. ǺȐȗȣ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȑ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ 48
7. ǶȞȍȕȒȈ ȗȓȖȚȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȟȊȣ 56
8. ǹȝȍȔȣ Ȍȓȧ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȖȊ Ȑ ȖȉȐȓȐȧ ȗȖȘ 59
x
ɉɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ

ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ 4-ɝɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɉɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɱɜ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɎȺɈ, ɛɵɥ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɆȽɍ
ɢɦ. Ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɺ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ,
ɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦ ɜɫɺ ɱɚɳɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɚɦɢ ɜ
ɧɟɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ, ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ
ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɦ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ
ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɢ ɨɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ. ɇɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ
ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟɤɢɣ «ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ»: ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ
ɭɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɱɜɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɟɳɺ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɞɚɠɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɨ
ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɫɢɥɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ 4-ɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɉɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɣ
ɲɤɨɥɵ ɩɨɱɜɨɜɟɞɨɜ.
ɍɠɟ ɛɟɝɥɵɣ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ: ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɯɨɞɟɧ, ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ
ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ
ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦɢ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɭɸ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ; ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɢɩɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤ ɱɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɜɵɤɥɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ (ɯɨɬɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɚ ɢɡ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ). ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɥɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɤɚɤ crumby, lumpy ɢ cloddy ɤɚɤ ɦɟɥɤɨ-, ɫɪɟɞɧɟ- ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɥɵɛɢɫɬɚɹ,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɩɚɯɨɬɧɵɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɟ ɢɯ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɲɢɪɟ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ:
«ɤɨɩɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ» ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ «ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ,
ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɮɟɤɚɥɢɣ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ»; ɜ
ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɢɧɚɱɟ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɠɺɫɬɤɨ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɎȺɈ

(Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ), ɱɬɨ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɸ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɜ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
xi
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ
ɗɬɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ Ɋɟɣɧɯɨɥɶɞɨɦ əɧɨɦ (ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɏɚɥɥɟ-
ȼɢɬɬɟɧɛɟɪɝɚ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ), ɏɚɧɫɨɦ-ɉɟɬɟɪɨɦ Ȼɥɸɦɟ (ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ Ʉɢɥɹ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ), ȼɢɤɬɨɪɨɦ
Ⱥɫɢɨ (Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ Ʌɟɣɬɚ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ), Ɉɬɬɨ ɒɩɚɚɪɝɚɪɟɧɨɦ (ɂɋɊɂɄ,
ɇɢɞɟɪɞɚɧɞɵ) ɢ ɉɢɬɟɪɨɦ ɒɚɞɨɦ (Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ Ɇɸɧɯɟɧɚ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ), ɩɪɢ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ Ɋɨɠɟ Ʌɚɧɝɨɪɚ (ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ Ƚɟɧɬɚ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɹ), Ɋɨɛɟɪɬɚ Ȼɪɢɧɤɦɚɧɚ (ɎȺɈ), Ɏɪɟɞɞɢ
ɇɚɯɬɟɪɝɚɟɥɹ (ɎȺɈ) ɢ ɉɚɜɥɚ Ʉɪɚɫɢɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ (ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ
Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɢ).
ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɥ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢ ɬɟɪɩɟɧɢɸ Ɋɨɧɚɥɶɞɚ

ȼɚɪɝɚɫɚ (ɎȺɈ) ɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɬɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɪɭɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɚ Ɇɚɪɢɢ Ʉɨɧɸɲɤɨɜɨɣ (ȿɜɪɚɡɢɣɫɤɢɣ
ɰɟɧɬɪ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɆȽɍ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ). ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ Ⱥɧɬɨɧ ɏɨɦɢɱɟɧɤɨ (ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ Ʉɚɪɇɐ ɊȺɇ, ɉɟɬɪɨɡɚɜɨɞɫɤ).
xii
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ
EC ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ
GPS ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɟɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
HDPE ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ
HTM ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɺɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ
ISO ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ
PVC ɩɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞ
RSG ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɨɱɜ
USDA ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɋɒȺ
UTM ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɹ Ɇɟɪɤɚɬɨɪɚ (ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ)
WRB Ɇɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ
1
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 1
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ – ɷɬɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɨɥɢ
ɩɨɱɜ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ – ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.
ȼɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɞɟɥɚɥɨɫɶ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɚ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ
ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɳɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɡɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɊɂɋɍɇɈɄ 1
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɇɨɦɟɪ, ɚɜɬɨɪ, ɞɚɬɚ, ɬɢɩ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ,

1. ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ, ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɚɹ

2. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɩɨɪɨɞɚ, ɡɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚ
Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɢ ɫɥɨɢ
3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ/ɫɥɨɹ: ɨɛɥɨɦɤɢ

ɇɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɝɪɚɧ. ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɰɜɟɬ, ɪɇ,
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ/ɫɥɨɺɜ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
4. ɂɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ 5.

ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ
ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ
Ƚɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɨ ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ

ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɡɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ
2 ɊɍɄɈȼɈȾɋɌȼɈ ɉɈ ɈɉɂɋȺɇɂɘ ɉɈɑȼ
ɇɚ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ, ɧɚ

ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ, ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ, ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ, ɟɺ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ. ȼ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ
ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɱɜɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɬɭɳɚɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ-
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɵ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɦɢɪɚ ɎȺɈ-ɘɇȿɋɄɈ
(FAO-UNESCO, 1974, 1988), ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɢ (Soil Survey Staff, 1975,
1999), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɦɢɪɚ (FAO-
ɘɇȿɋɄɈ, 1970-1981; ɎȺɈ, 2002), ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ (ECSC–EEC-
EAEC, 1985), ɢ ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɬɥɚɫɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ (EC, 2005).
ɗɬɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ-ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɱɜ (ɎȺɈ, 1990). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɉɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ
(Schoeneberger et al., 2002), ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɋɒȺ (Soil Survey Staff, 2003),
Ɉɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɟ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ (ISRIC, 2005) ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ
Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006).
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɨ,
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɢɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ.
Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ:
¾ Ƚɥɚɜɚ 2, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ — ɧɚ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɱɜ (FAO,
1990).
¾ Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ — ɧɚ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɱɜɵ
(FAO, 1990); ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ SOTER (ISRIC, 2005); ɉɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ
ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ (Schoeneberger et al., 2002), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɋɒȺ (Soil
Survey Stuff, 2003).
¾ Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4, ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ — ɧɚ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɱɜɵ (FAO, 1990) ɢ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɚ ɇɟɦɟɰɤɨɦ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ 5 (Kartieranleitung 5; Adhoc-AG-
Boden, 2005), ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯ DVWK (1995), ɉɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ (Schoeneberger et al., 2002), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ.
x Ƚɥɚɜɚ 5, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ — ɧɚ Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɨ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɱɜ (FAO, 1990), ɉɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ
(Schoeneberger et al., 2002), ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɋɒȺ (Soil Survey Stuff, 2003) ɢ
ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ (IUSS Working
Group WRB, 2006).
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɤɥɸɱɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɬɟɫɬɚɯ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɨɱɜɵ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 1 3
Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ (WRB) (IUSS Working Group
WRB, 2006). ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɢ ɩɨɹɫɧɹɸɬ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ WRB. ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɩɰɢɣ.
4
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 2
Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ
ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ,
ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ, ɬɢɩ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ, ɞɚɬɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ, ɚɜɬɨɪ, ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɜɵɫɨɬɚ, ɧɨɦɟɪ ɥɢɫɬɚ
ɤɚɪɬɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ. ɗɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ɇɈɆȿɊ ɉɊɈɎɂɅə
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɢɥɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɨɧ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɥ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɥ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨɢɫɤ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɛɚɡɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. Ȼɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ, ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɨɣ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ISO) , ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɣ
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ (ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɨɞ). ɉɪɢɦɟɪ: DE/ST/HAL – 0381 = Ƚɚɥɥɟ ɜ ɡɟɦɥɟ
ɋɚɤɫɨɧɢɹ-Ⱥɧɯɚɥɶɬ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ 381.
Ɍɂɉ ɈɉɂɋȺɇɂə ɉɊɈɎɂɅə

Ɍɢɩ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ ɢ
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɜɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɜ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ.
ȾȺɌȺ ɈɉɂɋȺɇɂə
ȼɚɠɧɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɚɬɭ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɦɨɝɥɢ ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵ. Ⱦɚɬɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɝɝɦɦɞɞ
(ɲɟɫɬɶ ɰɢɮɪ). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 8 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 2006 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɡɚɤɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɚɤ 060108.
ȺȼɌɈɊɕ
ȼɤɥɚɞ ɥɢɰ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɥɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧɢ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɉɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɥɢɛɨ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 2 5
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 1
ǺȐȗ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȜȐȓȧ
ǺȐȗ
1 ǶȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȋȖ ǵȍ ȗȘȖȗțȡȍȕȣ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȍȚȈȓȐ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ, ȖȚȉȖȘȈ
ȘȈȏȘȍȏȈ ȗȘȖȉ ȐȓȐ ȈȕȈȓȐȏȈ. Ǭȓȧ ȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȕȖșȚȐ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ Ȑ
ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȖȊ ȗȖȟȊȣ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚșȧ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȕȈ
ȋȓțȉȐȕț ȌȖ 125 șȔ, ȐȓȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ, ȍșȓȐ ȥȚȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ Ȍȓȧ
ȒȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȐ, ȓȐȉȖ ȌȖ ȋȓțȉȐȕȣ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȖȊ C ȐȓȐ R, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ
ȔȖȋțȚ ȏȈȓȍȋȈȚȤ ȉȓȐȎȍ Ȓ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ.
1.1 ǺȖ Ȏȍ, ȕȖ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ șȌȍȓȈȕȖ ȉȍȏ ȖȚȉȖȘȈ ȖȉȘȈȏȞȖȊ
2 ǶȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȖȉȣȟȕȖȋȖ ǵȍ ȗȘȖȗțȡȍȕȣ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȍȚȈȓȐ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ, ȖȚȉȖȘȈ
ȘȈȏȘȍȏȈ1 ȗȘȖȉ ȐȓȐ ȈȕȈȓȐȏȈ. ǿȐșȓȖ ȖȚȖȉȘȈȕȕȣȝ ȖȉȘȈȏȞȖȊ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ, ȟȚȖȉȣ
ȖȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȍ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȣ, ȕȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ
ȉȣȚȤ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȣȔ Ȍȓȧ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȖȌȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȖȊ,
ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ Ȋ ȕȐȎȕȍȑ ȟȈșȚȐ ȗȘȖȜȐȓȧ. ǫȓțȉȐȕȈ ȗȘȖȜȐȓȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ
șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ 80 șȔ ȐȓȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ, ȌȖ ȋȓțȉȐȕȣ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȖȊ C ȐȓȐ R,
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȏȈȓȍȋȈȚȤ ȉȓȐȎȍ Ȓ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ. ǬȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ
ȉțȘȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȖȚȉȖȘ ȗȘȖȉ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȗȖȕȈȌȖȉȐȚȤșȧ Ȍȓȧ țȚȖȟȕȍȕȐȧ
ȒȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȐ.
3 ǵȍȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ 2 ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȊȈȎȕȣȍ ȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ Ȋ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȐ,
ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖȍ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ șȖȉȘȈȕȕȣȝ ȖȉȘȈȏȞȖȊ ȐȓȐ ȕȈȌȍȎȕȖșȚȤ
ȈȕȈȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ ȕȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȚ ȌȈȚȤ ȗȖȓȕțȦ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒț
ȗȖȟȊȣ. ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ, ȚȈȒȖȍ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȖȓȍȏȕȖ Ȍȓȧ
ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȏȈȌȈȟ Ȑ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȒȓȈșșȐȜȐȞȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȖȟȊț ȕȈ
ȊȣșȖȒȖȔ ȚȈȒșȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ.
4 ǶȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȉțȘȖȊȖȑ ǩțȘȍȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ
șȒȊȈȎȐȕȣ ȗȘȖȜȐȓȧ. ǷȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȉțȘȣ ȗȘȍȌȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȣ Ȍȓȧ ȐȕȌȐȒȈȞȐȐ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ
ȗȘȐ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȒȈȘȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȐ, Ȑ Ȍȓȧ ȥȚȐȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ ȖȉȣȟȕȖ
ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȦȚ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȖ ȘȈȉȖȚ. ǶȉȘȈȏȞȣ ȗȖȟȊȣ
ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȖȚȖȉȘȈȕȣ ș ȗȖȔȖȡȤȦ ȉțȘȈ.
5 ǷȘȖȟȐȍ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ Ǫ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȐ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊțȦȚ ȏȕȈȟȐȔȣȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ
țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȒȓȈșșȐȜȐȞȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȖȟȊț
ǷȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȍ: ǶȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȟȊȣ, șȌȍȓȈȕȕȣȍ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȉțȘȍȕȐȧ ȐȓȐ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȑ Ȋ
ȝȖȌȍ ȘțȚȐȕȕȖȑ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȑ șȢȍȔȒȐ, ȝȘȈȕȧȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȖȓȍȊȖȔ ȌȕȍȊȕȐȒȍ ȓȐȉȖ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȉȈȏț
ȌȈȕȕȣȝ ș șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȔ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȍȔ ȚȐȗȈ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ
ɆȿɋɌɈɉɈɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ
ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ (ɜ ɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɚɯ) ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɞɨɪɨɝ
ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ (0,0 ɤɦ). Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ
ɬɚɤɢɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɧɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɟ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨɟ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ. Ⱥɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ,
ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ, ɪɚɣɨɧ, ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ ɢ ɤɨɞɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ (ɫɦ.
ɜɵɲɟ). ɉɪɢɦɟɪ: ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ Ȼɚɞ Ʌɚɭɯɲɬɚɞɬ,
ɋɚɤɫɨɧɢɹ-Ⱥɧɯɚɥɶɬ.
1
Ǫ ȘȖșșȐȑșȒȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȍ – ȗȖȓțȧȔȈ.
2
Ǫ ȘȖșșȐȑșȒȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȍ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȍȚ ȖȚȟȈșȚȐ ȗȘȐȒȖȗȒȍ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȍ
ȘȈȏȘȍȏȣ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȔȖȘȜȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȕȍȗȖȓȕȖȍ.
ɉɊȿȼɕɒȿɇɂȿ
ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɞ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɦɨɪɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɟɟ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɨ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɤɚɪɬ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɦɟɪɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɟɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (GPS) ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨ.
ɉɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɬɪɚɯ (1 ɮɭɬ = 0,3048 ɦ).
ɇɍɆȿɊȺɐɂə ɅɂɋɌɈȼ ɄȺɊɌɕ ɂ ɄɈɈɊȾɂɇȺɌɇȺə ɋȿɌɄȺ

ɉɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɬ, ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ 1:25,000 ɢɥɢ
1:50,000, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ: TK50 L4536
Halle (Saale) = Ɍɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɚ 1:50,000 ɇɨɦɟɪ L4536 ɏɚɥɥɟ.
Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɢ
Ɇɟɪɤɚɬɨɪɚ (UTM) ɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɫ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ. ɒɢɪɨɬɚ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɬɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ (ɜ
ɝɪɚɞɭɫɚɯ, ɦɢɧɭɬɚɯ, ɫɟɤɭɧɞɚɯ ɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɵ); ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ GPS. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ: H: 56.95.250 ɢɥɢ
ɲɢɪɨɬɚ: 51°23'30,84'' ɋɒ; R: 44.91.600 ɢɥɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɬɚ: 11°52'40,16'' ɁȾ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɭɥɟɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɝɨɬɭ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɪɢɞɢɚɧ Ɇɨɧɬɟ Ɇɚɪɢɨ ɜ Ɋɢɦɟ ɤɚɤ
ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɫ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɦ ɦɟɪɢɞɢɚɧɨɦ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ Ƚɪɢɧɜɢɱɚ.
7
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜɢɞ ɢ
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ,
ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ,
ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɬ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɢɩɚ
ɡɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ.
ȺɌɆɈɋɎȿɊɇɕɃ ɄɅɂɆȺɌ ɂ ɉɈȽɈȾɇɕȿ ɍɋɅɈȼɂə

Ʉɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ – ɷɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ
ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ
ɦɟɫɹɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ (ɜ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɚɯ ɐɟɥɶɫɢɹ) ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɟɠɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ (ɜ ɦɢɥɥɢɦɟɬɪɚɯ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɣ
ɦɟɬɟɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ.
ɉɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ (ɜ ɞɧɹɯ) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɛɵɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɚ. ȼɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
(ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚɞ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ) ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ 5° C (FAO, 1978).
Ɍɟɤɭɳɢɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ
ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɜ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 2.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ǶȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȋȖȌȕȣȝ țșȓȖȊȐȑ
ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ǺȍȒțȡȐȍ ȗȖȋȖȌȕȣȍ țșȓȖȊȐȧ (Schoeneberger et al., 2002)
ɩɨɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ SU ȟȜșțȓȥțȜ/ȭȟțȜ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ PC ȝȓȞȓȚȓțțȎȭ ȜȏșȎȥțȜȟȠȪ
OV ȝȎȟȚȡȞțȜ
ɜ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɦ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ (Ɍɚɛɥ. 2). RA ȒȜȔȒȪ
SL ȚȜȘȞȩȗ ȟțȓȑ
ɉɈɑȼȿɇɇɕɃ ɄɅɂɆȺɌ SN ȟțȓȑ
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ǽȞȓȒȦȓȟȠȐȡȬȧȖȓ ȝȜȑȜȒțȩȓ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭ (Ad-hoc-AG-Boden,
2005)
ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
WC 1 țȓ ȏȩșȜ ȒȜȔȒȓȗ Ȑ ȝȞȜȦșȜȚ ȚȓȟȭȤȓ
ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. Ɇɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ WC 2 țȓ ȏȩșȜ ȒȜȔȒȓȗ țȎ ȝȞȜȦșȜȗ țȓȒȓșȓ
ɭɤɚ-ɡɚɧɵ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟ- WC 3 țȓ ȏȩșȜ ȒȜȔȒȭ Ȑ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȓ 24 ȥȎȟȎ
ɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ WC 4 ȒȜȔȒșȖȐȎȭ ȏȓȕ ȟȖșȪțȩȣ ȒȜȔȒȓȗ Ȑ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȓ 24
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Ʉɥɸɱɚɦɢ ɤ ȥȎȟȎ
WC 5 ȜȥȓțȪ ȒȜȔȒșȖȐȎȭ Ȑ ȠȓȥȓțȖȓ țȓȟȘȜșȪȘȖȣ Ȓțȓȗ ȖșȖ
ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɋɒȺ (Soil
ȒȜȔȒȪ Ȑ ȝȜȟșȓȒțȖȓ 24 ȥȎȟȎ
Survey Staff, 2003) (Ɍɚɛɥ. 3; WC 6 ȥȞȓȕȐȩȥȎȗțȜ ȒȜȔȒșȖȐȎȭ ȖșȖ ȠȎȭțȖȓ ȟțȓȑȎ
ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ 1 ɢ 2). ǽȞȖȚȓȥȎțȖȓ: ǻȎȝȞȖȚȓȞ: SU, 25°C; WC 2 (= ȟȜșțȓȥțȜ,
ȠȓȚȝȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ 25°ǿ, țȓ ȏȩșȜ ȒȜȔȒȓȗ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȑ
ȕȍȌȍȓȍ)
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 3
ǶȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ ȚȍȔȗȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȊȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȘȍȎȐȔȖȊ ȗȖȟȊȣ
ǺȍȔȗȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȍ ȘȍȎȐȔȣ ȗȖȟȊȣ ǪȖȌȕȣȍ ȘȍȎȐȔȣ ȗȖȟȊȣ
PG = ǷȍȘȋȍȓȐȒȖȊȣȑ AQ = ǨȒȊȐȒȖȊȣȑ PQ =ǷȍȘȈȒȊȐȒȖȊȣȑ
CR = ǲȘȈȑȐȒȖȊȣȑ DU = ǻȌȐȒȖȊȣȑ PU = ǷȍȘțȌȐȒȖȊȣȑ
FR = ǼȘȐȌȎȐȒȖȊȣȑ IF = ǰȏȖȜȘȐȌȎȐȒȖȊȣȑ US = ǻșȚȐȒȖȊȣȑ
ME = ǴȍȏȐȒȖȊȣȑ IM = ǰȏȖȔȍȏȐȒȖȊȣȑ XE = ǲșȍȘȐȒȖȊȣȑ
TH = ǺȍȘȔȐȒȖȊȣȑ IT = ǰȏȖȚȍȘȔȐȒȖȊȣȑ AR = ǨȘȐȌȐȒȖȊȣȑ TO = ǺȖȘȘȐȒȖȊȣȑ
HT = ǫȐȗȍȘȚȍȘȔȐȒȖȊȣȑ IH = ǰȏȖȋȐȗȍȘȚȍȘȔȐȒȖȊȣȑ
ȿɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ

ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɣ ɧɟ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ, ɪɟɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɚɝɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ — ɷɬɨ ɬɢɩ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ
ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɚɝɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ

9 Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ <0 ° C (ɩɟɪɝɟɥɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɨɱɜɵ) ĺ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɤɪɚɣɢɤ ɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ƚɟɥɢɤ.
ɎɈɊɆɕ ɂ ɗɅȿɆȿɇɌɕ ɊȿɅɖȿɎȺ

Ɏɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ.
Ɍɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɯ:
¾ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɚɹɫɹ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɭ;
¾ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ ɜ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɟ;
¾ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ;
¾ ɭɝɨɥ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ

Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɢɯ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɢɡ ɢɯ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚ ɢɯ ɧɚɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɺɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (Ɍɚɛɥ. 4).
ɉɟɪɟɫɟɱɺɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ – ɷɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ
ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,
ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɺɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɧɚ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪ. ȼ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ
ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 25 ɦ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ (ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ,
ɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɡɨɪɟɥɶɟɮ), ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɪɪɚɫ, ɝɞɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɧɚ 10 ɦ. ɇɚ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ
ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɵ
ɩɨɞ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ, ɫɦɵɬɵɦɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ (Ɍɚɛɥ. 5). ɗɬɢ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɥɹ
ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɦɟɠɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɢɧ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3 9
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 4
ǰȍȘȈȘȝȐȧ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ ȜȖȘȔ ȘȍȓȤȍȜȈ
1ȑ țȘȖȊȍȕȤ 2ȑ țȘȖȊȍȕȤ ǹȒȓȖȕ ǷȍȘȍșȍȟȨȕȕȖșȚȤ ǷȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ
ȘȍȓȤȍȜȈ ȋțșȚȖȚȈ
(%) (Ȕ ȒȔ-1) ȌȘȍȕȈȎȕȖȑ șȍȚȐ
L ȘȈȊȕȐȕȣ LP ȘȈȊȕȐȕȈ <10 <50 0-25
LL ȗȓȈȚȖ <10 <50 0-25
LD ȌȍȗȘȍșșȐȧ <10 <50 16-25
LV ȌȕȖ ȌȖȓȐȕȣ <10 <50 6-15
S șȒȓȖȕȣ SE ȖȚȒȖș șȘȍȌȕȍȑ ȒȘțȚȐȏȕȣ 10-30 50-100 <6
SH ȝȖȓȔ șȘȍȌȕȍȑ ȒȘțȚȐȏȕȣ 10-30 100-150 0-15
SM ȋȖȘȈ șȘȍȌȕȍȑ ȒȘțȚȐȏȕȣ 10-30 150-300 0-15
SP ȘȈșȟȓȍȕȨȕȕȈȧ ȘȈȊȕȐȕȈ 10-30 50-100 0-15
SV ȕȈȒȓȖȕȕȈȧ ȌȖȓȐȕȈ 10-30 100-150 6-15
T ȒȘțȚȣȍ șȒȓȖȕȣ TE ȒȘțȚȖȑ ȖȚȒȖș >30 150-300 <6
TH ȒȘțȚȖȑ șȒȓȖȕ ȝȖȓȔȈ >30 150-300 0-15
TM ȒȘțȚȖȑ ȋȖȘȕȣȑ șȒȓȖȕ >30 >300 0-15
TV ȒȘțȚȈȧ ȕȈȒȓȖȕȕȈȧ ȌȖȓȐȕȈ >30 >150 6-15
ǷȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȧ:
ǰȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȣ ȕȈ ȊșȚȘȍȟȍ SOTER Ȋ ǰșȗȘȍ Ȋ ȖȒȚȧȉȘȍ 2004 ȋ. ǷȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȋțșȚȖȚȈ
ȌȘȍȕȈȎȕȖȑ șȍȚȐ ȌȈȨȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȟȐșȓȖ «ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȝ» ȗȐȒșȍȓȍȑ Ȋ ȖȒȕȍ 10ȝ10 ȗȐȒșȍȓȍȑ.
ǰșȚȖȟȕȐȒ: ȖȉȕȖȊȓȨȕȕȣȑ SOTER, ISRIC, 2005.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 5
ǷȖȌȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ Ȍȓȧ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȜȖȘȔ ȘȍȓȤȍȜȈ
CU = ȒțȥșȚȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȕȣȑ DO = ȒțȗȖȓȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȑ
RI = șȒȓȈȌȟȈȚȣȑ TE = ȚȍȘȘȈșȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ
IN = ȗȖȒȘȣȚȣȑ ȐȕșȍȓȉȍȘȋȈȔȐ (ȗȖȒȘȣȚȐȍ >1% ȘȈȊȕȐȕȣ) DU = ȌȦȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȑ
IM = ș ȔȍȎȋȖȘȕȣȔȐ ȒȖȚȓȖȊȐȕȈȔȐ (ȏȈȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȔȐ >15%) KA = șȐȓȤȕȖ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȑ ȒȈȘșȚ
WE = ș ȏȈȉȖȓȖȟȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȏȍȔȓȧȔȐ (ȏȈȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȔȐ >15%)
ǰșȚȖȟȕȐȒ: ȖȉȕȖȊȓȨȕȕȣȑ SOTER, ISRIC, 2005.
ǸǰǹǻǵǶǲ 2
ǷȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ șȒȓȖȕȍ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍșȍȟȨȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȋȖȘȕȣȝ ȘȈȑȖȕȈȝ
ǸțșȓȖ
ǨȓȓȦȊȐȑ
ǷȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȧ:
ǷȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍșȍȟȨȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȋȖȘȕȣȝ ǷȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȗȓȖșȒȐȝ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȗȓȖșȒȐȝ
ȘȈȑȖȕȈȝ ȘȈȑȖȕȈȝ
CR = ȋȘȍȉȍȕȤ (ȊȍȘȠȐȕȈ) HI = ȗȘȐȗȖȌȕȧȚȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ (ȗȖȊȣȠȍȕȐȍ)
UP = ȊȍȘȝȕȧȧ ȟȈșȚȤ șȒȓȖȕȈ (ȉȘȖȊȒȈ) IN = șȘȍȌȕȧȧ ȟȈșȚȤ (ȊȣȘȖȊȕȍȕȕȣȑ țȟȈșȚȖȒ)
MS = șȘȍȌȕȧȧ ȟȈșȚȤ șȒȓȖȕȈ (ȖȚȒȖș) LO = ȗȖȕȐȎȍȕȕȣȑ țȟȈșȚȖȒ (țȋȓțȉȓȍȕȐȍ)
LS = ȕȐȎȕȧȧ ȟȈșȚȤ șȒȓȖȕȈ (ȗȖȌȕȖȎȐȍ) BO = ȌȕȐȡȍ (ȌȘȍȕȈȎȕȈȧ ȓȐȕȐȧ)
TS = ȗȖȌȖȠȊȈ șȒȓȖȕȈ
BO = ȌȕȐȡȍ (ȘȈȊȕȐȕȈ)
ǰșȚȖȟȕȐȒ: șȒȖȗȐȘȖȊȈȕȖ Ȑȏ Schoeneberger et al., 2002.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 6 ǷȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȖ ȘȍȓȤȍȜț

ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȜȖȘȔ șȒȓȖȕȈ ǷȘȐ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ
S ȗȘȧȔȖȑ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤșȧ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ
ǹ ȊȖȋȕțȚȣȑ ȔȍșȚȈ ȏȈȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȘȈȏȘȍȏȈ ȕȈ
V ȊȣȗțȒȓȣȑ ȔȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ. ǷȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ
Ǻ ȚȍȘȘȈșȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȊȓȐȧȍȚ ȕȈ ȋȐȌȘȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ
X șȖ șȓȖȎȕȣȔ ȘȍȓȤȍȜȖȔ (ȈșȚȘțȒȚțȘȕȣȍ) țșȓȖȊȐȧ țȟȈșȚȒȈ (ȕȈ
ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȕȣȑ ȌȘȍȕȈȎ Ȑ
ǸǰǹǻǵǶǲ 3 ȗȖȌȏȍȔȕȣȑ șȚȖȒ), ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ
ǼȖȘȔȣ șȒȓȖȕȖȊ Ȑ ȗțȚȐ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȣ ȒȈȒ
ȊȓȈȋȐ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȈȒȒțȔțȓȐ-
ȘțȦȡȐȍ ȊȓȈȋț, ȚȍȘȧȦȡȐȍ
ȊȓȈȋț, ȓȐȉȖ ȒȈȒ ȕȍ
ȖȚȕȖșȧȡȐȍșȧ ȕȐ Ȓ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ
țȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȝ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȑ.
ǼȖȘȔȈ șȒȓȖȕȈ
ǶșȕȖȊȕȈȧ ȜȖȘȔȈ șȒȓȖȕȈ
ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȟȍȘȚȈȕȐȧȔȐ
șȒȓȖȕȈ Ȋ ȊȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȤȕȖȔ Ȑ
ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȕȈȗȘȈȊ-
ȓȍȕȐȧȝ (ǸȐș. 3). Ǫ ȚȈȉȓȐȞȍ 6
țȒȈȏȈȕȣ ȒȓȈșșȣ ȜȖȘȔȣ
șȒȓȖȕȖȊ.
ǲȘțȚȐȏȕȈ Ȑ ȥȒșȗȖȏȐȞȐȧ
ǰșȚȖȟȕȐȒ: șȒȖȗȐȘȖȊȈȕȖ Ȑȏ Schoeneberger et al., 2002.
șȒȓȖȕȈ
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 7 ǲȘțȚȐȏȕȈ șȒȓȖȕȈ
ǲȓȈșșȣ șȒȓȖȕȖȊ ȗȖ ȒȘțȚȐȏȕȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȍȓȧ țȟȈșȚȒȈ,
ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ
ǲȓȈșș ǶȗȐșȈȕȐȍ %
ȗȘȐȔȣȒȈȦȡȍȋȖ Ȓ ȔȍșȚț
01 ǷȓȖșȒȐȍ 0-0.2 ȏȈȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȘȈȏȘȍȏȈ. ǶȕȈ
02 ǸȖȊȕȣȍ 0.2-0.5 ȐȏȔȍȘȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ
03 ǷȖȟȚȐ ȘȖȊȕȣȍ 0.5-1.0 ȥȒȓȐȔȍȚȘȈ Ȋ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȒȘțȚȖȑ
04 ǶȟȍȕȤ ȗȖȓȖȋȐȍ 1.0-2.0 ȟȈșȚȐ șȒȓȖȕȈ. ǺȈȔ, ȋȌȍ
05 ǷȖȓȖȋȐȍ 2-5 ȐȏȔȍȘȍȕȐȧ ș ȗȖȔȖȡȤȦ
06 ǵȈȒȓȖȕȕȣȍ 5-10 ȥȒȓȐȔȍȚȘȈ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣ,
07 ǹȐȓȤȕȖ ȕȈȒȓȖȕȕȣȍ 10-15 ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ
08 ǻȔȍȘȍȕȕȖ ȒȘțȚȣȍ 15-30 ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɬ ɫ
09 ǲȘțȚȣȍ 30-60
ɢɡɨɝɢɩɫɚɦɢ.
10 ǶȟȍȕȤ ȒȘțȚȣȍ >60
ɇɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɪɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɚɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ. ɇɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɚɯ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɭɤɥɨɧɚ ɜ 0,2%, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɚ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ
ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɭɤɥɨɧɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɢ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɚ.
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɭɤɥɨɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ. ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ
— ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɜɬɨɪɨɟ — ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɵ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ; ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3 11
ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ (Ɍɚɛɥ. 7).

ȼ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟɣ 7, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɞ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ) ɢ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ
(ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ). ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ
ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɲɢɪɨɬɚɯ.
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɨɧ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: N –
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ, E — ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤ, S — ɧɚ ɸɝ ɢ W — ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ; ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, SSW
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɸɝɨ-ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞ.
ɁȿɆɅȿɉɈɅɖɁɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɂ ɊȺɋɌɂɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɖ
Ɂɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ɂɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ.
Ɂɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɟɝɨ ɭɱɺɬ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ (Ɍɚɛɥ. 8).
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɥɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ (ɫɦ. ɧɢɠɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɩɪɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɫɸ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɸ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɚɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɦ.
ɋɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ
ɋɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ – ɷɬɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɞɢ ɢɯ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɫɟɜɚɯ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɜɚɠɧɚ,
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɟɺ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɫɟɜɨɜ ɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɢɥɢ
ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 9.
Ⱥɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ
ɧɚ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɗɪɨɡɢɹ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ Ƚɥɚɜɟ 4. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɨ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 10.

9 ɋɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ĺ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɗɫɤɚɥɢɤ.
9 ɇɚɫɵɩɧɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɹɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ĺ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɩɥɚɝɝɢɤ ɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɤ.
9 ȼɫɩɚɲɤɚ ĺ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɚɧɬɪɚɤɜɢɤ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɢɤ ɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ⱥɪɢɤ.
9 ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɩɚɯɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ĺ Ɏɥɸɜɢɫɨɥɢ,
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɺɦɵ ɢ Ʉɚɦɛɢɫɨɥɢ.
9 Ɉɫɨɛɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɚɯɨɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ĺ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɚɪɞɠɢɤ ɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɤ.
9 ɇɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɚɯɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ĺ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɤɚɦɛɢɤ.

9 ɉɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɥɨɺɜ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɤɨɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ĺ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɚɧɬɪɢɤ.
9 ɋɥɟɞɵ ɥɨɩɚɬɵ ĺ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɩɥɚɝɝɢɤ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 8
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȏȍȔȓȍȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ
A = ǪȖȏȌȍȓȣȊȈȕȐȍ șȍȓȤșȒȖȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȒțȓȤȚțȘ
AA ǶȌȕȖȓȍȚȕȐȍ ș.-ȝ. ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ
ǷȍȘȍȓȖȎȕȈȧ șȐșȚȍȔȈ
AA1
ȏȍȔȓȍȌȍȓȐȧ
AA2 ǷȈȘȖȊȈȧ șȐșȚȍȔȈ ȏȍȔȓȍȌȍȓȐȧ
ǺȘȈȊȖȗȖȓȤȕȈȧ șȐșȚȍȔȈ
AA3
ȏȍȔȓȍȌȍȓȐȧ
AA4 ǩȖȋȈȘȕȖȍ ȏȍȔȓȍȌȍȓȐȍ
AA5 ǯȈȓȐȊȕȖȍ ȘȐșȖȊȖȍ ȏȍȔȓȍȌȍȓȐȍ
AA6 ǶȘȖȠȈȍȔȖȍ ȏȍȔȓȍȌȍȓȐȍ
AP ǴȕȖȋȖȓȍȚȕȐȍ ș.-ȝ. ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ
AP1 ǵȍȖȘȖȠȈȍȔȖȍ ȏȍȔȓȍȌȍȓȐȍ
AP2 ǶȘȖȠȈȍȔȖȍ ȏȍȔȓȍȌȍȓȐȍ
ǬȘȍȊȍșȕȣȍ Ȑ ȒțșȚȈȘȕȐȒȖȊȣȍ
AT
ȕȈșȈȎȌȍȕȐȧ
ǵȍȖȘȖȠȈȍȔȣȍ ȌȘȍȊȍșȕȣȍ
AT1
ǶȘȖȠȈȍȔȣȍ ȌȘȍȊȍșȕȣȍ
AT2
ǵȍȖȘȖȠȈȍȔȣȍ ȒțșȚȈȘȕȐȒȖȊȣȍ
AT3
ǶȘȖȠȈȍȔȣȍ ȒțșȚȈȘȕȐȒȖȊȣȍ
AT4
ǴȖȎȕȖ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ Ȍȓȧ țȚȖȟȕȍȕȐȧ ȚȐȗȈ
ȏȍȔȓȍȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ. ǵȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ:
AA4 ǩȖȋȈȘȕȖȍ ȏȍȔȓȍȌȍȓȐȍ
AA4T ǺȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȖȍ
AA4I ǻȓțȟȠȍȕȕȖȍ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȖȍ
ǴȍȝȈȕȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ
AA4M
ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȖȍ
AA4C ǲȖȔȔȍȘȟȍșȒȖȍ
AA4U ǩȍȏ țȚȖȟȕȍȕȐȧ
M = ǹȔȍȠȈȕȕȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȏȍȔȓȍȌȍȓȐȧ
MF ǨȋȘȖȓȍșȕȣȍ
MP ǨȋȘȖȗȈșȚȉȐȡȕȣȍ
H = ǮȐȊȖȚȕȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖ
HE ȅȒșȚȍȕșȐȊȕȖȍ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖ
HE1 ǲȖȟȍȊȖȍ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3 13
HE2 ǷȖȓțȒȖȟȍȊȖȍ
HE3 ǶșȍȌȓȖȍ
ǰȕȚȍȕșȐȊȕȖȍ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖ
HI1 ǴȧșȕȖȍ
HI2 ǴȖȓȖȟȕȖȍ
F = ǳȍșȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖ
FN ǭșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȓȍșȕȣȍ ȔȈșșȐȊȣ
FN1 ǪȣȉȖȘȖȟȕȣȍ ȘțȉȒȐ
FN2 ǹȗȓȖȠȕȣȍ ȘțȉȒȐ
FP ǰșȒțșșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȓȍșȕȣȍ ȔȈșșȐȊȣ
P = ǷȘȐȘȖȌȖȖȝȘȈȕȕȣȍ ȚȍȘȘȐȚȖȘȐȐ
ǶșȖȉȖ ȖȝȘȈȕȧȍȔȣȍ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȕȣȍ
PN
ȚȍȘȘȐȚȖȘȐȐ
PN1 ǯȈȗȖȊȍȌȕȐȒȐ
PN2 ǷȈȘȒȐ
PN3 ǯȈȒȈȏȕȐȒȐ
ǶȉȢȍȒȚȣ ȘȍȒțȓȤȚȐȊȈȞȐȐ,
PD
ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȥȒȖșȐșȚȍȔ
ǩȍȏ ȘȍȒțȓȤȚȐȊȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ
PD1
ȔȍȘȖȗȘȐȧȚȐȑ
ǹ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍȔ
PD2 ȘȍȒțȓȤȚȐȊȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ
ȔȍȘȖȗȘȐȧȚȐȑ
S = ǵȈșȍȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȗțȕȒȚȣ, ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ
SR ǮȐȓȣȍ ȚȍȘȘȐȚȖȘȐȐ
SI ǷȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȚȍȘȘȐȚȖȘȐȐ
ST ǺȘȈȕșȗȖȘȚȕȣȍ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȣ
SC ǸȍȒȘȍȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȍ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȣ
SX ǶȚȊȈȓȣ Ȑ ȒȈȘȤȍȘȣ
SD ǹȊȈȓȒȐ
Y = ǪȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȣ
O = ǶșȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȚȐȗȣ ȏȍȔȓȍȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ
U = ǵȍ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚșȧ, ȕȍ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȐȘțȍȚșȧ
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 9
ǶȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ Ȍȓȧ șȍȓȤșȒȖȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȒțȓȤȚțȘ
Ce = ǯȍȘȕȖȊȣȍ Fo = ǲȖȘȔȖȊȣȍ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ Fi = ǺȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȐȍ
ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ
CeBa = ȇȟȔȍȕȤ FoAl = ǳȦȞȍȘȕȈ FiCo = ǽȓȖȗȖȒ
CeMa = ǲțȒțȘțȏȈ FoCl = ǲȓȍȊȍȘ FiJu = ǬȎțȚ
CeMi = ǷȘȖșȖ FoGr = ǯȓȈȒȖȊȣȍ Ve = ǶȊȖȡȕȣȍ
ȚȘȈȊȣ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ
CeOa = ǶȊȍș FoHa = ǸȈȏȕȖȚȘȈȊȤȍ Pu = ǩȖȉȖȊȣȍ
ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ
CePa = ǸȐș, ȗȖ ȟȍȒȈȔ FoLe = ǩȖȉȖȊȣȍ PuBe = ǩȖȉȣ
CeRi = ǸȐș, ȕȈ șțȝȐȝ FoMa = ǲțȒțȘțȏȈ PuLe = ǿȍȟȍȊȐȞȈ
ȗȖȓȧȝ
CeRy = ǸȖȎȤ FoPu = ǺȣȒȊȈ PuPe = ǫȖȘȖȝ
CeSo = ǹȖȘȋȖ Ro = ǲȖȘȕȍȊȐȡȕȣȍ Ȑ Lu = ǬȖȘȖȋȖșȚȖȧȡȐȍ
ȒȓțȉȕȍȊȣȍ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ Ȑ ȚȈȉȈȒ
CeWh = ǷȠȍȕȐȞȈ RoCa = ǴȈȕȐȖȒȈ LuCc ǲȈȒȈȖ
Oi = ǴȈșȓȐȟȕȣȍ RoPo = ǲȈȘȚȖȜȍȓȤ LuCo ǲȖȜȍ
ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ
OiCc = ǲȖȒȖș RoSu = ǹȈȝȈȘȕȈȧ LuTe ǿȈȑ
șȊȍȒȓȈ
OiGr = ǨȘȈȝȐș RoYa = ȇȔș LuTo ǺȈȉȈȒ
PiLi = ǳȍȕ Fr = ǼȘțȒȚȖȊȣȍ Ȑ Ot = ǶșȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ
ȉȈȝȟȍȊȣȍ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ
OiOl = ǶȓȐȊȣ FrAp ȇȉȓȖȒȐ OtSc =ǹȈȝȈȘȕȣȑ
ȚȘȖșȚȕȐȒ
OiOp = ǴȈșȓȐȟȕȈȧ FrBa ǩȈȕȈȕȣ OtRu ǲȈțȟțȒ
ȗȈȓȤȔȈ
OiRa = ǸȈȗș FrCi ǾȐȚȘțșȖȊȣȍ OtPa ǷȈȓȤȔȣ
(ȊȖȓȖȒȕȈ,
ȗȓȖȌȣ)
OiSe = ǲțȕȎțȚ FrGr = ǪȐȕȖȋȘȈȌ
OiSo = ǹȖȧ FrMa = ǴȈȕȋȖ
OiSu = ǷȖȌșȖȓȕȍȟȕȐȒ FrMe = Ǭȣȕȧ
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 10
ǸȍȒȖȔȍȕȌțȍȔȣȍ ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ Ȍȓȧ ȈȕȚȘȖȗȖȋȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȧ
N = ǪȓȐȧȕȐȍ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ BU = ǵȈșȣȗȤ, ȌȈȔȉȈ ,ȊȈȓ
NK = ǵȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ BR = ǫȈȘȤ
VS = ǸȈșȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȈ șȓȈȉȖ TE = ǰșȒțșșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȚȍȘȘȈșȣ
VM = ǸȈșȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȈ Ȋ PL = ǸȈșȗȈȠȒȈ
șȘȍȌȕȍȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ
VE = ǸȈșȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȈ șȐȓȤȕȖ MP = ǷȓȈȋȋȍȕ (ȗȓȈȕȚȈȎȕȈȧ ȊșȗȈȠȒȈ)
VU = ǸȈșȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȈ (ȉȍȏ MR = ǵȈșȣȗȕȣȍ ȗȖȓȧ, ȖȋȖȘȖȌȣ (Ȍȓȧ
țȚȖȟȕȍȕȐȧ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȕȖșȚȐ) șȍȓȤșȒȖȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ)
IS = ǶȘȖȠȍȕȐȍ ȌȖȎȌȍȊȈȕȐȍȔ ME = ǵȈșȣȗȕȣȍ ȗȖȓȧ (Ȍȓȧ
ȐȕȎȍȕȍȘȕȣȝ, șȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȏȈȌȈȟ)
IF = ǶȘȖȠȍȕȐȍ ȗȖ ȉȖȘȖȏȌȈȔ MS = ǷȍșȒȖȊȈȕȐȍ
ID = ǲȈȗȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȖȘȖȠȍȕȐȍ MU = ǬȖȉȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ
ȋȘțȕȚȈ (ȉȍȏ țȚȖȟȕȍȕȐȧ)
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3 15
IP = ǳȐȔȈȕȕȖȍ ȖȘȖȠȍȕȐȍ, ȖȘȖȠȍȕȐȍ MO = ǬȖȉȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ

ȏȈȚȖȗȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȋȘțȕȚȈ (ȉȍȏ țȚȖȟȕȍȕȐȧ)
IB = ǶȘȖȠȍȕȐȍ ȕȈȗțșȒȖȔ ȗȖ ȗȖȓȖșȈȔ PO = ǯȈȋȘȧȏȕȍȕȐȍ
IU = ǶȘȖȠȍȕȐȍ (ȉȍȏ țȚȖȟȕȍȕȐȧ) CL = ǪȣȘțȉȒȐ Ȑ ȘȈșȟȐșȚȒȐ
AD = ǰșȒțșșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȌȘȍȕȈȎ SC = ǷȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȕȖȍ ȗȍȘȍțȗȓȖȚȕȍȕȐȍ
FE = ǷȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ țȌȖȉȘȍȕȐȑ SA = ǹȒȈȓȤȗȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȟȊȣ
LF = ǹȊȈȓȒȐ, Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ ȖȉțșȚȘȖȍȕȕȣȍ BP = ǲȈȘȤȍȘ
șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ șȈȕȐȚȈȘȕȣȔ ȕȖȘȔȈȔ
LV = ǷȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȒȐ DU = ǹȊȈȓȒȈ (ȉȍȏ țȚȖȟȕȍȕȐȧ)
AC = ǨȘȝȍȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȣ MI = ǶȚȒȘȣȚȣȍ ȋȖȘȕȣȍ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ, Ȋ
(ȒțȘȋȈȕȣ, ȔțșȖȘȕȣȍ ȧȔȣ ȌȘȍȊȕȐȝ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ ȒȈȘȤȍȘȣ Ȑ ȚȘȈȕȠȍȐ
ȗȖșȍȓȍȕȐȑ)
CR = ǻȌȈȘȕȣȑ ȒȘȈȚȍȘ, ȈșȚȘȖȉȓȍȔȈ
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 11
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȘȈșȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ
F = ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɵɣ ɥɟɫ1 D = ɉɨɥɭɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɥɟɫ
FE = ȼɟɱɧɨɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɥɟɫ DE = ȼɟɱɧɨɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ
ɩɨɥɭɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɥɟɫ
FC = ɏɜɨɣɧɵɣ ɥɟɫ DS = ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɣ (ɯɜɨɣɧɨ-
ɥɢɫɬɨɩɚɞɧɵɣ)
FS = ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɣ (ɯɜɨɣɧɨ-ɥɢɫɬɨɩɚɞɧɵɣ) ɥɟɫ DD = Ʌɢɫɬɨɩɚɞɧɵɣ
FD = Ʌɢɫɬɨɩɚɞɧɵɣ ɥɟɫ DX = Ʉɫɟɪɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ
FX = Ʉɫɟɪɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ ɥɟɫ DT = Ɍɭɧɞɪɚ
W = Ɋɟɞɤɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɣ ɥɟɫ2 H = Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ
WE = ȼɟɱɧɨɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɪɟɞɤɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɣ ɥɟɫ HT = ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ
WS = ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɣ (ɯɜɨɣɧɨ-ɥɢɫɬɨɩɚɞɧɵɣ) HM = ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɵɫɨɬɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɵɟ
ɪɟɞɤɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɣ ɥɟɫ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ
WD = Ʌɢɫɬɨɩɚɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɞɤɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɣ ɥɟɫ HS = ɇɢɡɤɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ
WX = Ʉɫɟɪɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ ɪɟɞɤɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɣ ɥɟɫ HF = ɇɟɡɥɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ
S = Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɥɟɫ M = ȼɟɪɯɨɜɨɟ ɛɨɥɨɬɨ
SE = ȼɟɱɧɨɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɥɟɫ B = ɇɢɡɢɧɧɨɟ ɛɨɥɨɬɨ
SS = ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɣ (ɯɜɨɣɧɨ-ɥɢɫɬɨɩɚɞɧɵɣ)
ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɥɟɫ
SD = Ʌɢɫɬɨɩɚɞɧɵɣ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɥɟɫ
SX = Ʉɫɟɪɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɥɟɫ
1
ɋɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɝ ɥɟɫɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɤɪɨɧɚɦɢ
ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɹɫɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦ
ɹɪɭɫɚɦ ɥɟɫɚ.
2
ɋɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɝ ɥɟɫɚ, ɤɪɨɧɵ ɧɟ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɨɤ.
Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɟ
ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɤ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ɍɢɩ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɘɇȿɋɄɈ (1973, ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ SOTER; ISRIC, 2005) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 11.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɤɚɤ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ.
ɉɈɑȼɈɈȻɊȺɁɍɘɓɂȿ ɉɈɊɈȾɕ
ɉɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ – ɷɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ
ɩɨɱɜɚ. ɉɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ
ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɚ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɜɚ: ɪɵɯɥɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
(ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ) ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɟɥɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɥ
ɩɟɪɟɨɬɥɨɠɟɧ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ (ɚɥɥɸɜɢɣ), ɥɢɛɨ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ (ɤɨɥɥɸɜɢɣ) 3. Ɍɚɤɠɟ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɫɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɤ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ. ɇɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ.
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɞɨɦ WE,
ɡɚɬɟɦ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ. Ȼɭɤɜɚɦɢ SA ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɫɚɩɪɨɥɢɬ, ɤ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɜɵɜɟɬɪɟɥɵɣ in situ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ
ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɫɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɞɧɨɬɢɩɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ, ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɟ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧɢ
ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɢɥɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɟ.
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ SOTER
(ISRIC, 2005) ɧɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ SOTER ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ
ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɤɚɪɬɚɦɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ 1:1 000 000, ɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɸ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɨɪɨɞ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɜ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ, ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɭ 12 ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ.

3 Ɉɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ (25-30 ɦɦ) ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1
ɱɚɫɚ; ɤɨɪɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɨɪɨɞɭ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɚɦ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ 10 ɫɦ ɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦ < 20% (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ); ɧɟɬ
ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɚɹɝɨɪɧɚɹɩɨɪɨɞɚ.
3 Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ.
3 ɇɟɞɚɜɧɢɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɝɪɭɩɩ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɇɨɜɢɤ.
3
Ǫ ȘȖșșȐȑșȒȖȑ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȈȚȤ ȖȚȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȣȝ ȊȖȌȕȣȝ ȗȖȚȖȒȖȊ (ȈȓȓȦȊȐȑ)
ȖȚ ȖȚȓȖȎȍȕȐȑ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȖȌȕȣȝ ȗȖȚȖȒȖȊ (ȗȘȖȓȦȊȐȑ) Ȑ ȖȚȓȖȎȍȕȐȑ, ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȊȠȐȝșȧ Ȋ
ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȕȖȋȖ șȔȣȊȈ ȉȍȏ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȖȚȖȒȖȊ (ȌȍȓȦȊȐȑ), ȟȚȖ
ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȊȈȎȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ, ȗȍȘȍȖȚȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȈ ȒȖȘȖȚȒȐȝ ȘȈșșȚȖȧȕȐȧȝ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3 17
3 Ɉɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɤɨɥɥɸɜɢɤ.

3 Ⱥɥɥɨɯɬɨɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɪɮ, ɫɚɩɪɨɩɟɥɶ, ɞɢɚɬɨɦɢɬ, ɦɟɪɝɟɥɶ, ɝɢɬɬɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɥɢɦɧɢɤ.
3 ɗɤɫɤɪɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɬɢɰ ɨɪɧɢɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɣɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ.
3 Ɉɪɝɚɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ 75% ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɦɯɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɤ
ɝɪɭɩɩɟ Ƚɢɫɬɨɫɨɥɟɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛóɥɶɲɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
3 ȼɟɪɯɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɪɮ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɨɠɞɟɜɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɨɣ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ
Ɉɦɛɪɢɤ.
3 ɇɢɡɢɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɪɮ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɨɣ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ɋɟɣɢɤ.
ɌȺȻɅɂɐȺ 12
ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ǲȓȈșș ǫȘțȗȗȈ ǺȐȗ
I ǴȈȋȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ IA ȒȐșȓȣȍ ȔȈȋȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ IA1 ȌȐȖȘȐȚ
ȗȖȘȖȌȣ
IA2 ȋȘȈȕȖȌȐȖȘȐȚ
IA3 ȒȊȈȘȞȍȊȣȑ ȌȐȖȘȐȚ
IA4 ȘȐȖȓȐȚ (ȓȐȗȈȘȐȚ)
II șȘȍȌȕȐȍ ȔȈȋȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ II1 ȈȕȌȍȏȐȚ, ȚȘȈȝȐȚ,
ȜȖȕȖȓȐȚ
II2 șȐȍȕȐȚ
IB ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȍ ȔȈȋȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ IB1 ȋȈȉȉȘȖ
IB2 ȉȈȏȈȓȤȚ
IB3 ȌȖȓȍȘȐȚ
IU țȓȤȚȘȈȖșȕȖȊȕȣȍ IU1 ȗȍȘȐȌȖȚȐȚ
ȔȈȋȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ
IU2 ȗȐȘȖȒșȍȕȐȚ
IU3 ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȣ ȗȖșȚȔȈȋȔȈ-
ȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ
țȓȤȚȘȈȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ ȗȖȘȖȌ:
șȍȘȗȍȕȚȐȕ, ȎȍȓȍȏȕȈȧ
ȘțȌȈ
IP ȗȐȘȖȒȓȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ IP1 ȚțȜ, ȚțȜȜȐȚ
IP2 ȊțȓȒȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐȑ
ȠȓȈȒ/ȉȘȍȒȟȐȧ
IP3 ȊțȓȒȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȍȗȍȓ
IP4 ȐȋȕȐȔȉȘȐȚ
M ǴȍȚȈȔȖȘȜȐȟȍș-ȒȐȍ MA ȒȐșȓȣȍ ȔȍȚȈȔȖȘȜȐȟȍșȒȐȍ MA1 ȒȊȈȘȞȐȚ
ȗȖȘȖȌȣ MA2 ȋȕȍȑș, ȔȐȋȔȈȚȐȚ
MA3 șȓȈȕȍȞ, ȜȐȓȓȐȚ
MA4 ȒȘȐșȚȈȓȓȐȟȍșȒȐȑ șȓȈȕȍȞ
MB ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȍ MB1 șȓȈȕȍȞ, ȜȐȓȓȐȚ
ȔȍȚȈȔȖȘȜȐȟȍșȒȐȍ
MB2 (ȏȍȓȨȕȣȑ) șȓȈȕȍȞ
MB3 ȋȕȍȑșȣ ȉȖȋȈȚȣȍ Fe-Mn
ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȈȔȐ
MB4 ȔȍȚȈȔȖȘȜȐȟȍșȒȐȑ
ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȧȒ (ȔȘȈȔȖȘ)
MB5 ȈȔȜȐȉȖȓȐȚ
MB6 ȥȒȓȖȋȐȚ
MU țȓȤȚȘȈȖșȕȖȊȕȣȍ MU1 șȍȘȗȍȕȚȐȕȐȚ, ȏȍȓȨȕȣȍ
ȔȍȚȈȔȖȘȜȐȟȍșȒȐȍ șȓȈȕȞȣ
S ǶșȈȌȖȟȕȣȍ ȗȖȘȖȌȣ SC ȒȓȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȖȚȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ SC1 ȒȖȕȋȓȖȔȍȘȈȚ, ȉȘȍȒȟȐȧ
(șȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖ- SC2 ȗȍșȟȈȕȐȒ, ȋȘȈțȊȈȒȒȈ,

ȊȈȕȕȣȍ) ȈȘȒȖȏ
SC3 ȈȓȍȊȘȐȚ, ȈȘȋȐȓȓȐȚ
SC4 ȋȓȐȕȐșȚȣȑ șȓȈȕȍȞ
SC5 ȎȍȓȍȏȕȈȧ ȘțȌȈ
SO ȒȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȕȣȍ, SO1 ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȧȒ, ȌȘțȋȐȍ
ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȒȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȕȣȍ ȗȖȘȖȌȣ
SO2 ȔȍȘȋȍȓȤ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ
șȔȍȠȈȕȕȣȍ ȖșȈȌȖȟȕȣȍ
ȗȖȘȖȌȣ
SO3 țȋȓȐ, ȉȐȚțȔȣ Ȑ
ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȍ ȗȖȘȖȌȣ
SE ȥȊȈȗȖȘȐȚȣ SE1 ȈȕȋȐȌȘȐȚ, ȋȐȗș
SE2 ȋȈȓȐȚ
U ǶșȈȌȖȟȕȣȍ ȗȖȘȖȌȣ UR ȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȣ UR1 ȉȖȒșȐȚ, ȓȈȚȍȘȐȚ
(ȕȍșȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖ- ȊȣȊȍȚȘȐȊȈȕȐȧ
ȊȈȕȕȣȍ) UF ȈȓȓȦȊȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ UF1 ȗȍșȖȒ, ȋȘȈȊȐȑ
UF2 ȋȓȐȕȈ, Ȑȓ, șțȋȓȐȕȖȒ
UL ȖȏȍȘȕȣȍ UL1 ȗȍșȖȒ
UL2 Ȑȓ, ȋȓȐȕȈ
UM ȔȖȘșȒȐȍ, ȌȍȓȤȚȖȊȣȍ UM1 ȗȍșȖȒ
UM2 Ȑȓ, ȋȓȐȕȈ
UC ȒȖȓȓȦȊȐȑ UC1 șȒȓȖȕȖȊȣȍ ȖȚȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ
UC2 ȓȈȝȈȘ (ȋȘȧȏȍȊȣȍ
ȖȚȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ)
UE ȥȖȓȖȊȣȍ UE1 ȓȍșș
UE2 ȗȍșȖȒ
UG ȓȍȌȕȐȒȖȊȣȍ UG1 ȔȖȘȍȕȈ
UG2 ȜȓȦȊȐȖȋȓȧȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ
ȗȍșȒȐ
UG3 ȜȓȦȊȐȖȋȓȧȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ
ȋȈȓȍȟȕȐȒȐ
UK *ȒȘȐȖȋȍȕȕȣȍ UK1 ȗȍȘȐȋȓȧȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ
ȖȉȓȖȔȖȟȕȣȍ ȗȖȘȖȌȣ
UK2 ȗȍȘȐȋȓȧȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȑ
șȖȓȐȜȓȦȒȞȐȖȕȕȣȑ șȓȖȑ
UO ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐȍ UO1 ȊȍȘȝȖȊȖȑ ȚȖȘȜ
UO2 ȕȐȏȐȕȕȣȑ ȚȖȘȜ
UA ȈȕȚȘȖȗȖȋȍȕȕȣȍ/ UA1 ȗȍȘȍȔȍȡȍȕȕȣȍ
ȚȍȝȕȖȋȍȕȕȣȍ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ
UA2 ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȖȚȝȖȌȣ
/ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȑ șȓȖȑ
UU *ȖȚȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȉȍȏ UU1 ȋȓȐȕȈ
țȚȖȟȕȍȕȐȧ ȋȍȕȍȏȐșȈ UU2 șțȋȓȐȕȖȒ, Ȑȓ
UU3 ȗȍșȖȒ
UU4 ȋȘȈȊȍȓȐșȚȣȑ ȗȍșȖȒ
UU5 ȋȘȈȊȐȑ, ȡȍȉȍȕȤ
* Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ SOTER; ISRIC, 2005.
ɇɚɧɨɫɵ (ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ/ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ), ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
¾ d…= ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ,
¾ s…= ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɺɧɧɵɟ.
ȼ ɑɚɫɬɢ 4 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ.

Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3 19
ȼɈɁɊȺɋɌ ɉɈȼȿɊɏɇɈɋɌɂ
ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɱɜ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢɡ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɟɥɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢɥɢ
ɜ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɯɬɨɧɧɨɝɨ, ɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɷɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɬɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɚɠɟ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 13 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɌȺȻɅɂɐȺ 13
ǻșȓȖȊȕȣȍ ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ.
vYn ǶȟȍȕȤ ȔȖȓȖȌȈȧ (1-10 ȓȍȚ) ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ: șȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȈ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȥȘȖȏȐȐ ȐȓȐ
ȖȚȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, Ȋ ȗȘȐȓȐȊȕȖ-ȖȚȓȐȊȕȖȑ ȏȖȕȍ, ȗȘȐȉȘȍȎȕȣȝ ȌȦȕȈȝ,
Șȍȟȕȣȝ ȌȖȓȐȕȈȝ, ȖȗȖȓȏȕȧȝ ȐȓȐ ȗțșȚȣȕȕȣȝ ȚȍȘȘȐȚȖȘȐȧȝ.
vYa ǶȟȍȕȤ ȔȖȓȖȌȈȧ (1-10 ȓȍȚ) ȈȕȚȘȖȗȖȋȍȕȕȈȧ: șȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȈ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȗȖȓȕȖȋȖ
ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȐȧ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ (Ȑ ȗȖȟȊ), ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȕȈ ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȐȝ,
ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȐȓȐ ȋȖȘȕȖȌȖȉȣȊȈȦȡȐȝ ȚȍȘȘȐȚȖȘȐȧȝ ș ȖȟȍȕȤ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȔȐ ȗȖȟȊȈȔȐ,
ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȦȡȐȔȐșȧ ȕȈ șȊȍȎȐȝ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ, ȚȍȝȕȖȋȍȕȕȣȝ ȐȓȐ șȔȍȠȈȕȕȣȝ ȖȚȓȖȎȍȕȐȧȝ.
Yn ǴȖȓȖȌȈȧ (10-100 ȓȍȚ) ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ: șȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȈ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȥȘȖȏȐȐ ȐȓȐ
Ya ǴȖȓȖȌȈȧ (10-100 ȓȍȚ) ȈȕȚȘȖȗȖȋȍȕȕȈȧ: șȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȈ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȗȖȓȕȖȋȖ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȐȧ
ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ (Ȑ ȗȖȟȊ), ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȕȈ ȋȖȘȖȌșȒȐȝ, ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȐȓȐ
ȋȖȘȕȖȌȖȉȣȊȈȦȡȐȝ ȚȍȘȘȐȚȖȘȐȧȝ ș ȔȖȓȖȌȣȔȐ ȗȖȟȊȈȔȐ, ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȦȡȐȔȐșȧ ȕȈ șȊȍȎȐȝ
ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ, ȚȍȝȕȖȋȍȕȕȣȝ ȐȓȐ șȔȍȠȈȕȕȣȝ ȖȚȓȖȎȍȕȐȧȝ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȕȈ ȐșȝȖȌȕȖ ȗȖȌȊȖȌȕȣȝ
ȚȍȘȘȐȚȖȘȐȧȝ, ȕȍ ȏȈȚȖȗȓȧȍȔȣȝ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȖȉȊȈȓȖȊȒȐ ȐȓȐ ȗȖșȚȘȖȑȒȐ ȗȓȖȚȐȕ.
Hn ǫȖȓȖȞȍȕȖȊȈȧ (100-10 000 ȓȍȚ) ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ: șȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȈ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȥȘȖȏȐȐ ȐȓȐ
Ha ǫȖȓȖȞȍȕȖȊȈȧ (100-10 000 ȓȍȚ) ȈȕȚȘȖȗȖȋȍȕȕȈȧ: ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȘȍȓȤȍȜȈ,
ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȌȘȍȊȕȐȍ ȐȓȐ șȘȍȌȕȍȊȍȒȖȊȣȍ ȚȍȘȘȈșȣ, ȒțȘȋȈȕȣ, ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ țȒȘȍȗȓȍȕȐȧ, Ȉ
ȚȈȒȎȍ ȐșȝȖȌȕȖ ȗȖȌȊȖȌȕȣȍ ȚȍȘȘȐȚȖȘȐȐ, ȕȍ ȏȈȚȖȗȓȧȍȔȣȍ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȖȉȊȈȓȖȊȒȐ ȐȓȐ
ȗȖșȚȘȖȑȒȐ ȗȓȖȚȐȕ, ȕȈșȣȗȕȣȍ ȚȍȘȘȐȚȖȘȐȐ.
IPi ǷȖȏȌȕȍȗȓȍȑșȚȖȞȍȕȖȊȈȧ, ȗȘȖȠȍȌȠȈȧ șȚȈȌȐȦ ȖȓȍȌȍȕȍȕȐȧ, Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȔ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȍ ȗȖȟȊȣ
ȕȈ șȊȍȎȐȝ ȖȚȓȖȎȍȕȐȧȝ.
IPp ǷȖȏȌȕȍȗȓȍȑșȚȖȞȍȕȖȊȈȧ, ȗȍȘȐȋȓȧȞȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ, Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȔ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȍ ȗȖȟȊȣ ȕȈ ȘȈȕȍȍ
ȊȣȊȍȚȘȍȓȖȔ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȍ.
IPf ǷȖȏȌȕȍȗȓȍȑșȚȖȞȍȕȖȊȈȧ, ȉȍȏ ȗȍȘȐȋȓȧȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȧ.
oPi ǸȈȕȕȍȗȓȍȑșȚȖȞȍȕȖȊȈȧ, ȗȘȖȠȍȌȠȈȧ șȚȈȌȐȦ ȖȓȍȌȍȕȍȕȐȧ, ȗȘȍȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȚ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȍ ȗȖȟȊȣ
ȕȈ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȐȝ ȖȚȓȖȎȍȕȐȧȝ.
oPp ǸȈȕȕȍȗȓȍȑșȚȖȞȍȕȖȊȈȧ, ȗȍȘȐȋȓȧȞȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ, ȗȘȍȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȚ ȗȖȟȊȣ ȕȈ ȘȈȕȍȍ ȊȣȊȍȚȘȍȓȣȝ
ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈȝ.
oPf ǸȈȕȕȍȗȓȍȑșȚȖȞȍȕȖȊȈȧ, ȉȍȏ ȗȍȘȐȋȓȧȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȧ.
T ǷȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍȖȋȍȕȖȊȖȋȖ Ȑ ȗȈȓȍȖȋȍȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈ, Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȔ ȗȓȖșȒȖȋȖȘȤȧ, ȚȍȘȘȈșȣ
ȐȓȐ ȗȍȕȍȗȓȍȕȣ, ȏȈ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȊȘȍȏȈȕȕȣȝ ȌȖȓȐȕ, ȟȈșȚȖ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȣ
ȗȈȓȍȖȗȖȟȊȣ.
O ǷȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ ȌȖ-ȗȈȓȍȖȋȍȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈ, Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȔ ȗȓȖșȒȖȋȖȘȤȧ, ȚȍȘȘȈșȣ ȐȓȐ
ȗȍȕȍȗȓȍȕȣ, ȏȈ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȊȘȍȏȈȕȕȣȝ ȌȖȓȐȕ, ȟȈșȚȖ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȣ ȗȈȓȍȖȗȖȟȊȣ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ
ɩɨɱɜɵ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɜɟɠɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ ɫ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɵɦ
ɨɛɧɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɞɨɪɨɝ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɯ ɡɚɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɞɥɹ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɫɜɟɠɟɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɦ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ
ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ.
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɢɡ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ
ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦ ɎȺɈ (FAO, 1990). ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ.
ɏȺɊȺɄɌȿɊɂɋɌɂɄɂ ɉɈȼȿɊɏɇɈɋɌɂ
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɯ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ
ɜɵɯɨɞɵ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ, ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɪɨɡɢɹ, ɤɨɪɤɨ- ɢ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ
ɫɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ, ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɫɤɚ, ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɱɟɪɜɟɣ, ɬɪɨɩɢɧɤɢ ɦɭɪɚɜɶɟɜ, ɤɨɦɤɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ,
ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ.
ȼɵɯɨɞɵ ɩɨɪɨɞ
ȼɵɯɨɞɵ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɨɬ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɧɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ, ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ.
ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 14 ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɭ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ
ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɵɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɦɢ).
Ɉɛɥɨɦɨɱɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɧɚ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 14
ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɥɨɦɨɱɧɨɝɨ ǸȍȒȖȔȍȕȌțȍȔȣȍ ȒȓȈșșȣ ȊȣȝȖȌȖȊ ȗȖȘȖȌ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ǸȈșșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȔȍȎȌț
ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢ ɬɨɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ǷȘȖȞȍȕȚ ȖȚ Ȗȉȡȍȑ
(%) ȊȣȝȖȌȈȔȐ ȗȖȘȖȌ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧ, ȗȓȖȡȈȌȐ (Ȕ)
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ N ǶȚșțȚșȚȊțȦȚ 0
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɭɸ ɢɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɢ V ǶȟȍȕȤ ȔȈȓȖ 0-2 1 >50
ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ. F ǴȈȓȖ 2-5 2 20-50
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ C ǹȘȍȌȕȍ 5-15 3 5-20
M ǴȕȖȋȖ 15-40 4 2-5
(Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 15) ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɩɨ A ǶȉȐȓȤȕȖ 40-80 5 <2
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɤ ɬɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ D ǷȘȍȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȚ >80
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 14 ɞɥɹ
ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɪɨɞ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 21
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 15 ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ

ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȖȉȓȖȔȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ ȕȈ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȟȊȣ
ǾȎȕȚȓȞȩ (ȡȘȎȕȎțȩ
3 Ɇɨɫɬɨɜɚɹ (ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-
ǽȞȜȤȓțȠ ȜȠ ȚȎȘȟȖȚȎșȪțȩȓ ȞȎȕȚȓȞȩ) ɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ
(%) ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɛɥɨ-
Ȝȏȧȓȗ ȝșȜȧȎȒȖ
(ȟȚ) ɦɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɧɚ
N ǶȚșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ 0 F ǴȍȓȒȐȑ ȋȘȈȊȐȑ 0.2-0.6 ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
V ǶȟȍȕȤ ȔȈȓȖ 0-2 M ǹȘȍȌȕȐȑ ȋȘȈȊȐȑ 0.6-2 ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɩɨɥɢ-
F ǴȈȓȖ 2-5 C ǲȘțȗȕȣȑ ȋȘȈȊȐȑ 2-6 ɪɨɜɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ
C ǹȘȍȌȕȍ 5-15 S ǲȈȔȕȐ 6-20 ɝɪɚɜɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɦɧɟɣ ɫ
M ǴȕȖȋȖ 15-40 B ǩțȓȣȎȕȐȒȐ 20-60
A ǶȉȐȓȤȕȖ 40-80 L ǲȘțȗȕȣȍ 60-200
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɷɨɥɨɜɨɣ
ɚɛɪɚɡɢɢ (ɤɨɪɪɚɡɢɢ) ɢɥɢ
D ǷȘȍȖȉȓȈȌȈȍȚ >80 ȉțȓȣȎȕȐȒȐ
ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɢɫ-
ɬɨɣ ɤɨɪɤɨɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ
ɣɟɪɦɢɤ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 16
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȥȘȖȏȐȐ ȗȖ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȧȔ ɗɪɨɡɢɹ
N ǵȍȚ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȖȊ M ǷȍȘȍȔȍȡȍȕȐȍ ȔȈșș ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɱ-
ȥȘȖȏȐȐ (ȖȗȖȓȏȕȐ Ȑ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȍ
ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ)
ɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ
W ǪȖȌȕȈȧ ȥȘȖȏȐȧ ȐȓȐ NK ǵȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɞɟ-
ȕȈȒȖȗȓȍȕȐȍ ɥɹɬɶ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɣ (ɚɧɬɪɨ-
WS ǷȓȖșȒȖșȚȕȈȧ ȥȘȖȏȐȧ A ǪȍȚȘȖȊȈȧ (ȥȖȓȖȊȈȧ) ɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ) ɷɪɨɡɢɢ. Ɉɬɞɟ-
ȥȘȖȏȐȧ ȐȓȐ ȕȈȒȖȗȓȍȕȐȍ
ɥɢɬɶ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɭɸ
WR ǹȚȘțȑȟȈȚȣȑ ȘȈȏȔȣȊ AD ȅȖȓȖȊȣȍ ȖȚȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ
WG ǶȊȘȈȎȕȈȧ ȥȘȖȏȐȧ AM ǪȍȚȘȖȊȈȧ ȥȘȖȏȐȧ Ȑ ɷɪɨɡɢɸ ɨɬ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ȕȈȒȖȗȓȍȕȐȍ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
WT ǺțȕȕȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȥȘȖȏȐȧ AS ǬȊȐȎțȡȐȍșȧ ȗȍșȒȐ ɨɧɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ
WD ǶȚȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ AZ ȅȖȓȖȊȖȍ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ.
ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ ȊȖȌȖȑ șȖȓȍȕȈȒȖȗȓȍȕȐȍ
WA ǪȖȌȕȈȧ Ȑ ȊȍȚȘȖȊȈȧ
Ⱥɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɪɨɡɢɹ
ȥȘȖȏȐȧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ
ɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɞɨ-
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 17 ɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ,
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȖ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȐ, ȗȖȌȊȍȘȎȍȕȕȖȑ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ȥȘȖȏȐȐ Ȑ ȥȘȖȏȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȈȒȒțȔțȓȧȞȐȐ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɩɨɞ-
% ɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
0 0 ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨ-
1 0-5 ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨ-
2 5-10
3 10-25
ɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟ-
4 25-50 ɜɵɩɚɫɟ, ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɢ
5 >50 ɢɥɢ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭ-
ɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 18

ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚ ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȥȘȖȏȐȐ
ɷɪɨɡɢɢ – ɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɢ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɭɸ S ǹȓȈȉȈȧ ǭȌȐȕȐȟȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȐ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȐȧ
(Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 16). Ɉɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȕȣȝ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȖȊ. ǰșȝȖȌȕȣȍ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ȉȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȜțȕȒȞȐȐ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȍ
ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȣ.
ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, M ǹȘȍȌȕȧȧ ȇȊȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȐ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȡȍȕȐȧ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȕȣȝ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȖȊ. ǰșȝȖȌȕȣȍ
ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧ- ȉȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȜțȕȒȞȐȐ ȟȈșȚȐȟȕȖ
ɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ. Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȣ.
V ǹȐȓȤȕȈȧ ǷȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȕȣȍ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȣ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ
ɤɪɭɩɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɷɪɨɡɢ-
ȗȍȘȍȔȍȡȍȕȣ, ȕȈ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ
ɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ – ɷɬɨ șȘȍȌȐȕȕȣȍ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȣ. ǰșȝȖȌȕȣȍ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫ ȉȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȜțȕȒȞȐȐ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɩɨɥɡ- ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȣ.
ɧɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ. E ȅȒșȚȘȍ- ǹțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȡȍȕȐȍ ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȝ
ȔȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȖȊ (ȉȍȌȓȍȕȌȣ).
ǰșȝȖȌȕȣȍ ȉȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȜțȕȒȞȐȐ
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɚɹ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȣ.
ɷɪɨɡɢɢ
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ,
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 19
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɢ
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȥȘȖȏȐȐ
ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ, A ǨȒȚȐȊȕȈ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ R ǨȒȚȐȊȕȈ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ 50-100 ȓȍȚ
ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ SOTER (FAO, H ǨȒȚȐȊȕȈ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ
1995), ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ N ǷȍȘȐȖȌ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȍȕ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 17. X ǻșȒȖȘȍȕȕȖȑ Ȑ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȥȘȖȏȐȐ ȕȍ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȚșȧ
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ
Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ, ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ
ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɚ ɛɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ. ȼ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 18 ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɬɶ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ
ɬɢɩɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɣɱɚɬɨɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɢ
ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɭɱɟɣɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɜɪɚɝɚɦɢ; ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ – ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ
ɷɪɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ; ɞɥɹ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ – ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɞɸɧ; ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ – ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɦɵɬɨɝɨ/ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ.
ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ,
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 19.
3 ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɷɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ: ɨɤɚɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɨɤɚɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫ
ɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ (ɧɟɩɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ) ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ; ɨɛɥɨɦɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɫ ɷɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɟɣ
(ɤɨɪɪɚɡɢɟɣ); ɚɷɪɨɬɭɪɛɚɰɢɹ (ɩɟɪɟɤɪɺɫɬɧɚɹ ɫɥɨɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ); ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɢɥɢ
ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɚɪɢɞɢɤ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 23
Ʉɨɪɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ɉɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɟ ɜɵɫɵɯɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ
ɤɨɪɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɸ ɫɟɦɹɧ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɩɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɢ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɨɤɭ. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɪɨɤ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ: ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɜ
ɫɭɯɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢ ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 20
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 20). ǷȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȐ ȒȖȘȒȖȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ
ǴȖȡȕȖșȚȤ ǺȊȍȘȌȖșȚȤ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ (ȔȔ)
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ N ǶȚșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ S ǹȓȍȋȒȈ ȚȊȍȘȌȈȧ
3 ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɤɚ F ǺȖȕȒȈȧ <2 H ǺȊȍȘȌȈȧ
ɫɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ M ǹȘȍȌȕȍȔȖȡȕȈȧ 2-5 V ǶȟȍȕȤ ȚȊȍȘȌȈȧ
C ǴȖȡȕȈȧ 5-20 E ǿȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȚȊȍȘȌȈȧ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɵɯɚɧɢɢ V ǶȟȍȕȤ ȔȖȡȕȈȧ >20
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɬɚɤɵɪɢɤ
3 ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɤɚ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ƚɢɩɟɪɨɯɪɢɤ. ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 21
ǽȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȈ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȕȣȝ ȚȘȍȡȐȕ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ȀȐȘȐȕȈ ǸȈșșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȔȍȎȌț
ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ȚȘȍȡȐȕȈȔȐ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ (șȔ) (Ȕ)
F ǺȖȕȒȐȍ <1 C ǶȟȍȕȤ <0.2
ɩɨɱɜɚɯ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɤ
ȉȓȐȏȒȖ
ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɸ – ɭɫɚɞɤɟ, ɩɨ M ǹȘȍȌȕȐȍ ȗȖ ȠȐȘȐȕȍ 1-2 D ǩȓȐȏȒȖ 0.2-
ɦɟɪɟ ɢɯ ɜɵɫɵɯɚɧɢɹ. 0.5
ɂɡɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ W ȀȐȘȖȒȐȍ 2-5 M ǹȘȍȌȕȍ 0.5-2
(ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ, ɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢ V ǶȟȍȕȤ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȍ 5-10
E ǿȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ >10 W ǬȈȓȍȒȖ 2-5
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ) ɧɚ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȍ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ǫȓțȉȐȕȈ V ǶȟȍȕȤ >5
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ
ɬɪɟɳɢɧɚɦɢ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 21 S ǷȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȕȣȍ <2
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ M ǹȘȍȌȕȍȋȓțȉȖȒȐȍ 2-10
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ. D ǫȓțȉȖȒȐȍ 10-20
V ǼȥȓțȪ ȑșȡȏȜȘȖȓ >20
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ
3 Ɍɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ
ȼɟɪɬɢɫɨɥɢ.
3 Ɍɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ, ɢɯ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ 1 ɫɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤ.
3 ɉɨɥɢɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ 2 ɫɦ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɬɚɤɵɪɢɤ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ

ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɨɥɟɜɵɯ
ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ, ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɫɤɚ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɤɢ, ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɱɟɪɜɟɣ, ɬɪɨɩɢɧɨɤ ɦɭɪɚɜɶɟɜ, ɤɨɦɤɨɜ,
ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 22 ɋɨɥɟɜɵɟ
ǲȘȐȚȍȘȐȐ Ȍȓȧ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ șȖȓȍȊȣȝ ȊȣȌȍȓȍȕȐȑ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ǯȈȕȐȔȈȍȔȈȧ ǴȖȡȕȖșȚȤ ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɨɥɟ-
ȗȓȖȡȈȌȤ ɜɵɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ
(%) (ȔȔ)
ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
0 ǶȚșțȚșȚȊțȦȚ 0-2 N ǶȚșțȚșȚȊțȦȚ
1 ǴȈȓȍȕȤȒȈȧ 2-15 F ǺȖȕȒȈȧ <2 ɩɨɱɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ
2 ǹȘȍȌȕȧȧ 15- M ǹȘȍȌȕȍȔȖȡȕȈȧ 2-5 ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ
40 ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɧɢ-
3 ǩȖȓȤȠȈȧ 40- C ǴȖȡȕȈȧ 5-20 ɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɢɦɢ
80
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɮɨɪɦ ɢ
4 ǷȘȍȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȚ >80 V ǶȟȍȕȤ ȔȖȡȕȈȧ >20
ɬɢɩɚ ɫɨɥɟɣ. ȼ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 22
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 23
ǲȘȐȚȍȘȐȐ Ȍȓȧ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȐ, ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȔȖȑ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɪɢ-
ȖȚȉȍȓȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȍșȒȖȔ ɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢ-
% ɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
0 ǶȚșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ 0-2 ɫɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɜɵɞɟ-
1 ǴȈȓȍȕȤȒȈȧ 2-15 ɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɨɳ-
2 ǹȘȍȌȕȧȧ 15-40 ɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɥɟɜɵɯ
3 ǩȖȓȤȠȈȧ 40-80
4 ǷȘȍȖȉȓȈȌȈȍȚ >80
ɤɨɪɨɤ.

3 Ʉɨɪɤɚ, ɩɭɯɥɚɹ ɨɬ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɉɭɮɮɢɤ.
Ɉɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɫɨɤ
ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ, ɪɵɯɥɵɯ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɟ ɫ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ. ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 23 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ
ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɫɤɨɦ.
ȽɊȺɇɂɐɕ ɆȿɀȾɍ ȽɈɊɂɁɈɇɌȺɆɂ

ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ
ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ. ȼ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɨɧ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɲɥɭɸ
ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɟ. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɭ.
Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ
ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɱɟɬɤɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ, ɚ ɡɨɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ. ɍɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ (ɜ ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪɚɯ) ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɧɨɫɵ) ɜɝɥɭɛɶ
ɩɨɱɜɵ. Ɍɨɱɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ
ɪɟɡɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɹɫɧɵɣ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (ɫ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ 5 ɫɦ), ɬ.ɤ. ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ 1 ɫɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɵɲɟɧɚ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 25
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɨɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɤ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ, ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ,
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ 16 ɫɦ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 23 ɫɦ, ɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ 19,5 ɫɦ.
ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ
ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ: ɪɨɜɧɚɹ, ɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɚɹ,
ɧɟɪɨɜɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɚɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬ 28 (25-31) ɫɦ ɞɨ 45 (39-51) ɫɦ.
3 Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚɦ.
ȼɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ 10, 20, 25, 40, 50, 100 ɢ 120 ɫɦ.
ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚ
ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɨɧɵ, ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 24). Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ (ɬɪɚɧɲɟɢ).
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɰɟɥɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢ- ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 24
ɤɚɰɢɢ ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ ȔȍȎȌț ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȔȐ ȗȖ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌț
3 Ʉɪɢɨɬɭɪɛɚɰɢɢ Ȑ ȜȖȘȔȍ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɤɪɚɣɢɤ,
ǷȍȘȍȝȖȌ ǼȖȘȔȈ
Ʉɪɢɨ-ɫɨɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɤɜɚɥɢ- (șȔ)
ɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ɍɭɪɛɢɤ. A ǸȍȏȒȐȑ 0-2 S ǸȖȊȕȈȧ ǷȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȗȓȖșȒȈȧ
3ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȤ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈ
ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɬɚɹ ɝɪɚ- C ȇșȕȣȑ 2-5 W ǪȖȓȕȐșȚȈȧ ȀȐȘȐȕȈ ȒȈȘȔȈȕȖȊ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ,
ɧɢɰɚ ɦɨɥɥɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ȟȍȔ Ȑȝ ȋȓțȉȐȕȈ
G ǷȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȣȑ 5-15 I ǵȍȘȖȊȕȈȧ ǫȓțȉȐȕȈ ȒȈȘȔȈȕȖȊ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ,
ɢɥɢ ɭɦɛɪɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ȟȍȔ Ȑȝ ȠȐȘȐȕȈ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ D ǬȐȜȜțȏȕȣȑ >15 B ǷȘȍȘȣȊȐșȚȈȧ ǫȘȈȕȐȞȈ ș ȘȈȏȘȣȊȈȔȐ
Ƚɥɨɫɫɢɤ.
3əɡɵɤɨɜɚɬɚɹ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ
ɷɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɚɥɶɛɢɤ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɚɪɞɠɢɤ ɛɟɥɺɫɚɹ
ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ƚɥɨɫɫɚɥɶɛɢɤ.
3 Ⱦɢɮɮɭɡɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ ɇɢɬɢɫɨɥɢ.
ɉȿɊȼɂɑɇɕȿ ɄɈɆɉɈɇȿɇɌɕ
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ,
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɚ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɚ

Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ (ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ) ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɚ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ
ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɱɜ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4). ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɤ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɦ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ Ⱦɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ
ɋɒȺ (USDA). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɚ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɟɫɤɚ, ɩɵɥɢ ɢ ɢɥɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
ɷɬɢɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ 2000-63-2 ɦɤɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɚ.
Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɱɜ

ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ (ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ) ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ,
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 4. ȼɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɥɸɱ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ/ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. ɋɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɚ, ɩɵɥɢ ɢ ɩɟɫɤɚ
ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 4.
ɉɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨɱɜ ɥɟɝɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ

ɉɟɫɨɤ, ɫɭɩɟɫɶ ɢ ɨɩɟɫɱɚɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɨɤ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɥɢ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɟɫɤɚ (ɨɱɟɧɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ, ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ, ɦɟɥɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɦɟɥɤɨɝɨ) ɜ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ. Ⱦɨɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚ 100% ɛɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɟɫɤɚ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4).
ɉɨɥɟɜɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɱɜ

Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ
ɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 25). Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨ
ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. Ƚɪɚɜɢɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ > 2 ɦɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɭɞɚɥɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ.
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɳɭɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɥɶɰɚɦɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
¾ ɂɥ: ɩɚɱɤɚɟɬ ɩɚɥɶɰɵ, ɥɢɩɤɢɣ, ɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɧ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɭɸ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɶ ɩɚɥɶɰɚɦɢ.
¾ ɉɵɥɶ: ɩɚɱɤɚɟɬ ɩɚɥɶɰɵ, ɧɟ ɥɢɩɤɚɹ, ɫɥɚɛɨ ɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɪɨɜɧɭɸ, ɛɭɝɪɢɫɬɭɸ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɩɚɥɶɰɚɦɢ, ɦɭɱɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɧɚ ɨɳɭɩɶ (ɤɚɤ ɬɚɥɶɤɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɢɫɵɩɤɚ).
¾ ɉɟɫɨɤ: ɧɟ ɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɧɟ ɩɚɱɤɚɟɬ ɩɚɥɶɰɵ, ɤɪɭɩɱɚɬɵɣ ɧɚ ɨɳɭɩɶ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 27
ɊɂɋɍɇɈɄ 4
Ɏɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɺɦɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ, ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨɱɜ ɥɟɝɤɨɝɨ
ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ
ǰșȚȖȟȕȐȒ: ǼǨǶ (1990)


ȼɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɱɜ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
3 Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ – ɫɭɩɟɫɶ ɢɥɢ ɥɟɝɱɟ – ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɞɨ 100 ɫɦ Ⱥɪɟɧɨɫɨɥɢ.
3 Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ – ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɵɣ ɦɟɥɤɢɣ ɩɟɫɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɥɟɝɱɟ - ɜ ɫɥɨɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ
30 ɫɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ 100 ɫɦ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ⱥɪɟɧɢɤ.
3 Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ – ɩɵɥɶ, ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɵɣ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɨɤ, ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɵɣ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɣ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɨɤ
ɢɥɢ ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɚɹ ɝɥɢɧɚ – ɜ ɫɥɨɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ 30 ɫɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ 100 ɫɦ ɩɨɱɜɵ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɋɢɥɬɢɤ.
3 Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ – ɝɥɢɧɚ – ɜ ɫɥɨɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ 30 ɫɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ 100
ɫɦ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ʉɥɟɣɢɤ.
3 ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɚ 30% ɜ ɫɥɨɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ 25 cm ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤ.
3 ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɚ 30% ɜ ɫɥɨɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ 15 ɫɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤ.
3 ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɚ 30% ɜ ɫɥɨɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɦ ɜɟɪɬɢɤ
ȼɟɪɬɢɫɨɥɢ.
3 30% ɢɥɚ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 12-ɫɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɤ
ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɟɦɭ ɢ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɟɦɭ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦ <20%, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɵɥɶ/ɢɥ < 0.4 ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ
ɧɢɬɢɤ.
3 Ɉɩɟɫɱɚɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɟɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɮɟɪɪɚɥɢɤ.
3 Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɚ – ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɥɤɢɣ ɩɟɫɨɤ, ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɵɣ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɥɤɢɣ
ɩɟɫɨɤ ɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɟɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɤɚɦɛɢɤ.
3 Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɚ ɥɟɝɱɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɥɤɢɣ ɩɟɫɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɵɣ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɥɤɢɣ ɩɟɫɨɤ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ȼɪɸɧɢɤ.
3 Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɭɩɟɫɶ ɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɟɟ, ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɚ 8% ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɚɪɠɢɤ
ɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɤ.
3 Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɣ, ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɣ, ɨɩɟɫɱɚɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɨɤ, ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɵɣ
ɫɭɝɥɢɧɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɩɥɚɝɝɢɤ.
3 Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɚ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ, ɦɟɥɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɥɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɫɤɚ ɢ ɢɥɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɟ 20% ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɢɪɪɚɝɪɢɤ.
3 Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ – ɨɩɟɫɱɚɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɣ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɨɤ, ɬɹɠɟɥɵɣ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɨɤ,
ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɵɣ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɣ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɟɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɬɚɤɵɪɢɤ.
3 8% ɢɥɚ ɜ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɟɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 7.5 ɫɦ ɥɢɛɨ
ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ, ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ 20% ɢɥɚ, ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚ 20%
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 29
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 25
ǲȓȦȟ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȓȍȊȖȋȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȋȘȈȕțȓȖȔȍȚȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȖșȚȈȊȈ ȗȖȟȊ
~%
ȖșȎ
1 ǻȓȐȜȕȚȜȔțȜ ȟȘȎȠȎȠȪ ȦțȡȞ ȒȖȎȚȓȠȞȜȚ ȜȘȜșȜ 7 ȚȚ (ȏșȖȕȘȜ Ș ȒȖȎȚȓȠȞȡ ȘȎȞȎțȒȎȦȎ)
1.1 țȓ ȝȎȥȘȎȓȠ ȝȎșȪȤȩ, țȓ ȚȡȥțȖȟȠȩȗ, țȓ ȜȟȠȎȓȠȟȭ țȎ ȘȜȔȓ ȝȎșȪȤȓȐ ȝȓȟȜȘ S <5
• ȓȟșȖ ȞȎȕȚȓȞ ȕȓȞȓț ȟȚȓȦȎțțȩȗ: ǻȓȟȜȞȠȖȞȜȐȎț- US <5
țȩȗ ȝȓȟȜȘ
• ȓȟșȖ ȏȜșȪȦȖțȟȠȐȜ ȕȓȞȓț ȜȥȓțȪ ȘȞȡȝțȩȓ (>0.6 ȚȚ): ȜȥȓțȪ ȘȞȡȝțȩȗ CS <5
Ȗ ȘȞȡȝțȩȗ
ȝȓȟȜȘ
• ȓȟșȖ ȏȜșȪȦȖțȟȠȐȜ ȕȓȞȓț ȟȞȓȒțȓȑȜ ȞȎȕȚȓȞȎ (0.2-0.6 ȚȚ): ȟȞȓȒțȖȗ ȝȓȟȜȘ MS <5
• ȓȟșȖ ȏȜșȪȦȖțȟȠȐȜ ȕȓȞȓț ȚȓșȘȖȓ (<0.2 ȚȚ), țȜ țȎ ȜȧȡȝȪ Ȑȟȓ ȓȧȓ ȚȓșȘȖȗ ȝȓȟȜȘ FS <5
ȘȞȡȝȥȎȠȩȓ:
• ȓȟșȖ ȏȜșȪȦȖțȟȠȐȜ ȕȓȞȓț ȜȥȓțȪ ȚȓșȘȖȓ (<0.12 ȚȚ), țȎ ȜȧȡȝȪ ȜȥȓțȪ ȚȓșȘȖȗ VFS <5
ȏșȖȔȓ Ș ȚȡȥțȖȟȠȜȗ ȘȜțȟȖȟȠȓțȤȖȖ: ȝȓȟȜȘ
1.2 țȓ ȚȡȥțȖȟȠȩȗ, ȘȞȡȝȥȎȠȩȗ, ȞȓȒȘȖȓ ȚȓșȘȖȓ ȥȎȟȠȖȥȘȖ ȜȟȠȎȬȠȟȭ țȎ ȟȡȝȓȟȪ LS < 12
ȘȜȔȓ ȝȎșȪȤȓȐ, ȟșȎȏȜ ȒȓȞȔȖȠ ȢȜȞȚȡ, ȟșȎȏȜ ȝȞȖșȖȝȎȓȠ Ș ȝȎșȪȤȎȚ:
1.3 ȠȎȘ Ȕȓ ȘȎȘ 1.2, țȜ ȏȜșȓȓ ȚȡȥțȖȟȠȩȗ ȜȝȓȟȥȎțȓțțȩȗ SL < 10
ȟȡȑșȖțȜȘ (ȏȓȒțȩȗ ȖșȜȚ)
2 ǿȘȎȠȩȐȎȓȠȟȭ Ȑ ȦțȡȞ ȒȖȎȚȓȠȞȜȚ 3-7 ȚȚ (ȝȞȖȚȓȞțȜ Ȑ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȡ ȒȖȎȚȓȠȞȎ ȘȎȞȎțȒȎȦȎ), țȜ ȞȎȕșȎȚȩȐȎȓȠȟȭ

ȝȞȖ ȝȜȝȩȠȘȓ ȟȘȞȡȠȖȠȪ ȦțȡȞ Ȑ ȘȜșȪȤȜ ȒȖȎȚȓȠȞȜȚ ȜȘȜșȜ 2-3 ȟȚ, ȝȞȓȖȚȡȧȓȟȠȐȓțțȜ ȟȐȭȕțȩȗ, ȝȞȖșȖȝȎȓȠ Ș
ȝȎșȪȤȎȚ
2.1 (ȟȖșȪțȜ)ȚȡȥțȖȟȠȩȗ Ȗ țȓȟȐȭȕțȩȗ
• ȥȎȟȠȖȥȘȖ ȞȎȕșȖȥȖȚȩ țȎ ȜȧȡȝȪ: ȝȩșȓȐȎȠȩȗ SIL < 10
ȟȡȑșȖțȜȘ (ȏȓȒțȩȗ ȖșȜȚ)
• ȥȎȟȠȖȥȘȖ țȓ ȞȎȕșȖȥȖȚȩ țȎ ȜȧȡȝȪ: ȝȩșȪ SI < 12

2.2 ȟȞȓȒțȓȟȐȭȕțȩȗ, ȝȞȖșȖȝȎȓȠ Ș ȝȎșȪȤȎȚ, ȖȚȓȓȠ țȓȞȜȐțȡȬ, ȏȡȑȞȖȟȠȡȬ ȝȜȐȓȞȣțȜȟȠȪ ȝȜȟșȓ ȟȔȎȠȖȭ ȝȎșȪȤȎȚȖ Ȗ
• ȘȞȡȝȥȎȠȩȗ Ȗ țȓșȖȝȘȖȗ: ȜȝȓȟȥȎțȓțțȩȗ SL 10-25
ȟȡȑșȖțȜȘ (ȏȜȑȎȠȩȗ ȖșȜȚ)
• ȟȜȒȓȞȔȖȠ ȟȞȓȒțȓȓ ȘȜșȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȝȓȟȥȎțȩȣ ȕȓȞȓț: ȟȡȑșȖțȜȘ L 8-27

• țȓ ȘȞȡȝȥȎȠȩȗ, țȜ ȜȠȥȓȠșȖȐȜ ȚȡȥțȖȟȠȩȗ Ȗ Ȑ țȓȘȜȠȜȞȜȗ ȟȠȓȝȓțȖ ȝȩșȓȐȎȠȩȗ SIL 10-27
șȖȝȘȖȗ: ȟȡȑșȖțȜȘ (ȏȜȑȎȠȩȗ ȖșȜȚ)
2.3 țȓȞȜȐțȎȭ Ȗ Ȑ ȟȞȓȒțȓȗ ȟȠȓȝȓțȖ ȏșȓȟȠȭȧȎȭ ȝȜȐȓȞȣțȜȟȠȪ ȝȜȟșȓ ȜȝȓȟȥȎțȓțțȩȗ SCL 20-35
ȟȔȎȠȖȭ ȝȎșȪȤȎȚȖ, șȖȝȘȖȗ, ȘȞȡȝȥȎȠȩȗ Ȗ ȟȖșȪțȜȘȞȡȝȥȎȠȩȗ: ȠȭȔȓșȩȗ
ȟȡȑșȖțȜȘ
3 ǿȘȎȠȩȐȎȓȠȟȭ Ȑ ȦțȡȞ ȒȖȎȚȓȠȞȜȚ ȜȘȜșȜ 3 ȚȚ (Țȓțȓȓ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȩ ȒȖȎȚȓȠȞȎ ȘȎȞȎțȒȎȦȎ), ȦțȡȞ ȟȘȞȡȥȖȐȎȓȠȟȭ Ȑ
ȘȜșȪȤȜ ȒȖȎȚȓȠȞȜȚ 2-3 ȟȚ, ȟȐȭȕțȩȗ, șȖȝȘȖȗ, ȜȠȥȎȟȠȖ ȟȘȞȖȝȖȠ țȎ ȕȡȏȎȣ, ȖȚȓȓȠ Ȑ ȟȞȓȒțȓȗ ȟȠȓȝȓțȖ ȏșȓȟȠȭȧȡȬ
Ȗ ȏșȓȟȠȭȧȡȬ ȝȜȐȓȞȣțȜȟȠȪ ȝȜȟșȓ ȟȔȎȠȖȭ ȝȎșȪȤȎȚȖ
3.1 ȟȖșȪțȜȘȞȡȝȥȎȠȩȗ: ȜȝȓȟȥȎțȓțțȎȭ SC 35-55
ȑșȖțȎ
3.2 țȓȘȜȠȜȞȩȓ ȥȎȟȠȖȥȘȖ ȞȎȕșȖȥȖȚȩ ȑșȎȕȜȚ Ȗ țȎ ȜȧȡȝȪ, ȟȘȞȖȝȖȠ țȎ ȕȡȏȎȣ
• ȟȞȓȒțȓȝșȎȟȠȖȥȓț, ȝȜȐȓȞȣțȜȟȠȪ ȏșȓȟȠȖȠ Ȑ ȟȞȓȒțȓȗ ȟȠȓȝȓțȖ: ȠȭȔȓșȩȗ ȟȡȑșȖțȜȘ CL 25-40
• ȐȩȟȜȘȜȝșȎȟȠȖȥȓț, ȝȜȐȓȞȣțȜȟȠȪ ȏșȓȟȠȖȠ: ȑșȖțȎ C 40-60
3.3 ȥȎȟȠȖȥȘȖ țȓ ȞȎȕșȖȥȖȚȩ țȖ ȑșȎȕȜȚ, țȖ țȎ ȜȧȡȝȪ, țȓ ȟȘȞȖȝȖȠ țȎ ȕȡȏȎȣ
• ȟșȎȏȜȝșȎȟȠȖȥȓț: ȝȩșȓȐȎȠȩȗ SICL 25-40
ȠȭȔȓșȩȗ ȟȡȑșȖțȜȘ
• ȐȩȟȜȘȜȝșȎȟȠȖȥȓț, ȝȜȐȓȞȣțȜȟȠȪ ȏșȓȟȠȖȠ Ȑ ȟȞȓȒțȓȗ ȟȠȓȝȓțȖ: ȝȩșȓȐȎȠȎȭ ȑșȖțȎ SIC 40-60
• ȐȩȟȜȘȜȝșȎȟȠȖȥȓț, ȝȜȐȓȞȣțȜȟȠȪ ȏșȓȟȠȖȠ: ȠȭȔȓșȎȭ ȑșȖțȎ HC >60
ǽȞȖȚȓȥȎțȖȓ: ǽȜșȓȐȜȓ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȓ ȑȞȎțȡșȜȚȓȠȞȖȥȓȟȘȜȑȜ ȟȜȟȠȎȐȎ ȚȜȔȓȠ ȕȎȐȖȟȓȠȪ ȜȠ
ȚȖțȓȞȎșȜȑȖȥȓȟȘȜȑȜ ȟȜȟȠȎȐȎ ȖșȖȟȠȜȗ ȢȞȎȘȤȖȖ. ǽȞȖȐȓȒȓțțȩȗ ȘșȬȥ ȏȜșȓȓ ȐȟȓȑȜ ȝȞȖȟȝȜȟȜȏșȓț Ȓșȭ ȝȜȥȐ,
ȖȚȓȬȧȖȣ ȖșșȖȠȜȐȩȗ, ȣșȜȞȖȠȜȐȩȗ Ȗ/ȖșȖ ȐȓȞȚȖȘȡșȖȠȜȐȩȗ ȟȜȟȠȎȐ. ǿȚȓȘȠȖȠȜȐȩȓ ȑșȖțȩ ȏȜșȓȓ ȝșȎȟȠȖȥțȩ, Ȏ
ȘȎȜșȖțȖȠȜȐȩȓ – ȏȜșȓȓ șȖȝȘȖȓ. ȀȎȘȖȚ ȜȏȞȎȕȜȚ, ȟȜȒȓȞȔȎțȖȓ ȖșȎ, ȜȤȓțȓțțȜȓ Ȑ ȝȜșȓȐȩȣ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭȣ, ȏȡȒȓȠ
ȕȎȐȩȦȓțțȩȚ ȝȞȖ ȟȚȓȘȠȖȠȜȐȜȚ Ȗ ȕȎțȖȔȓțțȩȚ ȝȞȖ ȘȎȜșȖțȖȠȜȐȜȚ ȟȜȟȠȎȐȓ ȖșȖȟȠȜȗ ȢȞȎȘȤȖȖ ȝȜȥȐȩ.
ǶȟȠȜȥțȖȘ: Schlichting, Blume, Stahr (1995), ȎȒȎȝȠȖȞȜȐȎțțȩȗ ȐȎȞȖȎțȠ.
3 Ɋɟɡɤɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ

ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɟɞɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ, ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ,
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɫɤɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 20% ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ.
3 ȿɫɥɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧ ɜɥɚɝɨɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 30 ɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɥɟɬ, ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ.
3 Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɚɪɢɞɢɤ.
3 Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɚɪɠɢɤ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ Ⱥɥɢɫɨɥɢ, Ⱥɤɪɢɫɨɥɢ, Ʌɸɜɢɫɨɥɢ ɢ Ʌɢɤɫɢɫɨɥɢ; ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ
Ⱥɥɢɤ, Ⱥɤɪɢɤ, Ʌɸɜɢɤ ɢ Ʌɢɤɫɢɤ.
3 Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɚɪɠɢɤ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɚ ɧɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ 20% (ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ) ɩɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 150 ɫɦ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ
ɉɪɨɮɨɧɞɢɤ.
3 Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɚ ɧɚ 3% ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ƚɢɩɨɥɸɜɢɤ (ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ
Ⱥɪɟɧɨɫɨɥɹɯ).
3 Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɵɥɢ ɤ ɢɥɭ < 0.6 ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ƚɢɩɟɪɚɥɢɤ.
Ɉɛɥɨɦɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ
ɢ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɵ ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 26
ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛ- ǶȉȐȓȐȍ ȖȉȓȖȔȒȖȊ ȗȖȘȖȌ Ȑ ȈȘȚȍȜȈȒȚȖȊ, ȗȖ ȖȉȢȍȔț
%
ɥɨɦɤɨɜ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɜɥɢɹ-
N ǶȚșțȚșȚȊțȦȚ 0
ɟɬ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ V ǶȟȍȕȤ ȔȈȓȖ 0-2
ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟ- F ǴȈȓȖ 2-5
ɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟ- C ǹȘȍȌȕȍ 5-15
ɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ, M ǴȕȖȋȖ 15-40
A ǶȉȐȓȤȕȖ 40-80
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ D ǷȘȍȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȚ > 80
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧ- S ǲȈȔȍȕȕȣȑ ȓȦȉȖȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ, ȕȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ
ɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ. ȗȘȖșȓȖȑ șȒȖȕȞȍȕȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȣ ȕȈ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȋȓțȉȐȕȍ
Ɉɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫ-
ɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ.
Ⱥɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɵ (ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ ɨɛ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɚɯ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɢɠɟ)
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɥɸɞɹɯ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ
ɨɛ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ.
Ɉɛɥɨɦɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɡɺɦ (>2 ɦɦ) ɢ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɵ
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɨɛɢɥɢɹ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ, ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ƚɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɯ ɨɛɢɥɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɨɛɥɨɦɨɱɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ 40% ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ
ɫ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 26 ɢ Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5). ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɨɛɥɨɦɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ «ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɣ
ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣ», ɷɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 31
ǸǰǹǻǵǶǲ 5 Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɨɛɥɨɦɤɨɜ ɩɨɪɨɞ

ǬȐȈȋȘȈȔȔȈ Ȍȓȧ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȐ, ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȔȖȑ ɢ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ
ȒȘțȗȕȣȔȐ ȖȉȓȖȔȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȧȚȕȈȔȐ Ƚɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɥɨɦɤɨɜ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢ
ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ

ȼɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
3 < 20%(ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ)
ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɞɨ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ 75 ɫɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɨ
ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ
Ʌɟɩɬɨɫɨɥɢ ɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢ-
ɤɚɬɨɪ Ƚɢɩɟɪɫɤɟɥɟɬɢɤ.
3 40%(ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ)
ɝɪɚɜɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɨɦɤɨɜ ɜ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ:
¾ ɞɨ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ
100 ɫɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɨ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ
ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ
ɋɤɟɥɟɬɢɤ;
50-100 ɫɦ ɤɜɚɥɢ-
ɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɗɧɞɨɫɤɟɥɟɬɢɤ;
20-50 ɫɦ ɤɜɚɥɢ-
ɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɗɩɢɫɤɟɥɟɬɢɤ;
3 20% (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ,
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɦɭ)
ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ
100 ɫɦ Ɍɟɯɧɨɫɨɥɢ
3 < 40% (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ)
ɝɪɚɜɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɪɭɩ-
ɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɨɦɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɯ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 100
ɫɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ
ɩɟɬɪɨɩɥɢɧɬɢɤ, ɩɥɢɧɬɢɤ
ɢɥɢ ɫɚɥɢɤ Ⱥɪɟɧɨɫɨɥɢ.
3 ɓɟɛɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬ,
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ Ƚɢɫɬɨɫɨɥɢ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 27
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȖȉȓȖȔȒȖȊ ȗȖȘȖȌ Ȑ ȈȘȚȍȜȈȒȚȖȊ
ǶȉȓȖȔȒȐ ȗȖȘȖȌ (ȔȔ) ǨȘȚȍȜȈȒȚȣ (ȔȔ)
F ǴȍȓȒȐȑ ȋȘȈȊȐȑ 2-6 V ǶȟȍȕȤ ȔȍȓȒȐȍ <2
M ǹȘȍȌȕȐȑ ȋȘȈȊȐȑ 6-20 F ǴȍȓȒȐȍ 2-6
C ǲȘțȗȕȣȑ ȋȘȈȊȐȑ 20-60 M ǹȘȍȌȕȐȍ 6-20
S ǲȈȔȕȐ 60-200 C ǲȘțȗȕȣȍ > 20
B ǩțȓȣȎȕȐȒȐ 200-600
L ǲȘțȗȕȣȍ ȉțȓȣȎȕȐȒȐ > 600
ǹȔȍȠȈȕȕȣȍ ȗȖ ȘȈȏȔȍȘț ȒȓȈșșȣ
FM ǴȍȓȒȐȑ Ȑ șȘȍȌȕȐȑ ȋȘȈȊȐȑ/ȈȘȚȍȜȈȒȚȣ
MC ǹȘȍȌȕȐȑ Ȑ ȒȘțȗȕȣȑ ȋȘȈȊȐȑ/ȈȘȚȍȜȈȒȚȣ
CS ǲȘțȗȕȣȑ ȋȘȈȊȐȑ Ȑ ȒȈȔȕȐ
SB ǲȈȔȕȐ Ȑ ȉțȓȣȎȕȐȒȐ
BL ǩțȓȣȎȕȐȒȐ Ȑ ȒȘțȗȕȣȍ ȉțȓȣȎȕȐȒȐ
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɨɛɥɨɦɤɨɜ ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 28

ɩɨɪɨɞ ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȖȉȓȖȔȒȖȊ ȗȖȘȖȌ
F ǻȗȓȖȡȍȕȕȈȧ
ɉɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢ
A ǻȋȓȖȊȈȚȈȧ
ɨɤɚɬɚɧ-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɥɨɦɤɨɜ S ǯȈȒȘțȋȓȨȕȕȈȧ
ɩɨɪɨɞ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ R ǶȒȘțȋȓȈȧ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 28.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 29
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȊȣȊȍȚȘȐȊȈȕȐȧ ȒȘțȗȕȣȝ ȖȉȓȖȔȒȖȊ
ɰɟɥɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢ- F ǹȊȍȎȐȍ ȐȓȐ șȓȈȉȖ ǷȘȐȏȕȈȒȐ ȊȣȊȍȚȘȐȊȈȕȐȧ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊțȦȚ
ɤɚɰɢɢ ȊȣȊȍȚȘȍȓȣȍ ȐȓȐ ȐȔȍȦȚ șȓȈȉȖȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ
W ǪȣȊȍȚȘȍȓȣȍ ǿȈșȚȐȟȕȖȍ ȊȣȊȍȚȘȐȊȈȕȐȍ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȖ
3 Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɫ ȖȉȍșȞȊȍȟȐȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȚȍȘȍȑ
ɨɛɥɨɦɨɱɧɵɦ ɦɚ- ȒȘȐșȚȈȓȓȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȕȈ ȊȕȍȠȕȐȝ
ɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɭɝɥɨɜɚɬɨɣ ȋȘȈȕȧȝ ȖȉȓȖȔȒȖȊ, ȚȖȋȌȈ ȒȈȒ
ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɟ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȟȈșȚȐ ȖȉȓȖȔȒȖȊ ȖșȚȈȦȚșȧ
ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɢɟ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȊȍȎȐȔȐ; ȖȉȓȖȔȒȐ
ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȍ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȓȐ ȐșȝȖȌȕȖȑ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɫ ɨɛɥɨ- ȗȘȖȟȕȖșȚȐ
ɦɨɱɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ- S ǹȐȓȤȕȖ Ǫșȍ, ȒȘȖȔȍ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȣȝ
ɚɥɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ȊȣȊȍȚȘȍȓȣȍ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȖȊ ȊȣȊȍȚȘȍȕȣ, șȐȓȤȕȖ
ɮɨɪɦɵ; ɢɥɢ ɱɟɬɤɨɟ ȖȉȍșȞȊȍȟȍȕȣ Ȑ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȣ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ
ȟȈșȚȧȝ ȖȉȓȖȔȒȈ; ȖȉȓȖȔȖȒ ȘȈȏȘțȠȈȍȚșȧ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ
țȎȍ ȗȘȐ țȔȍȘȍȕȕȖȔ ȕȈȎȈȚȐȐ
ɢ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɭɫɬɨɣ-
ɱɢɜɵɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 30
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɢɥɚɸ- ǲȖȌȣ Ȍȓȧ ȖȉȓȖȔȒȖȊ ȗȍȘȊȐȟȕȣȝ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȖȊ
ɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ QU ǲȊȈȘȞ
ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ MI ǹȓȦȌȈ
ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ. FE ǷȖȓȍȊȖȑ ȠȗȈȚ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 33
ɋɬɚɞɢɹ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɥɨɦɤɨɜ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ

ɋɬɚɞɢɢ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɨɦɤɨɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 29.
3 Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫ ɨɛɥɨɦɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɛɟɡ ɤɨɪɤɢ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɥɨɦɤɨɜ,
ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɫ ɨɛɥɨɦɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɤɨɪɤɭ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɨɦɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɨɦɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɨɪɨɞ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 12). Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɥɨɦɤɨɜ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɨɞɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤɢɟ
Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɲɩɚɬɨɜ
ɢ ɫɥɸɞ) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2 ɦɦ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɚɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ.

3 Ɉɛɥɨɦɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ
ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɌȺȻɅɂɐȺ 31
ɉɨɥɟɜɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɞɵ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɭɦɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɪɮɚ
ǹȊȖȑșȚȊȈ șțȝȖȋȖ ȚȖȘȜȈ ǹȊȖȑșȚȊȈ ȊȓȈȎȕȖȋȖ ȚȖȘȜȈ
ǹȚȍȗȍȕȤ ǴȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ, ǴȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ,
ǪȐȌȐȔȣȍ
ǲȖȌ ȘȈȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ/ ȗȘȖșȈȟȐȊȈȦȡȐȑșȧ ȖșȚȈȦȡȐȑșȧ Ȋ
ǾȊȍȚ ȘȈșȚȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȋțȔȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȐ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȗȈȓȤȞȣ ȗȘȐ ȘțȒȍ ȗȘȐ
ȕȣȍ ȚȒȈȕȐ
șȎȐȔȈȕȐȐ Ȋ ȘțȒȍ șȎȐȔȈȕȐȐ
D1 ȖȟȍȕȤ șȓȈȉȈȧ ȖȚ ȉȍȓȖȋȖ ȌȖ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ± ȟȐșȚȣȑ ȕȍ ȗȈȟȒȈȍȚ ȘțȒȐ
șȊȍȚȓȖ-
ǼȐȉȘȐȒ
ȊȖȌȈ
ȉțȘȖȋȖ
D2 șȓȈȉȈȧ ȚȍȔȕȖ-ȉțȘȣȑ ȗȘȍȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȚ ȖȚ ȉțȘȖȋȖ ȌȖ
ȔțȚȕȖȋȖ
D3 șȘȍȌȕȧȧ ȖȚ ȚȍȔȕȖ- ȉȖȓȍȍ 2/3 ȔțȚȕȣȑ ȗȈȟȒȈȍȚ ȘțȒȐ
D4 șȐȓȤȕȈȧ ȉțȘȖȋȖ ȌȖ ȖȚ 1/3 ȌȖ 2/3 ȗȘȖșȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȈ ȘȈșȚȍȕȐȑ
ȟȍȘȕȖȋȖ ȖȚ 1/2 ȌȖ 2/3 șȚȈȓȈ ȉȖȓȍȍ
ǫȍȔȐȒ
ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȔȖȑ
D5.1 șȘȍȌȕȍ-șȐȓȤȕȈȧ ȖȚ 1/6 ȌȖ 1/3 ȗȘȖșȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȘțȌȕȖ
ȋȘȧȏȤ
ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȘȈȏȓȖȎȐȔȣȍ
ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȖșȚȈȚȒȐ
D5.2 ȖȟȍȕȤ șȐȓȤȕȈȧ Ȕȍȕȍȍ 1/6 Ȋ ȘțȒȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ
ǹȈȗȘȐȒ
ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: Ad-hoc-AG-Boden (2005), ɫ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ

ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɭɦɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɪɮɚ

ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ
ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɭɦɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɞɨɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɦɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ.

3 Ƚɢɫɬɨɫɨɥɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 2/3 (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ) ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɦɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ɏɢɛɪɢɤ.
3 Ƚɢɫɬɨɫɨɥɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɬ 2/3 ɞɨ 1/6 (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ) ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɦɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ƚɟɦɢɤ.
3 Ƚɢɫɬɨɫɨɥɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1/6 (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ) ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɦɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɋɚɩɪɢɤ.
Ⱥɷɪɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɤɢ

Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɫɭɛɚɷɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɨɞ ɥɟɫɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɟ, ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɢ ɜ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɫɬɨɤ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ
ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɨɤ: ɝɪɭɛɵɣ ɝɭɦɭɫ, ɦɨɞɟɪ ɢ ɦɭɥɥɶ:
¾ Ƚɪɭɛɵɣ ɝɭɦɭɫ (ɚɷɪɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ ɦɨɪ): ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɦɨɳɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ (5-30 ɫɦ), ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ
ɢɡ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. ɋɥɚɛɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ
ɩɨɞ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɤɢ. ɉɨɞɫɬɢɥɤɚ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ Oi – Oe – Oa, ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɞ ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɵɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɦ
Ⱥ; ɩɨɞɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ; ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ;
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɋ/N >29.
¾ Ɇɨɞɟɪ (ɝɪɭɛɵɣ ɦɭɥɥɶ): ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ, ɱɟɦ ɝɪɭɛɵɣ ɝɭɦɭɫ, ɧɨ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨɱɜɵ (ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ Ⱥ) ɫ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. ɉɨɞɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ Oi – Oe –
Oa ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ,
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ; ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɋ/N 18-29.
¾ Ɇɭɥɥɶ: ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɛɢɨɬɭɪɛɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɬ ɫɥɚɛɨɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɞɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ; ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ C/N 10-18.
ɐȼȿɌ ɉɈɑȼɕ (ɈɋɇɈȼɇȺə ɆȺɋɋȺ)

ɐɜɟɬ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ – ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ. ɐɜɟɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɢɡ
ɝɭɦɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ), ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (ɠɟɥɬɵɣ,
ɛɭɪɵɣ, ɨɯɪɢɫɬɵɣ, ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬɚ), ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ (ɱɟɪɧɵɣ) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɐɜɟɬ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 35
ɩɨɱɜɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɜɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ.

ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɰɜɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɜ
ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ)
ɜ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɰɜɟɬɚ (hue), ɹɪɤɨɫɬɢ (value) ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (chroma) ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɲɤɚɥɟ
Ɇɚɧɫɟɥɥɚ (Munsell, 1975). ɐɜɟɬ (ɬɨɧ) – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ (ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ,
ɠɟɥɬɵɣ, ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ, ɫɢɧɢɣ ɢ ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɣ), ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɫɜɟɬɥɨɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɦɧɨɬɚ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɜ
ɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɹɯ ɨɬ 1 (ɬɟɦɧɵɣ) ɞɨ 8 (ɫɜɟɬɥɵɣ), ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɥɚ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɜ
ɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɹɯ ɨɬ 1 (ɛɥɟɞɧɵɣ) ɞɨ 8 (ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ). ȿɫɥɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɬɨ ɨɧ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ, ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɰɜɟɬɚ. ȼ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ
ɤ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɲɤɚɥɟ Ɇɚɧɫɟɥɥɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɰɜɟɬ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɟɬɚ
ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɦɟ ɫ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɲɤɚɥɵ Ɇɚɧɫɟɥɥɚ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɜɟɬɚ
ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɩɭɞɪɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɦɚɡɤɟ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɞɨɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɜɟɬ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ɉɪɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɦ ɭɬɪɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɦ ɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ ɨɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɬɨɱɧɵɦ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɢɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɰɜɟɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɱɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɭɬɚɧ ɢ
ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ,
ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ.

ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ
ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɰɜɟɬɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɏɪɨɦɢɤ, Ɋɨɞɢɤ ɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɤɚɦɛɢɤ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɬɨɧɚ 3.5, 4, 6, 6.5, 8.5 ɢ 9 YR. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɜɟɬ
3.5 YR, ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɰɜɟɬ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ 2.5 YR, ɱɟɦ ɤ 5 YR; 4 YR ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ 5 YR ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɤ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ
ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ, ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ + ɢɥɢ -.
ȼɚɠɧɵɟ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
3 Ɋɟɡɤɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɧɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɟɞɨɝɟɧɟɡɨɦ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ.
3 Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɬɨɧ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɟɦ ɜ
ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɟɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɤɚɦɛɢɤ.
3 Ɍɨɧ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ, ɱɟɦ 10 YR, ɢɥɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 5 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ)
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɮɟɪɪɚɥɢɤ, ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ Ƚɢɩɨɮɟɪɪɚɥɢɤ ɢ Ɋɭɛɢɤ.
3 Ɍɨɧ 7.5 YR ɢɥɢ ɠɟɥɬɟɟ ɢ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶ 4 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 5 (ɜɨ
ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ʉɫɚɧɬɢɤ.
3 Ɍɨɧ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ, ɱɟɦ 7.5 YR ɢɥɢ ɬɨɧ 7.5 YR ɩɪɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ > 4 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɏɪɨɦɢɤ.
3 Ɍɨɧ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ, ɱɟɦ 5 YR, ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶ < 3.5 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ
Ɋɨɞɢɤ.
3 Ɍɨɧ 5 YR ɢɥɢ ɤɪɚɫɧɟɟ; ɢɥɢ ɬɨɧ 7.5 YR ɢ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶ 5 ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 5; ɢɥɢ ɬɨɧ 7.5 YR
ɢ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶ 5 ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 5 ɢɥɢ 6; ɢɥɢ ɬɨɧ 10 YR ɢɥɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ

ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 2; ɢɥɢ 10 YR 3/1 (ɜɫɟ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫɩɨɞɢɤ.
3 Ɍɨɧ 7.5 YR ɢɥɢ ɠɟɥɬɟɟ ɢɥɢ GY, B ɢɥɢ BG; ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶ 4 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ);
ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 2 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɩɟɪɟɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ (ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ
ɚɧɬɪɚɤɜɢɤ).
3 Ɍɨɧ ɨɬ N1 ɞɨ N8 ɢɥɢ 2.5 Y, 5 Y, 5 G ɢɥɢ 5 B ɰɜɟɬɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɰɜɟɬɚ
ɨɝɥɟɟɧɢɹ.
3 Ɍɨɧ 5 Y, GY ɢɥɢ G ɝɢɬɬɢɹ (ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɥɢɦɧɢɤ).
3 ɇɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ < 2.0 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɢ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶ < 2.0 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɢ <
3.0 (ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɜɨɪɨɧɢɤ.
3 ɇɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 2 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦ.
3 ɇɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 3 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɢ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶ 3 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɢ 5 (ɜ
ɫɭɯɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɦɨɥɥɢɤ ɢ ɭɦɛɪɢɤ.
3 əɪɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 3 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɯɨɪɬɢɤ.
3 əɪɤɨɫɬɶ 4 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɢ 5 (ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 2 (ɜɨ
ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɩɥɚɝɝɢɤ.
3 əɪɤɨɫɬɶ > 2 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɢɥɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ > 2 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ)
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɮɭɥɶɜɢɤ.
3 əɪɤɨɫɬɶ 2 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 2 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ)
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɦɟɥɚɧɢɤ.
3 əɪɤɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ 4 ɞɨ 8 ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 4 ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɢ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɢ 5-8 ɢ
ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 2-3 (ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɚɥɶɛɢɤ.
3 əɪɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɟɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫɨɦɛɪɢɤ.
3 əɪɤɨɫɬɶ 3 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɢ 4.5 (ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 2 (ɜɨ
ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɚɪɢɞɢɤ.
3 əɪɤɨɫɬɶ 4 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɤɨɩɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɪɮ
(ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɥɢɦɧɢɤ).
3 əɪɤɨɫɬɶ 3, 4 ɢɥɢ 5 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɞɢɚɬɨɦɨɜɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ (ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɥɢɦɧɢɤ).
3 əɪɤɨɫɬɶ 5 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɦɟɪɝɟɥɶ (ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɥɢɦɧɢɤ).
3 əɪɤɨɫɬɶ 3.5 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 1.5 (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ)
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɉɟɥɥɢɤ.
3 əɪɤɨɫɬɶ 5.5 (ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ƚɢɩɟɪɨɯɪɢɤ.
ɉəɌɇɂɋɌɈɋɌɖ ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 32
ɉɹɬɧɚ – ɷɬɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɢ ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȧȚȍȕ ȗȖ Ȑȝ ȖȉȐȓȐȦ
%
ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ
ɨɬɬɟɧɤɨɜ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ V ǶȟȍȕȤ ȔȈȓȖ 0-2
(ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ) ɰɜɟɬɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ. Ɉɧɢ F ǴȈȓȖ 2-5
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɱɜɚ C ǿȈșȚȣȍ 5-15
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ M ǴȕȖȋȖ 15-40
A ǶȉȐȓȤȕȣȍ > 40
ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɸ (ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ) ɢ ɜɵɫɵɯɚɧɢɸ ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 33
(ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ). ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȧȚȍȕ ȗȖ ȘȈȏȔȍȘț
ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɩɹɬɧɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ ȔȔ
ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɢɥɢɟ V ǶȟȍȕȤ ȔȍȓȒȐȍ <2
ɩɹɬɟɧ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪ, ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ F ǴȍȓȒȐȍ 2-6
M ǹȘȍȌȕȐȍ 6-20
ɢ ɰɜɟɬ. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ A ǲȘțȗȕȣȍ > 20
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 37
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɹɬɟɧ.

3 ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɭɬɚɧ (ɩɥɟɧɨɤ) ɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɥɢɬɱɚɬɵɣ,
ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɵɣ ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɚɧɬɪɚɤɜɢɤ (ɩɥɭɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ), ɝɢɞɪɚɝɪɢɤ, ɮɟɪɪɢɤ, ɩɥɢɧɬɢɤ ɢ ɩɟɬɪɨɩɥɢɧɬɢɤ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɥɟɟɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ.
3 ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɥɹ
ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɝɢɞɪɚɝɪɢɤ, ɮɟɪɪɢɤ, ɩɥɢɧɬɢɤ, ɩɟɬɪɨɩɥɢɧɬɢɤ ɢ ɩɢɡɨɩɥɢɧɬɢɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɬɚɝɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ.
3 Ɂɨɧɵ ɨɝɥɟɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɨɪɚɯ ɫ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶɸ 4 ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ 2 ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɝɢɞɪɚɝɪɢɤ.
3 ɉɹɬɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɭɬɚɧɵ
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 34 (ɩɥɟɧɤɢ) ɹɪɨɡɢɬɚ ɢɥɢ
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȒȖȕȚȘȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȗȧȚȍȕ ɲɜɟɪɬɦɚɧɧɢɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
F ǹȓȈȉȣȑ ǷȧȚȕȈ ȊȐȌȕȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐ ȉȓȐȏȒȖȔ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ
ȒȖȕȚȘȈșȚ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȐ. ǾȊȍȚ ȗȖȟȊȣ Ȑ ȗȧȚȍȕ ȐȔȍȍȚ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ
ȉȓȐȏȒȐȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ ȚȖȕȈ, ȧȘȒȖșȚȐ Ȑ ɬɢɨɧɢɤ ɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ
ȕȈșȣȡȍȕȕȖșȚȐ.
D ǿȍȚȒȐȑ ǷȧȚȕȈ ȟȍȚȒȖ ȊȐȌȕȣ, ȕȖ ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ
Ⱥɰɟɪɢɤ.
ȒȖȕȚȘȈșȚ ȘȍȏȒȖ ȊȣȌȍȓȧȦȡȐȔȐșȧ. ǺȖȕ, ȧȘȒȖșȚȤ Ȑ 3 ɉɹɬɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɠɟɥɬɵɯ
ȕȈșȣȡȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȈșșȣ ȓȍȋȒȖ ɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ȖȚȓȐȟȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚ ȚȈȒȖȊȣȝ ț ȗȧȚȍȕ. ǶȕȐ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ
ȔȖȋțȚ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ 2.5 ȍȌȐȕȐȞȣ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ
ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȑ ȚȖȕȈ ȐȓȐ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȍȌȐȕȐȞ
ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȑ ȧȘȒȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȕȈșȣȡȍȕȕȖșȚȐ.
ɬɢɨɧɢɤ.
P ǸȍȏȒȐȑ ǷȧȚȕȈ ȉȘȖșȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȋȓȈȏȈ, Ȑ ȗȧȚȕȐșȚȖșȚȤ
ȒȖȕȚȘȈșȚ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȖȚȓȐȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȟȍȘȚ ɐɜɟɬ ɩɹɬɟɧ
ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈ. ǺȖȕ, ȧȘȒȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȕȈșȣȡȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ
ȗȧȚȍȕ Ȑ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȈșșȣ ȒȈȒ ȊȔȍșȚȍ,
ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȖ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȈȦȚșȧ, ȗȖ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɰɜɟɬ
ȔȍȕȤȠȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ, ȕȈ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȍȌȐȕȐȞ. ɩɹɬɟɧ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɦɢ, ɫɨ-
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɲɤɚɥɟ
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 35 Ɇɚɧɫɟɥɥɚ.
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȧȚȕȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȑ
ȔȈșșȖȑ Ɉɛɢɥɢɟ ɩɹɬɟɧ
ȔȔ
ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɢɥɢɹ
S ǸȍȏȒȈȧ < 0.5
C ȇșȕȈȧ 0.5-2 ɩɹɬɟɧ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ
D ǬȐȜȜțȏȕȈȧ >2 ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɚɹ ɢɦɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ
ɧɚ ɫɪɟɡɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
ɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɹɦ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 32. Ƚɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɦ
ɞɥɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɞɭɥɟɣ.
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɢɥɢɟ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɢɥɢ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɰɜɟɬ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɰɜɟɬ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ.
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɩɹɬɟɧ
Ƚɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 33.
Ɉɧɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɞɭɥɟɣ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɹɬɟɧ
ɐɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ (ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟɣ) ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 34.
Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɩɹɬɟɧ
Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɹɬɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ (ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟɣ) – ɷɬɨ ɡɨɧɚ (ɰɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ),
ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɢ ɤ ɩɹɬɧɭ, ɧɢ ɤ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɟ.
ɈɄɂɋɅɂɌȿɅɖɇɈ-ȼɈɋɋɌȺɇɈȼɂɌȿɅɖɇɕɃ ɉɈɌȿɇɐɂȺɅ ɉɈɑȼɕ ɂ

ȼɈɋɋɌȺɇɈȼɂɌȿɅɖɇɕȿ ɍɋɅɈȼɂə
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ɉȼɉ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ
Ɉɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ (Ɉɉȼ) ɩɨɱɜɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 36). Ɉɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ (WRB)
ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɝɥɟɟɧɢɸ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ (DIN/ISO Draft,

DVWK, 1995), ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɛɭɪɨɦ (ɢɡ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ, 20-100-ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ,
ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɧɚ 2 ɦɦ ɲɢɪɟ, ɱɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ Ɉȼɉ) ɩɪɨɛɭɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɹɦɤɚ ɞɨ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɧɚ 1-2 ɫɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ. ɉɥɚɬɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɠɞɚɱɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɨɣ, ɢ ɨɧ ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɹɦɤɭ ɧɚ 1 ɫɦ ɜɝɥɭɛɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ.
ɇɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɞɜɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɨ ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ 30 ɦɢɧɭɬ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ Ɉȼɉ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɢɥɥɢɜɨɥɶɬɦɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɹɦɤɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɣ ɯɥɨɪɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ, ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɣ 1-Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ KCl. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ
ɫɭɯɚɹ, ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɥɟɜɨɣ
ɦɨɫɬɢɤ (ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɤɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 2 ɫɦ ɫ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɚɦɢ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɚɹ 0.5%
(Ɇ/Ɇ) ɚɝɚɪɨɦ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ KCl). ȼ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ.
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ (Em) ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ

ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, +244 ɦȼ ɩɪɢ 10ºC, Ag/AgCl ɜ 1 M KCl; ɢɥɢ +287 ɦȼ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɥɨɦɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ). Ⱦɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɜ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ rH, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: rH = 2pH + 2Eh/59 (Eh ɜ ɦȼ ɩɪɢ 25 ºC).
ɍɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ rH ɜ ɥɢɫɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ.
ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɨɝɥɟɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ,
ɩɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 37). Ɉɧɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ (ɨɬ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ: ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ N1 ɞɨ N ɩɨ ɲɤɚɥɟ Ɇɚɧɫɟɥɥɚ),
ɝɨɥɭɛɨɜɚɬɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɜɚɬɵɯ (2.5 Y, 5 Y, 5 G, 5 B) ɰɜɟɬɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ. Ɉɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 39
ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɧɭɬ ɢɥɢ ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ Fe²+ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɩɵɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɭɸ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ 0.2% (M/V) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Į,Į-ɞɢɩɢɪɢɞɢɥɚ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ 10% (V/V)
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ȼ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ Fe²+ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ ɹɪɤɨɟ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɤɪɚɫɧɨ-ɨɯɪɢɫɬɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ, ɧɨ ɹɪɤɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɢɥɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬ.ɤ.
ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɧ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 36
ǷȘȐȏȕȈȒȐ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ Ȋ ȗȖȟȊȈȝ Ȑ Ȑȝ șȊȧȏȤ șȖ
ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧȔȐ rH Ȑ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈȔȐ
ǷȘȐȏȕȈȒȐ ȖȒȐșȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ- ǯȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ rH Ȑ
ǷȘȖȞȍșșȣ
ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ
ǷȘȐȏȕȈȒȐ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊțȦȚ, ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ > 35 ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȈȥȘȐȘțȍȚșȧ
ȊȣșȖȒȐȑ ȖȒȐșȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ- < 33 ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȍ NO3Ø
ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓ
ǿȍȘȕȣȍ ȔȈȘȋȈȕȞȍȊȣȍ ȒȖȕȒȘȍȞȐȐ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ < 29 ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ Mn²+
ǷȧȚȕȈ Fe Ȑ/ȐȓȐ ȉțȘȣȍ Fe ȒȖȕȒȘȍȞȐȐ, ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ < 20 ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ Fe²+*
ȊȖ ȊȓȈȎȕȣȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ
ǶȚ ȋȖȓțȉȖȊȈȚȖ-ȏȍȓȍȕȖȋȖ ȌȖ șȍȘȖȋȖ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ 13-19 ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȖȒșȐȌȖȊ
ȞȊȍȚȈ; ȐȖȕȣ Fe²+ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȦȚ Fe²+/Fe³+ (ȏȍȓȍȕȖȑ
ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ ȘȎȈȊȟȐȕȣ)*
ǿȍȘȕȣȑ ȞȊȍȚ ȖȚ șțȓȤȜȐȌȖȊ ȔȍȚȈȓȓȖȊ, ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ < 13 ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ șțȓȤȜȐȌȖȊ
ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ ȋȖȘȦȟȐȑ ȔȍȚȈȕ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ < 10 ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȔȍȚȈȕȈ
*ǲșȭ ȝȜșȓȐȜȑȜ ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȭ, ȟȚȜȠȞȖ țȖȔȓ ȞȎȕȒȓș, ȝȜȟȐȭȧȓțțȩȗ ȐȜȟȟȠȎțȜȐȖȠȓșȪțȩȚ ȡȟșȜȐȖȭȚ.

3 Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ rH < 20 ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜ Ƚɥɟɣɫɨɥɹɯ, ɉɥɚɧɨɫɨɥɹɯ ɢ ɋɬɚɝɧɨɫɨɥɹɯ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɫɬɚɝɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɝɥɟɣɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ Ɋɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ
Ƚɪɭɩɩ. ɗɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ (ɦɟɬɚɧɚ, ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ Ɋɟɞɭɤɬɢɤ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 37
ǫȓȍȍȊȈȧ ȖȒȘȈșȒȈ Ȑ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȍ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȑ Fe
ǾȊȍȚ ǾȊȍȚ ȗȖ ȠȒȈȓȍ ǼȖȘȔțȓȈ ǴȐȕȍȘȈȓ
ǴȈȕșȍȓȓȈ
ǹȍȘȖ-ȏȍȓȍȕȣȑ, șȊȍȚȓȖ- 5-GY-5-B2-3/1-3 Fe²+/Fe³+ șȔȍșȤ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȑ Fe
ȋȖȓțȉȖȑ (ȋȖȓțȉȖ-ȏȍȓȍȕȈȧ
ȘȎȈȊȟȐȕȈ)
ǩȍȓȣȑ, ȗȖșȓȍ ȖȒȐșȓȍȕȐȧ N7-8 10 YR 4/5 Fe²+CO3 șȐȌȍȘȐȚ
ȉțȘȣȑ
ǩȍȓȣȑ, ȗȖșȓȍ ȖȒȐșȓȍȕȐȧ N7-8 5-B Fe2+3(PO4)2 • ȊȐȊȐȈȕȐȚ
ȋȖȓțȉȖȑ 8H2O
ǫȖȓțȉȖȊȈȚȖ-ȟȍȘȕȣȑ (ȗȘȐ 5-10-B1-2/1-3 FeS, FeS2 șțȓȤȜȐȌȣ Fe
ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȐ ș (ȐȓȐ Fe3S4)
10%HCl ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ
ȏȈȗȈȝ H2S)
ȍȓȣȑ, ȗȖșȓȍ ȖȒȐșȓȍȕȐȧ N8 N8 -- ȗȖȓȕȈȧ ȗȖȚȍȘȧ
ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȉȍȓȣȔ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȑ Fe
ǰșȚȖȟȕȐȒ: Schlichting et al. (1995)
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 38
ǷȖȓȍȊȖȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ ȒȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȖȊ Ȋ ȗȖȟȊȍ
ɄȺɊȻɈɇȺɌɕ
% ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
N 0 ǲȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȣ ǪȐȌȐȔȣȝ Ȑ șȓțȝȖȊȣȝ ȗȘȐȏȕȈ-ȒȖȊ Ʉɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ
ȖȚșțȚșȚȊțȦȚ ȊșȒȐȗȈȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȖȚȔȍȟȈȍȚșȧ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨ-
SL 0-2 ǹȓȈȉȖȒȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȕȈȧ ǪșȒȐȗȈȕȐȍ șȓȣȠȕȖ, ȕȖ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȕȖ
ɜɚɧɵ ɨɬ ɩɨɱɜɨ-
MO 2-10 ǹȘȍȌȕȍȒȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȕȈȧ ǪșȒȐȗȈȕȐȍ ȊȐȌȕȖ
ST 10-25 ǹȐȓȤȕȖȒȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȕȈȧ ǹȐȓȤȕȣȑ ȊȐȌȐȔȣȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚ ȖȚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ
ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ș HCl. ǷțȏȣȘȤȒȐ (ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɪɛɨ-
ȖȉȘȈȏțȦȚ ȚȖȕȒțȦ ȗȍȕȐșȚțȦ ɧɚɬɵ) ɢɥɢ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ
ȗȓȍȕȒț ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛ-
EX > 25 ǶȟȍȕȤ ǩțȘȕȈȧ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȧ ș HCl.
șȐȓȤȕȖȒȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȕȈȧ ǴȋȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȖȉȘȈȏțȍȚșȧ ȚȖȓșȚȈȧ
ɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ
ȗȍȕȐșȚȈȧ ȗȓȍȕȒȈ. ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ). ȼ ɩɨɫ-
ɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 39 ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ-
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȜȖȘȔ ȊȚȖȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȒȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȖȊ ɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ
SC ȔȧȋȒȐȍ ȒȖȕȒȘȍȞȐȐ («ȉȍȓȖȋȓȈȏȒȈ» **) ɪɵɯɥɵɯ ɦɭɱɧɢɫɬɵɯ
HC ȗȓȖȚȕȣȍ ȒȖȕȒȘȍȞȐȐ (ȎțȘȈȊȟȐȒȐ**) ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ, ɤɭɬɚɧ ɧɚ
**
HHC ȗȓȖȚȕȣȍ ȗȖȓȣȍ ȒȖȕȒȘȍȞȐȐ (ȌțȚȐȒȐ Ȑ ȗȖȋȘȍȔȒȐ ) ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɞɨɜ,
D ȔțȟȕȐșȚȣȍ ȊȣȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ
PM ȗșȍȊȌȖȔȐȞȍȓȐȑ* (ȒȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȕȣȍ ȏȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȘ,
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɰɢɣ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-
ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȦȡȐȍ ȗȖ ȊȐȌț ȔȐȞȍȓȐȑ) ɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ-
M ȗȘȖșȓȖȑ ȔȍȘȋȍȓȧ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ-
HL ȗȓȖȚȕȣȑ șȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȒȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȕȣȑ ɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɟɜ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪ.
ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚ/ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȣ (ȔȖȡȕȖșȚȤȦ ȌȖ 10 șȔ)
ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɚɪɛɨ-
* ǲȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȕȣȑ ȗșȍȊȌȖȔȐȞȍȓȐȑ ȕȍ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚșȧ ȒȖ «ȊȚȖȘȐȟȕȣȔ
ȒȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȈȔ», ȍșȓȐ Ȗȕ ȔȐȋȘȐȘțȍȚ șȍȏȖȕȕȖ Ȑ ȕȍ ȏȈȓȍȋȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖȑ
ɧɚɬɨɜ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ (CaCO3)
ȋȓțȉȐȕȍ. ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ
**ǸțșșȒȐȍ ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȑ, ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚșȧ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȟȐȒȖȔ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶ-
ɤɢɯ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ 10% HCl ɤ
ɩɨɱɜɟ. ɉɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ
ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 38). ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ,
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦɢ.
ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɜ
ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨɦ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɪɧɢ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ (ɢɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɲɭɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ). Ⱦɨɥɨɦɢɬɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɫɥɚɛɟɟ, ɱɟɦ
ɤɚɥɶɰɢɬ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ HCl ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɟɟ, ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɢ
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ.
Ɏɨɪɦɵ
Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɟ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɚ. ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɪɵɯɥɵɟ
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɰɢɢ - ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 39.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 41

ȼɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ:
3 ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ (ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ) >=2% ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɤɚɥɶɤɚɪɢɤ.
3 15% ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɟ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɤ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 40
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȖȟȊ ȗȖ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȦ ȋȐȗșȈ
%
N 0 ǫȐȗș ȖȚșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ EC = <1.8 ȌǹȔ Ȕ-1 Ȋ 10 ȋ ȗȖȟȊȣ/25 Ȕȓ H2O
SL 0-5 ǹȓȈȉȖȋȐȗșȖȕȖșȕȈȧ EC = <1.8 ȌǹȔ Ȕ-1 Ȋ 10 ȋ ȗȖȟȊȣ/250 Ȕȓ H2O
MO 5-15 ǹȘȍȌȕȍȋȐȗșȖȕȖșȕȈȧ EC = >1.8 ȌǹȔ Ȕ-1 Ȋ 10 ȋ ȗȖȟȊȣ/250 Ȕȓ H2O
ST 15-60 ǹȐȓȤȕȖȋȐȗșȖȕȖșȕȈȧ ȗȖȟȊȣ ș ȊȣșȖȒȐȔ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍȔ ȋȐȗșȈ ȔȖȋțȚ
ȉȣȚȤ ȌȐȜȜȍȘȍȕȞȐȘȖȊȈȕȣ Ȋ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȚ
ȖȉȐȓȐȧ ȊȖȌȖȘȈșȚȊȖȘȐȔȖȋȖ
EX > 60 ǶȟȍȕȤ șȐȓȤȕȖȋȐȗșȖȕȖșȕȈȧ ȗșȍȊȌȖȔȐȞȍȓȐȧ/ȒȘȐșȚȈȓȓȖȊ Ȑ ȞȊȍȚȈ ȗȖȟȊȣ
3 Ɍɜɺɪɞɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚɦɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ

ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɩɟɬɪɨɤɚɥɶɰɢɤ.
3 15-25% ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɟ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ƚɢɩɨɤɚɥɶɰɢɤ.
3 50% ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɟ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ƚɢɩɟɪɤɚɥɶɰɢɤ.
3 ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɤ ɫ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 50-100 ɫɦ ɨɬ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɩɨɱɜɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɤ Ʉɚɥɶɰɢɫɨɥɹɦ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ
ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɤ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ
50 ɫɦ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɚ.
3 Ʉɚɥɶɰɢɫɨɥɢ ɢ Ƚɢɩɫɢɫɨɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɚɪɠɢɤ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɚɪɠɢɤ
ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚɦɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ (ɜ Ʉɚɥɶɰɢɫɨɥɹɯ) ɢɥɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚɦɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɝɢɩɫɨɦ (ɜ
Ƚɢɩɫɢɫɨɥɹɯ).
Ƚɂɉɋ
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɢɩɫɚ
Ƚɢɩɫ (CaSO4•2H2O) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɩɫɚ, ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ
ɝɢɩɫɨɧɨɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɨɧ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɦɢɰɟɥɢɹ, ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ (ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɜ ɝɧɟɡɞɚɯ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɛɨɪɨɞɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɤɭɬɚɧ, ɭɞɥɢɧɺɧɧɵɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫɟɥɟɧɢɬɚ), ɪɵɯɥɵɯ ɢ
ɩɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɦɭɱɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ
ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɝɢɩɫɢɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɣ.
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɢɩɫɚ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ (EC ɜ ɞɋɦƒɦ-1) ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɤ ɜɨɞɟ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 40) ɩɨɫɥɟ 30-ɦɢɧɭɬɧɨɝɨ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɞɥɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɦɟɥɤɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɢɩɫɚ).
Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɩɫɚ
Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɩɫɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɟ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɚ. Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɩɫɚ
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 41.

ȼɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɝɢɩɫɚ:
3 5% (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ)
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 41
ɝɢɩɫɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȜȖȘȔ ȊȚȖȘȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȋȐȗșȈ
ɝɢɩɫɢɪɢɤ. SC ȔȧȋȒȐȍ ȒȖȕȒȘȍȞȐȐ
3 5% (ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ) ɝɢɩɫɚ D ǴțȟȕȐșȚȣȍ ȊȣȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ
ɢ 1% (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ) G «ȋȈȎȈ» (ȋȓȐȕȐșȚȣȑ ȊȖȌȖȕȈșȣȡȍȕȕȣȑ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚ ș
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɩɫɚ ȊȣșȖȒȐȔ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍȔ ȋȐȗșȈ)
HL ȗȓȖȚȕȣȑ șȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȋȐȗșȖȊȣȑ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɝɢɩɫɢɤ.
ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚ/ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȣ (ȔȖȡȕȖșȚȤȦ ȌȖ 10 șȔ)
3 Ɍɜɺɪɞɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫ
5% (ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ) ɝɢɩɫɚ ɢ
1% (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ) ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɩɫɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɩɟɬɪɨɝɢɩɫɢɤ.
3 15-25% (ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ) ɝɢɩɫɚ ɢ 1% (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ) ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɩɫɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ
Ƚɢɩɨɝɢɩɫɢɤ.
3 50% (ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ) ɝɢɩɫɚ ɢ 1% (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ) ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɩɫɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ
Ƚɢɩɟɪɝɢɩɫɢɤ.
3 Ƚɢɩɫɢɫɨɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɚɪɠɢɤ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɚɪɠɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧ
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚɦɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɝɢɩɫɨɦ.
ɅȿȽɄɈɊȺɋɌȼɈɊɂɆɕȿ ɋɈɅɂ
ɉɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɭɫɬɵɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɦɢ ɫɨɥɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ
ɫɨɥɹɦɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɲɟ ɝɢɩɫɚ (CaSO4 • 2H2O; log Ks = -4.85 ɩɪɢ 25 ºC).
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ EC (ɜ ɞɋɦƒɦ-1= ɦɋɦƒɫɦ-1) ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɫɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ
(Richards, 1954). Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ȿɋ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɚɯ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɚɫɬ (ȿɋSE). ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ȿɋSE ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɤ
ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɢɸ.
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ȿɋ ɜ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ 1:2.5 (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 20 ɝ ɩɨɱɜɵ/50 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ)
ɫ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɨɦ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ȿɋSE ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 42, Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 43 ɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɧɢɠɟ).
ɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤ ɫ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 8 ɫɦ 3
(~ 10 ɝ ɩɨɱɜɵ). Ʉ 10 ɝ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ 25 ɦɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɚɤɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɨɣ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ (ȿɋ2.5) ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɦ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɨɦ
ɩɨɫɥɟ 30-ɦɢɧɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɧɚɞɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɞɭ ɫ ȿɋ < 0.01 ɞɋɦ ɦØ¹.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɟɣ (ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ NaCl) ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
ɋɭɦɦɚ ɫɨɥɟɣ [%] = ȿɋ2.5 [ɦɋɦ ɫɦØ¹] • 0.067 • 2.5.
ȿɋ2.5 ɩɟɪɟɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ȿɋSE ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɢɠɟ, ɢ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 43.
250 • ǳC2.5
ECSE =
WCSE
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 43

3 ɉɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ 8 ɢ 15 ɞɋɦ ɦØ¹ (ȿɋSE, 25 ºC) ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫɚɥɢɤ.
3 4 ɞɋɦ ɦØ¹ (ȿɋSE, 25 ºC) ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ 100 ɫɦ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ
Ƚɢɩɨɫɚɥɢɤ.
3 30 ɞɋɦ ɦØ¹ (ȿɋSE, 25 ºC) ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ 100 ɫɦ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ
Ƚɢɩɟɪɫɚɥɢɤ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 42
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȖȟȊ ȗȖ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȦ șȖȓȍȑ
ECSE =ȌǹȔ ȔØ¹ (25ºC)
N (ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ) ȕȍȚ șȖȓȍȑ < 0.75
SL ǹȓȈȉȖȏȈșȖȓȍȕȕȈȧ 0.75-2
MO ǹȘȍȌȕȍȏȈșȖȓȍȕȕȈȧ 2-4
ST ǹȐȓȤȕȖȏȈșȖȓȍȕȕȈȧ 4-8
VST ǶȟȍȕȤ șȐȓȤȕȖȏȈșȖȓȍȕȕȈȧ 8-15
EX ǿȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȏȈșȖȓȍȕȕȈȧ > 15
ǰșȚȖȟȕȐȒ: DVWK (1995).
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 43
ǪȓȈȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȈșȚȣ ȗȘȐ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȖȔ ȋȘȈȕțȓȖȔȍȚȘȐȟȍșȒȖȔ șȖșȚȈȊȍ
Ȑ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȐ ȋțȔțșȈ (Ȍȓȧ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȖȟȊ) Ȑ ȗȘȐ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ
ȘȈȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȚȖȘȜȈ (Ȍȓȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȖȟȊ)
ǫȘȈȕțȓȖȔȍȚ- ǪȓȈȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȈșȚȣ WCSE, ȋ/100 ȋ
ȘȐȟȍșȒȐȑ
șȖșȚȈȊ
ǹȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ȋțȔțșȈ
ǴȐȕȍȘȈȓȤ- < 0.5% 0.5-1% 1-2% 2-4% 4-8% 8-15%

ȕȣȍ ȗȖȟȊȣ
ǫȘȈȊȐȑ, CS 5 6 8 13 21 35
MS 8 9 11 16 24 38
FS 10 11 13 18 26 40
LS, SL<10% ȐȓȈ 14 15 17 22 30 45
SiL 17 18 20 25 34 49
Si 19 20 22 27 36 51
SL10-20% ȐȓȈ 22 23 26 31 39 55
L 25 26 29 34 42 58
SiL10-27%ȐȓȈ 28 29 32 37 46 62
SCL 32 33 36 41 50 67
CL, SiCL 44 46 48 53 63 80
SC 51 53 55 60 70 88
SiC, C40-60% ȐȓȈ 63 65 68 73 83 102
HC<60%ȐȓȈ 105 107 110 116 126 147
ǹȚȍȗȍȕȤ ȘȈȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȚȖȘȜȈ (șȔȖȚȘȐ ǺȈȉȓȐȞȈ 31. ȋȓȈȊȈ 4)
D1 D2 șȓȈȉȈȧ D3 șȘȍȌȕȧȧ D4 șȐȓȤȕȈȧ D5 ȖȟȍȕȤ
ȖȟȍȕȤ șȐȓȤȕȈȧ
șȓȈȉȈȧ
80 120 170 240 300
ǰșȚȖȟȕȐȒ: DVWK (1995), ș ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ, Ȋ ȗȍȘȍșȟȍȚȍ ȕȈ ȒȓȈșșȣ ȋȘȈȕțȓȖȔȍȚȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȖșȚȈȊȈ

ȗȖȟȊ ȗȖ ǼǨǶ.
ɉɈɅȿȼɈȿ ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɪɇ ɉɈɑȼɕ

ɪɇ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ. Ɉɧ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɪɇ ɜ ɥɢɫɬɟ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ. ɉɨɥɟɜɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɪɇ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɪɇ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɏɟɥɥɢɞɠɚ), ɥɢɛɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɪɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɇ-ɦɟɬɪɚ (1 ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɤ 2.5
ɱɚɫɬɹɦ 1 Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ KCl ɢɥɢ 0.1 Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ CaCl2). Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ ɜɡɛɨɥɬɚɬɶ, ɞɚɬɶ
ɨɬɫɬɨɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 15 ɦɢɧɭɬ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɟ 50-ɦɥ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤɢ ɫ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 8 ɫɦ³ (~10 ɝ ɩɨɱɜɵ) ɢ 25 ɦɥ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 44
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȖȟȊ Ȋ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȚ Șǵ Ȑ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ
ȊȍȡȍșȚȊȈ (ǶǪ)
pHCaCl2 < 5.1 Ȑ ǶǪ > 15% ȒȘȐȚȍȘȐȐ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȚ ȒȊȈȓȐȜȐȒȈȚȖȘț
ǬȐșȚȘȐȒ (= ȕȈșȣȡȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȧȔȐ
< 4.6 Ȑ ǶǪ > 4-15% <50%), Ȋ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ
ȒȊȈȓȐȜȐȒȈȚȖȘ ȅțȚȘȐȒ
< 4.2 Ȑ ǶǪ < 4%
ȒȘȐȚȍȘȐȐ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȚ ȕȈșȣȡȍȕȕȖșȚȐ
< 3.6 Ȑ ǶǪ > 15% ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ 10% Ȑ ȊȣșȖȒȖȑ
ȕȈșȣȡȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȈȓȦȔȐȕȐȍȔ ȒȊȈȓȐȜȐȒȈȚȖȘ
< 3.4 Ȑ ǶǪ 4-15% ǫȐȗȍȘȈȓȐȒ
< 3.2 Ȑ ǶǪ < 4%
ǰșȚȖȟȕȐȒ: Schlichting, Blume, Stahr (1995), ș ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ.

Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɷɬɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɟ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 44). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ
ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ.
ɁȺɉȺɏ ɉɈɑȼɕ
Ɉɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɯɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 45), ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ.
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɨ ɡɚɩɚɯɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 45
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȏȈȗȈȝȈ ȗȖȟȊ
ǯȈȗȈȝ - ȊȐȌ ǲȘȐȚȍȘȐȐ
N ǵȍȚ ǯȈȗȈȝ ȕȍ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚșȧ
P ǵȍȜȚȍȝȐȔȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ǷȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ȋȈȏȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȝ ȐȓȐ ȎȐȌȒȐȝ ȉȍȕȏȐȕȈ, ȕȍȜȚȐ,
ȒȘȍȖȏȖȚȈ Ȑ Ț.ȗ.
S ǹȍȘȕȣȑ ǷȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȍ H2S (șȍȘȖȊȖȌȖȘȖȌȈ; «ȏȈȗȈȝ Țțȝȓȣȝ ȧȐȞ»); Ȋ
ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȔ șȊȧȏȈȕ ș șȐȓȤȕȖȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ țșȓȖȊȐȧȔȐ Ȋ
șȍȘȖșȖȌȍȘȎȈȡȐȝ ȗȖȟȊȈȝ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 45
ȺɇȾɂɄɈȼɕȿ ɋȼɈɃɋɌȼȺ ɂ ȼɍɅɄȺɇɂɑȿɋɄɈȿ ɋɌȿɄɅɈ

ɉɨɱɜɵ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɚɧɞɢɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ: ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0.9 ɤɝ/ɞɦ3 ɢ ɥɢɩɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɟɣ (ɡɚ
ɫɱɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɚɥɥɨɮɚɧɨɜ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɮɟɪɪɢɝɢɞɪɢɬɨɜ). ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɫ
ɚɧɞɢɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɱɟɪɧɵɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ. Ⱥɧɞɢɤɨɜɵɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ Ɏɢɥɞɟɫɨɦ ɢ
ɉɟɪɪɨɬɨɦ (Fieldes and Perrott, 1996). ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɇNaF: ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɪɇNaF ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 9.5 ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɚɥɥɨɮɚɧɨɜɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨ-ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɮɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɨɧɨɜ
OH-. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɨɱɜ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɯ
ɫɩɨɞɢɤ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɫ ɦɟɠɫɥɨɟɜɵɦ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɫ NaF, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɪɇ ɩɨɱɜ (ɦɟɬɨɞ
ɧɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ) ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ (ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ HCl).
ɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ
ɉɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɭɦɚɝɭ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɟɧɨɥɮɬɚɥɟɢɧɨɦ, ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɶɬɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ 1 Ɇ NaF (ɫ ɪɇ 7.5). ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɹɪɤɨ-ɦɚɥɢɧɨɜɵɣ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ
ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ – ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɜ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ, ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡ 1 ɝ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ 50 ɦɥ
1 Ɇ NaF (ɫ ɪɇ 7.5), ɩɨɫɥɟ 2-ɦɢɧɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɇ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 9.5, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ. ȼ ɥɢɫɬɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɬɶɬɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ + ɢɥɢ -.
ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫ ɚɧɞɢɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɬɢɤɫɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɩɨɱɜɚ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
ɜ ɬɟɤɭɱɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ.

3 ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɥɥɨɮɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ
ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨ-ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɚɧɞɢɤ.
3 Ɍɢɤɫɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ɍɢɤɫɨɬɪɨɩɢɤ.
ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ,
ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɵ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ
ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɥɭɩɵ ɫ 10-
ɤɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ – ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ.
3 5% (ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɟɪɟɧ) ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ, ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɜɨ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ 0.05-2
ɦɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɨ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ 0.02-0.25 ɦɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɬɪɢɤ.
3 30% (ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɟɪɟɧ) ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ, ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɜɨ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ 0.02-2
ɦɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɬɟɮɪɢɤ.
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ ɈɊȽȺɇɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ȼȿɓȿɋɌȼȺ

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɢ
ɧɟɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ,
ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɭɦɭɫ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɱɚɳɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ

ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɯ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɩɨ ɲɤɚɥɟ Ɇɚɧɫɟɥɥɚ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ
ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 46). ɉɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɰɜɟɬ (ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶ) ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɬɟɦɧɨɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɥɨɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɯ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ
ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɪɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɝɭɛɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 46
ǶȞȍȕȒȈ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȊȍȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȗȖȟȊȈȝ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȞȊȍȚȈ
ȗȖ ȠȒȈȓȍ ǴȈȕșȍȓȓȈ ș țȟȨȚȖȔ ȋȘȈȕțȓȖȔȍȚȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȖșȚȈȊȈ
ǾȊȍȚ ȇȘȒȖșȚȤ ǪȓȈȎȕȈȧ ȗȖȟȊȈ ǹțȝȈȧ ȗȖȟȊȈ
ȗȖ ȠȒȈȓȍ S LS, SiL, Si, S LS, SiL, Si,
ǴȈȕșȍȓȓȈ SL, L SiCL, CL, SL, L SiCL, CL,
SCL, SC, SCL, SC,
SiC, C SiC, C
%
ǹȊȍȚȓȖ-șȍȘȣȑ 7 <0.3 < 0.5 <0.6-1.2
ǹȊȍȚȓȖ-șȍȘȣȑ 6.5 0.3- 0.5- 0.6-1.2
0.6 0.8
ǹȍȘȣȑ 6 0.6-1 0.8- 1.2-2
1.2
ǹȍȘȣȑ 5.5 < 0.3 1-1.5 1.2-2 2-3
ǹȍȘȣȑ 5 < 0.3 < 0.4 0.3-0.6 1.5-2 2-4 3-4
ǺȍȔȕȖ-șȍȘȣȑ 4.5 0.3-0.6 0.4- 0.6-0.9 2-3 4-6 4-6
0.6
ǺȍȔȕȖ-șȍȘȣȑ 4 0.6-0.90.6-1 0.9-1.5 3-5 6-9 6-9
ǿȍȘȕȖ-șȍȘȣȑ 3.5 0.9-1.5 1-2 1.5-3 5-8 9-15 9-15
ǿȍȘȕȖ-șȍȘȣȑ 3 1.5-3 2-4 3-5 8-12 > 15 > 15
ǿȍȘȕȣȑ 2.5 3-6 >4 >5 > 12
ǿȍȘȕȣȑ 2 >6
ǷȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȍ: ǭșȓȐ ȕȈșȣȡȍȕȕȖșȚȤ 3.5-6, șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȗȘȐȉȈȊȐȚȤ 0.5 Ȓ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȦ ȧȘȒȖșȚȐ; ȍșȓȐ
ȕȈșȣȡȍȕȕȖșȚȤ > 6, șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȗȘȐȉȈȊȐȚȤ 1.0 Ȓ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȦ ȧȘȒȖșȚȐ.
ǰșȚȖȟȕȐȒ: Schlichting, Blume, Stahr (1995), ș ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ.

3 ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɚ ɜɥɚɝɨɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 30 ɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɥɟɬ (ɡɚ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɨɦ): ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ [12 + (ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ
ɢɥɚ ɨɬ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ × 0.1)] % ɢɥɢ 18%, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ 20% ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ.
3 Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɥɚɝɨɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 30 ɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɥɟɬ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɨɦ) ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɝɢɫɬɢɤ.
3 Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɥɚɝɨɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ < 30 ɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɥɟɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɮɨɥɢɤ.
3 ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ 6% ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 47
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ 4% ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɥɨɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 30 ɫɦ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ

ɮɭɥɶɜɢɤ ɢ ɦɟɥɚɧɢɤ.
3 ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ 0.6% ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɦɨɥɥɢɤ ɢ ɭɦɛɪɢɤ.
3 ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ 1.5% ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɜɨɪɨɧɢɤ.
(ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɨɤɨɥɨ 1:1.7-2)
ɍɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɥɢɫɬɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ.
ɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂə ɉɈɑȼȿɇɇɕɏ ɄɈɆɉɈɇȿɇɌɈȼ

ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ. ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɛɟɡ ɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɟɪɟɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. ɇɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɉɭɫɬɨɬɵ (ɩɨɪɵ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ.
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ – ɷɬɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ (ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɞɵ) ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɟɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ⱥɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ
ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɨɪɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɚɦɢ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ
ɩɨɱɜɚ ɜɥɚɠɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɵɪɚɹ, ɬɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɨ ɬɨɣ ɩɨɪɵ,
ɩɨɤɚ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɫɨɯɧɟɬ. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ ɜɵɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ
ɤɭɫɨɤ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ; ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ in situ (ɛɟɡ ɢɡɴɹɬɢɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ) ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɢ ɬɢɩ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ, ɬɢɩɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ.
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ
ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ
(ɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɚ) ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ (ɛɟɫɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɚ).
ȼ ɛɟɫɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ȼɟɫɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɵɯɥɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ (ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɺɪɧɚ) ɢ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ
(ɫɦɨɬɪɢ ɧɢɠɟ). Ɋɵɯɥɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɵɯɥɨɣ, ɫɵɩɭɱɟɣ
ɢɥɢ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɚɥɶɰɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 50%). Ɇɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɸ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɜɹɡɧɵɣ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜ ɤ ɧɚɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɸ.
Ɇɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ
ɢ ɩɨɪɨɡɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɦɨɬɪɢ ɧɢɠɟ).
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 47.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 47
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȖșȚȘțȒȚțȘȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȟȊ
WE ǹȓȈȉȈȧ ǨȋȘȍȋȈȚȣ ȍȓȍ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȔȣ, ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȖșȓȈȉȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȏȖȕȣ șȓȈȉȖ
ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȕȣ. ǷȘȐ șȓȈȉȖȔ ȕȈȌȈȊȓȐȊȈȕȐȐ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ
ȘȈșȗȈȌȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ șȔȍșȤ, șȖșȚȖȧȡțȦ Ȑȏ ȔȈȓȖȋȖ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȈ ȞȍȓȤȕȣȝ
ȈȋȘȍȋȈȚȖȊ, ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȈ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȕȣȝ ȈȋȘȍȋȈȚȖȊ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ
ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ ȉȍȏ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȝ ȋȘȈȕȍȑ. ǫȘȈȕȐ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȕȣȝ
ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖșȚȍȑ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȦȚșȧ ȖȚ ȊȕțȚȘȐȗȍȌȕȖȑ ȔȈșșȣ.
MO ǹȘȍȌȕȧȧ ǨȋȘȍȋȈȚȣ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȔȣ, ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȖșȓȈȉȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȏȖȕȣ ȟȍȚȒȖ
ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȕȣ. ǷȘȐ ȕȈȌȈȊȓȐȊȈȕȐȐ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ȘȈșȗȈȌȈȍȚșȧ
ȕȈ șȔȍșȤ, șȖșȚȖȧȡțȦ Ȑȏ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȈ ȞȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȈȋȘȍȋȈȚȖȊ,
ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȈ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȕȣȝ ȈȋȘȍȋȈȚȖȊ Ȑ ȔȈȓȖȋȖ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȈ
ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ ȉȍȏ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȝ ȋȘȈȕȍȑ. ǫȘȈȕȐ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȕȣȝ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖșȚȍȑ
Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȔ ȟȍȚȒȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȦȚșȧ ȖȚ ȊȕțȚȘȐȗȍȌȕȖȑ ȔȈșșȣ.
ST ǹȐȓȤȕȈȧ ǨȋȘȍȋȈȚȣ ȟȍȚȒȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȔȣ, ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȖșȓȈȉȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȏȖȕȣ ȖȟȍȕȤ
ȟȍȚȒȖ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȕȣ. ǷȘȐ ȕȈȌȈȊȓȐȊȈȕȐȐ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ
ȘȈșȗȈȌȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȕȈ ȞȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȈȋȘȍȋȈȚȣ. ǫȘȈȕȐ
șȚȘțȒȚțȘȕȣȝ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖșȚȍȑ Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȔ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȐȓȤȕȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȦȚșȧ ȖȚ
ȊȕțȚȘȐȗȍȌȕȖȑ ȔȈșșȣ.
ǲȖȔȉȐȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȒȓȈșșȣ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȣ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ:
WM ǶȚ șȓȈȉȖȑ ȌȖ șȘȍȌȕȍȑ
MS ǶȚ șȘȍȌȕȍȑ ȌȖ șȐȓȤȕȖȑ
ǸǰǹǻǵǶǲ 6
ǺȐȗȣ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȑ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 49
Ɍɢɩ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 48. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 49.
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ
Ƚɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɫɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɢ ɩɥɢɬɱɚɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɫɢ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 50). ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 51.
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ). ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢɡɦɵ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɨɪɟɯɢ). ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɩɥɢɬɱɚɬɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɡɦɵ). ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ
ɷɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 52.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 48
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȚȐȗȖȊ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȑ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ
ǩȓȖȟȕȈȧ ǩȓȖȒȐ ȐȓȐ ȔȕȖȋȖȋȘȈȕȕȐȒȐ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȘȈȊȕȣȝ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȖȊ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧȔ,
(ȒțȉȖȊȐȌȕȈȧ) ȐȔȍȦȡȐȍ ȗȓȖșȒȐȍ ȐȓȐ șȓȈȉȖ șȒȘțȋȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȋȘȈȕȐ, Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȗȘȐȓȍȋȈȦȚ,
ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȧ Ȑȝ ȜȖȘȔț, șȖșȍȌȕȐȍ ȈȋȘȍȋȈȚȣ. ǬȈȕȕȣȑ ȚȐȗ ȘȍȒȖȔȍȕȌțȍȚșȧ
ȗȖȌȘȈȏȌȍȓȧȚȤ ȕȈ ȖȘȍȝȖȊȈȚȣȑ (ș ȋȘȈȕȧȔȐ, ȗȍȘȍșȍȒȈȦȡȐȔȐșȧ ȗȖȌ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ
ȖșȚȘȣȔȐ țȋȓȈȔȐ) Ȑ ȒȖȔȒȖȊȈȚȣȑ (ș ȏȈȒȘțȋȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȋȘȈȕȧȔȐ) ȗȖȌȚȐȗȣ.
ǯȍȘȕȐșȚȈȧ ǹȜȍȘȖȐȌȕȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȔȕȖȋȖȋȘȈȕȕȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȣ, ș ȐȏȖȋȕțȚȣȔȐ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȣȔȐ
ȋȘȈȕȧȔȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȓȍȋȈȦȚ Ȓ ȋȘȈȕȧȔ șȖșȍȌȕȐȝ ȈȋȘȍȋȈȚȖȊ.
ǷȓȐȚȟȈȚȈȧ ǷȓȖșȒȐȍ ȜȖȘȔȣ ș ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȈȔȐ Ȋ ȊȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ;
ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȖȘȐȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȣ Ȋ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȓȖșȒȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȟȈșȚȖ
ȕȈȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȌȘțȋ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȈ.
ǷȘȐȏȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ǶȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȣȍ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȣ Ȋ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ Ȑ ȘȈșȚȧȕțȚȣȍ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȣ Ȋ
ȊȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȓȖșȒȖșȚȐ; ȊȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȋȘȈȕȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȣ;
ȐȔȍȦȚ ȗȓȖșȒȐȍ ȐȓȐ șȓȈȉȖ șȒȘțȋȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȋȘȈȕȐ, Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȗȘȐȓȍȋȈȦȚ,
ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȧ Ȑȝ ȜȖȘȔț, șȖșȍȌȕȐȍ ȈȋȘȍȋȈȚȣ. ǫȘȈȕȐ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ șȓțȟȈȍȊ
ȗȍȘȍșȍȒȈȦȚșȧ ȗȖȌ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖșȚȘȣȔȐ țȋȓȈȔȐ. ǷȖȌȚȐȗ ȗȘȐȏȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ
șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ, ȗȘȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȕȣȍ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȖȒȘțȋȓȣȍ
ȊȍȘȝțȠȒȐ, ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ șȚȖȓȉȟȈȚȖȑ.
ǳȐȚȖȋȍȕȕȈȧ ǺȖȕȒȈȧ șȓȖȐșȚȖșȚȤ ȕȍșȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȖȚȓȖȎȍȕȐȑ, ȗșȍȊȌȖȔȖȘȜȖȏȣ
șȚȘțȒȚțȘȈ ȊȣȊȍȚȘȍȓȣȝ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȖȊ, șȖȝȘȈȕȧȦȡȐȝ ȐșȝȖȌȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ
ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȈ Ȑ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍȊȣȊȍȚȘȍȓȣȝ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȖȊ Ȋ șȈȗȘȖȓȐȚȍ,
șȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȊȠȍȔșȧ Ȑȏ ȗȓȖȚȕȣȝ ȗȖȘȖȌ.
ǲȓȐȕȖȊȐȌȕȈȧ ǯȈȒȘțȋȓȨȕȕȣȍ, șȞȍȗȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȓȐȕȏȣ ș ȖșȚȘȣȔȐ ȒȘȈȧȔȐ, ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȣȍ
șȓȐȒȍȕșȈȑȌȈȔȐ; ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȍȕ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȓȧ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȊ șȖ șȊȖȑșȚȊȈȔȐ ȊȍȘȚȐȒ.
ǫȓȣȉȐșȚȈȧ4 ǷȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȐȑ,
ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȘȈșȗȈȠȒȐ.
4
Ǫ ȖȚȓȐȟȐȍ ȖȚ ȘȖșșȐȑșȒȖȑ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȐ, Ȋ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȣȝ ȠȒȖȓȈȝ ȔȖȘȜȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȗȖȟȊ ȋȓȣȉȐșȚȈȧ
șȚȘțȒȚțȘȈ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȚȐȗȐȟȕȈȧ ȈȕȚȘȖȗȖȋȍȕȕȈȧ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȈ ȗȈȝȖȚȕȣȝ
ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȖȊ, ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȔȈȧ ȕȈ ȖȉȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȍȔȖȑ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȟȊȣ. ǹȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ ȕȐȎȕȐȝ
ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȖȊ, ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȕȣȝ Ȓ ȗȖȟȊȖȖȉȘȈȏțȦȡȍȑ ȗȖȘȖȌȍ, ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȖȉȣȟȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȓȐȚȖȋȍȕȕȣȍ,
ȔȈșșȐȊȕȣȍ ȐȓȐ ȉȍșșȚȘțȒȚțȘȕȣȍ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 49 ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ

ǶȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ ȚȐȗȖȊ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȑ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
RS ǳȐȚȖȋȍȕȕȈȧ 3 ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ
șȚȘțȒȚțȘȈ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
SS ǹȓȖȐșȚȈȧ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȈ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ (ɬɟɪɦɢɧ
SG ǶȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȏȍȘȕȈ
MA ǴȈșșȐȊȕȈȧ «ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ» ɬɚɤɠɟ
PM ǷȖȘȐșȚȈȧ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɵɯɥɵɦ
ȔȈșșȐȊȕȈȧ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
BL ǲțȉȖȊȐȌȕȈȧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ
AB ǶȘȍȝȖȊȈȚȈȧ
AP ǶȘȍȝȖȊȈȚȈȧ
ɫɥɨɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ) ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ
(ȗȈȘȈȓȓȍȓȍȗȐȗȍȌȕȈȧ) ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɚ
AS ǶȘȍȝȖȊȈȚȖ-ȒȖȔȒȖȊȈȚȈȧ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɤɚɦɛɢɤ.
AW ǶȘȍȝȖȊȈȚȈȧ (ȒȓȐȕȖȊȐȌȕȈȧ) 3 Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɧɚɹ
SA ǲȖȔȒȖȊȈȚȖ-ȖȘȍȝȖȊȈȚȈȧ
ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ
SB ǲȖȔȒȖȊȈȚȈȧ
SN ǲȖȔȒȖȊȈȚȈȧ ȖȘȍȝȖȊȐȌȕȈȧ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɢ ɧɟ
PR ǷȘȐȏȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ɩɥɨɬɧɚɹ/ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɥɨɬɧɚɹ ɜ
PS ǲȖȔȒȖȊȈȚȖ-ȗȘȐȏȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ (ɩɪɢɡɦɵ
WE ǲȓȐȕȖȊȐȌȕȈȧ ɛɨɥɟɟ 30 ɫɦ ɜ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɟ
CO ǹȚȖȓȉȟȈȚȈȧ
GR ǯȍȘȕȐșȚȈȧ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ
WC ǲȖȗȘȖȋȍȕȕȈȧ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɟɫɥɢ
PL ǷȓȐȚȟȈȚȈȧ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɹ
CL ǲȘțȗȕȖȋȓȣȉȐșȚȈȧ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ
CR ǴȍȓȒȖȋȓȣȉȐșȚȈȧ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɡɦɵ)
LU ǹȘȍȌȕȍȋȓȣȉȐșȚȈȧ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɦɨɥɥɢɤ, ɭɦɛɪɢɤ ɢ
ɚɧɬɪɢɤ.
3 Ɂɟɪɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɨɤɨɦɤɨɜɚɬɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɨɩɪɨɝɟɧɧɭɸ) ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɜɨɪɨɧɢɤ.
3 ɋɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɭɛɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɬɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɷɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɤ.
3 Ɉɪɟɯɨɜɚɬɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ
ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɝɪɚɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɟɯɨɜ ɫ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɢɦɢ ɝɪɚɧɹɦɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ
ɧɢɬɢɤ.
3 Ʉɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɹɦɢ, ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ 10-60º ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤ.
3 Ʉɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤ.
3 ɉɥɢɬɱɚɬɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɥɭɠɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɚ (ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɚɧɬɪɚɤɜɢɤ).
3 Ɉɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɢɪɪɚɝɪɢɤ.
3 ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɤɨɪɧɢ,
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ 10 cm ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɮɪɚɞɠɢɤ.
3 ɉɥɢɬɱɚɬɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɬɚɤɵɪɢɤ.
3 ɉɥɢɬɱɚɬɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɣɟɪɦɢɤ.
3 ɉɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚɦɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɱɟɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɚɹ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɚɹ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ƚɪɭɦɢɤ.
3 Ɇɚɫɫɢɜɧɚɹ, ɩɥɨɬɧɚɹ/ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɥɨɬɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ 20 ɫɦ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ
Ɇɚɡɢɤ.
3 ɉɥɢɬɱɚɬɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɤɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ƚɢɩɟɪɨɯɪɢɤ.
3 ɋɥɨɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɜ 25% ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɮɥɸɜɢɤ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 51
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 50
ǲȓȈșșȣ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȕȣȝ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖșȚȍȑ ȗȖ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȈȔ Ȋ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȚ ȚȐȗȈ
șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ
ǯȍȘȕȐșȚȈȧ/ ǷȘȐȏȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ/ ǲțȉȖȊȐȌȕȈȧ
ȗȓȐȚȟȈȚȈȧ șȚȖȓȉȟȈȚȈȧ/ / ȋȓȣȉȐșȚȈȧ
ȒȓȐȕȖȊȐȌȕȈȧ
ȔȔ ȔȔ ȔȔ
VF ǶȟȍȕȤ ȔȍȓȒȐȍ / <1 <10 <5
ȖȟȍȕȤ ȚȖȕȒȐȍ
FI ǴȍȓȒȐȍ/ȚȖȕȒȐȍ 1-2 10-20 5-10
ME ǹȘȍȌȕȐȍ 2-5 20-50 10-20
CO ǲȘțȗȕȣȍ/ȚȖȓșȚȣȍ 5-10 50-100 20-50
VC ǶȟȍȕȤ ȒȘțȗȕȣȍ / >10 100-500 >50
ȖȟȍȕȤ ȚȖȓșȚȣȍ
EC ǿȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ - >500 -
ȒȘțȗȕȣȍ
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 51
ǲȖȔȉȐȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȒȓȈșșȣ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ ȗȖȟȊ ȗȖ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȕȖșȚȐ
FF ǶȟȍȕȤ ȔȍȓȒȐȍ Ȑ ȔȍȓȒȐȍ
VM ǶȟȍȕȤ ȔȍȓȒȐȍ Ȑ șȘȍȌȕȐȍ
FM ǴȍȓȒȐȍ Ȑ șȘȍȌȕȐȍ
FC ǶȚ ȔȍȓȒȐȝ ȌȖ ȒȘțȗȕȣȝ
MC ǹȘȍȌȕȐȍ Ȑ ȒȘțȗȕȣȍ
MV Ț șȘȍȌȕȐȝ ȌȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȒȘțȗȕȣȝ
CV ǲȘțȗȕȣȍ Ȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȒȘțȗȕȣȍ
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 52
ǹȖȟȍȚȈȕȐȧ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȝ șȚȘțȒȚțȘ
CO + PR ǷȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȦȚ Ȗȉȍ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ
PR AB ǷȍȘȊȐȟȕȈȧ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȈ ȘȈșȗȈȌȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȊȚȖȘȐȟȕțȦ
șȚȘțȒȚțȘț
PL / PR ǶȌȕȈ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȈ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȧȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȌȘțȋțȦ șȚȘțȒȚțȘț
Ʉɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ
Ʉɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɜɹɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɞɪɭɝ
ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ (ɤɨɝɟɡɢɹ) ɢ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ (ɚɞɝɟɡɢɹ). Ʉɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɫɵɩɭɱɟɫɬɶ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɥɢɩɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɠɚɬɢɸ. Ɉɧɚ
ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢɥɢɫɬɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ (Ɍɢɩ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ 1, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1)
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɸ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ, ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɢ ɫɵɪɨɦ (ɥɢɩɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ)
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ. ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ (ɬɢɤɫɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɫɬɶ) ɢ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ
ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɉɪɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ (Ɍɢɩ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ 2, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɪɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɸ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ
ɢ ɫɵɪɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ ɩɨɱɜɵ.
Ʉɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ

Ʉɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 53) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɤɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɚɥɶɰɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɭɤɟ.
Ʉɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ

Ʉɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 54) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɪɚɡɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ.
Ʉɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɵɪɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ: ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɩɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ

Ʌɢɩɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɥɚɝɢ
ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɩɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜ
ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɦ ɜɥɚɝɭ ɜ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɥɢɩɤɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ
ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɥɢɩɤɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 53
ǲȖȕșȐșȚȍȕȞȐȧ ȗȖȟȊȣ Ȋ șțȝȖȔ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ
LO ǵȍșȊȧȏȕȈȧ ǵȍșȊȧȏȕȈȧ
SO ǴȧȋȒȈȧ ǷȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȟȈșȚȐȞȣ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȓȈȉȖ Ȑ ȕȍȗȘȖȟȕȖ șȒȘȍȗȓȍȕȣ ȌȘțȋ ș
ȌȘțȋȖȔ; ȗȘȐ șȓȈȉȖȔ ȕȈȎȈȚȐȐ ȘȈșȗȈȌȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȣȓȤ ȐȓȐ ȕȈ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ
ȟȈșȚȐȟȒȐ.
SHA ǹȓȍȋȒȈ ȗȘȖȟȕȈȧ ǹȓȈȉȖ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȈȎȈȚȐȦ; ȓȍȋȒȖ ȘȈȏȘțȠȈȍȚșȧ ȔȍȎȌț
ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ Ȑ țȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȔȐ.
HA ǷȘȖȟȕȈȧ ǻȔȍȘȍȕȕȖ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȈȎȈȚȐȦ; ȔȖȎȕȖ ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȚȤ Ȋ ȘțȒȍ Ȑ
ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȘȈȏȌȈȊȐȚȤ ȔȍȎȌț ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ Ȑ țȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȔȐ.
VHA ǶȟȍȕȤ ȗȘȖȟȕȈȧ ǶȟȍȕȤ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȈ Ȓ ȕȈȎȈȚȐȦ; ȔȖȎȕȖ ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȚȤ ȔȍȎȌț ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ Ȑ
țȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȔȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔ țșȐȓȐȐ.
EHA ǿȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ǿȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȈ Ȓ ȕȈȎȈȚȐȦ; ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȚȤ ȔȍȎȌț
ȗȘȖȟȕȈȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ Ȑ țȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȔȐ.
ǷȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȍ: ǬȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȒȖȌȣ ȗȘȐ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȖȊ ȌȘțȋ ȔȍȎȌț
ȌȘțȋȖȔ: SSH – ȔȍȎȌț ȔȧȋȒȖȑ Ȑ șȓȍȋȒȈ ȗȘȖȟȕȖȑ; SHH – ȔȍȎȌț șȓȍȋȒȈ ȗȘȖȟȕȖȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȕȖȑ; HVH –
ȔȍȎȌț ȗȘȖȟȕȖȑ Ȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȘȖȟȕȖȑ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 54
ǲȖȕșȐșȚȍȕȞȐȧ ȗȖȟȊȣ ȊȖ ȊȓȈȎȕȖȔ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ
LO ǵȍșȊȧȏȕȈȧ ǵȍșȊȧȏȕȈȧ
VFR ǶȟȍȕȤ ǷȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȉȘȈȏȍȞ ȘȈȏȘțȠȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȓȈȉȖȔ ȕȈȎȈȚȐȐ, ȕȖ
ȘȈșșȣȗȟȈȚȈȧ șȓȍȋȒȈ șȓȐȗȈȍȚșȧ șȎȈȚȐȐ Ȋ ȒȖȔȖȒ.
FR ǸȈșșȣȗȟȈȚȈȧ ǷȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȉȘȈȏȍȞ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȘȈȏȘțȠȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐ șȓȈȉȖȔ Ȑ țȔȍȘȍȕȕȖȔ
ȕȈȎȈȚȐȐ ȔȍȎȌț ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ Ȑ țȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȔȐ; șȓȐȗȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐ
șȎȈȚȐȐ Ȋ ȒȖȔȖȒ.
FI ǺȊȨȘȌȈȧ ǷȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȉȘȈȏȍȞ ȘȈȏȘțȠȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐ țȔȍȘȍȕȕȖȔ ȕȈȎȈȚȐȐ ȔȍȎȌț
ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ Ȑ țȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȔȐ, ȕȖ ȧȊȕȖ ȖȡțȡȈȍȚșȧ
șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȈȎȈȚȐȦ.
VFI ǶȟȍȕȤ ȚȊȨȘȌȈȧ ǷȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȉȘȈȏȍȞ ȘȈȏȘțȠȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐ șȐȓȤȕȖȔ ȕȈȎȈȚȐȐ; ș ȚȘțȌȖȔ
ȘȈȏȘțȠȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐ ȕȈȎȈȚȐȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ Ȑ țȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȔȐ.
EFI ǿȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ǷȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȉȘȈȏȍȞ ȘȈȏȘțȠȈȍȚșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȐȓȤȕȖȔ ȕȈȎȈ-
ȚȊȨȘȌȈȧ ȚȐȐ; ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȚȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ Ȑ țȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȔȐ.
ǷȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȍ: ǬȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȒȖȌȣ: VFF – ȔȍȎȌț ȖȟȍȕȤ ȘȈșșȣȗȟȈȚȖȑ Ȑ ȘȈșșȣȗȟȈȚȖȑ; FRF –
ȔȍȎȌț șȣȗțȟȍȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȕȖȑ; FVF – ȔȍȎȌț ȗȘȖȟȕȖȑ Ȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȘȖȟȕȖȑ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 53
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 55 Ʌɢɩɤɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ

ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȖȟȊ ȗȖ ȓȐȗȒȖșȚȐ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ
NST ǵȍȓȐȗȒȈȧ ǷȖșȓȍ ȘȈȏȎȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȝ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɫ
ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȝ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ. Ɉɧɚ
ȟȈșȚȐȞ.
SST ǹȓȈȉȖ ȓȐȗȒȈȧ ǷȘȐ șȎȐȔȈȕȐȐ ȗȖȟȊȈ ȗȘȐȓȐȗȈȍȚ Ȓ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ȖȉȖȐȔ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȔ, ȕȖ ȖȚȝȖȌȐȚ ȖȚ ȕȐȝ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȓȍȋȒȖ. ǷȘȐ ȘȈȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ ɩɪɢɥɢɩɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ȗȈȓȤȞȍȊ ȘȈșȚȧȋȐȊȈȍȚșȧ șȓȈȉȖ. ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɢ
ST ǳȐȗȒȈȧ ǷȘȐ șȎȐȔȈȕȐȐ ȗȖȟȊȈ ȗȘȐȓȐȗȈȍȚ Ȓ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ȖȉȖȐȔ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȔ; ȗȘȐ ȘȈȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ
ȗȈȓȤȞȍȊ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈșȚȧȋȐȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ɩɚɥɶɰɚɦɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 55).
șȒȖȘȍȍ ȘȈȏȘȣȊȈȍȚșȧ, ȟȍȔ ȖȚȓȐȗȈȍȚ ȖȚ ɉɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ
ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȗȈȓȤȞȍȊ. ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ,
VST ǶȟȍȕȤ ȓȐȗȒȈȧ ǷȘȐ șȎȐȔȈȕȐȐ ȗȖȟȊȈ șȐȓȤȕȖ ɬ.ɟ. ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ
ȗȘȐȓȐȗȈȍȚ Ȓ ȖȉȖȐȔ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȔ Ȑ ȗȘȐ Ȑȝ
ȘȈȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ ȘȈșȚȧȋȐȊȈȍȚșȧ.
ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɛɟɡ
ǷȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȍ: ǬȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȒȖȌȣ: SSS – ȔȍȎȌț șȓȈȉȖ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɢ
ȓȐȗȒȖȑ Ȑ ȓȐȗȒȖȑ; SVS – ȔȍȎȌț ȓȐȗȒȖȑ Ȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȓȐȗȒȖȑ. ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ
ɫɠɚɬɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɫɧɹɬɢɢ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɤɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɲɧɭɪɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɨɤɨɥɨ 3 ɦɦ ɢ
ɫɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɧɭɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 56).

3 ɑɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɩɟɬɪɨɤɚɥɶɰɢɤ.
3 ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɤɚ ɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɥɢɩɤɚɹ ɜɨ
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 56 ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȖȟȊ ȗȖ ȗȓȈșȚȐȟȕȖșȚȐ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɬɚɤɵɪɢɤ.
NPL ǵȍȗȓȈșȚȐȟȕȈȧ ǵȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ șȒȈȚȈȚȤ ȠȕțȘ
SPL ǹȓȍȋȒȈ ȀȕțȘ șȒȈȚȣȊȈȍȚșȧ, ȕȖ 3 ȼɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɢɟ ɝɥɵɛɤɢ
ȗȓȈșȚȐȟȕȈȧ ȕȍȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȘȈȏȓȈȔȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 5-10 ɫɦ, ɪɚɫ-
ȗȖȗȣȚȒȍ șȒȘțȚȐȚȤ Ȋ ȒȖȓȤȞȖ; ɫɥɚɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫ-
ȗȖȟȊȈ ȌȍȜȖȘȔȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ɫɵɩɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ
șȓȈȉȖȔ țșȐȓȐȐ.
PL ǷȓȈșȚȐȟȕȈȧ ȀȕțȘ șȒȈȚȣȊȈȍȚșȧ, ȕȖ
10 ɦɢɧɭɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ
ȘȈȏȓȈȔȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȍ ɮɪɚɞɠɢɤ.
șȒȘțȚȐȚȤ Ȋ ȒȖȓȤȞȖ; ȗȖȟȊȈ 3 ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɧɟ-
ȌȍȜȖȘȔȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐ șȓȈȉȖȔ Ȑ ɬɪɚɰɢɢ (ɪɚɫɤɥɢɧɢɜɚɧɢɸ) ɩɪɢ
țȔȍȘȍȕȕȖȔ țșȐȓȐȐ. ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ 50
VPL ǶȟȍȕȤ ȀȕțȘ șȒȈȚȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ
ȗȓȈșȚȐȟȕȈȧ șȒȘțȟȍȕ Ȋ ȒȖȓȤȞȖ; ȗȖȟȊȈ ɤɇ ɦ-1 ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɮɪɚɞɠɢɤ.
ȌȍȜȖȘȔȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐ 3 ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɧɟ-
țȔȍȘȍȕȕȖșȐȓȤȕȖȔ Ȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ɬɪɚɰɢɢ (ɪɚɫɤɥɢɧɢɜɚɧɢɸ)
șȐȓȤȕȖȔ ȌȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ. 450 ɇ ɫɦØ² ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ
ǷȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȍ: ǬȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȒȖȌȣ: SPP – ȔȍȎȌț șȓȍȋȒȈ ɩɟɬɪɨɩɥɢɧɬɢɤ.
ȗȓȈșȚȐȟȕȖȑ Ȑ ȗȓȈșȚȐȟȕȖȑ; PVP – ȔȍȎȌț ȗȓȈșȚȐȟȕȖȑ Ȑ
ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȓȈșȚȐȟȕȖȑ.
ȼɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ
ȼɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɥɟɜɚɹ
ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 57.

3 Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɝɢɫɬɢɤ, ɮɨɥɢɤ ɢ
ɤɪɚɣɢɤ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ.
3 ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧ ɜɥɚɝɨɣ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ Ƚɟɥɢɫɬɚɝɧɢɤ, Ɉɤɫɢɚɤɜɢɤ ɢ
Ɋɟɞɭɤɬɚɤɜɢɤ.
3 Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɜɫɩɥɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ɏɥɨɚɬɢɤ.
3 ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɞɨɣ <2 ɦ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɋɭɛɚɤɜɚɬɢɤ.
3 Ɂɚɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɦɢ, ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɬɥɢɜɚ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ɍɢɞɚɥɢɤ.
3 ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɝɢɫɬɢɤ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ⱦɪɟɧɢɤ.
ɉɅɈɌɇɈɋɌɖ
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ (105°C) ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɪɵ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɢ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɩɨɪɨɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɇɢɡɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ (ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ
ɧɢɠɟ 1.3 ɤɝ ɞɦ-3) ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ. ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɩɥɨɯɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɧɢɡɤɨɣ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɨɱɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 57
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȊȓȈȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȟȊȣ
ǷȘȐ ǷȘȐ ǷȘȐ ǷȘȐ ǪȓȈȎȕȖșȚȤ ȘF*
ȘȈȏȌȈȊȓȐȊȈȕȐȐ șȒȈȚȣȊȈȕȐȐ Ȋ țȊȓȈȎȕȍȕȐȐ ȘȈșȚȐȘȈȕȐȐ
ȠȈȘȐȒ Ȋ ȘțȒȍ
ȗȣȓȤȕȈȧ ȐȓȐ ȕȍ șȒȈȚȣȊȈȍȚșȧ, șȐȓȤȕȖ ȚȍȔȕȍȍȚ ȕȍ șȊȍȚȓȍȍȚ ȖȟȍȕȤ șțȝȈȧ 5
ȚȊȍȘȌȈȧ ȕȈ ȖȡțȗȤ ȚȍȗȓȈȧ
ȕȍ ȗȣȓȐȚ ȕȍ șȒȈȚȣȊȈȍȚșȧ, ȚȍȔȕȍȍȚ șȓȍȋȒȈ șțȝȈȧ 4
ȕȈ ȖȡțȗȤ ȚȍȗȓȈȧ șȊȍȚȓȍȍȚ
ȕȍ ȗȣȓȐȚ șȒȈȚȣȊȈȍȚșȧ (ȕȍ șȓȍȋȒȈ ȚȍȔȕȍȍȚ ȧȊȕȖ șȊȍȚȓȍȍȚ șȓȈȉȖ 3
ȗȍșȖȒ) țȊȓȈȎȕȍȕȕȈȧ
ȓȐȗȒȈȧ ȗȈȓȤȞȣ ȞȊȍȚ ȕȍ ȧȊȕȖ șȊȍȚȓȍȍȚ ȊȓȈȎȕȈȧ 2
șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȔȍȕȧȍȚșȧ
ȊȓȈȎȕȣȔȐ Ȑ
ȗȘȖȝȓȈȌȕȣȔȐ,
șȓȈȉȖ ȉȓȍșȚȧȚ
șȊȖȉȖȌȕȈȧ ȊȖȌȈ ȒȈȗȓȐ ȊȖȌȣ ȞȊȍȚ ȕȍ șȣȘȈȧ 1
ȔȍȕȧȍȚșȧ
șȊȖȉȖȌȕȈȧ ȊȖȌȈ ȒȈȗȓȐ ȊȖȌȣ ȌȈȎȍ ȞȊȍȚ ȕȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȣȘȈȧ 0
ȉȍȏ ȔȍȕȧȍȚșȧ
ȘȈȏȌȈȊȓȐȊȈȕȐȧ
*pF (p – ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓ, F – șȊȖȉȖȌȕȈȧ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȧ ȊȖȌȣ) – log(hPa).
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, ɷɬɨ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ, ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɪɚ ɞɥɹ
ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɫɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 55
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɤɚɩɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɹɦɤɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɞɨ

ɜɟɪɯɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɩɟɫɤɚ.
ɉɨɥɟɜɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɢɥɵ,
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɨɬɤɧɭɬɶ ɧɨɠ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ (ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ)
(Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 58).
3 ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ 0.90 ɤɝ ɞɦ-3 ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɚɧɞɢɤ.
3 ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɭɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ ɧɚ 20% (ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ) ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɚɯɨɬɧɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɚɧɬɪɚɤɜɢɤ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 58
ǷȖȓȍȊȖȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȓȖȚȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȖȟȊȈȝ
ǵȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȍ ǷȘȍȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȡȈȧ ǷȓȖȚȕȖșȚȤ
ȜȖȘȔȈ ȗȍȌȖȊ (Ȓȋ ȌȔ-3)
ǶȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ
ǷȍșȟȈȕȣȍ, ȗȣȓȍȊȈȚȣȍ Ȑ șțȋȓȐȕȐșȚȣȍ ȗȖȟȊȣ ș ȕȐȏȒȐȔ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍȔ ȐȓȈ
ǴȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȘ, ȊȖ ȊȓȈȎȕȖȔ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȊȣȗȈȌȈȍȚ Ȑȏ ȏȍȘȕȐșȚȈȧ <0.9
ȉțȘȈ; ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ș ȗțȏȣȘȤȒȖȊȣȔȐ ȗȖȘȈȔȐ, BD1
ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȖȟȊȣ ș ȈȕȌȐȒȖȊȣȔȐ șȊȖȑșȚȊȈȔȐ.
ǶȉȘȈȏȍȞ ȗȘȐ ȐȏȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȐ Ȑȏ ȗȖȟȊȣ șȘȈȏț ȘȈșȗȈȌȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȏȍȘȕȈ, 0.9-1.2
ȕȈ ȟȈșȚȐ; ȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȘ, ȊȐȌȕȣȝ ȕȈ șȚȍȕȒȍ ȘȈȏȘȍȏȈ. ȏȍȘȕȐșȚȈȧ BD1
ǶȉȘȈȏȍȞ ȘȈșȗȈȌȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȜȘȈȋȔȍȕȚȣ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȏȍȘȕȈ, 1.2-1.4
ȗȖșȓȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ șȓȈȉȖȋȖ țșȐȓȐȧ. ȒȖȔȒȖȊȈȚȈȧ, ȖȘȍȝȖȊȈȚȈȧ BD2
ǵȖȎ ȊȚȣȒȈȍȚșȧ ȊȖ ȊȓȈȎȕțȦ ȗȖȟȊț ȗȘȐ șȓȈȉȖȔ ȒȖȔȒȖȊȈȚȈȧ, ȖȘȍȝȖȊȈȚȈȧ, 1.4-1.6
țșȐȓȐȐ; ȖȉȘȈȏȍȞ ȘȈșȗȈȌȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȗȘȐȏȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ, BD3
ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȜȘȈȋȔȍȕȚȖȊ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȗȓȐȚȟȈȚȈȧ
ȔȍȕȤȠȐȍ ȜȘȈȋȔȍȕȚȣ.
ǵȖȎ ȊȚȣȒȈȍȚșȧ ȊȖ ȊȓȈȎȕțȦ ȗȖȟȊț ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈ 1-2 șȔ, ȗȘȐȏȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ, 1.6-1.8
ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚșȧ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ țșȐȓȐȍ; ȖȉȘȈȏȍȞ ȗȓȐȚȟȈȚȈȧ, (ȖȘȍȝȖȊȈȚȈȧ) BD4
ȘȈșȗȈȌȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȜȘȈȋȔȍȕȚȖȊ,
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȔȍȕȤȠȐȍ ȜȘȈȋȔȍȕȚȣ.
ǵȖȎ ȊȚȣȒȈȍȚșȧ ȊȖ ȊȓȈȎȕțȦ ȗȖȟȊț ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȘȐȏȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ >1.8
ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔ țșȐȓȐȐ; ȖȉȘȈȏȍȞ ȕȍ ȘȈșȗȈȌȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ BD5
ȜȘȈȋȔȍȕȚȣ.
ǹțȋȓȐȕȐșȚȣȍ ȗȖȟȊȣ ș ȊȣșȖȒȐȔ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍȔ ȐȓȈ, ȋȓȐȕȐșȚȣȍ ȗȖȟȊȣ
ǷȘȐ ȗȈȌȍȕȐȐ ȖȉȘȈȏȍȞ ȘȈșȗȈȌȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȖȘȍȝȖȊȈȚȈȧ 1.0-1.2
ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȜȘȈȋȔȍȕȚȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ BD1
ȘȈȏȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȔȍȕȤȠȐȍ ȜȘȈȋȔȍȕȚȣ ȗȘȐ șȓȈȉȖȔ
țșȐȓȐȐ.
ǷȘȐ ȗȈȌȍȕȐȐ ȖȉȘȈȏȍȞ ȘȈșȗȈȌȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȖȘȍȝȖȊȈȚȈȧ, 1.2-1.4
ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȜȘȈȋȔȍȕȚȖȊ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȗȘȐȏȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ, BD2
ȔȍȕȤȠȐȍ ȜȘȈȋȔȍȕȚȣ ȗȘȐ țȔȍȘȍȕȕȖȔ țșȐȓȐȐ. ȗȓȐȚȟȈȚȈȧ,
șȚȖȓȉȟȈȚȈȧ
ǶȉȘȈȏȍȞ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȍ ȕȈȘțȠȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐ ȗȈȌȍȕȐȐ; ǹȊȧȏȕȈȧ, 1.4-1.6
ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȜȘȈȋȔȍȕȚȣ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐ ȗȘȐȏȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ, BD3
ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔ țșȐȓȐȐ. ȗȓȐȚȟȈȚȈȧ, (șȚȖȓȉ-
ȟȈȚȈȧ, ȖȘȍȝȖȊȈȚȈȧ,
ȒȓȐȕȖȊȐȌȕȈȧ)
ǶȉȘȈȏȍȞ ȕȍ ȕȈȘțȠȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐ ȗȈȌȍȕȐȐ; ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ ǹȊȧȏȕȈȧ (ȗȘȐȏȔȈ- >1.6
ȜȘȈȋȔȍȕȚȣ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȘȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔ ȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ, șȚȖȓȉȟȈȚȈȧ, BD4, 5
țșȐȓȐȐ. ȒȓȐȕȖȊȐȌȕȈȧ)
ǷȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȍ: ȍșȓȐ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȊȍȡȍșȚȊȈ >2%, ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȗȓȖȚȕȖșȚȐ șȓȍȌțȍȚ
-3
țȔȍȕȤȠȐȚȤ ȕȈ 0.03 Ȓȋ ȌȔ ȗȘȐ ȒȈȎȌȖȔ 1%-ȕȖȔ țȊȍȓȐȟȍȕȐȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȊȍȡȍșȚȊȈ (Ț.ȍ. ȕȈ
0.03 Ȓȋ ȌȔ-3 ȗȘȐ ǶǪ = 3%, ȕȈ 0.06 Ȓȋ ȌȔ-3 ȗȘȐ ǶǪ = 4% Ȑ Ț.Ȍ.).
ǸǰǹǻǵǶǲ 7
ɉɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ
ǶȞȍȕȒȈ ȗȓȖȚȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȟȊȣ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬ-
ɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ
ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ. ȼ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ
ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɩɨɪɵ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ
ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɢ ɤɨɥɢ-
ɱɟɫɬɜɭ, ɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɨɛ-
ɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɰɟɧ-
ɤɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ
ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬ-
ɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ. ȼ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɤɢ
ǰșȚȖȟȕȐȒ: Ad-hoc-AG-Boden (2005). ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ
«ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɢ» (PD=BD + 0.009 · %ɢɥɚ) (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 7). ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ, ɡɚɧɹɬɵɣ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɥɚɛɨ ɞɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɨɪɮɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɞɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɨɬɨɪɮɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɨɪɮɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 59
ǷȖȓȍȊȖȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȉȢȍȔȈ, ȏȈȕȧȚȖȋȖ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȟȈșȚȐȞȈȔȐ, Ȑ
ȗȓȖȚȕȖșȚȐ ȚȖȘȜȧȕȣȝ ȗȖȟȊ
ǴȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȈȧ ǷȓȖȚȕȖșȚȤ
ǻșȓȖȊȐȧ ȌȘȍȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖșȚȐ
ǽȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐș- ǹȚȍȗȍȕȤ ȟȈșȚȤ
ǪȍȘȝȖȊȖȍ ǵȐȏȐȕȕȖȍ ȚȐȒȈ ȚȖȘȜȈ ȘȈȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ǷȖ ȖȉȢȨȔț % ȋ șȔ3
ȉȖȓȖȚȖ ȉȖȓȖȚȖ ǶȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ
<3
ǵȍȌȘȍȕȐȘȖȊȈȕ- ǵȍȌȘȍȕȐȘȖȊȈȕ- ǷȖȟȚȐ D1 ȖȟȍȕȤ șȓȈȉȈȧ SV1 <0.04
ȕȖȍ ȕȖȍ șȗȓȈȊȐȕȈ (ȜȐȉȘȐȒ)
3-<5
ǹȓȈȉȖ ǹȓȈȉȖ Ǹȣȝȓȣȑ D2 șȓȈȉȈȧ SV2 0.04-0.07
ȌȘȍȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ ȌȘȍȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ (ȜȐȉȘȐȒ)
5-<8
ǻȔȍȘȍȕȕȖ ǹȓȈȉȖ ǬȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ D3 șȘȍȌȕȧȧ SV3 0.07-0.11
ȌȘȍȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ ȌȘȍȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ Șȣȝȓȣȑ (ȜȐȉȘȐȒ)
8-<12
ǽȖȘȖȠȖ ǻȔȍȘȍȕȕȖ ǬȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ D4 șȐȓȤȕȈȧ SV4 0.11-0.17
ȌȘȍȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ ȌȘȍȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ Șȣȝȓȣȑ (ȋȍȔȐȒ)
12
ǽȖȘȖȠȖ ǽȖȘȖȠȖ ǷȓȖȚȕȣȑ D5 ȖȟȍȕȤ șȐȓȤȕȈȧ SV5 >0.17
ȌȘȍȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ ȌȘȍȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ (șȈȗȘȐȒ)
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 57
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 60 ɉɈɊɈɁɇɈɋɌɖ (ɉɍɋɌɈɌɕ)

ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȖȘȐșȚȖșȚȐ ȗȖȟȊ ɉɭɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ
% ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɂɯ
1 ǶȟȍȕȤ ȕȐȏȒȈȧ <2 ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ
2 ǵȐȏȒȈȧ 2-5 ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɨɬɧɨɫɢ-
3 ǹȘȍȌȕȧȧ 5-15
4 ǪȣșȖȒȈȧ 15-40
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ,
5 ǶȟȍȕȤ ȊȣșȖȒȈȧ >40 ɪɨɸɳɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ-
ɫɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɫɬɪɟɫɤɢɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ «ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ»
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɟɧ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɭ «ɩɨɪɵ», ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɡɤɨɦ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ, ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɢ ɳɟɥɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɩɭɫɬɨɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɬɢɩ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɢ ɨɛɢɥɢɟ. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ
ɢɯ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ
ɉɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɭɫɬɨɬ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɦɵɯ ɩɨɞ ɥɢɧɡɨɣ ɩɪɢ 10-
ɤɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɥɹ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɨɪɚɦɢ, ɨɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 61
ǺȐȗȣ ȗțșȚȖȚ
I ǴȍȎȈȋȘȍȋȈȚȕȣȍ ǷȖ-ȌȘțȋȖȔț, ȗȖȘȣ țȗȈȒȖȊȒȐ. ǰȝ ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚșȧ șȚȘȖȍȕȐȍȔ,
ȐȓȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȍȑ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȟȈșȚȐȞ. ǷȖȌȘȈȏȌȍȓȧȦȚșȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȖșȚȣȍ ȗȖȘȣ
țȗȈȒȖȊȒȐ, ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖȉțșȓȖȊȓȍȕȖ țȗȈȒȖȊȒȖȑ ȗȍșȟȈȕȣȝ
ȟȈșȚȐȞ, Ȑ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȗȖȘȣ țȗȈȒȖȊȒȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȉȘȈȏțȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ
țȗȈȒȖȊȒȐ ȈȋȘȍȋȈȚȖȊ, ȕȍ ȗȘȐȓȍȋȈȦȡȐȝ ȗȓȖȚȕȖ ȌȘțȋ Ȓ ȌȘțȋț. ǶȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ
ȕȍȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȣ Ȑ ȕȍ șȖȖȉȡȈȦȚșȧ ȌȘțȋ ș ȌȘțȋȖȔ, ȚȘțȌȕȖ
ȗȖȌșȟȐȚȣȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȖȓȍȊȣȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ.
B ǷțȏȣȘȟȈȚȣȍ ǷȘȍȘȣȊȐșȚȣȍ ȗțșȚȖȚȣ (ȒȈȔȍȘȣ) șȜȍȘȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȥȓȓȐȗȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ
(ȊȍȏȐȒțȓȧȘȕȣȍ) ȜȖȘȔȣ ȖșȈȌȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȓȐȉȖ șȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ Ȋ
ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȏȈȡȍȔȓȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȏȌțȝȈ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȏȈȡȍȔȓȍȕȐȧ ȗțȏȣȘȤȒȖȊ
ȋȈȏȈ Ȋ ȒȖȘȒȈȝ ȗȖșȓȍ șȐȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȎȌȧ. ǰȔȍȦȚ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ
ȕȍȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȘȖȓȤ Ȍȓȧ ȘȖșȚȈ ȘȈșȚȍȕȐȑ.
V ǲȈȊȍȘȕȖȏȕȣȍ ǷȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖȑ, ȕȖ ȉȓȐȏȒȖȑ Ȓ ȐȏȖȔȍȚȘȐȟȕȖȑ,
(ȊȈȋȐ) ȜȖȘȔȣ, ȊȖȏȕȐȒȠȐȍ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ ȐȓȐ
ȘȈșȗȈȠȒȐ ȐȓȐ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȐȧ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȗțșȚȖȚ. ǷȘȍȘȣȊȐșȚȣȍ Ȑ ȕȍ
șȖȖȉȡȈȦȚșȧ ȌȘțȋ ș ȌȘțȋȖȔ. Ǫ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȕȍȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ
ȉȍȏ ȚȘțȌȈ ȗȖȌșȟȐȚȈȕȣ.
C ǷȖȘȣ-ȒȈȕȈȓȣ ǪȣȚȧȕțȚȣȍ ȗțșȚȖȚȣ, ȊȖȏȕȐȒȠȐȍ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȘȈșȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ
ȐȓȐ ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȝ, ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȚȘțȉȟȈȚȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȣ Ȑ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȣȍ;
șȐȓȤȕȖ ȊȈȘȤȐȘțȦȚ ȗȖ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȈȔ. ǭșȓȐ ȖȕȐ ȠȐȘȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ șȈȕȚȐȔȍȚȘȖȊ
(ȕȖȘȣ), ȚȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȞȍȓȍșȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȖ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȚȤ Ȑȝ Ȋ ȋȘȈȜȍ «ȉȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȈȧ
ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ».
P ǺȘȍȡȐȕȣ ǩȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȚȘȍȡȐȕ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȣ ȕȈ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȍ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȍȌȈȔȐ,
ȊȖȏȕȐȒȈȦȚ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȘȈȏȔȍȡȍȕȐȧ ȗȍȌȖȊ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȈ
ȐȓȐ ȘȈșȚȘȍșȒȐȊȈȕȐȧ. ǶȕȐ ȖȉȣȟȕȖ ȕȍ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȣ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȣ,
ȜȖȘȔȈ, ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȊȈȘȤȐȘțȦȚ Ȋ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȚ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ
țȊȓȈȎȕȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȟȊȣ. ǷȘȐ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȐ ȚȘȍȡȐȕ ȔȖȎȕȖ țȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȑȝ
ȠȐȘȐȕț Ȑ ȖȉȐȓȐȍ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 62 Ɍɢɩ
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗțșȚȖȚ ȗȖ ȌȐȈȔȍȚȘț ɉɭɫɬɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ
ȔȔ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡ-
V ǶȟȍȕȤ ȚȖȕȒȐȍ <0.5
F ǺȖȕȒȐȍ 0.5-2 ɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ
M ǹȘȍȌȕȐȍ 2-5 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɟɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢ
C ǲȘțȗȕȣȍ 5-20 ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ
VC ǶȟȍȕȤ ȒȘțȗȕȣȍ 20-50 ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɫɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚ-
ǷȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȍ: ǬȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ: FM – ȚȖȕȒȐȍ Ȑ
ɡɢɟ ɩɭɫɬɨɬ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢ-
șȘȍȌȕȐȍ;; FF – ȚȖȕȒȐȍ Ȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȚȖȕȒȐȍ; MC – șȘȍȌȕȐȍ Ȑ
ȒȘțȗȕȣȍ. ɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɯ ɢ
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 63 ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɩɨɪ.
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȖȉȐȓȐȧ ȗȖȘ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ
<2 ȔȔ >2 ȔȔ ɩɭɫɬɨɬ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɢɢ-
(ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ) (ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ) ɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ
N ǶȚșțȚșȚȊțȦȚ 0 0 ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 61.
V ǶȟȍȕȤ ȔȈȓȖ 1-20 1-2
ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ
F ǴȈȓȖ 20-50 2-5
C ǹȘȍȌȕȍ 50-200 5-20 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɢ-
M ǴȕȖȋȖ >200 >20 ɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɢ
ɨɛɢɥɢɟ ɩɨɪ-ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ (ɧɟɩɪɟ-
ɪɵɜɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɩɨɪ)
(Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 8). Ⱦɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɭɫɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɢ ɨɛɢɥɢɸ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ.
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɩɨɪ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 62.
Ɉɛɢɥɢɟ
Ɉɛɢɥɢɟ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɩɨɪ (ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ) ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɨɪ
(ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ) ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɞɟɰɢɦɟɬɪɟ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ
63).
3 ɋɥɨɣ ɫ ɩɭɡɵɪɱɚɬɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɚɦɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɥɢɬɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɢɥɢ «ɩɭɫɬɵɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɚɹ» ɫɨ
ɫɥɨɟɦ ɫ ɩɭɡɵɪɱɚɬɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɚɦɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɣɟɪɦɢɤ.
3 Ɉɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ ɢ ɩɭɡɵɪɱɚɬɵɟ ɩɨɪɵ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɚɧɬɪɚɤɜɢɤ.
ɇɈȼɈɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂə
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɭɬɚɧɵ, ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɭ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 59
ǸǰǹǻǵǶǲ 8
ǬȐȈȋȘȈȔȔȣ Ȍȓȧ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȖȊ Ȑ ȖȉȐȓȐȧ ȗȖȘ
Ʉɭɬɚɧɵ
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨ-ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɤɭɬɚɧɵ, ɤɭɬɚɧɵ
ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ, ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɵɟ, ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɵɟ), ɤɭɬɚɧɵ
ɩɟɪɟɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɢ (ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɢɤɟɧɫɚɣɞɵ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɫɫ-ɤɭɬɚɧɵ) ɢ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɮɚɡ, ɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɩɟɞɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɹɬɟɧ
(«ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɵɟ ɤɭɬɚɧɵ»). ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɤɭɬɚɧ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɨɛɢɥɢɟ, ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ,
ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ.
Ɉɛɢɥɢɟ
Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɨɛɢɥɢɹ ɤɭɬɚɧ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɞɨɜ
ɢɥɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 64). Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ
ɤɭɬɚɧ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ (ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɨɪ, ɧɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɨɦɤɚɯ) ɢɥɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɟɜ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 65 ɩɪɢɜɟ-
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 64 ɞɟɧɵ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȖȉȐȓȐȧ ȒțȚȈȕ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬ-
% ɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɭɬɚɧ.
V ǶȟȍȕȤ ȔȈȓȖ 0-2 ɋɨɫɬɚɜ
F ǴȈȓȖ 2-5
C ǹȘȍȌȕȍ 5-15
ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɭɬɚɧ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ-
M ǴȕȖȋȖ 15-40 ɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 66.
A ǶȉȐȓȤȕȖ 40-80
D ǷȘȍȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȚ >80 Ɏɨɪɦɚ
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 65 ɤɭɬɚɧ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȒȖȕȚȘȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȒțȚȈȕ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡ-
F ǵȍȧșȕȣȍ ǷȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȤ ȒțȚȈȕ șȓȈȉȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ȞȊȍȚț, ɧɚɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ-ɧɢɹ
ȠȍȘȖȝȖȊȈȚȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȔ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȧȔ ȖȚ
ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȍȑ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ. ǴȍȓȒȐȍ ȗȍșȟȈȕȣȍ ɢɯ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɚ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ
ȏȍȘȕȈ, ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ Ȋ ȒțȚȈȕȍ, ȟȍȚȒȖ ȊȐȌȕȣ. 67). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɪɟɜɨ-
ǺȖȓȡȐȕȈ ȗȓȨȕȒȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ 2 ȔȔ. ɜɢɞɧɚɹ (ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɞɧɚɹ)
D ǯȈȔȍȚȕȣȍ ǷȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȤ ȒțȚȈȕ ȟȍȚȒȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖ
ȠȍȘȖȝȖȊȈȚȖșȚȐ (ȉȖȓȍȍ ȋȓȈȌȒȈȧ) Ȑ ȞȊȍȚț ȖȚ
ɮɨɪɦɚ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɵɯ ɢ
ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȍȑ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ. ǴȍȓȒȐȍ ȗȍșȟȈȕȣȍ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ-ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɵɯ
ȏȍȘȕȈ, ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ Ȋ ȒțȚȈȕȍ, ȗȖȋȘțȎȍȕȣ Ȋ ɤɭɬɚɧ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɯ
ȕȍȍ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȑȝ ȒȘȈȧ Ȋșȍ ȍȡȍ ȊȐȌȕȣ. ǺȖȓȡȐȕȈ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɭɬɹɦ
ȗȓȨȕȒȐ 2-5 ȔȔ.
P ǪȣȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȍ ǷȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȤ ȒțȚȈȕ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȐȓȤȕȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ɩɪɨɫɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ
ȠȍȘȖȝȖȊȈȚȖșȚȐ (ȉȖȓȍȍ ȋȓȈȌȒȈȧ) Ȑ ȞȊȍȚț ȖȚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɜɥɚ-
ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȍȑ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ. ǲȘȈȧ ȔȍȓȒȐȝ ȗȍșȟȈȕȣȝ ɝɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ
ȏȍȘȍȕ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȕȣ. ǺȖȓȡȐȕȈ ȗȓȨȕȒȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ 5 ȔȔ.
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨɡɧɢ-
ɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ.
Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɭɬɚɧ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 68, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɫɬɪɟɫɫ-ɤɭɬɚɧ ɢ ɫɥɢɤɟɧɫɚɣɞɨɜ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɨ ɤ ɝɪɚɧɹɦ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
3 ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɭɬɚɧ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɩɟɬɪɨɞɭɪɢɤ.
3 ɋɥɢɤɟɧɫɚɣɞɵ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤ.
3 ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɚɪɠɢɤ ɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɤ.
3 Ɋɚɫɬɪɟɫɤɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɭɬɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫɩɨɞɢɤ.
3 ɑɢɫɬɵɟ (ɛɟɡ ɤɭɬɚɧ) ɡɟɪɧɚ ɩɟɫɤɚ ɢ ɩɵɥɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ƚɪɟɣɢɤ.
3 Ƚɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɤɭɬɚɧɵ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɚɪɠɢɤ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ʉɭɬɚɧɢɤ.
3 ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɟɜ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɚɪɠɢɤ, ɧɚɬɪɢɤ ɢ ɫɩɨɞɢɤ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ʌɚɦɟɥɥɢɤ.
3 ɐɜɟɬ ɤɭɬɚɧ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɩɟɞɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ (ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɨ ɉɹɬɧɚɯ [ɫɦɨɬɪɢ ɜɵɲɟ]).
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 61
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 66
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȒțȚȈȕ ȗȖ șȖșȚȈȊț
C ǫȓȐȕȐșȚȣȍ
S ǮȍȓȍȏȐșȚȖ-ȈȓȦȔȐȕȐȍȊȣȍ
H ǫțȔțșȖȊȣȍ
CS ǫȓȐȕȐșȚȖ-ȎȍȓȍȏȐșȚȖ-ȈȓȦȔȐȕȐȍȊȣȍ
CH ǫȓȐȕȐșȚȖ-ȋțȔțșȖȊȣȍ
CC ǲȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȕȣȍ (ǹaCO3)
G ǫȐȉȉșȐȚȖȊȣȍ
HC «ǷȖȌȒȖȎȕȣȍ» ȒțȚȈȕȣ (ǲ ȕȐȔ ȖȚȕȖșȧȚșȧ ȊȐȌȐȔȣȍ Ȋ ȗȖȓȍȊȣȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȕȖȊȖȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ,
ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ș ȋȐȌȘȖȔȖȘȜȕȣȔȐ țșȓȖȊȐȧȔȐ. «ǷȖȌȒȖȎȕȣȍ» ȒțȚȈȕȣ,
ȖȚȔȍȟȈȍȔȣȍ ȗȘȐ ȔȐȒȘȖȔȖȘȜȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧȝ, șȊȧȏȈȕȣ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ș
ȖȒȐșȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ-ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ țșȓȖȊȐȧȔȐ (Bullock et al., 1985)).
JA ȇȘȖȏȐȚȖȊȣȍ
MN ǴȈȘȋȈȕȞȍȊȣȍ
SL ǲȘȍȔȕȍȏȍȔȐșȚȣȍ (ȖȗȈȓȖȊȣȍ)
SA ǷȍșȟȈȕȣȍ ȒțȚȈȕȣ
ST ǷȣȓȍȊȈȚȣȍ ȒțȚȈȕȣ
SF ǩȓȍșȚȧȡȐȍ ȋȘȈȕȐ (ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȍ ȕȐȚȐȒ)
PF ǹȚȘȍșș-ȒțȚȈȕȣ
Sl ǹȓȐȒȍȕșȈȑȌȣ, ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȒȘȍȡȐȊȈȦȡȐȍșȧ (ǹȓȐȒȍȕșȈȑȌȣ – ȥȚȖ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȐȍ
ȉȖȘȖȏȌȟȈȚȣȍ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ ȗȍȌȖȊ, ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ șȒȖȓȤȎȍȕȐȧ ȈȋȘȍȋȈȚȖȊ
ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȈ).
SP ǹȓȐȒȍȕșȈȑȌȣ, ȟȈșȚȐȟȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȒȘȍȡȐȊȈȦȡȐȍșȧ.
SN ǹȓȐȒȍȕșȈȑȌȣ, ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍȒȘȍȡȐȊȈȦȡȐȍșȧ.
ǰșȚȖȟȕȐȒ: Shoeneberger et al. (2002), ș ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 67 ɐɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȜȖȘȔ ȒțȚȈȕ ɉɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ
C ǹȗȓȖȠȕȈȧ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
CI ǹȗȓȖȠȕȈȧ ȕȍȘȈȊȕȖȔȍȘȕȈȧ (ȕȍȖȌȕȖȘȖȌȕȈȧ, ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ
ȋȍȚȍȘȖȋȍȕȕȈȧ) ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ
ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ
DI ǷȘȍȘȣȊȐșȚȈȧ ȕȍȘȈȊȕȖȔȍȘȕȈȧ
ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ
DE ǬȘȍȊȖȊȐȌȕȈȧ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
DC ǷȘȍȘȣȊȐșȚȈȧ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ɍɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢɦɟɟɬ
O ǬȘțȋȐȍ ɩɪɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɜɨ
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 68 ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɭɸ
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȒțȚȈȕ Ȑ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. ɋɰɟɦɟɧɬɢ-
ȋȓȐȕȐșȚȣȝ ȈȒȒțȔțȓȧȞȐȑ ɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɧɟ ɪɚɫ-
P ǵȈ ȋȘȈȕȧȝ ȗȍȌȖȊ ɩɥɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ
PV ǵȈ ȊȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȋȘȈȕȧȝ ȗȍȌȖȊ ɜɨɞɭ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1 ɱɚɫɚ.
PH ǵȈ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȋȘȈȕȧȝ ȗȍȌȖȊ
CF ǵȈ ȒȘțȗȕȣȝ ȖȉȓȖȔȒȈȝ ɐɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ
LA Ǫ ȊȐȌȍ ȋȓȐȕȐșȚȣȝ ȗȘȖșȓȖȍȊ Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ
VO ǪȕțȚȘȐ ȗȖȘ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ / ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ-
BR Ǫ ȊȐȌȍ ȔȖșȚȐȒȖȊ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȍșȟȈȕȣȔȐ ȏȍȘȕȈȔȐ
ɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 69.
NS ǵȍȚ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 69 ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȞȍȓȖșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȞȍȔȍȕȚȈȞȐȐ / țȗȓȖȚȕȍȕȐȧ ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɢɥɢ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɰɟ-
B ǸȈȏȌȘȖȉȓȍȕȕȣȑ ǹȓȖȑ șȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕ ȐȓȐ țȗȓȖȚȕȍȕ Ȕȍȕȍȍ
ɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ȟȍȔ ȕȈ 50%; ȕȈ ȊȐȌ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȕȍȘȈȊȕȖȔȍȘȕȖȍ
șȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ. ɢɥɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɨɩɢ-
D ǵȍșȗȓȖȠȕȖȑ ǹȓȖȑ șȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕ ȐȓȐ țȗȓȖȚȕȍȕ ȕȈ 50- ɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
90%; ȕȈ ȊȐȌ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȘȈȊȕȖȔȍȘȕȖȍ șȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 70.
C ǹȗȓȖȠȕȖȑ ǹȓȖȑ șȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕ ȐȓȐ țȗȓȖȚȕȍȕ ȕȈ 50-
90%; ȕȈȘțȠȍȕ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȔȍșȚȈȝ ȚȘȍȡȐȕ Ȑ ɋɨɫɬɚɜ
ȡȍȓȍȑ.
ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɰɟɦɟɧ-
ɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ
ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 70
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫ-
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ șȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ șȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ /
ɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ
țȗȓȖȚȕȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȓȖȧ
ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
P ǷȓȐȚȟȈȚȖȍ ǹȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȐȓȐ țȗȓȖȚȕȍȕȕȣȍ ȟȈșȚȐ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢɥɢ
ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣ ȗȓȐȚȒȈȔ Ȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏțȦȚșȧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɭɩɥɨɬ-
ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȐȓȐ șțȉȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ
ȖȘȐȍȕȚȈȞȐȍȑ.
ɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 71.
V ǵȖȏȌȘȍȊȈȚȖȍ ǹȓȖȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏțȍȚșȧ ȕȈȓȐȟȐȍȔ ȒȘțȗȕȣȝ
ȐȏȖȔȍȚȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȗțșȚȖȚ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ
ȏȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȣ ȕȍșȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȔ.
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɰɟɦɟɧ-
P ǷȐȏȖȓȐȚȕȖȍ ǹȓȖȑ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ șȖșȚȖȐȚ Ȑȏ ɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ /
(ǶȖȐȌȕȖȍ) șȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ șȜȍȘȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȒȖȕȒȘȍȞȐȑ.
ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɢ-
D ǲȖȕȒȘȍȞȐȖȕȕȖȍ ǫȖȘȐȏȖȕȚ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ șȖșȚȖȐȚ Ȑȏ ɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫ-
șȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȒȖȕȒȘȍȞȐȑ ȕȍȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖȑ ɧɨ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 72.
ȜȖȘȔȣ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɰɟɥɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢ-
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 71 ɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȚȐȗȖȊ ȞȍȔȍȕȚȈȞȐȐ/țȗȓȖȚȕȍȕȐȧ 3 Ʌɟɞ, ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵ-
K ǲȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȕȈȧ ɬɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫ-
Q ǲȘȍȔȕȍȏȨȔȐșȚȈȧ (ǶȗȈȓȖȊȈȧ)
ɤɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ
KQ ǲȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȕȖ-ȒȘȍȔȕȍȏȍȔȐșȚȈȧ
F ǮȍȓȍȏȐșȚȈȧ Ƚɢɫɬɨɫɨɥɢ.
FM ǮȍȓȍȏȐșȚȖ-ȔȈȘȋȈȕȞȍȊȈȧ (ȗȖȓțȚȖȘȕȖȖȒșȐȌȕȣȑ) 3 Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫɰɟ-
FO ǮȍȓȍȏȖ-ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɥɶɞɨɦ
I ǳȍȌȧȕȈȧ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɦɢ
GY ǫȐȗșȖȊȈȧ
C ǫȓȐȕȐșȚȈȧ
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ ɥɶɞɚ
CS ǫȓȐȕȐșȚȖ-ȗȖȓțȚȖȘȕȖȖȒșȐȌȕȈȧ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ
M ǴȍȝȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȍ țȗȓȖȚȕȍȕȐȍ ɤɪɚɣɢɤ.
P ǻȗȓȖȚȕȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȗȈȝȖȚȣ 3 Ʌɟɞ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ
NK ǵȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ 75% (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ)
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ
Ƚɥɹɰɢɤ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 63
3 Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ

ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫɩɨɞɢɤ.
3 ɋɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫɩɨɞɢɤ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ɉɪɬɲɬɟɣɧɢɤ.
3 ɀɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɵɣ ɩɚɧɰɢɪɶ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 1-25 ɦɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɦ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɦ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɉɥɚɰɢɤ.
3 ɋɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɩɟɬɪɨɤɚɥɶɰɢɤ, ɞɭɪɢɤ,
ɝɢɩɫɢɤ ɢ ɩɥɢɧɬɢɤ; ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɉɟɬɪɢɤ, ɉɟɬɪɨɝɥɟɣɢɤ ɢ ɉɟɬɪɨɫɚɥɢɤ.
3 ɋɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ – ɢɫɫɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ
ɩɥɢɧɬɢɤ.
3 Ʉɨɪɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɚɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ 10 ɫɦ ɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦ < 20% (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ) ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ
ɩɟɬɪɨɤɚɥɶɰɢɤ, ɩɟɬɪɨɞɭɪɢɤ ɢ ɩɟɬɪɨɝɢɩɫɢɤ.
3 ɋɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɝɥɵɛ ɫɨ
ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ <10 ɫɦ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ Ɏɪɚɤɬɢɩɟɬɪɢɤ ɢ
Ɏɪɚɤɬɢɩɥɢɧɬɢɤ.
3 ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ⱦɟɧɫɢɤ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 72
ǹȚȍȗȍȕȤ șȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖșȚȐ / țȗȓȖȚȕȍȕȐȧ
N ǵȍ șȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕ Ȑ ȕȍ ǵȍȚ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȖȊ ȞȍȔȍȕȚȈȞȐȐ ȐȓȐ țȗȓȖȚȕȍȕȐȧ
țȗȓȖȚȕȍȕ (ȘȈșȗȓȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȊȖȌȍ).
Y ǻȗȓȖȚȕȍȕ, ȕȖ ȕȍ șȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕ ǻȗȓȖȚȕȍȕȕȣȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ șțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȗȓȖȚȕȍȍ

șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȍȋȖ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ Ȑ
ȘȈșȗȓȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȊȖȌȍ.
W ǹȓȈȉȖ șȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ǹȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ȔȈșșȈ ȝȘțȗȒȈȧ Ȑ ȗȓȖȚȕȈȧ,

ȘȈȏȓȈȔȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȘțȒȈȔȐ.
M ǻȔȍȘȍȕȕȖ șȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ǹȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ȔȈșșȈ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȓȈȔȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȘțȒȈȔȐ,

ȕȖ ȕȍ ȖȉȘȈȏțȍȚ șȗȓȖȠȕȖȋȖ șȓȖȧ (Ȕȍȕȍȍ 90% ȖȚ
ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȈșșȣ).
C ǹȐȓȤȕȖ șȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ǹȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ȔȈșșȈ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȓȈȔȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȘțȒȈȔȐ

Ȑ ȖȉȘȈȏțȍȚ șȗȓȖȠȕȖȑ șȓȖȑ (ȉȖȓȍȍ 90% ȖȚ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȑ
ȔȈșșȣ).
I ǳȐȚȐȜȐȞȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ǹȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ȔȈșșȈ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȓȈȔȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȌ

ȊȍșȖȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ (75 Ȓȋ) Ȑ ȖȉȘȈȏțȍȚ șȗȓȖȠȕȖȑ șȓȖȑ
(ȉȖȓȍȍ 90% ȖȚ ȗȖȟȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȈșșȣ).
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 73 Ɇɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȖȉȐȓȐȧ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȧȎȍȕȐȑ, ȗȖ
ȖȉȢȍȔț
ɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ
% Ɇɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɹ-
N ǶȚșțȚșȚȊțȦȚ 0 ɠɟɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɲɢɪɨ-
V ǶȟȍȕȤ ȔȈȓȖ 0-2 ɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɜɬɨɪɢɱ-
F ǴȈȓȖ 2-5 ɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫ-
C ǹȘȍȌȕȍ 5-15
M ǴȕȖȋȖ 15-40
ɤɢɯ, ɦɢɤɪɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥ-
A ǶȉȐȓȤȕȖ 40-80 ɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɚɦɨɪɮ-
D ǷȘȍȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȚ >80 ɧɵɯ ɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɣ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 74 ɢɡ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȊȐȌȖȊ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȧȎȍȕȐȑ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-
T ǲȘȐșȚȈȓȓ ɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
C ǲȖȕȒȘȍȞȐȧ ǶȉȖșȖȉȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȖȚ ȊȔȍȡȈȦȡȍȑ ȔȈșșȣ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɣ, ɦɹɝɤɢɯ
ȕȖȊȖȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ș ȒȖȕȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɰɢɣ, ɫɬɹɠɟ-
ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȍȑ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȖȑ, Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȔ
șȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ. ɧɢɣ (ɩɹɬɟɧ), ɩɥɨɬ-
SC ǴȧȋȒȈȧ ȒȖȕȒȘȍȞȐȧ ɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɰɢɣ (ɧɨ-
S ǴȧȋȒȖȍ șȚȧȎȍȕȐȍ ǶȚȓȐȟȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚ ȊȔȍȡȈȦȡȍȑ ȔȈșșȣ ȗȖ ɞɭɥɟɣ) ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟ-
(ȔȧȋȒȖȍ șȒȖȗȓȍȕȐȍ) ȞȊȍȚț Ȑ șȖșȚȈȊț, ȕȖ șȓȈȉȖ ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɞɨɝɟɧɧɨ-
ȖȉȖșȖȉȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȖȚ ȊȔȍȡȈȦȡȍȑ ȔȈșșȣ.
ɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
N ǵȖȌțȓȤ ǶȉȖșȖȉȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȖȚ ȊȔȍȡȈȦȡȍȑ ȔȈșșȣ
ȕȖȊȖȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȉȍȏ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȍȑ ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɦɟ-
ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ. ɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ
IP ǷȖȘȖȊȣȍ ǪȒȓȦȟȈȦȚ ȗșȍȊȌȖȔȐȞȍȓȓȐȑ ɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢ-
ȏȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ ȒȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȖȊ ȐȓȐ ȖȗȈȓȈ (ȈȔȖȘȜȕȖȋȖ ɦɟɪ, ɩɹɬɧɚ (ɜɵɲɟ),
ȒȘȍȔȕȍȏȍȔȈ).
IC ǯȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ ȗȖ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫ-
ȚȘȍȡȐȕȈȔ ɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ
R ǶșȚȈȚȖȟȕȣȍ ǶȉȖșȖȉȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȊȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍ, Ȋșȍ ȍȡȍ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ
ȖȉȓȖȔȒȐ ȗȖȘȖȌ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȦȡȍȍ șȚȘțȒȚțȘț ȗȖȘȖȌȣ. ɤɨɧɤɪɟɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢ-
O ǬȘțȋȐȍ
ɫɚɧɢɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚ-
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 75
ɸɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɨɛɢɥɢɟ,
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȧȎȍȕȐȑ ȗȖ ȘȈȏȔȍȘț
ɜɢɞ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪ, ɮɨɪ-
Ȑ ȜȖȘȔȍ
ȔȔ ǼȖȘȔȈ ɦɚ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɫ-
ɬɚɜ ɢ ɰɜɟɬ.
V ǶȟȍȕȤ ȔȍȓȒȐȍ <2 R ǶȒȘțȋȓȈȧ (șȜȍȘȐȟȍșȒȈȧ)
F ǴȍȓȒȐȍ 2-6 E ǪȣȚȧȕțȚȈȧ
M ǹȘȍȌȕȐȍ 6-20 F ǷȓȖșȒȈȧ
C ǲȘțȗȕȣȍ >20 I ǵȍȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȈȧ
A ǻȋȓȖȊȈȚȈȧ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 65
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 76 Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚ

ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȧȎȍȕȐȑ ȗȖ Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ȗȓȖȚȕȖșȚȐ ɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɢ ɮɨɪ-
H ǷȓȖȚȕȣȍ ǵȍ ȘȈȏȓȈȔȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ɦɚɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 75.
ȗȈȓȤȞȈȔȐ
S ǴȧȋȒȐȍ ǸȈȏȓȈȔȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȔȍȎȌț ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ Ȑ țȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶ-
ȗȈȓȤȞȈȔȐ
B ǴȧȋȒȐȍ Ȑ ȗȓȖȚȕȣȍ ɧɵɯ ɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 76.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 77
ǷȘȐȔȍȘȣ șȖșȚȈȊȈ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȧȎȍȕȐȑ ɋɨɫɬɚɜ
K ǲȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȕȣȑ (ȐȏȊȍșȚȒȖȊȣȑ) ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɹ-
KQ ǲȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȕȖ-ȒȘȍȔȕȍȏȍȔȐșȚȣȑ ɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ
C ǫȓȐȕȐșȚȣȑ (ȈȘȋȐȓȓȐȚȖȊȣȑ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɯ
CS ǫȓȐȕȐșȚȖ-ȗȖȓțȚȖȘȕȖȖȒșȐȌȕȣȑ
GY ǫȐȗșȖȊȣȑ (ȋȐȗșȖȕȖșȕȣȑ)
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 77 ɩɪɢ-
SA ǹȖȓȍȊȖȑ (ȏȈșȖȓȍȕȕȣȑ) ɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ.
GB ǫȐȉȉșȐȚȖȊȣȑ
J ȇȘȖȏȐȚȖȊȣȑ ɐɜɟɬ
S ǹȍȘȕȣȑ (șȍȘȖșȖȌȍȘȎȈȡȐȑ)
ɋɩɢɫɤɚ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɟ-
Q ǹȐȓȐȒȈȚȕȣȑ (ȒȘȍȔȕȍȏȍȔȐșȚȣȑ)
F ǮȍȓȍȏȐșȚȣȑ (ȎȍȓȍȏȖșȖȌȍȘȎȈȡȐȑ) ɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 78, ɱɚɳɟ
FM ǮȍȓȍȏȖ-ȔȈȘȋȈȕȞȍȊȣȑ (ȗȖȓțȚȖȘȕȖȖȒșȐȌȕȣȑ) ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ
M ǴȈȘȋȈȕȞȍȊȣȑ (ȔȈȘȋȈȕȍȞșȖȌȍȘȎȈȡȐȑ) ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɧɨɞɭɥɟɣ (ɩɨ
NK ǵȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɫ ɩɹɬɧɚɦɢ) ɢ
ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ.
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 78
ǵȈȏȊȈȕȐȧ ȞȊȍȚȈ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȧȎȍȕȐȑ Ɉɛɢɥɢɟ (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ)
WH ǩȍȓȣȑ Ƚɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɨɛɢɥɢɹ
RE ǲȘȈșȕȣȑ
RS ǲȘȈșȕȖȊȈȚȣȑ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɣ
YR ǮȍȓȚȖȊȈȚȖ-ȒȘȈșȕȣȑ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 73.
BR ǩțȘȣȑ
BS ǩțȘȖȊȈȚȣȑ ȼɢɞ
RB ǲȘȈșȕȖȊȈȚȖ-ȉțȘȣȑ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜ
YB ǮȍȓȚȖȊȈȚȖ-ȉțȘȣȑ
YE ǮȍȓȚȣȑ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɣ
RY ǲȘȈșȕȖȊȈȚȖ-ȎȍȓȚȣȑ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 74.
GE ǯȍȓȍȕȖȊȈȚȣȑ
GR ǹȍȘȣȑ ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ
GS ǹȍȘȖȊȈȚȣȑ
BU ǫȖȓțȉȖȑ
BB ǰșșȐȕȧ-ȟȍȘȕȣȑ 3 Ʉɪɟɦɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɧɨɞɭɥɢ
BL ǿȍȘȕȣȑ (ɞɭɪɢɧɨɞɵ), ɨɬ ɫɥɚɛɨ
MC ǷȖȓȐȝȘȖȔȕȣȑ ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨ
ɥɢɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ, ɡɚɧɢ-
ɦɚɸɬ 10% (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ)
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɞɭɪɢɤ.
3 ɇɨɞɭɥɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɚɛɨ
ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɮɟɪɪɢɤ.
3 ɇɨɞɭɥɢ, ɨɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ, ɢɥɢ ɩɹɬɧɚ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɜɵɲɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɧ ɤɪɚɫɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ

ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 79 ɜɦɟɳɚɸɳɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȒȖȘȕȍȑ ȗȖ ȘȈȏȔȍȘț ɩɥɢɧɬɢɤ.
ȔȔ
VF ǶȟȍȕȤ ȚȖȕȒȐȍ < 0.5
3 ɇɨɞɭɥɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɞɨ
F ǺȖȕȒȐȍ 0.5-2 ɱɟɪɧɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɫɢɥɶɧɨ
M ǹȘȍȌȕȐȍ 2-5 ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ
C ǲȘțȗȕȣȍ >5 ɨɤɚɦɟɧɟɜɲɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ
ǷȘȐȔȍȟȈȕȐȍ: ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ: FF – ɩɢɡɨɩɥɢɧɬɢɤ.
ȖȟȍȕȤ ȚȖȕȒȐȍ Ȑ ȚȖȕȒȐȍ; FM – ȚȖȕȒȐȍ Ȑ șȘȍȌȕȐȍ; MC –
șȘȍȌȕȐȍ Ȑ ȒȘțȗȕȣȍ.
ȻɂɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄȺə
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 80 ȺɄɌɂȼɇɈɋɌɖ
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȖȉȐȓȐȧ ȒȖȘȕȍȑ ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
< 2 ȔȔ > 2 ȔȔ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɣ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ
N ǶȚșțȚșȚȊțȦȚ 0 0 ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɤɥɸ-
V ǶȟȍȕȤ ȔȈȓȖ 1-20 1-2
F ǴȈȓȖ 20-50 2-5 ɱɚɹ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
C ǹȘȍȌȕȍ 50-200 5-20
M ǴȕȖȋȖ >200 >20 Ʉɨɪɧɢ
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɢɥɢɹ
ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 81
ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȖȉȐȓȐȧ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȖȊ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ȉȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ. ȼ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
N ǶȚșțȚșȚȊțȦȚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ-
F ǴȈȓȖ ɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨ
C ǹȘȍȌȕȍ ɪɟɡɤɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ
M ǴȕȖȋȖ
ɤɨɪɧɟɣ.
Ɉɛɢɥɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 82 ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
ǷȘȐȔȍȘȣ ȉȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ɉɛɢ-
A ǨȘȚȍȜȈȒȚȣ
B ǵȖȘȣ (ȉȍȏ țȚȖȟȕȍȕȐȧ)
ɥɢɟ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ
BO ǶȚȒȘȣȚȣȍ ȒȘțȗȕȣȍ ȕȖȘȣ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ
BI ǯȈȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȣȍ ȒȘțȗȕȣȍ ȕȖȘȣ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɭɫɬɨɬ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ
C ǬȘȍȊȍșȕȣȑ țȋȖȓȤ 8), ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ
E ǽȖȌȣ ȏȍȔȓȧȕȣȝ ȟȍȘȊȍȑ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɞɟɰɢɦɟɬɪ.
P ǷȍȌȖȚțȉțȓȣ
T ǽȖȌȣ Ȑ ȒȈȔȍȘȣ ȚȍȘȔȐȚȖȊ ȐȓȐ ȔțȘȈȊȤȍȊ
I ǬȘțȋȐȍ șȓȍȌȣ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈșȍȒȖȔȣȝ Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ (ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ)
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 79.
Ɉɛɢɥɢɟ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɢɥɢɹ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ (ɜ ɲɬɭɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɞɟɰɢɦɟɬɪ) ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 80.
ɉɪɨɱɢɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ

ɉɪɨɱɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɤɪɨɬɨɜɢɧɵ, ɧɨɪɵ ɬɟɪɦɢɬɨɜ, ɤɚɦɟɪɵ
ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ, ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɱɟɪɜɟɣ ɢ ɧɨɪɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɢɯ ɨɛɢɥɢɹ ɢ ɜɢɞɚ. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ, ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪ,
ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 67
Ɉɛɢɥɢɟ
Ɉɛɢɥɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 81.
ȼɢɞ
ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 82 ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
3 ɏɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɜɟɣ, ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ 50% (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ)
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɜɨɪɨɧɢɤ ɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ȼɟɪɦɢɤ.
3 ɉɭɫɬɨɬɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɩɪɨɥɢɬɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ 25% (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ) ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɯɨɪɬɢɤ ɢ ɢɪɪɚɝɪɢɤ.
ȺɇɌɊɈɉɈȽȿɇɇɕȿ ȼɄɅɘɑȿɇɂə
ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ
ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɢɩ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ. ɂɯ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.
Ⱥɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɵ
Ʉ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɚɦ (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006) ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ: (1)
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ; ɢɥɢ (2) ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɵ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɨɬ
ɬɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɵ, ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɫɯɨɠɢɦɢ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɧɢ
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɥɢ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ:
¾ ȼ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ» ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
¾ Ʉ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɚɦ ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɚɧɨɫɵ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ
ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ
¾ Ʉ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɜɵɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɢ
ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɝɨɥɶ, ɪɚɡɥɢɜɵ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɛɢɬɭɦ.
¾ Ⱥɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɭɦɨɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ.
¾ ȿɫɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɟɝɨ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫ, ɨɧ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɦ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ:
¾ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ (ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ):
ɲɥɚɤ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɚ;
¾ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ: ɤɪɟɨɡɨɬ ɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ;
¾ ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ: ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɢɜɨɜɚɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ
ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɟ);
¾ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɫ ɹɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ: ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɵɟ

ɧɨɠɢ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɢ;
¾ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɞɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ: ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ, ɤɢɪɩɢɱɢ, ɛɟɬɨɧ, ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬ ɢ ɫɜɢɧɰɨɜɚɹ
ɞɪɨɛɶ;
¾ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ: ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɭɫɨɪ;
¾ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ (ɩɵɥɶ), ɤɚɤ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ;
¾ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɧɶ;
¾ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɤ, ɤɚɤ
ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ: ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɭɫɨɪ;
¾ ɨɬɜɚɥɵ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɫɵɪɚɹ ɧɟɮɬɶ.

3 Ⱥɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ 20% (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɦɭ) Ɍɟɯɧɨɫɨɥɢ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɺɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ

Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ (Ɇɉɑ, ɚɧɝɥ. HTM) – ɷɬɨ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɡɜɧɟ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨɣ.
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɟ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɟɤɭɥɶɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɚɥɨɜ), ɞɥɹ ɫɟɥɢɬɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɝɞɟ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɧɨɭɝɥɭɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ). Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ, ɷɬɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: «ɷɬɨ
ɥɸɛɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɠɢɞɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɩɪɢɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɡɚ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɛɟɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ» (Rossiter, 2004).
Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ:
¾ ɋɥɨɜɨ «ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ» ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɨɥɡɧɟɣ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɉ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɩɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ.
¾ «ɀɢɞɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ» ɦɨɠɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ, ɤ ɧɟɦɭ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɠɢɞɤɢɣ ɲɥɚɦ, ɠɢɞɤɢɣ ɧɚɜɨɡ, ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ.
¾ ȿɫɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ, ɛɵɥ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɪɨɡɢɢ (ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ) ɢɥɢ
ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɨɥɶ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ Ɇɉɑ. ɗɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ «ɤɨɥɥɸɜɢɣ ɢɡ Ɇɉɑ».
¾ Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɛɵɥ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ in situ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ), ɪɨɥɶ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢ
ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ Ɇɉɑ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɤɚɤ «ɤɪɢɨɬɭɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɣ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ».
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 69
¾ Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧ ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɡɚ

ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ «ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ», ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɤɚɧɚɜ, ɬɟɪɪɚɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɞ., ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ; «ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ» ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ.
Ɇɉɑ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɧɵ ɫ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬɜɚɥ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ
ɩɟɪɟɩɚɯɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɢɦ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɦ (ɩɨɱɜɨɣ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɨɜɵɣ
ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ Ɇɉɑ ɢ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ (ɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ in situ)
ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɜ. Ɇɉɑ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɩɟɞɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ Ɇɉɑ.
Ɇɉɑ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
¾ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ, ɩɟɪɟɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ
ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ);
¾ ɩɨ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɚɦ (ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ), ɯɨɬɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɚɧɵ ɢ ɤ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɲɤɢ ɢɥɢ
ɛɢɨɬɭɪɛɚɰɢɢ;
¾ ɩɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɸ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ) ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ in situ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɤɪɢɨɬɭɪɛɚɰɢɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɚɯ;
¾ ɩɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɸ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɩɟɞɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɚɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Ɇɉɑ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ,
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɨ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɟ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɭɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ ɨ ɩɚɜɨɞɤɚɯ.
3 Ɇɉɑ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɤ.
Ƚɟɨɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ

Ƚɟɨɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006) – ɷɬɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ,
ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢɥɢ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɟ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ
ɝɟɨɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞɨɜ (ɉȼɏ) ɢɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ
(ȼɆɉɗ). ɉɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006) – ɷɬɨ
ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 83

ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ǲȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȊȐȌȖȊ ȈȘȚȍȜȈȒȚȖȊ
3 ɋɩɥɨɲɧɚɹ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɚɛɨ- AN ǭșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ ȕȍȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ
(ȘȍȔȍșȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ) ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȈ
ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚ- ID ǷȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȣȓȤ
ɟɦɚɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɝɟɨɦɟɦ- MM ǹȔȍȠȈȕȕȣȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ
ɛɪɚɧɚ, ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ OG ǶȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȖȚȝȖȌȣ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ PS ǴȖșȚȖȊȣȍ Ȑ ȔȖșȚȖȊȖȑ ȒȈȔȍȕȤ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ 100 ɫɦ SL ǹȐȕȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȎȐȌȒȖșȚȐ
SS ǹȐȕȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȚȊȍȘȌȣȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȓȣ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ Ɍɟɯɧɨɫɨɥɢ ɫ WL ǮȐȌȒȐȍ ȖȚȝȖȌȣ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ Ʌɢɧɢɤ.
3 ɉɥɨɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ, ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ 5 ɫɦ

ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ 95% ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ Ɍɟɯɧɨɫɨɥɢ ɫ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɗɤɪɚɧɢɤ.
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ
ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɨɛɢɥɢɟ, ɜɢɞ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪ,
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɟɥɨɫɬɢ, ɰɜɟɬ.
Ɉɛɢɥɢɟ
Ɉɛɢɥɢɟ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɹɦ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɨɦɤɨɜ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɫɦɨɬɪɢ
ɜɵɲɟ).
ȼɢɞ
ȼɢɞɵ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 83.
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɹɦ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɨɦɤɨɜ ɩɨɪɨɞ
(ɫɦɨɬɪɢ ɜɵɲɟ) ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɣ (ɫɦɨɬɪɢ ɜɵɲɟ).
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɣ (ɫɦɨɬɪɢ ɜɵɲɟ).
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɟɥɨɫɬɢ
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɥɨɦɤɨɜ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɫɦɨɬɪɢ ɜɵɲɟ).
ɐɜɟɬ
ɐɜɟɬ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɰɜɟɬ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɣ (ɫɦɨɬɪɢ ɜɵɲɟ).

3 35% ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ƚɚɛɪɢɤ.
3 35% ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ (ɝɨɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɜɚɥɵ, ɞɧɨɭɝɥɭɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɭɫɨɪ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɋɩɨɥɢɤ.
3 35% ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɭɫɨɪɚ ɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ
ɍɪɛɢɤ.
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ

ȿɫɥɢ Ɇɉɑ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ (ɬ.ɟ. ɛɨɥɟɟ 50% ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ) ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɢɩ Ɇɉɑ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɭ 84, ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ.
ɈɌȻɈɊ ɈȻɊȺɁɐɈȼ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɰɭ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ.
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɨ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɨɣ
ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɛɭɤɜɨɣ (A, B, C, D ɢ ɬ.ɞ.) ɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɥɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ, ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ,
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɡ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ (ɬɚɤ, ɢɡ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɟ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ, ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ). Ɉɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ. Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 1 ɤɝ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 71
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 84
ǺȈȉȓȐȞȈ Ȍȓȧ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȈȕȚȘȖȗȖȋȍȕȕȣȝ ȖȚȓȖȎȍȕȐȑ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ
1 ǵȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȗȘȖȜȐȓȍ
Ȉ) șȓȖȐșȚȣȑ (ȖȚȊȈȓ) șȔȖȚȘȐ ȗțȕȒȚ 2 s…
ȉ) ȕȍșȓȖȐșȚȣȑ, șȖșȚȖȐȚ Ȑȏ ȋȓȣȉ ȘȈȏȕȖȋȖ ȞȊȍȚȈ, șȔȖȚȘȐ ȗțȕȒȚ 3 d…
ȋȘȈȕțȓȖȔȍȚȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȖșȚȈȊȈ Ȑ/ȐȓȐ ȈȘȚȍȜȈȒȚȖȊ
(șȊȈȓȍȕȕȣȑ șțȉșȚȘȈȚ)
2 ǶȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȍ ȞȊȍȚ Ȑ ȋȘȈȕțȓȖȔȍȚȘȐȟȍșȒȐȑ șȖșȚȈȊ
Ȉ) ȖȚ șȊȍȚȓȖ- ȌȖ ȚȍȔȕȖ-șȍȘȖȋȖ, ȖȚ ȔȍȓȒȖȋȖ ȗȍșȒȈ ȌȖ ȓȍȋȒȐȑ Ȑ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȑ …UA2
ȗȣȓȐ, ȉȖȓȍȍ ȒȘțȗȕȣȍ ȏȍȘȕȈ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȗțȏȣȘȤȒȖȊȣȍ ȗȖȘȣ ȠȓȈȒ
ȉ) ȖȚ ȚȍȔȕȖ-șȍȘȖȋȖ ȌȖ ȟȍȘȕȖȋȖ, ȊȐȌȐȔȣȍ țȋȖȓȤȕȣȍ ȒȖȒș …UA2
ȟȈșȚȐȟȒȐ
Ȋ) ȖȚ șȊȍȚȓȖ- ȌȖ ȚȍȔȕȖ-ȉțȘȖȋȖ, ȖȚ ȔȍȓȒȖȋȖ ȗȍșȒȈ ȌȖ ȘȍȟȕȖȑ ȋȘțȕȚ ȖȚ …UA1
ȗȣȓȐ, ȔȍȓȒȐȍ Fe/Mn ȒȖȕȒȘȍȞȐȐ ȌȕȖțȋȓțȉȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ
ȘȈȉȖȚ
ȋ) ȖȚ ȚȍȔȕȖ-șȍȘȖȋȖ ȌȖ ȟȍȘȕȖȋȖ, ș ȏȈȗȈȝȖȔ H2S ȖȏȍȘȕȣȑ ȋȘțȕȚ ȖȚ …UA1
ȌȕȖțȋȓțȉȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ
ȘȈȉȖȚ
Ȍ) ȖȚ ȚȍȔȕȖ-șȍȘȖȋȖ ȌȖ ȟȍȘȕȖȋȖ, ș ȏȈȗȈȝȖȔ NH3, ș ȖșȈȌȖȒ șȚȖȟȕȣȝ ȊȖȌ …UA2
ȈȘȚȍȜȈȒȚȈȔȐ
ȍ) ȖȚ ȚȍȔȕȖ-șȍȘȋȖ ȌȖ ȟȍȘȕȖȋȖ, ș ȏȈȗȈȝȖȔ ȜȍȒȈȓȐȑ, ș ȜȍȒȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȖȚȝȖȌȣ …UA2
ȈȘȚȍȜȈȒȚȈȔȐ
3 ǶȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȍ ȋȘȈȕțȓȖȔȍȚȘȐȟȍșȒȐȑ șȖșȚȈȊ, ȒȖȕșȐșȚȍȕȞȐȦ
Ȑ ȞȊȍȚ
Ȉ) ȏȍȔȓȐșȚȣȑ, ȋțȔțșȖȊȣȑ (ȖȚ șȍȘȖȋȖ ȌȖ ȟȍȘȕȖȊȈȚȖ- ȊȍȘȝȕȐȑ șȓȖȑ ȗȖȟȊȣ …UA1
șȍȘȖȋȖ)
ȉ) șțȋȓȐȕȐșȚȣȑ, ș ȒȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȈȔȐ ȒȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȕȣȑ …UU3
șțȋȓȐȕȖȒ
Ȋ) ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȗȍșȟȈȕȣȑ ȗȍșȖȒ …UU3
ȋ) ȋȓȐȕȐșȚȣȑ ȋȓȐȕȈ …UU1
Ȍ) șȔȍșȤ ȗȍșȒȈ, ȗȣȓȐ Ȑ ȋȓȐȕȣ șțȋȓȐȕȖȒ …UU2
ȍ) ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȋȘȈȊȐȑ ȋȘȈȊȐȑ …UU5
Ȏ) ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȖȘȖȌȈ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȕȈȧ …UU5
ȗȖȘȖȌȈ
ȏ) șȖșȚȖȐȚ ȉȖȓȍȍ, ȟȍȔ ȕȈ 30% Ȑȏ ȒțșȖȟȒȖȊ ȠȓȈȒȈ, ȖȚ ȠȓȈȒ …UA2
șȍȘȖȋȖ ȌȖ ȒȘȈșȕȖȊȈȚȖ-ȉțȘȖȋȖ ȞȊȍȚȈ
Ȑ) șȖșȚȖȐȚ ȉȖȓȍȍ, ȟȍȔ ȕȈ 30% Ȑȏ ȒțșȖȟȒȖȊ ȒȐȘȗȐȟȍȑ, șȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȔțșȖȘ …UA2
ȞȍȔȍȕȚȈ Ȑ ȉȍȚȖȕȈ
Ȓ) ȖȚ șȍȘȖȋȖ ȌȖ ȟȍȘȕȖ ȞȊȍȚȈ, ș ȏȈȗȈȝȖȔ H2S, ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȍȔ ȖȚȝȖȌȣ …UA2
ȕȈ 30% șȖșȚȖȐȚ Ȑȏ ȈȘȚȍȜȈȒȚȖȊ (șȚȍȒȓȈ, ȒȍȘȈȔȐȒȐ, ȒȖȎȐ,
ȌȍȘȍȊȈ, ȗȓȈșȚȔȈșșȣ, ȔȍȚȈȓȓȖȊ)
ǰșȚȖȟȕȐȒ: Meuser (1996), ș șȖȒȘȈȡȍȕȐȧȔȐ.
ɋɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ, ɬɚɤ

ɤɚɤ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ.
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ:
¾ Ɉɬɛɨɪ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ. ɗɬɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ (ɋɬɚɬɭɫ 1
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1), ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɵɣ ɨɬɛɨɪ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ.
¾ Ɉɬɛɨɪ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 20 ɫɦ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ (ɦɟɫɬɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ) ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɥɢɛɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɢɡ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɫɥɨɟɜ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ.
ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ

ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ, ɟɫɥɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɧɟɟ 30-40 ɫɦ, ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ
ɪɚɡɧɢɰɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ.
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɥɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɢɡ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ 20
ɫɦ (ɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ), ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɱɜ ɫ ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɵɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɦ (ɝɞɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ). ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɬɶ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɚɞɚɫɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ
ɩɨɱɜ. ȼ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɦɨɥɥɢɤ (ɟɫɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 60 ɫɦ) ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɬɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ 30 ɫɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧ
ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɚɪɠɢɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 15-30 ɫɦ, ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɬɶ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ⱥ 0-20 ɫɦ, ȼ 20-30 ɫɦ ɢɥɢ 30-50 ɫɦ). Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɇɢɬɢɫɨɥɟɣ: ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ
140-160 ɫɦ ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ȼ, ɝɞɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɚ.
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 5
Ƚɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ – ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɈȻɈɁɇȺɑȿɇɂȿ ɉɈɑȼȿɇɇɕɏ ȽɈɊɂɁɈɇɌɈȼ
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ,
ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɱɜ.
ɋɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɛɭɤɜ,
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ (ɬ.ɟ. ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ), ɢ ɫɬɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɛɭɤɜ (ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɜ),
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢ
ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ
Ɂɚɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ H, O, A, E, B, C, R, I, L ɢ W ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɢɥɢ
ɫɥɨɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ. Ɂɚɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ - ɷɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɢ
ɫɥɨɟɜ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɛɭɤɜɨɣ, ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ
ɞɜɭɦɹ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɫɟɦɶ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɜɢɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɟɞɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ ɛɟɡ ɜɫɹɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ – ɷɬɨ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɸ ɬɟɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ. "Ƚɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ" ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɨɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɭ "ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ", ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹɯ. Ⱦɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɹ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ: I - ɥɟɞ, L -
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɥɢɦɧɢɤ ɢ W - ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ.
Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɨɢ H

Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɨɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɞ
ɫɥɨɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ
ɧɟɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ȼɫɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ
ɇ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɵ ɜɥɚɝɨɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ,
ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɵ ɜɥɚɝɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ. Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɇ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɯ
ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ.
Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɨɢ O

Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɨɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɟɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ
ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ, ɯɜɨɢ, ɜɟɬɨɤ, ɦɯɨɜ ɢ ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɬɶ ɧɚ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɯ. Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ Ɉ ɧɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɵ ɜɥɚɝɨɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɜɟɫɚ.
Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɨɣ Ɉ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɣ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ. Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ
ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦ Ɉ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ A
Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ Ɉ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ:
¾ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɝɭɦɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ȿ ɢ ȼ (ɫɦɨɬɪɢ ɧɢɠɟ);
¾ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɲɤɢ, ɜɵɩɚɫɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɢɦ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ;
¾ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ȼ ɢ ɋ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ (ɢɥɢ ɷɩɢɩɟɞɨɧ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ
ɤɚɤ Ⱥ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ȿ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ
ɝɭɦɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɬɨ ɨɧ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦ Ⱥ. ȼ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɬɟɩɥɵɦ ɢ ɫɭɯɢɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɦ ɧɟɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ
ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɟɦɧɵɣ, ɱɟɦ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ, ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ȿɝɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɋ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦ Ⱥ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɷɩɢɩɟɞɨɧɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɸ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɨɬ
ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɱɜɵ,
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ȼɟɪɬɢɫɨɥɢ, ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɣɚɫ ɫ
ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɭɫɬɵɧɶ.
ɋɜɟɠɢɟ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɧɨɫɵ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɬɨɧɤɭɸ ɫɥɨɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦ Ⱥ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɯɚɧɵ.
Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ E
Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɨɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ
ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ, ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɱɟɝɨ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɢ ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ, ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ȿ ɫɜɟɬɥɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ȼ. ȼ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 5 75
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɰɜɟɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ȿ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɰɜɟɬɨɦ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɧɨ
ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɭɸɬ ɰɜɟɬ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. ȼ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ȿ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ȼ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ: ɨɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɟɝɤɢɦ
ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ȿ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɟɬ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ Ɉ ɢɥɢ Ⱥ ɢ ɧɚɞ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɦ ȼ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ ȿ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɣ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɲɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ȿ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ B
Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ Ⱥ, ȿ, ɇ ɢɥɢ Ɉ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ
ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ:
¾ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɚ, ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɝɭɦɭɫɚ,
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ, ɝɢɩɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦɚ, ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ;
¾ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ;
¾ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ;
¾ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ (ɤɭɬɚɧ) ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɹɪɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ
ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɬɨɧ ɩɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɜɵɲɟ- ɢ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ ɛɟɡ ɹɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ
ɢɥɥɸɜɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ;
¾ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɨɣ ɝɥɢɧɵ ɢɥɢ
ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɢɥɢ ɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ, ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ,
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɣ, ɤɭɛɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɟɟ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚ;
¾ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɶɸ.
ȼɫɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ȼ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ (ɢɥɢ ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨ) ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ. Ʉ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦ ȼ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɫ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ, ɝɢɩɫɚ ɢɥɢ
ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɧɟɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ) ɢ ɯɪɭɩɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɩɟɞɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɫɥɨɟɜ, ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦ ȼ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɫɥɨɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɥɢɛɨ
ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɥɨɢɫɬɵɣ ɪɵɯɥɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɵɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ
ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɫɥɨɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ
ɛɵɥɢ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ, ɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ
ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɦ; ɫɥɨɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɨɝɥɟɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ
Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɨɢ C

Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɨɢ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɫɥɚɛɨ ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɬɵ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɇ,
Ɉ, Ⱥ, ȿ ɢɥɢ ȼ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ, ɧɨ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ
ɪɚɤɭɲɟɱɧɢɤ, ɤɨɪɚɥɥɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɞɢɚɬɨɦɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɋ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ

ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɚ.
Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɋ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɦ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɩɟɞɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ. Ʉɨɪɧɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɋ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ.
Ʉ ɫɥɨɹɦ ɋ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɚɩɪɨɥɢɬ, ɧɟɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ
ɤɨɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɤɭɫɤɨɜ
ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 24 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɤɨɩɚɬɶ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɣ
ɷɬɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ
ɫɢɥɶɧɨɜɵɜɟɬɪɟɥɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ Ⱥ, ȿ ɢɥɢ ȼ,
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ ɋ. Ʉ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɟɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɬɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ. ɋɥɨɢ ɫ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɹɦɢ
ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦɚ, ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɝɢɩɫɚ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦ ɋ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɹɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɩɟɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ; ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɨɧɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦ ȼ.
ɋɥɨɢ R
Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɭ. Ƚɪɚɧɢɬɵ, ɛɚɡɚɥɶɬɵ,
ɤɜɚɪɰɢɬɵ ɢ ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤ ɢ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɢɤ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ,
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ R. ɋɭɯɢɟ ɤɭɫɤɢ ɫɥɨɹ R ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɥɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 24 ɱɚɫɨɜ. ɋɥɨɣ R ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ
ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɪɭɱɧɨɟ ɜɵɤɚɩɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɣ ɧɟɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɬɤɨɥɨɬɶ ɤɭɫɤɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɫɤɪɨɲɢɬɶ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ R ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɬɹɠɟɥɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. ȼ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ, ɧɨ ɢɯ ɬɚɤ ɦɚɥɨ ɢ ɨɧɢ
ɬɚɤɢɟ ɬɨɧɤɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɧɢɯ. Ɍɪɟɳɢɧɵ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɤɭɬɚɧɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɢɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ.
ɋɥɨɢ I
Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɥɢɧɡɵ ɢɥɢ ɤɥɢɧɶɹ ɥɶɞɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 75% (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ) ɥɶɞɚ ɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ.
Ʌɟɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɨɣ.
Ʌɟɞɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɫɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬɶ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɰɟɥɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ, ɢɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ I. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɟɦ I
ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ.
ɋɥɨɢ L
Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɥɢɦɧɢɤ.
Ʉ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ ɥɢɦɧɢɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ: 1) ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɨɫɟɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨɞɨɪɨɫɥɟɣ ɢɥɢ
ɞɢɚɬɨɦɟɣ; ɢɥɢ 2) ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦɢ (USDA Soil Survey Staff, 2003). ɋɥɨɢ L ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ
ɤɨɩɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɣ ɬɨɪɮ (ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ),
ɞɢɚɬɨɦɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ) ɢ ɦɟɪɝɟɥɶ
(ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ). ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɟɦ L ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 5 77
ɋɥɨɢ W
Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɫɥɨɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɢɥɢ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 24 ɱɚɫɨɜ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɫɩɥɚɜɢɧɚ). ȼ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ W ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɩɥɚɜɚɟɬ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɧɟɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ (ɦɟɧɟɟ 1 ɦ) ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɨɡɟɪɚɯ, ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ
ɩɪɢɥɢɜɧɨ-ɨɬɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ W ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ
ɡɚɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɜɟɪɯ ɨɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ.
ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɤɚɤ (W).
ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ
ȼɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ: ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɞɜɭɯ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɫɺɦ ɨɛɴɺɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ.
Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ, ɧɨ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ
ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ⱥȼ, ȿȼ, ȼȿ ɢɥɢ ȼɋ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɛɭɤɜɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ Ⱥȼ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ Ⱥ ɢ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ȼ, ɧɨ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɯɨɠ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ.
ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɣ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ
ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɦ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ
ɩɨɱɜɟ. Ɍɚɤ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ȼȿ ɜ ɫɦɵɬɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɯɨɠɢ ɫɨ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ȼȿ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɫ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɧɟɷɪɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɦ ȿ. Ɇɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ Ⱥȼ ɢɥɢ ȼȺ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɪɨɞɨɣ. Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ȼɋ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɋ; ɨɧ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɟ. ɋɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ CR ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɟɥɭɸ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɪɨɞɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɨɩɚɬɶ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɣ, ɧɨ ɤɨɪɧɢ
ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ.
Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɪɮɨɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɬɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ, ɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɜɟ
ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɫɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɨɣ (/), ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ȿ/ȼ, ȼ/ȿ, ȼ/ɋ ɢ ɋ/R. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ
ɦɨɪɮɨɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɦɨɪɮɨɧɚɦɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ.
ɋɢɦɜɨɥɵ I, L ɢ W ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ.
ȼɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɥɨɟɜ

Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɥɨɟɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɋɬɪɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɥɨɟɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ. ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 85, ɚ ɢɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɧɢɠɟ:
a. ɋɢɥɶɧɨɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ: ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ

ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ ɇ ɢ Ɉ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɋɢɥɶɧɨɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1/6 (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ)
ɜɢɞɢɦɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ.
b. ɉɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ: ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɪɢ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɦɵɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ
ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ. ȼ
ɩɟɪɟɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɟɦ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɟɜ, ɜ ɤɪɢɨɬɭɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ
ɢɥɢ ɫ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɦ ɋ.
c. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɞɭɥɢ: ȼ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɞɭɥɟɣ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɧɨɞɭɥɟɣ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ.
Ʉɨɩɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ: ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɥɢɦɧɢɤ (L), ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɮɟɤɚɥɢɣ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ.
d. ɉɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ: ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ (and earthy) ɫɥɨɹ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ
ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɚɦ; ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ m (ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ) ɢ ɯ (ɮɪɚɞɠɢɩɟɧ).
Ⱦɢɚɬɨɦɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ: ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɥɢɦɧɢɤ (L) ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɢɡ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɞɢɚɬɨɦɟɣ.
e. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ: ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ ɇ ɢ Ɉ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɬ 1/6 ɞɨ 2/3 (ɩɨ
ɨɛɴɟɦɭ) ɜɢɞɢɦɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ.
f. Ɇɟɪɡɥɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɚ: Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɨɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɥɟɞ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɧɢɠɟ 0°ɋ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɥɟɬ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨ ɦɟɪɡɥɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (R). ɉɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ
«ɫɭɯɚɹ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɚ» ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɤɚɤ (f).
g. ɋɬɚɝɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ: Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɹɜɧɚɹ
ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɹɬɧɚ ɨɝɥɟɟɧɢɹ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ (ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ) ɡɚɫɬɨɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
ɚɝɪɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧ, ɬɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɰɜɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɚ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ – ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ.
h. Ⱥɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ: Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɯ. Ⱥɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 5 79
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 85
ǪȚȖȘȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȣȍ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȐ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȖȊ
ǪȔȍșȚȍ ș ȒȈȒȐȔȐ
ǹȐȔȊȖȓ ǲȘȈȚȒȖȍ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ
ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȔȐ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚșȧ
a ǹȐȓȤȕȖȘȈȏȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ǵȐǶ
b ǷȖȋȘȍȉȍȕȕȣȑ ȋȍȕȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȣ, ȏȈ
ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍȔ
ȒȘȐȖȚțȘȉȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ
c ǲȖȕȒȘȍȞȐȐ ȐȓȐ ȕȖȌțȓȐ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȣ
c ǲȖȗȘȖȋȍȕȕȣȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ L
d ǷȓȖȚȕȣȑ șȓȖȑ (ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȊȈȍȚ ȘȖșȚ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȣ, ȕȍ
ȒȖȘȕȍȑ) ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚșȧ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș șȐȔȊȖȓȖȔ
mȐȝ
d ǬȐȈȚȖȔȖȊȣȍ ȖȚȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ L
e ǹȘȍȌȕȍȘȈȏȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ǵȐǶ
f ǴȍȘȏȓȈȧ ȗȖȟȊȈ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ, ȒȘȖȔȍ I Ȑ R
g ǹȚȈȋȕȐȒȖȊȣȍ (ȏȈșȚȖȑȕȣȍ) țșȓȖȊȐȧ ȉȍȏ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȑ
h ǨȒȒțȔțȓȧȞȐȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȊȍȡȍșȚȊȈ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȣ
i ǹȓȐȒȍȕșȈȑȌȣ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȣ
i ǹȓȈȉȖȘȈȏȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ǵȐǶ
j ǨȒȒțȔțȓȧȞȐȐ ȧȘȖȏȐȚȈ ȉȍȏ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȑ
k ǨȒȒțȔțȓȧȞȐȧ ȗȍȌȖȋȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȖȊ ȉȍȏ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȑ
l ǶȋȓȍȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȒȈȗȐȓȓȧȘȕȖȑ ȒȈȑȔȍ ȉȍȏ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȑ
m ǹȐȓȤȕȈȧ ȞȍȔȍȕȚȈȞȐȧ ȐȓȐ țȗȓȖȚȕȍȕȐȍ ȔȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȣ
(ȗȍȌȖȋȍȕȕȖȍ, șȗȓȖȠȕȖȍ)
m ǴȍȘȋȍȓȤ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚ L
n ǷȍȌȖȋȍȕȕȈȧ ȈȒȒțȔțȓȧȞȐȧ ȖȉȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȕȈȚȘȐȧ ȉȍȏ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȑ
o ǶșȚȈȚȖȟȕȈȧ ȈȒȒțȔțȓȧȞȐȧ ȗȖȓțȚȖȘȕȣȝ ȖȒșȐȌȖȊ ȉȍȏ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȑ
(ȗȍȌȖȋȍȕȕȈȧ)
p ǸȈșȗȈȠȒȈ ȐȓȐ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȊȐȌȣ ȈȕȚȘȖȗȖȋȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȉȍȏ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȑ, ǭ, Ǫ, ȐȓȐ ǹ
ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȐȧ ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ǨȘ
q ǨȒȒțȔțȓȧȞȐȧ ȗȍȌȖȋȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȒȘȍȔȕȍȏȍȔȈ ȉȍȏ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȑ
r ǹȐȓȤȕȣȍ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ țșȓȖȊȐȧ ȉȍȏ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȑ
s ǰȓȓȦȊȐȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȕȈȒȖȗȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȓțȚȖȘȕȣȝ ȖȒșȐȌȖȊ Ǫ
t ǰȓȓȦȊȐȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȕȈȒȖȗȓȍȕȐȍ șȐȓȐȒȈȚȕȖȋȖ ȐȓȈ ǪȐǹ
u ǫȖȘȖȌșȒȐȍ ȐȓȐ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȈȕȚȘȖȗȖȋȍȕȕȣȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ ǵ, Ƕ, Ǩ, ǭ, Ǫ Ȑ ǹ
v ǵȈȓȐȟȐȍ ȗȓȐȕȚȐȚȈ ȉȍȏ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȑ
w ȇȘȒȈȧ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȞȊȍȚȈ ȐȓȐ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ Ǫ
x ǹȊȖȑșȚȊȈ ȜȘȈȌȎȐȗȍȕȈ ȉȍȏ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȑ
y ǷȍȌȖȋȍȕȕȈȧ ȈȒȒțȔțȓȧȞȐȧ ȋȐȗșȈ ȉȍȏ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȑ
z ǷȍȌȖȋȍȕȕȈȧ ȈȒȒțȔțȓȧȞȐȧ ȓȍȋȒȖȘȈșȚȊȖȘȐȔȣȝ ȉȍȏ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȑ
șȖȓȍȑ
@ ǷȘȐȏȕȈȒȐ ȒȘȐȖȚțȘȉȈȞȐȐ ȉȍȏ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȑ
i. ɋɥɢɤɟɧɫɚɣɞɵ: ȼ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɤɨɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞ

ɭɝɥɨɦ 20-60° ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ – ɭɫɚɞɤɢ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ɫɥɢɤɟɧɫɚɣɞɨɜ), ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɟɞɨɜ ɢ
ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ.
ɋɥɚɛɨɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ: ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɱɜ
ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ ɇ ɢ Ɉ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɋɥɚɛɨɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 2/3 (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ) ɢɡ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ.
j. Ⱥɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɹɪɨɡɢɬɚ: Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɹɬɟɧ, ɩɥɟɧɨɤ (ɤɭɬɚɧ) ɢ
ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɵɯ ɤɭɬɚɧ ɹɪɨɡɢɬɚ.
k. Ⱥɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɟɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ: Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɸ

ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ, ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ.
l. Ɉɝɥɟɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɚɣɦɟ: Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ. ȿɫɥɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɚɝɪɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧ, ɬɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɰɜɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ – ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɮɨɪɦ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ.
m. ɋɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ: ȼ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ
ɫɩɥɨɲɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɭɸ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ, ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 90%, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɬɪɟɫɤɚɧɵ.
Ʉɨɪɧɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɚɦ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ
ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɚɝɟɧɬ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ km ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚɦɢ, qm – ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦɨɦ, sm – ɠɟɥɟɡɨɦ, ym – ɝɢɩɫɨɦ, kqm –
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦɨɦ, zm – ɥɟɝɤɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɦɢ ɫɨɥɹɦɢ).
m. Ɇɟɪɝɟɥɶ: ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɯ L (ɥɢɦɧɢɤ) ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ,
ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɝɥɢɧɵ ɢ
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɟɪɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ.
n. ɉɟɞɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ: Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɬɪɢɹ.
o. Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ: Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ
ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ. Ɉɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ s, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɨɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ.
p. Ɋɚɫɩɚɲɤɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ: Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɲɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ
Ɉɪ ɢɥɢ ɇɪ. ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ, ɞɚɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɹɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ȿ, ȼ ɢɥɢ ɋ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ Ⱥɪ.
q. Ⱥɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɟɞɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦɚ: Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ qm.
r. ɋɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ: Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɜ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɦ ȼ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɩɟɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ; ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ Cr.
s. ɂɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ: ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɦ ȼ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ, ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨ-
ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɨɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ, ɟɫɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ 3. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɫ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ h ɜ ɜɢɞɟ Bhs, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ
ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɹɪɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɨɛɨɢɯ) ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɤ 3 ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ.
t. Ⱥɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɨɣ ɝɥɢɧɵ: ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ ȼ ɢ ɋ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɨɣ ɝɥɢɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ in
situ, ɬɚɤ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɥɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ. ɉɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɥɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɭɬɚɧ ɧɚ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 5 81
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɞɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɩɨɪ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɟɤ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɫɬɢɤɨɜ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɟɪɧɚɦɢ.
u. Ƚɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ: Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɜ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ. ɋɢɦɜɨɥ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɇ, Ɉ, Ⱥ, ȿ, ȼ ɢ ɋ.
v. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɥɢɧɬɢɬɚ: Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɠɟɥɟɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɦ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ
ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɧ
ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɥɢɧɬɢɬɭ, ɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɞɩɟɧɨɦ, ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɪɭɞɨɣ, ɢ ɧɚ
ɤɚɪɬɚɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɟɬɪɨɮɟɪɪɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɧ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚɦɢ vm.
w. ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ȼ: ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ȼ
ɩɪɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. ɇɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ.
x. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɮɪɚɞɠɢɩɟɧɚ: ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɤɚɤ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ, ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɮɪɚɞɠɢɩɟɧɚ, ɧɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ,
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ ɯ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɤ
ɮɪɚɞɠɢɩɟɧɭ.
y. ɉɟɞɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɝɢɩɫɚ: Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɝɢɩɫɚ.
z. ɉɟɞɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ: Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɸ
ɥɟɝɤɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ.
@ ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɤɪɢɨɬɭɪɛɚɰɢɢ: ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɫɬɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ, ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɨɦɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢɥɢ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɚɞ
ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɦɟɪɡɥɵɦ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɦ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Hi@.
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ

Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɛɭɤɜɨɣ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ. Ɋɟɞɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɛɭɤɜ
(ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɜ). ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ:
¾ ɋɬɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɡɚ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ.
¾ ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɩɢɲɭɬɫɹ ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ: r, s, t, u, w. ɋɢɦɜɨɥ t ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ
ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Btr, Btu. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ
ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɧɨɦ
ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Cru.
¾ ȿɫɥɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɵɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɩɢɲɭɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ
ɦɟɫɬɟ: c, f, g, m, v, x. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ: Btc, Bkm, Bsv.
¾ ȿɫɥɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɵɦ, ɫɢɦɜɨɥ b ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ.
¾ Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ȼ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɪɤɭɸ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɢɥɢ ɬɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ Bt (ɬ.ɤ.
t ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ w, s, h). ȿɫɥɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ȼ ɨɝɥɟɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ
ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ, ɧɚɬɪɢɹ, ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦɚ, ɝɢɩɫɚ, ɥɟɝɤɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɢɥɢ
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɨɧ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ g, k, n, q, y, z, o. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ
ɷɬɨɦɭ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ȼ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɚ, ɬɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ t ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Bto.
¾ ɋɢɦɜɨɥɵ h, s, w ɪɟɞɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚɦɢ g, k, n, q, y, z, o, ɱɚɳɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ.
¾ ɋɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɚ ɢ ɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ H ɢ O.
¾ Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ c, d, i, m ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ. ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ
ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ Bi ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɥɢɤɟɧɫɚɣɞɨɜ
ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ȼ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ Hi ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɫɥɚɛɨɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɇ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ Bd ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ȼ, ɚ Ld – ɞɢɚɬɨɦɨɜɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɜ ɫɥɨɟ
ɥɢɦɧɢɤ.
¾ ɋɢɦɜɨɥ @ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ b.
¾ ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɧɟ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ.
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ
Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɨɢ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɟɣ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɩɨɞɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɚɪɚɛɫɤɢɯ ɰɢɮɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɦ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɋ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɋ1, ɋ2, ɋ3 ɢ
ɬ.ɞ.; ɢɥɢ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɋ ɨɝɥɟɟɧɚ, ɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɧɟɬ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ: C1-C2-Cg1-Cg2 ɢɥɢ C-Cg1-Cg2-R.
ɗɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ.
Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɟɣ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɩɨɞɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ, ɰɜɟɬɟ
ɢɥɢ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ. ɉɨɞɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɧɭɦɟɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ,
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɰɢɮɪɵ 1, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɟɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ
Bt1-Bt2-Btk1-Btk2, ɚ ɧɟ Bt1-Bt2-Btk3-Btk4. ȼɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ (ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ,
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɢɮɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ), ɟɫɥɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ
ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ Bs1-Bs2-2Bs3-2Bs4, ɚ ɧɟ Bs1-Bs2-2Bs1-2Bs2.
Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ Ⱥ ɢ ȿ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ap, A1, A2; Ap1, Ap2;
A1, A2, A3; ɢ E1, E2, Eg1, Eg2.
Ʌɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ
ȼ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɚɪɚɛɫɤɢɟ ɰɢɮɪɵ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ Ⱥ, ȿ, ȼ, ɋ ɢ R ɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ
I ɢ W, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɨɟɜ. ɐɢɮɪɵ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɰɢɮɪ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ.
Ʌɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ
ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ, ɱɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ, ɢɥɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɢɥɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ
ɜɦɟɫɬɟ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ b. ɋɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɞɥɹ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 5 83
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ

ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɱɢɬɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ. ɋɥɨɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ, ɧɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚɦɢ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ, ɡɚ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɥɨɹ ɤ ɫɥɨɸ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ,
ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 1 ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɥɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ
ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɰɢɮɪɚ 1 ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɇɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɰɢɮɪɨɣ 2.
ɇɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɧɭɦɟɪɭɸɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫɥɨɹ,
ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɫɯɨɠ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ (ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ)
ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɨɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɰɢɮɪɨɣ 3. ɐɢɮɪɵ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɫɦɟɧɭ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɚ
ɧɟ ɬɢɩ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ
ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ, ɨɞɧɚ ɢ ɬɚ ɠɟ ɰɢɮɪɚ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɷɬɢɯ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ap-E-Bt1-2Bt2-2Bt3-2BC. ɇɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ Bt (ɰɢɮɪɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ) ɧɟ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɫɥɨɣ R ɡɚɥɟɝɚɟɬ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɫɥɨɣ R
ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɱɜɚ, ɬɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɦ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ A-Bt-C-2R ɢɥɢ A-Bt-2R. ȿɫɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɟ R ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ ɠɟ
ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɢɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ap-Bt1-2Bt2-2Bt3-2C1-2C2-2R.
ɉɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ (ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ b) – ɷɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ,
ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ
ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ
ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ, ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ, ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɳɟɦ ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦɢ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɨɬ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɰɢɮɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɦ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ b, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ap-Bt1-Bt2-BC-C-2ABb-2Btb1-
2Btb2-2C.
ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɫɥɨɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɢ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɛɭɤɜ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɯ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɪɢɯɚ ɜ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɟ

ȼ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ/ɫɥɨɹ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ,
ɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ/ɫɥɨɹɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ A-E-Bt-E-
Btx-C ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ȿ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɲɬɪɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: A-E-Bt-E’-Btx-C. ɒɬɪɢɯ ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ
ɛɭɤɜɵ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
B’t. ɒɬɪɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ/ɫɥɨɟɜ

ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ. Ɋɟɞɤɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɲɬɪɢɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: E’’.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɱɜ.
ɒɬɪɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ/ɫɥɨɟɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: O-C-C’-C’’. ɒɬɪɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɋ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɨɬ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ.
ɉɊȺȼɂɅȺ ɄɅȺɋɋɂɎɂɄȺɐɂɂ ȼ ɋɈɈɌȼȿɌɋɌȼɂɂ ɋ ɆɂɊɈȼɈɃ ȻȺɁɈɃ

ɉɈɑȼȿɇɇɕɏ ɊȿɋɍɊɋɈȼ (WRB)
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɤɚɤ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɟɟ ɟɳɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ. Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ
ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ
ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɫɦɨɬɪɢ ɧɢɠɟ).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ (WRB) ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006):
¾ Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɱɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ 3
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ: ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ (ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɵ); ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ.
¾ ɉɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ. ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ
ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɟɟ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ
ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ.
¾ ɇɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ
ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ.
¾ Ʉɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ, ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɱɜ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ.
¾ WRB ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɣ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɨɧɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɛɥɨɤɚ:
x Ɋɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ Ȼɚɡɭ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ 32
ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ.
x ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ WRB, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɫɟɪɢɣ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ-
ɩɪɟɮɢɤɫɨɜ ɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ-ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɜ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɤ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ.
¾ Ɋɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ WRB ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ
ɦɢɪɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɫɭɲɢ.
¾ WRB ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ; ɨɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ, ɚ,
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɢɠɧɢɟ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 5 85
ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɱɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɟ

ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.
¾ Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ WRB ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ «Ɉɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ
ɦɢɪɚ» (FAO, 1988), ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ.
¾ ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ WRB (1998) ɛɵɥɨ 30 ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ
ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ (2006) – 32.
¾ ȼ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɟ (ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ).
¾ ɋɚɦɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ Ɋɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ Ȼɚɡɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ WRB ɤɚɤ “ɨɛɳɟɝɨ
ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɹ”, ɢɡ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ WRB ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɸ ɩɨɱɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
¾ Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ “ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɹ”, ɢɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɜɟɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ, WRB ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɩɨɱɜɚɦ ɦɢɪɚ, ɞɥɹ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɤɚɞɚɫɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɱɺɬɚ ɢ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɦɢɪɚ.
¾ ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɜ WRB ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɱɜ, ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɟ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ
ɩɭɬɚɧɢɰɵ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ WRB ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɵ ɎȺɈ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɞɜɚ
ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ, ɛɵɥɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɨ ɜ WRB
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɧɢɡɲɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ. Ʉɚɠɞɨɣ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ – ɩɪɟɮɢɤɫɨɜ ɢ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɜ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɡ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ. Ʉ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
¾ Ƚɪɭɩɩɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɦɭ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɦɭ ɤ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ; ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɢɟ
ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ
ɩɨɱɜ.
¾ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥ
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
ɇɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɵ ɤ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɨ ɧɟ
ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ
ɨɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ 4 ɷɬɚɩɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɷɬɚɩ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ
ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ.
ɒɚɝ 1
ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ (ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
¾ ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɬɟɦɧɟɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ
ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ Ah.
¾ ɉɨɛɭɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɣ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ
ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɚɦɢ Fe ɢ ɢɥɨɦ
ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ Bw.
ɒɚɝ 2
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ
ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ WRB
(IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006). ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ WRB, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɱɜ
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɱɜ.
ɒɚɝ 3
ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɥɸɱɨɦ WRB (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006) ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
Ɋɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɭɸ Ƚɪɭɩɩɭ (ɊɉȽ) – ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɣɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɟɫɶ ɤɥɸɱ, ɞɜɢɝɚɹɫɶ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɞɧɭ ɡɚ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɊɉȽ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɤ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɣ ɊɉȽ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ
ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ.
ɒɚɝ 4
ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ WRB ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɥɸɱɟ
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɮɢɤɫɵ ɢ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ. ɇɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ-ɩɪɟɮɢɤɫɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɊɉȽ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɊɉȽ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɞɜɭɯ ɊɉȽ, ɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ-ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɜɫɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɭ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɸ ɊɉȽ, ɞɭɛɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ.
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ɉɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɢɧɞɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ Ɍɚɩɬɨ-, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ
ɤ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006).
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɧɚɧɨɫɨɦ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ:
1. ɉɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɨɞɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ Ƚɢɫɬɨɫɨɥɟɣ, Ɍɟɯɧɨɫɨɥɟɣ,
Ʉɪɢɨɫɨɥɟɣ, Ʌɟɩɬɨɫɨɥɟɣ, ȼɟɪɬɢɫɨɥɟɣ, Ɏɥɸɜɢɫɨɥɟɣ, Ƚɥɟɣɫɨɥɟɣ, Ⱥɧɞɨɫɨɥɟɣ,
ɉɥɚɧɨɫɨɥɟɣ, ɋɬɚɝɧɨɫɨɥɟɣ ɢɥɢ Ⱥɪɟɧɨɫɨɥɟɣ.
2. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɧɨɜɵɣ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɊɉȽ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 50 ɫɦ ɢɥɢ
ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɤɚɤ
Ɋɟɝɨɫɨɥɶ.
3. ȼ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɊɉȽ.
4. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɚ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ɍɚɩɬɨ- , ɚ ɤ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɸ ɊɉȽ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ – ɢɤ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ɍɟɯɧɢɤ ɍɦɛɪɢɫɨɥɶ
(Ƚɪɟɣɢɤ) (Ɍɚɩɬɨ-ɉɨɞɡɨɥɢɤ). ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɚ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɇɨɜɢɤ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 5 87
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ WRB

ɇɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɞɜɭɯɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɚɹ:
¾ Ʉɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ-ɩɪɟɮɢɤɫɵ (ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɊɉȽ): ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ; ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɊɉȽ ɜ ɤɥɸɱɟ; ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Ⱥɪɟɧɨɫɨɥɢ, ɝɞɟ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɟɦɭ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ (ɚɪɟɧɢɤ) ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ,
ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ (ɫɦɨɬɪɢ ɧɢɠɟ). Ʉɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɝɚɩɥɢɤ
ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ.
¾ Ʉɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ-ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ (ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɊɉȽ): ɩɪɨɱɢɟɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ,
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ:
(1) ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ,
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ; (2) ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ; (3)
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ; (4) ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ,
ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ; (5) ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ; (6) ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ
ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɳɟɛɧɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ; (7) ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ
ɰɜɟɬɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ; (8) ɩɪɨɱɢɟ.
Ʉɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ-ɩɪɟɮɢɤɫɵ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɬɚɜɹɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɊɉȽ, ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ-

ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ ɫɬɚɜɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɊɉȽ. Ɂɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɵ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɭɛɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ
ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ Ɍɢɨɧɢɤ ɢ Ⱦɢɫɬɪɢɤ, Ʉɚɥɶɤɚɪɢɤ ɢ ɗɭɬɪɢɤ, Ɋɨɞɢɤ ɢ ɏɪɨɦɢɤ.
Ɇɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɗɩɢ-, ɗɧɞɨ-, Ƚɢɩɟɪ-, Ƚɢɩɨ-, Ɍɚɩɬɨ-, Ȼɚɬɢ-, ɉɚɪɚ-, ɉɪɨɬɨ-, Ʉɭɦɭɥɢ-, Ɉɪɬɨ-
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɬ.ɟ. ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ WRB, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɹɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ; ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ
ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ-ɩɪɟɮɢɤɫɵ.
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɧ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ
ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɩɨɱɜ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɢɬɶ ɜ Ɋɚɛɨɱɭɸ
Ƚɪɭɩɩɭ WRB.
ȼ ɩɨɥɟ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɯ
ɢ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ,
ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ «Procedures for Soil Analysis» (Van Reeuwijk, 2006).
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ WRB

ɉɨɱɜɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɮɟɪɪɚɥɢɤ; ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ
ɮɟɪɪɚɥɢɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɩɟɫɱɚɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚ ɞɨ ɨɩɟɫɱɚɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɥɢɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 15 ɫɦ.
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 5.5-6, ɱɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɞɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ. Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ȼ ɬɺɦɧɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ; ɧɢɠɟ 50 ɫɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɹɬɧɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɩɨɥɟ ɩɨɱɜɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɤɚɤ Ʌɢɤɫɢɤ Ɏɟɪɪɚɥɶɫɨɥɶ (Ɏɟɪɪɢɤ, Ɋɨɞɢɤ). ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɦɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ȿɄɈ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɮɟɪɪɚɥɢɤ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 4 cɦɨɥɶ/ɤɝ ɢɥɚ, ɩɨɱɜɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ Ʌɢɤɫɢɤ ȼɟɬɢɤ Ɏɟɪɪɚɥɶɫɨɥɶɸ (Ɏɟɪɪɢɤ, Ɋɨɞɢɤ).
ɄɈɇɌɊɈɅɖɇɕɃ ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ȽɈɊɂɁɈɇɌɈȼ, ɋȼɈɃɋɌȼ ɂ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɈȼ

ɉɈ ɄɅȺɋɋɂɎɂɄȺɐɂɂ WRB
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ
ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 86 ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ
WRB (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006).
ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 86
ǲȖȕȚȘȖȓȤȕȣȑ șȗȐșȖȒ ȌȐȈȋȕȖșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȖȊ, șȊȖȑșȚȊ Ȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ
WRB
ǬȐȈȋȕȖșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȣ ǬȐȈȋȕȖșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ǬȐȈȋȕȖșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ
șȊȖȑșȚȊȈ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ
ǨȓȤȉȐȒ ǵȈȚȘȐȒ ǸȍȏȒȈȧ șȔȍȕȈ ǨȘȚȍȜȈȒȚȣ
ȋȘȈȕțȓȖȔȍȚȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ
șȖșȚȈȊȈ
ǨȕȚȘȈȒȊȐȒ ǵȐȚȐȒ ǩȍȓȍșȈȧ ȧȏȣȒȖȊȈȚȖșȚȤ ǲȈȓȤȒȈȘȐȒ
ǨȕȚȘȐȒ ǷȍȚȘȖȒȈȓȤȞȐȒ ǨȕȌȐȒ ǲȖȓȓȦȊȐȒ
ǨȘȎȐȒ ǷȍȚȘȖȌțȘȐȒ ǨȘȐȌȐȒ ǼȓȦȊȐȒ
ǲȈȓȤȞȐȒ ǷȍȚȘȖȋȐȗșȐȒ ǹȗȓȖȠȕȈȧ ȗȓȖȚȕȈȧ ȗȖȘȖȌȈ ǫȐȗșȐȘȐȒ
ǲȈȔȉȐȒ ǷȍȚȘȖȗȓȐȕȚȐȒ ǼȍȘȘȈȓȐȒ ǳȐȔȕȐȒ
ǲȘȈȑȐȒ ǷȐȏȖȗȓȐȕȚȐȒ ǫȍȘȐȒ ǴȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȑ
ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ
ǬțȘȐȒ ǷȓȈȋȋȐȒ ǫȓȍȍȊȈȧ ȞȊȍȚȖȊȈȧ ȋȈȔȔȈ ǶȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐȑ
ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ
ǼȍȘȘȈȓȐȒ ǷȓȐȕȚȐȒ ǳȐȚȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ǶȘȕȐȚȖȋȍȕȕȣȑ
ȕȍȖȌȕȖȘȖȌȕȖșȚȤ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ
ǼȍȘȘȐȒ ǹȈȓȐȒ ǪȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ǹțȓȤȜȐȌȕȣȑ
țșȓȖȊȐȧ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ
ǼȖȓȐȒ ǹȖȔȉȘȐȒ ǪȚȖȘȐȟȕȣȍ ȒȈȘȉȖȕȈȚȣ ǺȍȝȕȖȋȍȕȕȣȍ
ȗȓȖȚȕȣȍ ȗȖȘȖȌȣ
ǼȘȈȌȎȐȒ ǹȗȖȌȐȒ ǾȊȍȚȖȊȈȧ ȋȈȔȔȈ șȚȈȋȕȐȒ ǺȍȜȘȐȒ
ǼțȓȤȊȐȒ ǺȈȒȣȘȐȒ ǪȍȘȚȐȒ
ǫȐȗșȐȒ ǺȍȘȘȐȒ ǪȐȚȘȐȒ
ǫȐșȚȐȒ ǺȐȖȕȐȒ
ǽȖȘȚȐȒ ǻȔȉȘȐȒ
ǫȐȌȘȈȋȘȐȒ ǪȍȘȚȐȒ
ǰȘȘȈȋȘȐȒ ǪȖȘȖȕȐȒ
ǴȍȓȈȕȐȒ ǱȍȘȔȐȒ
ǴȖȓȓȐȒ
ȾɈɉɈɅɇɂɌȿɅɖɇȺə ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂə Ɉ ȽɊȺɇɍɅɈɆȿɌɊɂɑȿɋɄɈɆ
ɋɈɋɌȺȼȿ ɂ ɆȺɌȿɊɂɇɋɄɈɃ ɉɈɊɈȾȿ ɊȿɎȿɊȺɌɂȼɇɕɏ ȽɊɍɉɉ ɉɈɑȼ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɬɚɤ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ WRB ɜ ɟɟ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006) ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɟ ɩɨɱɜ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ – ɉɨɞɡɨɥ, ɨɝɥɟɟɧɢɟ – Ƚɥɟɣɫɨɥɶ), ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ⱥɪɟɧɨɫɨɥɢ, ɫɭɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɢɤ, ɚɪɟɧɢɤ, ɫɢɥɬɢɤ ɢ ɤɥɟɣɢɤ), ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ
ɩɨɪɨɞɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ⱥɧɬɪɨɫɨɥɢ, Ɏɥɸɜɢɫɨɥɢ, ɫɭɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɤɚɥɶɤɚɪɢɤ ɢ ɝɢɩɫɢɪɢɤ) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɯ. ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ
ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɊɉȽ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ, ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ
ɩɨɪɨɞɟ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɞɥɹ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 5 89
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɢɣ (Jahn, 2004).
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ
Ʉɚɦɛɢɫɨɥɶ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ⱦɢɫɬɪɢɤ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ (ɥɟɫɫ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ
ɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɫɤɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɜɢɹ) ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ (ɮɥɸɜɢɨɝɥɹɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɫɤɚ ɢ
ɝɪɚɜɢɹ). ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ:
Ƚɚɩɥɢɤ Ʉɚɦɛɢɫɨɥɶ (Ⱦɢɫɬɪɢɤ); ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɵɣ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɨɤ ɢɡ ɥɟɫɫɚ ɫ
ɮɥɸɜɢɨɝɥɹɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɝɪɚɜɢɟɦ, ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɢɡ
ɮɥɸɜɢɨɝɥɹɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɜɢɹ.
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ: CMdy; SiL(UE2, UG2)/SSK(UG3)
1 2 3 4 5
1 = Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ WRB (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006).
2 = Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ.
Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ƚɥɚɜɟ 4 ɜ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ
ɫ 4 ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɡɟɦɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ:
SiL = ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɵɣ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɨɤ ɫ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɡɟɦɨɦ <10% (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ);
skSiL = ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɣ ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɵɣ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɨɤ ɫ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɡɟɦɨɦ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɬ 10 ɞɨ 40%
(ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ);
silSK = ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɣ ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɵɣ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɨɤ ɫ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɡɟɦɨɦ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɬ 40 ɞɨ 80%
(ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ);
SK = ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɡɟɦɨɦ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ 80% (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ).
3 = ɉɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɭɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɫɥɟɜɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ SOTER (ISRIC, 2005).
4 = ɋɦɟɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ (ɩɨ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ
ɩɨɪɨɞɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ:
…\… “ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɵɣ…ɧɚɞ…” ɩɪɢ ɫɦɟɧɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ 30 ɫɦ;
…/… “…ɧɚɞ…” ɩɪɢ ɫɦɟɧɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 30-70 ɫɦ;
(ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 50 ɫɦ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
WRB –ɷɩɢ ɢ -ɷɧɞɨ);
…//… “…ɧɚɞ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɦ…” ɩɪɢ ɫɦɟɧɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 70-120 ɫɦ..
5 = ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɦ 2 ɢ 3.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ

ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
¾ ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: skSiL(UE2, UG2/UG3) ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ;
¾ ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: SiL/skSiL(UE2, UG3) ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ;
¾ ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: …/R (ɢ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ) ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ: ɡɚɥɟɝɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɟ;
¾ Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ (ɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ) ɭɫɥɨɜɢɸ: 1) ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɢɫɬɵɣ
ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ; 2) ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɡɟɦɢɫɬɵɣ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜ; 3) ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɥɚɫɫ. Ɇɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ
(ɞɨ 2 ɫɦ) ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ.
90
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Wirtschafts- und Verlagsges. Gas und Wasser.
ECSC–EEC–EAEC. 1985. Soil map of the European Communities 1:1 000 000. Luxembourg.
124 pp. and paper maps.
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Africa. World Soil Resources Report No. 48/1. Rome.
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ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ5
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ – ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ȼ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɇɢɠɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɩɨɱɜɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ
ɮɚɡɟ ɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɧɨɟ ɩɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ "ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ".
ɉɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ 5ºɋ ɪɨɫɬ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɟɦɹɧ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ. Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ 5ºɋ ɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ (ɩɟɞɨɧ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ
ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ: ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ
ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɝɨ ɫɟɡɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ, ɬ.ɟ.
ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚɯ ɨɬ 5 ɞɨ 100 ɫɦ.
ɋɊȿȾɇȿȽɈȾɈȼȺə ɌȿɆɉȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ ɉɈɑȼɕ

Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɟɞɨɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ ɩɨ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ
ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ. ɂɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɩɨɱɜɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ.
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ,
ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɧɟɝɚ,
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ "ɭɤɪɵɬɢɹ" ɩɨɱɜɵ ɡɚɬɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɨɱɧɵɦɢ (Ɉ) ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ,
ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɤɚɤ ɰɜɟɬ ɢ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ.
ɄɈɅȿȻȺɇɂə ɌȿɆɉȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ ɉɈɑȼɕ

ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɦɨɦɟɧɬɧɨ, ɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɢɡ ɫɟɪɢɢ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɤɨɥɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɟ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɚ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ. Ʉɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɢ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɦ ɰɢɤɥɚɯ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟ
ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɣ ɨɬ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ ɢ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɬɭɯɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɜ
ɡɨɧɟ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ, ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ.
5
ǨȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȊȈȘȐȈȕȚ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ "ǺȈȒșȖȕȖȔȐȐ ȗȖȟȊ" (USDA, 1999).
93
ɈɐȿɇɄȺ ɌȿɆɉȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ ɉɈɑȼɕ

Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ,
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ. Ɍɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ,
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɒȺ
ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ 1°ɋ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɥɟɬɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ (50
ɫɦ) ɢ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ (ɢɥɢ ɜɵɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ) ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ (0.6°ɋ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ 10 ɫɦ) ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɟɬɧɟɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ 50 ɫɦ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɡɢɦɧɹɹ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɱɜ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɲɢɪɨɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɟ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɚ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ
ɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɡɧɚɤ.
ɄɅȺɋɋɕ ɌȿɆɉȿɊȺɌɍɊɇɈȽɈ ɊȿɀɂɆȺ ɉɈɑȼɕ

ɇɢɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ
ɒɬɚɬɨɜ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ.
PG: ɉɟɪɝɟɥɢɤ
Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɩɟɪɝɟɥɢɤ (ɨɬ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɯ per – ɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ gelare – ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɬɶ;
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɵ). ɉɨɱɜɵ ɫ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɩɟɪɝɟɥɢɤ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɧɢɠɟ 0°ɋ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɨɣ (ɥɶɞɢɫɬɨɣ
ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɨɣ), ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɵ, ɢɥɢ ɫ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɨɣ (ɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ), ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɬ
ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ.
CR: Ʉɪɚɣɢɤ
Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɤɪɚɣɢɤ (ɨɬ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ kryos – ɯɨɥɨɞ; ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ). ɉɨɱɜɵ ɫ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɢɠɟ 8°ɋ, ɧɨ ɧɟ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɵ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ.
1. ȼ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɥɟɬɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ (ɡɚ ɢɸɧɶ, ɢɸɥɶ ɢ ɚɜɝɭɫɬ ɜ
ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɶ, ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɢ ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ ɜ ɸɠɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɢ) ɧɚ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 50 ɫɦ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɢɫɬɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɪɨɞɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɨɣ (ɞɟɧɫɢɤ, ɥɢɬɢɤ, ɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɢɬɢɤ
ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ), ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ:
a. ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɥɟɬɚ ɢ
i. ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ Ɉ: ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 15°ɋ, ɢɥɢ
ii. ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ Ɉ: ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 8°ɋ;
b. ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɥɟɬɚ ɢ
i. ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ Ɉ: ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 13°ɋ, ɢɥɢ
ii. ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ Ɉ ɢɥɢ ɷɩɢɩɟɞɨɧɚ ɝɢɫɬɢɤ: ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 6°ɋ.
2. ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 6°ɋ.

ɉɨɱɜɵ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɤɪɚɣɢɤ ɢ ɫ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɚɤɜɢɤ (ɫɦ. ɧɢɠɟ)
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɵ ɤɪɢɨɬɭɪɛɚɰɢɹɦ.
ɉɨɱɜɵ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɢɡɨɮɪɢɞɠɢɤ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɤɪɚɣɢɤ,
ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɱɜ ɫ ɦɨɳɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦɢ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ
ɪɟɠɢɦɵ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɢɠɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ.
FR: Ɏɪɢɞɠɢɤ
ɉɨɱɜɵ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɮɪɢɞɠɢɤ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɤɪɚɣɢɤ, ɯɨɬɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 8°ɋ; ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɟɬɧɟɣ (ɢɸɧɶ, ɢɸɥɶ, ɚɜɝɭɫɬ) ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɡɢɦɧɟɣ (ɞɟɤɚɛɪɶ,
ɹɧɜɚɪɶ, ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ) ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 50 ɫɦ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ
ɞɟɧɫɢɤ, ɥɢɬɢɤ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɢɬɢɤ (ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ) ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 6°ɋ.
IF: ɂɡɨɮɪɢɞɠɢɤ
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɦɟɧɟɟ 8°ɋ, ɚ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ
ɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 50 ɫɦ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɞɟɧɫɢɤ,
ɥɢɬɢɤ, ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɢɬɢɤ (ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ 6°ɋ.
ME: Ɇɟɡɢɤ
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ 8°ɋ, ɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ 15°ɋ, ɚ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 50 ɫɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ
ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɞɟɧɫɢɤ, ɥɢɬɢɤ, ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɢɬɢɤ (ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ) ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ
6°ɋ.
IM: ɂɡɨɦɟɡɢɤ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 50 ɫɦ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ
ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɞɟɧɫɢɤ, ɥɢɬɢɤ, ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɢɬɢɤ (ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɦɟɧɟɟ 6°ɋ.
TH: Ɍɟɪɦɢɤ
ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɞɟɧɫɢɤ, ɥɢɬɢɤ, ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɢɬɢɤ (ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ) ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ
6°ɋ.
IT: ɂɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɤ
ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɞɟɧɫɢɤ, ɥɢɬɢɤ, ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɢɬɢɤ (ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɦɟɧɟɟ 6°ɋ.
HT: Ƚɢɩɟɪɬɟɪɦɢɤ
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ 22°ɋ, ɚ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 50 ɫɦ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ
95
ɞɟɧɫɢɤ, ɥɢɬɢɤ, ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɢɬɢɤ (ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ) ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 6°ɋ.
IH: ɂɡɨɝɢɩɟɪɬɟɪɦɢɤ
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ 22°ɋ, ɚ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 50 ɫɦ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ
ɞɟɧɫɢɤ, ɥɢɬɢɤ, ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɢɬɢɤ (ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ 6°ɋ.
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ1
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ "ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɨɱɜɵ" ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ (ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨ-ɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ) ɦɟɧɟɟ 1500 ɤɉɚ (pF 4.2), ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ. ȼɨɞɚ, ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ 1500 ɤɉɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ ɞɥɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɡɨɮɢɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɚ ɜɥɚɝɨɣ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɥɟɧɨɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɬɶ
ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɨɧɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɧɨɣ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɭɯɨɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɯɢɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 1500 ɤɉɚ ɢ
ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨɞɚ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ 1500 ɤɉɚ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ (ɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0
ɤɉɚ). ɉɨɱɜɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɣ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
ɡɢɦɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɥɟɬɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. ȼ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɢ ɥɟɬɧɢɦɢ ɦɟɫɹɰɚɦɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɸɧɶ, ɢɸɥɶ ɢ ɚɜɝɭɫɬ, ɚ ɡɢɦɧɢɦɢ ɦɟɫɹɰɚɦɢ - ɞɟɤɚɛɪɶ, ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɢ ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ.
ȼȺɀɇɈɋɌɖ ȾɅə ɉɈɑȼȿɇɇɈɃ ɄɅȺɋɋɂɎɂɄȺɐɂɂ

ȼɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɞɥɹ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɢ
ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. ɉɨɱɜɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ
ɝɭɦɢɞɧɨɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɟ, ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɚɪɢɞɧɵɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɦ. ɗɬɢ
ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢ ɪɟɥɢɤɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɯ ɷɩɨɯ, ɢ
ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɟɟ
ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɚ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ
ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ
ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɩɨɱɜ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɧɟɟ. ɗɬɨ
ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜ. ɗɬɨ ɬɨɠɟ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɱɜɵ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɱɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɭ, ɢ ɦɟɥɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɨɛɳɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɱɜ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ
ɫɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɟ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɫɨɥɟɣ.
ɇɈɊɆȺɅɖɇɕȿ ȽɈȾɕ
ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɩɨɱɜ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɟ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ, ɤɚɤ «ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ». ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɨɞ – ɷɬɨ ɝɨɞ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ
ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 30 ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɟɬ) r ɨɞɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ
ɦɟɫɹɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɨɞ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɦɟɫɹɱɧɨɦɭ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 30 ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɟɬ) r ɨɞɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ 8
ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɢɡ 12. ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ
1
ǨȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȊȈȘȐȈȕȚ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ "ǺȈȒșȖȕȖȔȐȐ ȗȖȟȊ" (USDA, 1999).
97
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɚ,

ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɦɟɫɹɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ.
ɈɐȿɇɄȺ
Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɚ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɩɨɝɨɞɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɜɭɯ ɥɟɬ ɫ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɵɦɢ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ
ɡɚ ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɟ.
Ȼɵɥ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫ
ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ. ȼɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɬɟɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ, ɞɚɠɟ ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɱɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ, ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. Ɋɨɫɚ ɢ ɬɭɦɚɧ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɦɚɥɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ.
ȽɂȾɊɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɄɈɇɌɊɈɅɖɇȺə ɋȿɄɐɂə

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɩɨɱɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ, ɞɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɚ ɫɭɯɚɹ (ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ
ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1500 ɤɉɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ) ɩɨɱɜɚ 2.5
ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 24 ɱɚɫɨɜ. ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ, ɞɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɚ ɫɭɯɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ 7.5 ɫɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 48 ɱɚɫɨɜ. ɗɬɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɸɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɩɪɨɫɚɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ
ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɪ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ.
Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ
ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɢɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɢ 7,5 ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɧɚ ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɞɟɧɫɢɤ,
ɥɢɬɢɤ, ɩɚɪɚɥɢɬɢɤ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɬɪɨɮɟɪɪɢɤ ɢɥɢ ɞɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɩɟɬɪɨɤɚɥɶɰɢɤ, ɩɟɬɪɨɝɢɩɫɢɤ,
ɞɭɪɢɩɟɧ, ɷɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ
ɬɪɟɳɢɧɨɜɚɬɵɯ ɝɥɢɧ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɥɚɝɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɝɥɢɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɧɢɡɭ
ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɛɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ
ɩɟɞɨɧɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ:
¾ ɨɬ 10 ɞɨ 30 ɫɦ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ (>15%
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ 0.1-75 ɦɦ ɢ 18-35% ɢɥɚ), ɤɪɭɩɧɨɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɨɝɨ (<15% ɱɚɫɬɢɰ 0.1-75 ɦɦ ɢ <18
ɢɥɚ ɜ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɟ), ɦɟɥɤɨɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɨɝɨ (<15% ɱɚɫɬɢɰ 0.1-75 ɦɦ ɢ 18-35% ɢɥɚ ɜ
ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɟ) ɢɥɢ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ (>35% ɢɥɚ);
¾ ɨɬ 20 ɞɨ 60 ɫɦ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɨ-ɥɟɝɤɨɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ

(>15% ɱɚɫɬɢɰ 0.1-75 ɦɦ ɢ <18 ɢɥɚ ɜ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɟ);
¾ ɨɬ 30 ɞɨ 90 ɫɦ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɺɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ
ɜɩɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɬɶ ɜɨɞɭ, ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɭɝɥɭɛɥɹɬɶɫɹ. Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɩɨɱɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɪ ɩɨ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ.
ɄɅȺɋɋɕ ȼɈȾɇɈȽɈ ɊȿɀɂɆȺ ɉɈɑȼ

ȼɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɨɱɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ
ɜɨɞ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ (ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ) ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɢ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1500 ɤɉɚ, ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɡɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɬɪɚɜɵ ɢ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢ ɱɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɡɚɩɚɫɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɧɟ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɝɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɞɨ ɬɨɣ ɩɨɪɵ, ɩɨɤɚ ɨɧɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ.
AQ – ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɚɤɜɢɤ

ȼɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɚɤɜɢɤ (ɥɚɬ. aqua – ɜɨɞɚ) – ɷɬɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɬ.ɤ. ɩɨɱɜɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɣ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɢɠɟ 1°C), ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ
ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɚɤɜɢɤ. ɇɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥɚ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɚɤɜɢɤ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ,
ɬ.ɤ. ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ.
PQ – ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɟɪɚɤɜɢɤ

Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɚ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ
ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɪɲɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɟ
ɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɣ, ɩɢɬɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɦɢ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɚɦɢ. ɗɬɢ
ɩɨɱɜɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɩɟɪɚɤɜɢɤ.
AR – ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɚɪɢɞɢɤ ɢ TO – ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɬɨɪɪɢɤ (ɥɚɬ. aridus - ɫɭɯɨɣ, ɥɚɬ.
torridus – ɠɚɪɤɢɣ ɢ ɫɭɯɨɣ)
ɗɬɢɦɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɦɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɯ
ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɢ.
ȼ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɫ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɚɪɢɞɢɤ (ɬɨɪɪɢɤ) ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɪɟɡ ɜ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ (ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ):
¾ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɞɧɟɣ (ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ), ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 50 ɫɦ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 5°C;
99
¾ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 90

ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɧɟɣ, ɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 50 ɫɦ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 8°C.
ɉɨɱɜɵ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɚɪɢɞɢɤ (ɬɨɪɪɢɤ), ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɚɪɢɞɧɵɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɦ. ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɫɟɦɢɚɪɢɞɧɵɦ
ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɦ ɥɢɛɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢɯ ɫɭɯɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɪɤɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɫɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ
ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɤɪɭɬɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɬɨɤɨɦ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ
ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɜɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɢɹ.
UD – ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɭɞɢɤ

ȼɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɭɞɢɤ (ɥɚɬ. udus – ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ) – ɷɬɨ ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɪɟɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɭɯɢɦ ɧɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ
ɛɨɥɟɟ 90 ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɧɟɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɢɠɟ 22°C ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɡɢɦɧɹɹ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɥɟɬɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 50 ɫɦ ɨɬ ɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ 6°C ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɪɟɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ
ɫɭɯɨɣ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ <45 ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 4 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ, ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚ
ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɫɨɥɧɰɟɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ. ȼ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦɭ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɭɞɢɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ)
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɬɜɟɪɞɚɹ – ɠɢɞɤɚɹ – ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ) ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɡɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 5°C.
ȼɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɭɞɢɤ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɝɭɦɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ:
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɚ, ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɟɡɨɧɚɦ;
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɞɨɠɞɟɜɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ
ɪɚɜɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɢ ɷɜɚɩɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɢɪɚɰɢɸ; ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɢɦɧɢɯ ɞɨɠɞɟɜɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ,
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɥɚɝɨɡɚɪɹɞɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ, ɬɭɦɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɦɟɫɹɰɚɯ, ɤɚɤ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ. ɉɪɢ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɭɞɢɤ ɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɩɨɱɜɭ.
PU – ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɟɪɭɞɢɤ (ɥɚɬ. per – ɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɥɚɬ. Udus - ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ)
ȿɫɥɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɷɜɚɩɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɢɪɚɰɢɸ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɦɟɫɹɰɵ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɟɬ, ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ
ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ 100 ɤɉɚ (pF 3) ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɡɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɟɞɤɢɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ȼɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɫɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɦɟɫɹɰɵ ɝɨɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ
ɡɚɦɟɪɡɲɚɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɩɟɪɭɞɢɤ.
US – ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɭɫɬɢɤ

ȼɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɭɫɬɢɤ (ɥɚɬ. ustic – ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɫɭɯɨɫɬɶ) ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɦɢ ɚɪɢɞɢɤ ɢ ɭɞɢɤ. Ɉɛɳɟɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨ ɬɚɤɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɥɚɝɨɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɭɫɬɢɤ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɱɜɚɦ ɫ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɤɪɚɣɢɤ (ɫɦɨɬɪɢ ɜɵɲɟ).
ȿɫɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 22°C ɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɢɥɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɥɟɬɧɹɹ ɢ
ɡɢɦɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 6°C ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 50 ɫɦ ɧɢɠɟ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɪɟɡ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ
ɭɫɬɢɤ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 90 ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɞɧɟɣ (ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɦ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ
ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ >180 ɞɧɟɣ (ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ) ɜ ɝɨɞɭ, ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 90 ɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ
(ɩɨɞɪɹɞ).
ȿɫɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɢɠɟ 22°C ɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɥɟɬɧɹɹ ɢ ɡɢɦɧɹɹ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ 6°C ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 50 ɫɦ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ,
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɪɟɡ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɭɫɬɢɤ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ
ɫɭɯɨɣ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 90 ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɧɟɣ (ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɨɞɪɹɞ), ɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɞɧɟɣ (ɧɟ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ) ɢɡ ɬɟɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 50 ɫɦ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 5°C.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɪɟɡ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɜ
ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 45 ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɬɟ 4 ɦɟɫɹɰɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɧɢɦ
ɫɨɥɧɰɟɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ, ɬɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɪɟɡ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɭɯɢɦ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ
ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ <45 ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɬɟ 4 ɦɟɫɹɰɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɡɚ ɥɟɬɧɢɦ
ɫɨɥɧɰɟɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ.
ȼ ɬɪɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɭɛɬɪɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɦɭɫɨɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɚ
ɫɭɯɢɯ ɫɟɡɨɧɚ, ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɡɢɦɧɟɝɨ ɫɟɡɨɧɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɭɫɬɢɤ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɨɞɢɧ
ɫɟɡɨɧ ɞɨɠɞɟɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 3 ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ. ȼ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɭɛɝɭɦɢɞɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ
ɫɟɦɢɚɪɢɞɧɵɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɦ ɞɨɠɞɢ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɫɟɧɶɸ, ɧɨ
ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɡɢɦɨɣ. ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ
ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɤɨɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɫɭɯɚɹ.
XE – ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɤɫɟɪɢɤ

ȼɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɤɫɟɪɢɤ (ɝɪɟɱ. xeros – ɫɭɯɨɣ) ɬɢɩɢɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ
ɬɢɩɨɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɜɥɚɠɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɯɥɚɞɧɚɹ ɡɢɦɚ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɟ ɢ ɫɭɯɨɟ ɥɟɬɨ.
ȼɥɚɝɚ, ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɡɢɦɨɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɜɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɸ.
ȼ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɤɫɟɪɢɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɪɟɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 45 ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɬɟ 4
ɦɟɫɹɰɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɡɚ ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɫɨɥɧɰɟɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ
45 ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɬɟ 4 ɦɟɫɹɰɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɧɢɦ
ɫɨɥɧɰɟɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɪɟɡ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ
ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɞɧɟɣ (ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ) ɜ ɝɨɞɭ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 50 ɫɦ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 6°C, ɢɥɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 90 ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɧɟɣ
ɩɨɞɪɹɞ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 50 ɫɦ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 8°C. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɢɠɟ 22°C ɢ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɡɢɦɧɟɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 6°C ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 50 ɫɦ, ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ
ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɞɟɧɫɢɤ, ɥɢɬɢɤ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɢɬɢɤ (ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜɵɲɟ 50 ɫɦ).
101
Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ
ɪɚɛɨɬ
Ɍɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ (ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ 1:25,000 ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɟ), ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ
(ɝɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ, ɤɚɪɬɵ ɡɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ)
ɇɚɜɢɝɚɬɨɪ, ɤɨɦɩɚɫ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɱɜ

Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ
ɉɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤ, ɛɥɚɧɤɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ

ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɲɤɚɥɚ Ɇɚɧɫɟɥɥɚ
ɒɬɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɫɚɩɟɪɧɚɹ ɥɨɩɚɬɵ, ɤɢɪɤɚ, ɛɭɪ, ɦɨɥɨɬɨɤ

ɉɨɥɟɜɨɣ pH-ɦɟɬɪ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪ, ɧɚɛɨɪ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ
əɳɢɤ ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ:

¾ ɤɚɪɦɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɭɥɟɬɤɚ
¾ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɨɠ, ɩɥɨɫɤɚɹ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɚ
¾ ɪɭɱɧɚɹ ɥɭɩɚ (ɯ10)
¾ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ (ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ)
¾ ɛɭɬɵɥɶ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ
¾ ɛɭɬɵɥɶ ɫ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ
¾ ɛɭɬɵɥɶ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ 1 Ɇ KCl ɢɥɢ 0.01 Ɇ CaCl2 (ɢɡ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ 25 ɦɥ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ pH)
¾ ɩɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ 8 ɫɦ 3
ɩɨɱɜɵ (~10 ɝ) ɢ 25 ɦɥ ɜɨɞɵ (ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ pH ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ)
¾ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ ɫ 10% HCl (~50 ɦɥ)
¾ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɮɟɧɨɥɮɬɚɥɟɢɧɚ (pH 8.2…9.8, ~30 ɦɥ)
¾ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ ɫ 1 Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ NaF, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɤ pH 7.5 (~30 ɦɥ)
¾ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ ɫ 0.2% (M/V) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ Į,Į-ɞɢɩɢɪɢɞɢɥɚ ɜ 10% (V/V) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (~50 ɦɥ)
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ǿȍȚȊȍȘȚȖȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ, ȐșȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȍ Ȑ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȖȍ

ǷǸǶǬǶǪǶǳȄǹǺǪǭǵǵǨȇ ǰ ǹǭǳȄǹǲǶǽǶǯȇǱǹǺǪǭǵǵǨȇ ǶǸǫǨǵǰǯǨǾǰȇ

Ɇɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ

ȼɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɵ. ɎȺɈ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɟɬ ɬɢɪɚɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ,

37. ǪȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȒȖȔȉȐȕȈȞȐȧ ȞȊȍȚȖȊ Ȑ ȕȈȓȐȟȐȍ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȑ 39

ɉɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ

Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɠɺɫɬɤɨ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɎȺɈ

ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɥ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢ ɬɟɪɩɟɧɢɸ Ɋɨɧɚɥɶɞɚ

Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɇɨɦɟɪ, ɚɜɬɨɪ, ɞɚɬɚ, ɬɢɩ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ,

Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ, ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɚɹ

Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ/ɫɥɨɹ: ɨɛɥɨɦɤɢ

4. ɂɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ 5.

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɨ ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ

Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɇɚ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ, ɧɚ

Ɍɂɉ ɈɉɂɋȺɇɂə ɉɊɈɎɂɅə

ɇɍɆȿɊȺɐɂə ɅɂɋɌɈȼ ɄȺɊɌɕ ɂ ɄɈɈɊȾɂɇȺɌɇȺə ɋȿɌɄȺ

ȺɌɆɈɋɎȿɊɇɕɃ ɄɅɂɆȺɌ ɂ ɉɈȽɈȾɇɕȿ ɍɋɅɈȼɂə

ȿɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ

ɎɈɊɆɕ ɂ ɗɅȿɆȿɇɌɕ ɊȿɅɖȿɎȺ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ

ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 6 ǷȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȖ ȘȍȓȤȍȜț

ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ (Ɍɚɛɥ. 7).

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ

9 ɇɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɚɯɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ĺ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɤɚɦɛɢɤ.

IP = ǳȐȔȈȕȕȖȍ ȖȘȖȠȍȕȐȍ, ȖȘȖȠȍȕȐȍ MO = ǬȖȉȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ

ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɤ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ

3 Ɉɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ  ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɤɨɥɥɸɜɢɤ.

(șȞȍȔȍȕȚȐȘȖ- SC2 ȗȍșȟȈȕȐȒ, ȋȘȈțȊȈȒȒȈ,

ȼ ɑɚɫɬɢ 4 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ.

ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 13 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.

ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 15 ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 18

Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ

ȽɊȺɇɂɐɕ ɆȿɀȾɍ ȽɈɊɂɁɈɇɌȺɆɂ

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɨɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɤ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɦɚ

Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɱɜ

ɉɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨɱɜ ɥɟɝɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ

ɉɨɥɟɜɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɱɜ

ǰșȚȖȟȕȐȒ: ǼǨǶ (1990)

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ

2 ǿȘȎȠȩȐȎȓȠȟȭ Ȑ ȦțȡȞ ȒȖȎȚȓȠȞȜȚ 3-7 ȚȚ (ȝȞȖȚȓȞțȜ Ȑ ȝȜșȜȐȖțȡ ȒȖȎȚȓȠȞȎ ȘȎȞȎțȒȎȦȎ), țȜ ȞȎȕșȎȚȩȐȎȓȠȟȭ

• ȥȎȟȠȖȥȘȖ țȓ ȞȎȕșȖȥȖȚȩ țȎ ȜȧȡȝȪ: ȝȩșȪ SI < 12

• ȟȜȒȓȞȔȖȠ ȟȞȓȒțȓȓ ȘȜșȖȥȓȟȠȐȜ ȝȓȟȥȎțȩȣ ȕȓȞȓț: ȟȡȑșȖțȜȘ L 8-27

3 Ɋɟɡɤɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ

ǸǰǹǻǵǶǲ 5 Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɨɛɥɨɦɤɨɜ ɩɨɪɨɞ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ

Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɨɛɥɨɦɤɨɜ ǺǨǩǳǰǾǨ 28

ɋɬɚɞɢɹ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɥɨɦɤɨɜ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ

ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: Ad-hoc-AG-Boden (2005), ɫ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ

ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɭɦɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɪɮɚ

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ

Ⱥɷɪɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɤɢ

ɐȼȿɌ ɉɈɑȼɕ (ɈɋɇɈȼɇȺə ɆȺɋɋȺ)

ɩɨɱɜɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɜɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ.

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ

ɢ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶ  5 ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 5 ɢɥɢ 6; ɢɥɢ ɬɨɧ 10 YR ɢɥɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ

3 Ɉɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɤɨɥɥɸɜɢɤ.

ɢ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶ 5 ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 5 ɢɥɢ 6; ɢɥɢ ɬɨɧ 10 YR ɢɥɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ

ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ 4% ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɥɨɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 30 ɫɦ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ

3 Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ