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AboutLawየቴሌግራም ቻናልአባልበመሆንየህግአገልግሎቶችንተደራሽያድርጉ
BAHIRDAR
UNIVERSI
TY
FACULTYOFLAW
CommentaryonFami l
yLaw
(ForDi
stanceEducat
ion)
Pr
epar
edby
:-Mi
zani
e
Abat
e
(
LL.
B,Ass.Lect
urer
)
Edi
tor
s:1.MulunehWorku(LL.
M,Lecturer)
2.NegalEwnet
ie(LL.
B,Ass.Lecturer
)
Apr
il
.2006
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#የህግየስራማስታዎቂያዎች⚖
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#የክስፎርሞች
#የፍርድቤትውሣኔ
ዎች ⚖
#የህግSchol
arshi
ps ‍
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ht
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jS
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TABLEOFCONTENTS
TI
TLE PAGE
I
NTRODUCTI
ON-
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- 1
CHAPTERONE–GENERALREMARKS-
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--4
Def
ini
ti
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l
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--4
Si
gni
fi
canceoft
heFami
l
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-- 5
Legal
prot
ect
ionoft
heFami
l
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-- 9
Fami
l
yLawRef
orm andt
heFor
cesatt
heBackgr
ound-
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-
11
Gener
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-11
Et
hiopi
anper
spect
ive-
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- 13
Powert
oEnactFami
l
yLaw-
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- 14
Sour
cesofFami
l
yRel
ati
onshi
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- 15
Rel
ati
onshi
pbyConsangui
nit
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-- 16
Rel
ati
onshi
pbyAf
fi
nit
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-21
Adopt
ion-
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-- 23
Legal
Eff
ect
sofFami
l
yRel
ati
onshi
ps-
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-- 24
Fami
l
yRel
ati
onsConf
erRi
ght
sonPer
sons-
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-- 24
Fami
l
yRel
ati
onsI
mposeObl
i
gat
ionsonPer
sons-
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--24
Fami
l
yRel
ati
onshi
psasGr
oundofPr
ohi
bit
ion-
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-25
Exer
cise
CHAPTERTWO–CONCLUSI
ONOFMARRI
AGE-
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-27
Def
ini
ti
onofMar
ri
age-
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-27
Bet
rot
hal
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-- 31
Gener
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- 31
Par
ti
est
otheCont
ract-
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--32
For
m andOt
herRequi
rement
s--
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-- 33
Ef
fectofBet
rot
hal
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-- 34
Br
eachofBet
rot
hal-
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-- 35
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egram channelvi
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TI
TLE PAGE
Essent
ial
Condi
ti
onsf
ort
heVal
i
dit
yofMar
ri
age-
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--37
For
mal
i
tyRequi
rement
sofMar
ri
age-
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- 37
Ci
vi
lMar
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-38
Rel
i
giousMar
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-39
Cust
omar
yMar
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-- 39
Subst
ant
iveRequi
rement
sofMar
ri
age-
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-- 42
Consent-
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-43
Mar
ri
ageabl
eAge-
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-- 47
Rel
ati
onshi
pbyConsangui
nit
yandAf
fi
nit
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--49
Bi
gamy-
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-- 52
Repr
esent
ati
onnotAl
l
owed-
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- 55
Judi
ci
all
yInt
erdi
ctedPer
sons-
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-- 56
Per
iodofWi
dowhood-
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- 56
Opposi
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age-
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- 58
Regi
str
ati
onofMar
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age-
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-- 61
Exer
cises
CHAPTERTHREE–EFFECTSOFVI
OLATI
ONSOFESSENTI
AL
CONDI
TIONSOFMARRI
AGE-
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-- 64
Gener
al-
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-- 64
Voi
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age-
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-- 65
Voi
dabl
eMar
ri
age-
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-- 66
Ef
fect
sofVi
olat
ionsofMar
ri
ageRequi
rement
sUndert
heFeder
alRev
ised
Fami
l
yCode-
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- 67
Ef
fect
sofVi
olat
ionsofSubst
ant
iveRequi
rement
sofMar
ri
age-
- 67
Absol
uteI
mpedi
ment
stoMar
ri
age-
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- 67
Rel
ati
veI
mpedi
ment
stoMar
ri
age-
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-- 68
Pr
ohi
bit
iveI
mpedi
ment
s--
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-73
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 4
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ps:
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Loyj
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የስለ-
ህግ*
Ef
fect
sofVi
olat
ionsofFor
mal
i
tyRequi
rement
sofMar
ri
age-
--
- 74
TI
TLE PAGE
Exer
cises
CHAPTERFOUR–EFFECTSOFMARRI
AGE-
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- 76
Gener
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-- 76
TheCont
ract
ual
Regi
me(
Cont
ractofMar
ri
age)-
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-77
Legal
(St
atut
ory
)Regi
me-
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-82
Per
sonal
Eff
ect
sofMar
ri
age-
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- 83
Pecuni
aryEf
fect
sofMar
ri
age-
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- 89
Exer
cises
CHAPTERFI
VE–DI
SSOLUTI
ONOFMARRI
AGEANDI
TSEFFECTS-
-119
CausesofDi
ssol
uti
onofMar
ri
age-
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-- 119
Di
vor
ceasaCauseofDi
ssol
uti
onofMar
ri
age-
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--122
Di
vor
cebyMut
ual
ConsentofSpouses-
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-- 125
Di
vor
cebyPet
it
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-- 129
Li
qui
dat
ionofpecuni
aryRel
ati
onsBet
weenSpouses-
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--138
Li
qui
dat
ionbyAgr
eement-
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--139
Li
qui
dat
ioni
nAccor
dancewi
tht
heLaw-
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- 140
Exer
cises
CHAPTERSI
X–PROOFOFMARRI
AGE-
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--146
Cer
ti
fi
cat
eofMar
ri
age-
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- 147
Possessi
onofSt
atus-
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- 148
Exer
cises
CHAPTERSEVEN–I
RREGULARUNI
ON-
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--154
Def
ini
ti
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-- 154
WhyDoPeopl
eCohabi
t?-
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- 156
I
sItJust
if
iedt
oRecogni
zedI
rr
egul
arUni
onUndert
heFRC?-
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-- 157
Ef
fect
sofI
rr
egul
arUni
on-
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-- 159
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egram channelvi
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TLE PAGE
AbsenceofBondofAf
fi
nit
y--
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159
Dut
ytoCont
ri
but
etheCommonExpense-
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- 161
Communi
tyofpr
oper
ty-
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-161
Fi
l
iat
ionofChi
l
dren-
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--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-165
Ter
minat
ionoft
heUni
on-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-- 165
Pr
oofofI
rr
egul
arUni
on-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-166
Exer
cises
CHAPTEREI
GHT–FI
LIATI
ON-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-- 169
Ascer
tai
nmentofPat
erni
tyandMat
erni
ty-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
- 169
Mat
ernal
Fil
i
ati
on-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-170
Pat
ernal
Fil
i
ati
on-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--172
Pr
esumpt
ionofPat
erni
ty-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
- 173
Acknowl
edgementofpat
erni
ty-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-- 177
Judi
cial
Decl
arat
ionofPat
erni
ty-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
- 183
Legal
Conf
li
ctsi
nRegul
ati
ngPat
erni
ty-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-- 191
Assi
gnmentofPat
erni
tybyAgr
eement-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
- 196
Pr
oofofFi
l
iat
ion-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-- 198
Recor
dofBi
rt
h--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--198
Possessi
onofSt
atus-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
- 199
Act
iont
ocl
aim Fi
l
iat
ion-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-- 200
Cont
est
ati
onofFi
l
iat
ionandDi
sowni
ng-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-202
Cont
est
ati
onofFi
l
iat
ion-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--202
Di
sowni
ng-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-204
Exer
cises
CHAPTERNI
NE-ADOPTI
ON -
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-- 212
Def
ini
ti
onandPur
poseofAdopt
ion-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-- 212
Essent
ial
Condi
ti
onsofAdopt
ion-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
- 213
TheRequi
rementofConsent-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-- 213
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 6
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
WhomayAdopt
?--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-- 218
TI
TLE PAGE
Ageoft
heAdopt
er-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-- 218
Ment
alandPhy
sical
Capaci
tyoft
heAdopt
er-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-220
Adopt
ionBet
weenBl
oodRel
ati
ves-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-- 220
Nat
ional
i
tyoft
heAdopt
er-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
- 220
WhomaybeAdopt
ed?-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
- 222
I
mpossi
bil
i
tyofAdopt
ionbySev
eral
Per
sons-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-224
Appr
oval
oft
heCour
t--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-- 225
Ef
fectofAdopt
ion-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-226
Gener
alEf
fect
sofAdopt
ion-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-- 226
Speci
fi
cEf
fect
sofAdopt
ion-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-- 227
St
atusoft
heAdopt
ivePar
entandt
heAdopt
edChi
l
d--
--
--
--
--
--
227
Ri
ght
sandDut
iesoft
heAdopt
ivePar
entandt
he
Adopt
edChi
l
d--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
- 228
Ef
fectofAdopt
ionont
heRi
ghtofI
nher
it
ance-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
228
I
nher
it
ancef
rom t
heAdopt
edChi
l
d--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
- 228
I
nher
it
ancebyt
heAdopt
edChi
l
d--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-- 230
Rev
ocat
ionofAdopt
ion-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-- 231
Exer
cises
CHAPTERTEN–OBLI
GATI NTENANCE-
ONTOSUPPLYMAI --
--
--
--
-235
Subj
ectMat
teroft
heObl
i
gat
ion-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-- 235
Per
sonsBet
weenWhom t
heObl
i
gat
ionExi
sts-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-237
Possi
bil
i
tyofLosi
ngt
heRi
ghtt
oCl
aim Mai
ntenance.-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-238
Condi
ti
onsf
ort
heExi
stenceoft
heobl
i
gat
ionandi
tsExecut
ion.-
--
--
--
--
- 240
Pl
ural
i
tyofDebt
ors-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-243
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 7
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Exer
cises
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 8
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
I
NTRODUCTI
ON
Fami
l
yas a f
undament
aluni
tofa soci
etyhas exi
sted per
haps si
nce t
he
exi
stenceofmanki
ndt
houghi
tsf
orm mi
ghtv
aryf
rom pl
acet
opl
aceandt
imet
o
t
ime.I
tiscomposedofmember
suni
tedbyt
iesofmar
ri
age,
bloodoradopt
ion.I
t
i
s, among ot
her t
hings, t
he cent
er of pr
ocr
eat
ion, soci
ali
zat
ion and
compani
onshi
p.Thi
suni
thasbeengi
venduer
ecogni
ti
onandpr
otect
ionby
di
ff
erenti
nter
nat
ionali
nst
rument
sanddomest
icl
awsofv
irt
ual
l
yev
eryl
egal
sy
stem.Ast
hisi
nst
it
uti
oni
smostof
tenf
ormedbymar
ri
age,t
hest
atet
hrough
t
hemachi
ner
yofl
aw cont
rol
sthef
orm ofmar
ri
ager
elat
ionshi
pofspouses,
par
ent
sandchi
l
drenandev
ent
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenr
elat
ivest
oacer
tai
n
degr
ee.
Thest
ater
egul
ati
onoff
ami
l
yandmar
ri
ager
efl
ect
stheat
ti
tudeoft
hesoci
ety
t
owar
dst
hem anddi
ff
ersf
rom j
uri
sdi
cti
ont
ojur
isdi
cti
onmai
nlydependi
ngon
soci
o-economi
cdev
elopment
.Accor
dingl
y,v
irt
ual
l
yinev
eryl
egalsy
stem,f
ami
l
y
l
awhasbeeni
nast
ateoff
luxorr
efor
m.
Et
hiopi
ahasal
sobeenr
efor
mingherf
ami
l
ylawsi
ncet
hepastf
ewy
ear
s.Ast
he
count
ryhasembar
kedonf
eder
alsy
stem ofgov
ernmentsi
nce1995,t
hel
aw
maki
ngpoweri
sshar
edbet
weent
heFeder
alGov
ernmentandt
heSt
ates.Hence,
byr
evi
singt
heCi
vi
lCodepr
ovi
sions,t
heFeder
alGov
ernmenthasenact
eda
Fami
l
yCodef
ort
heAdmi
nist
rat
iveCounci
lofDi
reDewaand Addi
sAbaba
Admi
nist
rat
ive Regi
on.The Regi
onalSt
ates ofTi
grai
,Amhar
a,Or
omi
a and
SNNPEhav
eal
soadopt
edt
hei
rrespect
iveFami
l
yCodes.
Thi
smodul
eai
msatgi
vi
ngcomment
aryonpr
ovi
sionsoft
heRev
isedFami
l
y
Codessot
hatt
hedi
stancel
ear
nerwi
l
lhav
ether
equi
sit
eknowl
edgeoft
he
r
ecent
lyenact
edFami
l
yLawsofEt
hiopi
a.I
tal
soai
msathi
ghl
i
ght
ingt
hebasi
c
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 9
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
depar
tur
esoft
henew Fami
l
ycodesf
rom t
he1960Ci
vi
lCodeofEt
hiopi
aand
ev
aluat
ingt
her
ati
onalbehi
ndt
hedepar
tur
esandt
heext
entt
owhi
cht
heCodes
hav
erect
if
iedt
heshor
tcomi
ngsoft
heCi
vi
lCode.
Thest
ruct
ureoft
hemodul
enor
mal
l
yfol
l
owst
hest
ruct
ureoft
heci
vi
lcodeand
t
her
evi
sedf
ami
l
ycodesbecausest
ruct
urewi
set
heyar
emor
eorl
esssi
mil
ar.I
t
i
sbel
i
evedt
hatt
hisappr
oachmakest
hepoi
ntsofdepar
tur
eoft
heRev
ised
Fami
l
yCodesf
rom t
heCi
vi
lcodeandt
hedi
ff
erentposi
ti
onst
akenbyt
henew
codeseasi
l
yunder
standabl
e.
Themodul
eisdi
vi
dedi
ntot
enchapt
ers.Si
nceonehast
ohav
ethei
deaoft
he
f
ami
l
ybef
orer
efer
ri
ngt
othel
aws,gov
erni
ngi
t,i
nthef
ir
stchapt
erat
tempti
s
madet
odef
inet
hei
nst
it
uti
onoff
ami
l
y,i
tssi
gni
fi
cance,l
egalpr
otect
ionand
gener
alt
rendst
owar
dsf
ami
l
ylawr
efor
ms.Thef
inalsub-
sect
ionoft
hischapt
er
br
ief
lyaddr
essest
hesour
cesandef
fect
soff
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
p.
Chapt
ert
wodeal
swi
tht
hedef
ini
ti
onofmar
ri
age,
thei
nst
it
uti
onofbet
rot
haland
condi
ti
onsofmar
ri
age.Chapt
ert
hreei
sdev
otedt
othedi
scussi
onofef
fect
sof
v
iol
ati
onofmi
nimum mar
ri
agecondi
ti
ons.
I
nchapt
erf
ourand f
ive,ef
fect
sand di
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
agear
edeal
twi
th
r
espect
ivel
y.Per
sonalandpecuni
aryef
fect
sofmar
ri
agear
ethemai
npoi
nts
addr
essedunderchapt
erf
ourCausesandef
fect
sofdi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
agear
e
deepl
yconsi
der
edi
nchapt
erf
ive.
Chapt
ersi
x and sev
en addr
essed pr
oofofmar
ri
age and t
he i
nst
it
uti
on of
i
rr
egul
aruni
on.Chapt
ersev
en,speci
fi
cal
l
y,st
udi
est
hedef
ini
ti
onofi
rr
egul
ar
uni
on,t
hej
ust
if
icat
ionf
orr
ecogni
ti
onoft
hei
nst
it
uti
onundert
heRev
isedFami
l
y
Code,i
tsl
egalconsequences,andot
herr
elat
edi
ssues.Chapt
erei
ghthi
ghl
i
ght
s
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 10
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
poi
ntsper
tai
ningt
ofi
l
iat
ioni
ncl
udi
ngascer
tai
nmentofmat
ernalandpat
ernal
f
il
iat
ion,
proofoff
il
iat
ionandcont
est
ati
onoff
il
iat
ion.
I
ntheni
nthandt
hel
astchapt
er,adopt
ionandobl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
ymai
ntenance
ar
edi
scussedr
espect
ivel
y.Ev
eni
fadopt
ionasasour
ceoff
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
pis
i
ntr
oducedi
nchapt
erone,i
tisdeemedi
mpor
tantt
odi
scussi
nchapt
erni
net
he
def
ini
ti
on,condi
ti
ons,ef
fect
sandr
evocat
ionofadopt
ioni
nadet
ail
edf
ashi
on.
Oneoft
heef
fectoff
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
psl
i
ght
lyt
oucheduponi
nchapt
erone,i
.e,
t
heobl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
ymai
ntenancei
sel
abor
atel
ydi
scussedi
nchapt
ert
en.
Fi
nal
l
y,i
tisi
mpor
tantt
onot
ethatt
hisdi
stanceeducat
iont
eachi
ngmat
eri
ali
s
wr
it
tenont
hebasi
soft
heFeder
alRev
isedFami
l
yCode.Themai
nreasonf
ort
his
i
sot
herr
egi
onalf
ami
l
ycodeshav
ebeenenact
edbyt
aki
ngt
hiscodeasamodel
.
Asar
esul
t,t
her
eisacl
osesi
mil
ari
tyamongmostpr
ovi
sionsoft
heFeder
al
Fami
l
yCodeandot
herRegi
onalFami
l
yCodeS.Wher
etheRegi
onalFami
l
yCodes
t
akeadi
ff
erentst
andonacer
tai
nmat
ter
,acompar
ati
vedi
sussi
oni
smade.To
hav
eacl
earunder
standi
ngoft
hedepar
tur
esoft
henewl
yenact
edFami
l
yCodes
f
rom t
heCi
vi
lCode,
rel
evantpr
ovi
sionsoft
heCi
vi
lCodear
eanal
yzed.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 11
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
CHAPTERONE
GENERALREMARKS
Dearst
udent
,bef
oregoi
ngdeepi
ntoanal
yzi
ngt
hel
egal
prov
isi
onsr
elat
ingt
olaw
off
ami
l
y,i
tisofapar
amounti
mpor
tancet
odi
scusssomepoi
ntst
hatt
hrowl
i
ght
t
oourf
urt
herdi
scussi
on.Ther
efor
e,i
tshoul
dbecl
eart
hatt
hisi
ntr
oduct
ory
chapt
eri
sinser
tedwi
tht
hisunder
standi
ng.
I
ngener
al,
att
heendoft
hischapt
er;
thest
udenti
sexpect
edt
o:
 Def
inet
heconceptoff
ami
l
y;
 Enumer
atet
hesi
gni
fi
canceoff
ami
l
y;
 Reasonoutast
owhyt
hel
aw andt
hesoci
etyext
endl
egalpr
otect
iont
o
t
hei
nst
it
uti
onoff
ami
l
y;
 Di
scusst
hej
ust
if
icat
ionst
hatwar
rant
edf
ami
l
ylawr
efor
minEt
hiopi
a;
 Expl
ainsour
cesoff
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
ps;
and
 I
dent
if
ylegal
eff
ect
soff
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
ps.
1.
1 Def
ini
ti
onofFami
ly
Thest
udyoff
ami
l
yfal
l
swi
thi
nthescopeofdi
ff
erentdi
sci
pli
nesofsoci
al
sci
ence;suchas,soci
ology
,ant
hropol
ogyandsoci
alhi
stor
y.Becausef
ami
l
y
r
elat
iongi
vesr
iset
ovar
iousr
elat
ionshi
psofgr
eatl
egali
mpor
tance,i
tis,l
i
ke
wi
se,i
nsomeway
stheconcer
noft
hel
aw.Thet
erm‘
fami
l
y’i
sdef
inedi
neach
di
sci
pli
nei
nawayt
hati
sfi
tt
ingt
othear
ea.
I
nlaw,t
heconceptoff
ami
l
ycoul
dgener
all
ybeunder
stoodi
ntwosensesi
n
br
oadandnar
rowsenses.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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ps:
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oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Under
stoodi
nabr
oadsense,f
ami
l
yis“
acol
l
ect
ivebodyofper
sonswhol
i
vei
n
onehomeormanagement
”.Thi
sisadef
ini
ti
ongi
venbyBl
ack’
sLawDi
cti
onar
y.
Fami
l
yisal
sof
urt
herdef
inedt
omeanacol
l
ect
ivebodyofper
sons,
consi
sti
ngof
apar
entandchi
l
dren,orot
herr
elat
ives,domest
icor ser
vant
stoget
heri
none
houseundert
hesamehead.I
tisev
ident
,ther
efor
e,t
hatt
het
ermf
ami
l
yref
erst
o
gr
oupofper
sonsr
elat
edeachot
herbymar
ri
ageorbl
oodorev
enwi
thoutany
r
elat
ionandl
i
vingt
oget
herunderasi
ngl
erooformanagementandcompr
isi
nga
househol
d.Accor
dingl
y,di
stantr
elat
ivesandev
enf
ort
hatmat
terpeopl
eli
vi
ng
wi
thouthav
inganyr
elat
ionshi
psuchasdomest
icser
vant
smayber
egar
dedas
member
s oft
he f
ami
l
y.The i
mpor
tantel
ement
sto be consi
der
ed i
nthi
s
def
ini
ti
onar
e:
1.Theper
sonshav
etol
i
vei
nonehouse.Thati
stosay
,ther
esi
dence
el
ementmustbesat
isf
ied.
2.Theymustl
i
veunderonemanagementSt
atedot
her
-wi
se,
ther
emustbea
headwhohasar
ight
,atl
easti
nal
i
mit
edway
,todi
rectandcont
rolt
hose
gat
her
edi
nthehousehol
d.
I
nanar
row sense,t
het
erm‘
fami
l
y’hasbeendef
inedas‘
thegr
oupofper
sons
whoar
euni
tedbymar
ri
age,byf
il
iat
ionsor
,ev
en,butv
eryexcept
ional
l
y,by
adopt
ion.Compar
edt
othebr
oadordef
ini
ti
on,t
hisdef
ini
ti
onappl
i
est
ofami
l
y
compr
isedofsmal
lnumberofper
sons.Thei
mpor
tantpoi
nther
eist
henot
ionof
r
elat
ionshi
pbybl
ood,
mar
ri
ageoradopt
ion.
I
nthenar
rowerdef
ini
ti
onoff
ami
l
ygi
venbyPl
aned,adopt
ioni
sconsi
der
edan
except
ionalwayofcr
eat
ingf
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
p.Howev
er,t
heexcept
ionel
ement
ofadopt
ionmaynotbev
iabl
efornowaday
sadopt
ioni
sbei
ngwi
del
ypr
act
iced
asanat
uralconsequenceofr
ecogni
ti
onofsamesexmar
ri
age,atl
easti
nsome
count
ri
es and an i
ncr
easi
ng t
endencyev
en among women ofhet
ro sexual
f
ami
l
ies not t
o gi
ve bi
rt
h,t
hough t
he expensi
ve al
ter
nat
ive of ar
ti
fi
cial
i
nsemi
nat
ioni
sther
e.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 13
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Anot
herdef
ini
ti
on oft
he t
erm (
fami
l
y)t
hatcan be cat
egor
ized undert
he
nar
rowerdef
ini
ti
oni
stheonepr
ovi
dedbyt
heUSCensusBur
eau.Accor
dingt
o
suchdef
ini
ti
on,
fami
l
yis“
twoormor
eper
sonswhoar
erel
atedbybi
rt
h,mar
ri
age
oradopt
ionwhol
i
vet
oget
herasonehousehol
d”.Thel
astdef
ini
ngel
ementt
hat
t
heyl
i
vet
oget
hert
hough mi
ghtbe i
mpor
tantf
orcensus enumer
ati
on and
r
epor
ti
ng,t
her
ear
einst
anceswher
efami
l
ymember
sdonotl
i
vei
nthesame
househol
dduet
ooneoranot
herr
eason.
For
m wi
se,
fami
l
ymaybeoft
woki
nds,
namel
ynucl
earandext
endedf
ami
l
y.
Anucl
earf
ami
l
yconsi
stsofpar
ent
(s)andchi
l
d(r
en)t
houghsomear
guet
hat
bot
hpar
ent
smustbepr
esentt
oconst
it
uteanucl
earf
ami
l
y.Ext
endedf
ami
l
y,on
t
heot
herl
and,
incl
udesr
elat
ives,
inaddi
ti
ont
othenucl
earf
ami
l
y,member
swho
ar
eascendant
sanddescendant
s(ot
hert
hanchi
l
dren)oft
hespousesandt
hose
whoar
ecol
l
ater
alr
elat
ives.
Whenwecomet
otheEt
hiopi
ancont
ext
,nei
thert
he1960Ci
vi
lCodeofEt
hiopi
a
nort
hecur
rent
lyenact
edFeder
alandRegi
onalFami
l
yCodesdef
inet
het
erm
‘
fami
l
y.’Nonet
hel
ess,wehav
eel
ement
sofr
elat
ionshi
pher
eandt
her
ewhi
ch
coul
dser
veasabasef
oradef
ini
ti
on.I
nal
llaws,r
elat
ionsbybl
oodandby
mar
ri
age ar
erecogni
zed.Ther
eisr
elat
ionshi
p bet
ween ascendant
s and
descendant
sint
hedi
rectl
i
ne,andbet
weenper
sonswhodescendf
rom oneor
mor
ecommonascendant
sint
hecol
l
ater
all
i
neupt
ocer
tai
ndegr
ees.Ther
eis
al
soaf
fi
nalr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenaper
sonandt
heascendant
sanddescendant
s
ofhi
sspouse,
andbet
weenaper
sonandt
hecol
l
ater
alsofhi
sspouset
ocer
tai
n
degr
ees.Fur
ther
emor
e,i
tiscl
ear
lypr
ovi
dedt
hatr
elat
ionshi
pswoul
dbecr
eat
ed
byacont
ractofadopt
ion.
So,mor
eorl
ess,t
heconceptoff
ami
l
yunderourf
ami
l
ylawsi
ssi
mil
art
othe
seconddef
ini
ti
oni
.e.
,thenar
rowerone,di
scussedabov
ebecause,undersuch
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 14
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
def
ini
ti
on,
too,
thebasi
crel
ati
onsar
eemanat
edf
rom bl
ood,
mar
ri
ageoradopt
ion.
Att
hisj
unct
ure,i
tisessent
ialt
odr
aw adi
sti
nct
ionbet
weena‘
fami
l
y’and'
‘
mar
ri
age’
,si
ncesomet
imest
het
ermsar
eusedi
nter
changeabl
y.Wher
eas
mar
ri
ager
efer
stot
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenspouses(
mar
ri
edcoupl
es)
,fami
l
y
ar
isesoutofmar
ri
age.Thet
ermf
ami
l
yusual
l
yconnot
eschi
l
drenandbl
ood
r
elat
ionsi
ncont
rastt
othemar
it
alorconj
ugalt
ies f
ormedl
egal
l
ythr
ough
mar
ri
age.Mar
ri
agemaybemonogamousorpol
ygamouswhi
chmayt
aket
he
f
orm ofpol
yandr
yorpol
ygy
ny.Howev
er,v
ali
d mar
ri
agei
snota necessar
y
pr
econdi
ti
onf
ort
heexi
stenceoft
hei
nst
it
uti
onoff
ami
l
yasdef
inedear
li
er.For
i
nst
ance,
thoughanumberofcount
ri
esusedt
odenyi
rr
egul
aruni
ont
hest
atusof
mar
ri
age,
iti
sunquest
ionabl
ethatchi
l
drenbor
nofsuchuni
onsandcoupl
es,
may
,
atl
easti
ftheyl
i
vet
oget
her
,beconsi
der
edasf
ormi
ngaf
ami
l
y.
1.
2.Si
gni
fi
canceoft
heFami
ly
Whyshoul
dwest
udy
,car
efororpr
otectt
hei
nst
it
uti
onoff
ami
l
y?Whatr
oles
doest
hef
ami
l
ypl
ayi
nthepr
esentdaysoci
ety
?
Fami
l
y,asaf
undament
aluni
tyofasoci
ety
,hasbeenpl
ayi
nganumberofr
oles.
Themostdomi
nantv
iew,
howev
er,
ist
hat
,wi
thi
ndust
ri
ali
zat
ion,
var
iousact
ivi
ti
es
onceassoci
atedal
mostexcl
usi
vel
ywi
tht
hef
ami
l
yincl
udi
ngeconomi
cheal
th
andwel
far
e,andeducat
ionaloneshav
ebeent
akenov
erbyot
heri
nst
it
uti
on,
newl
ycr
eat
ed speci
fi
cal
l
yfort
hese pur
poses.As a r
esul
t,t
he bonds t
hat
pr
evi
ousl
y hel
dthe wi
der ext
ended f
ami
l
y became denuded,st
ruct
ural
l
y,
per
ipher
alandpot
ent
ial
l
ydi
sor
gani
zed.
Thoughi
tissubmi
tt
edt
hatmostf
unct
ionsf
ormer
lyper
for
medwi
thi
norby
f
ami
l
iesar
enow shar
edwi
thorpr
ovi
dedbyot
heri
nst
it
uti
ons,cont
empor
ary
f
ami
l
yinal
mostev
erysoci
etycancar
ryoutcer
tai
nbasi
cfunct
ionst
hought
her
e
i
snoconsensusast
owhet
heranyoral
loft
hesef
unct
ionsar
euni
ver
sal
.These
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 15
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
f
unct
ioni
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng.
A.Pr
ocr
eat
ion
Thef
ami
l
yist
hecent
erofpr
ocr
eat
ion.Fort
hesoci
etyt
ocont
inuet
oexi
st,
human bei
ngs shoul
drepr
oduce t
orepl
ace t
he dy
ing and t
hisf
unct
ion i
s
per
for
med by t
he f
ami
l
y.Thi
sisaf
unct
ion t
hat
,especi
all
y among under
dev
elopedsoci
eti
es,cannotber
epl
acedbyanyot
heri
nst
it
uti
onWher
easi
nthe
dev
elopedones,
thi
sdomai
nhasnotr
emai
nedi
mmunet
otechnol
ogi
cal
changes.
Becausedev
elopment
sinar
ti
fi
ciali
nsemi
nat
ionandi
nvi
tr
ofer
ti
li
zat
ionhav
e
separ
ated r
epr
oduct
ion f
rom sexuali
nter
cour
se,whi
ch di
mini
shes t
he v
ery
pur
poseoff
ami
l
y.
B.Soci
ali
zat
ion
Whi
l
emat
ingandpr
ocr
eat
ionpr
ovi
def
ort
hecont
inui
tyoft
hebi
ologi
calspeci
es,
soci
ali
zat
ionr
elat
est
otheequal
l
yimpor
tantcont
inui
tyofsoci
alst
ruct
ureand
cul
tur
alpat
ter
ns.I
npar
ti
cul
ar,
thef
ami
l
yhas,
thr
oughsoci
ali
zat
ion,
acent
ralr
ole
i
neducat
ionandcar
efort
hechi
l
dren.Becausechi
l
drenneedcar
eandhel
past
o
howt
odot
hingsandactdur
ingt
hei
rear
lyy
ear
sand,usual
l
y,t
heassi
stancei
s
gi
venbyt
hef
ami
l
y.I
tisl
aidhowev
er,t
hatsuchf
unct
ioni
sdr
amat
ical
l
yshi
ft
ing
awayf
rom t
hef
ami
l
ytonur
ses,
school
sandsomet
imest
otel
evi
sions.
C.Pr
ovi
dingper
sonalSecur
it
yandAccept
ance
I
ndi
vi
dual
sneedt
oli
vel
i
vesofdi
gni
tyandwor
th.Wi
thi
nthef
ami
l
y,i
ndi
vi
dual
s
canmakemi
stakesandl
ear
nfr
om t
hem i
nanat
mospher
eofpr
otect
ivesecur
it
y.
Thef
ami
l
yisoneoft
hef
ewr
emai
ningpl
aceswher
ecompl
ement
aryr
athert
han
compet
it
iver
elat
ionshi
pscanbef
ost
eredandenj
oyed.Thus,
afami
l
ypr
ovi
desa
homebasewi
thst
abi
l
ityt
hatal
l
owsi
tsmember
stodev
elop–i
nthei
rownway
,
att
hei
rownpace.
D.Ensur
ingCont
inui
tyofCompani
onshi
p
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 16
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Asopposedt
ofr
iends,nei
ghbor
s,col
l
eaguesandot
her
swhomayormaynot
r
emai
ncl
osebyf
ormor
ethanaf
ew y
ear
s,i
nmostcases,f
ami
l
yassoci
ati
ons
al
onecanbeexpect
edt
oendur
e.I
nway
snotex
pect
edoutsi
deoft
hef
ami
l
y,t
he
cont
inui
ngpr
esenceofsy
mpat
het
iccompani
onsencour
agesf
ami
l
ymember
sto
r
elat
ethe happeni
ngs oft
he day and t
o shake t
he di
sappoi
ntment
s and
sat
isf
act
ionsofl
i
feast
heyoccur
.
E.AUni
tofEconomi
cCooper
ati
on
Fami
l
yisal
soauni
tofeconomi
ccooper
ati
ont
hatt
radi
ti
onal
l
ydi
vi
dest
hel
abour
al
onggenderl
i
nes;t
hati
sbet
weenmal
eandf
emal
e.Regar
dlessofwhatact
ivi
ty
menandwomendo,
wor
kist
radi
ti
onal
l
ydi
vi
dedi
nto‘
men’
s’and‘
women’
s’wor
k.
Thi
smakest
hesexesi
nter
dependent
,cement
ingt
hei
rneedf
oreachot
her
.Some
ar
guet
hatnow aday
ssuchdi
vi
sionofl
abourhasdi
sappear
ed,atl
easti
nthe
dev
elopedsoci
eti
es,andt
hef
unct
ioni
ser
odedorl
ost
;whi
l
eot
her
sasser
tit
s
mai
ntenancenomat
terwhat
.Accor
dingt
othel
att
erar
gument
,inmoder
nwor
ld,
husbandandwi
fe,eachwi
thspeci
alski
l
ls,consi
der
ingt
hemsel
vesaspar
tner
s
cont
ri
but
edef
ini
teser
vicet
othemar
ri
agepar
tner
shi
p,whi
ch,
inef
fect
,ser
vesas
economi
ccooper
ati
on.
I
ncar
ryi
ngont
heabov
eandot
hersi
mil
arf
unct
ionst
hef
ami
l
yisani
nst
rumentor
agentoft
hel
argersoci
ety
;it
sfai
l
uret
oper
for
m adequat
elymeanst
hatt
hegoal
s
oft
hel
argersoci
etymaynotbeat
tai
nedef
fect
ivel
y.
1.
3.LegalPr
otect
ionoft
heFami
ly
Undert
heabov
esect
ionwehav
enot
edcer
tai
nfunct
ionsorr
olesoft
hef
ami
l
yin
asoci
ety
.Hence,
stat
eisi
nter
est
ednotonl
yint
her
egul
ati
onoft
hei
nst
it
uti
onof
f
ami
l
y,butal
soi
nthei
nst
it
uti
onofmar
ri
agewhi
ch,ashasbeenpoi
ntedout
ear
li
er,
giv
esr
iset
othef
ormer
.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 17
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Ther
ear
ethr
eev
iewsr
egar
dingmar
ri
ageandt
hef
ami
l
y.Thef
ir
stv
iewi
sthatt
he
f
ami
l
yandmar
ri
agear
edi
vi
neandhol
yinst
it
uti
onscr
eat
edandmai
ntai
nedby
God.Hence,t
hev
iew hol
ds,mar
ri
agei
scent
eredi
nrel
i
giousobl
i
gat
ions.The
secondv
iewconsi
der
s mar
ri
ageandt
hef
ami
l
yassoci
ali
nst
it
uti
onsandhence
r
oot
edi
nsoci
alobl
i
gat
ions.I
nthi
scont
ext
,thepr
imar
yval
uesofmar
ri
ageand
t
hef
ami
l
yar
etomai
ntai
nsoci
alr
espect
abi
l
ity
,conf
ormt
oki
nandcommuni
ty
wi
shes.Thet
hir
dvi
ew ofmar
ri
ageandt
hef
ami
l
ysuggest
sthatf
ami
l
iesand
mar
ri
ageexi
stf
ort
hei
ndi
vi
dual
;nei
therGodnort
hesoci
etycandi
ctat
eper
sonal
behav
iour
,norcan peopl
e be f
orced t
o endur
e an unhappy mar
ri
age or
r
elat
ionshi
p.I
nthi
s cont
ext
,the sour
ce ofaut
hor
it
yist
he per
son al
one;
i
ndi
vi
dual
sar
eresponsi
blef
ort
hei
rownsuccessorf
ail
ure,
wit
houtr
egar
dtot
he
communi
ty,
str
uct
ureort
hesoci
alcondi
ti
onsi
nwhi
cht
heyoper
ate.
Howev
er,
thi
sthi
rdv
iewhasno(
andshoul
dnothav
eint
heopi
nionoft
hewr
it
er)
wi
der
ecogni
ti
onev
ent
hought
her
ear
esomei
ndi
cat
ions,par
ti
cul
arl
yinwest
ern
count
ri
es,
ofext
endi
ngl
egal
recogni
ti
ont
othet
ypesof“
mar
ri
age”i
ndi
vi
dual
sopt
f
or.Thegener
alagr
eementi
sthatsol
erel
i
anceoni
ndi
vi
dualr
ight
sthr
eat
enst
he
soci
alr
oleoft
hef
ami
l
y;andt
hati
ntheabsenceofef
fect
iveal
ter
nat
ives,t
he
f
ami
l
ymustst
andasmor
ethant
hesum ofi
tsconst
it
uentpar
ts.Hence,ast
ate
shoul
dexer
cisear
easonabl
econt
rol
overt
hei
nst
it
uti
onoff
ami
l
ybecause,
those
i
mpor
tantf
unct
ionspoi
ntedoutundersect
ion1.
2.ar
emostef
fect
ivel
yful
fi
ll
ed
bymar
ri
aget
hef
ami
l
y,consi
stent
ly,wi
thmoder
npr
agmat
ism aswel
lasour
di
ver
secul
tur
e,ourpol
i
tical
phi
l
osophyanduni
ver
sal
humanneeds.
Thati
swhyt
hei
nst
it
uti
onoff
ami
l
yisbackedbydi
ff
erentl
egalst
andar
dsand
i
nst
rument
s.TheUni
tedNat
ionsUni
ver
salDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
sofDec,
1948TheAf
ri
canChar
teronHumanandPeopl
es Ri
ght
sof1981,andt
he
I
nter
nat
ionalCov
enantonSoci
al,
Economi
candCul
tur
alRi
ght
sofDec.1966,
for
i
nst
ance,ext
endedpr
otect
iont
othef
ami
l
yasanat
uralandf
undament
algr
oup
uni
toft
hesoci
etyandt
hest
ate,
andal
soi
mposeont
hest
atepar
ti
est
hedut
yto
pr
eser
vet
hei
nst
it
uti
on.
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egram channelvi
athi
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nk 18
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
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S
የስለ-
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One wayi
n whi
ch st
ate par
ti
esdi
schar
get
hisobl
i
gat
ion i
sbyenact
ing or
i
ncor
por
ati
ngl
egalpr
ovi
sionswhi
chser
vet
hesamepur
posei
ntot
hei
rdomest
ic
l
aws.Exampl
esofsuchdomest
icl
awsar
econst
it
uti
ons.Vi
rt
ual
l
yal
lmoder
n
const
it
uti
ons hav
e gotpr
ovi
sions pr
otect
ing t
he i
nst
it
uti
on off
ami
l
y and
mar
ri
age.The1955Rev
isedConst
it
uti
onofEt
hiopi
aandt
he1987Const
it
uti
onof
Peopl
esDemocr
ati
cRepubl
i
cofEt
hiopi
afori
nst
ancer
ecogni
zedf
ami
l
yasa
nat
uralandf
undament
aluni
toft
hesoci
etyandent
it
ledi
ttopr
otect
ionbybot
h
t
hesoci
etyandt
hest
ate.Wi
thsi
mil
armanner
,the1995FDREConst
it
uti
onand
ot
herRegi
onal
Const
it
uti
onsext
endedt
hesamepr
otect
iont
othef
ami
l
y.
Ot
herdomest
icl
awssuchast
heCi
vi
lCodeandot
herr
ecent
lyenact
edf
eder
al
andr
egi
onalf
ami
l
ycodesal
sor
egul
atecondi
ti
onsf
orconcl
usi
onofmar
ri
age,
ef
fect
sofmar
ri
ageandi
tsdi
ssol
uti
onaswel
l
.Someoft
hesepr
ovi
sionsar
eal
so
backedbyPenal
Codepr
ovi
sions.
Toputi
tinanutshel
l
,thoughsomear
guet
hatt
hei
nst
it
uti
onoff
ami
l
yhasl
ost
i
tst
radi
ti
onalr
olesespeci
all
yinWest
ern count
ri
esf
oll
owi
ngt
heest
abl
i
shment
ofspeci
ali
zedi
nst
it
uti
ons,t
her
eisl
i
ttl
eornoar
gumentt
hati
tgav
eupt
hose
f
unct
ionscompl
etel
ytot
hesai
dinst
it
uti
ons.I
nfactt
het
hir
dwor
ldr
eal
i
tyi
sthat
t
radi
ti
onalf
ami
l
yrul
esar
easi
mpor
tantnow ast
heyhav
ebeenf
orcent
uri
es.
Thati
swhyt
hel
aw hasbeenandshoul
dal
way
sbebehi
ndt
hisi
nst
it
uti
onwi
th
t
hev
iew t
oenabl
eitt
ocont
inuedi
schar
gingt
hesef
unct
ionsf
ail
ureofwhi
ch
woul
dpossi
blycausechaost
othesoci
etyatl
arge.
1.
4Fami
lyLawRef
orm andt
heFor
cesatt
heBackgr
ound
1.
4.1Gener
al
Gener
all
yspeaki
ngf
ami
l
ylawhasunder
gonegr
eatchangesespeci
all
ysi
ncet
he
2nd hal
fof20th cent
uryt
hought
hechangesi
nsomecount
ri
esar
esot
raumat
ic
anddi
vi
siv
ewhi
l
einot
her
sver
ygr
adual
.
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egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 19
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
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Ther
ear
eanumberofr
easonswhi
chpl
ayagr
eatr
olewi
thr
espectt
ofami
l
ylaw
r
evol
uti
on.Amongot
hert
hings,wehav
esoci
o-economi
cchanges.I
nthepast
cent
ury
,ther
ehav
ebeenpr
ofoundt
ransf
ormat
ionsi
nthewhol
esoci
etywhi
ch
compel
l
ed cor
respondi
ng changesi
nthe nat
ure and f
unct
ion oft
he f
ami
l
y
par
ti
cul
arl
y,t
hei
mpactofi
ndust
ri
ali
zat
ionandur
bani
zat
ionaf
fect
edt
hef
ami
l
y
andconsequent
lyi
tsl
aws.
Thesechangesi
nvol
veespeci
all
ytheposi
ti
onoft
hewomani
ntheeconomy
,the
al
ter
ededucat
ionoft
hewomanandt
heaut
hor
it
yst
ruct
ureoft
hef
ami
l
y.Dur
ing
t
heol
dti
mesi
nwhi
chl
andconst
it
utedt
hepr
inci
palsour
ceofweal
th,t
hef
ami
l
y
oper
ated ast
he basi
cuni
tofsoci
etyand mar
ri
agef
unct
ioned asa hi
ghl
y
st
ruct
ured,i
ndi
ssol
ubl
e,hi
erar
chi
cali
nst
it
uti
on.Up on mar
ri
age,t
he wi
fe
becomest
otal
l
ysepar
atedf
rom herf
ami
l
yandi
spl
acedundert
heaut
hor
it
yof
herhusband who becomes hermast
erorpr
otect
or.She was,t
her
efor
e
f
inanci
all
y,psy
chol
ogi
cal
l
yandpr
act
ical
l
ydependentonherhusband.Fort
his
r
eason,i
thasbeensai
dthat
,mar
ri
agepr
ovi
dedf
orwomant
heonl
yav
ail
abl
e
f
orm ofsuppor
tandt
heonl
ysoci
all
ysanct
ionedr
oleout
sidet
heconv
ent
.
Howev
er,
indust
ri
ali
zat
ionandur
bani
zat
ionhav
ebr
oughtt
heseedsofchangeon
t
her
olesoft
hecoupl
ewi
thi
nthef
ami
l
y.Thef
ormercr
eat
edmor
ejobssot
hat
womencanwor
kout
sideofhomes,
andt
hel
att
erdev
elopst
hei
reducat
ionaland
ski
l
llev
el.Asar
esul
t,empl
oymentout
sideofhomehasbecomecommonf
or
womenofal
lagesandmar
it
alst
atus.Ev
enmor
eimpor
tanti
seducat
ion,i
.e,t
he
i
ncompar
abl
ehi
ghert
rai
ningandeducat
ionall
evelofwomenhasbeeni
ncr
eased
andt
heybecameequal
l
yrewar
dedwi
thmenbasedonmer
itt
hanot
hergr
ounds
whi
ch i
nthe l
ong-
run f
aci
l
itat
ed t
hei
remanci
pat
ion.Thi
s gi
ves women a
compl
etel
ydi
ff
erentpoi
ntofdepar
tur
eont
hel
abourmar
ket
,whi
chi
ntur
nagai
n
i
ncr
eased t
hei
rbar
gai
ning powerdur
ing t
he mar
ri
age as wel
las upon i
ts
di
ssol
uti
on.
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athi
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nk 20
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
I
naddi
ti
ont
ochangesofsoci
o-economi
ccl
i
mat
es,t
hepassi
onf
orf
reedom,
l
i
ber
tyandequal
i
tyoft
hef
emi
nistst
ruggl
ehasal
socont
ri
but
edi
nmol
dingt
he
at
ti
tudeoft
hesoci
ety andt
her
ebyt
hel
aw.I
tseems,especi
all
y,asar
esul
tof
t
hest
ruggl
eforequal
i
tyoft
hesexesdi
ff
erentnat
ionalandi
nter
nat
ionall
aws
hav
ebeenadopt
edwhi
chensur
est
heequal
i
tyofhusbandandwi
fewi
thi
na
f
ami
l
y.Forexampl
e,i
nteral
i
a,t
heUNConv
ent
ionont
heEl
i
minat
ionofAl
lFor
ms
ofDi
scr
imi
nat
ionAgai
nstWomen(
CEDAW)andt
heAf
ri
canChar
tsonHuman
andPeopl
e’
sRi
ghtar
eci
tabl
e.
Asa r
esul
toft
heaf
orement
ioned r
easonst
hef
ami
l
ylaw hasundergone
r
efor
mat
ion.Someoft
hepi
l
lar
soft
hef
ami
l
ylawr
evol
uti
onar
eequal
i
tyofmen
and women,atl
easti
nlaw f
oll
owi
ng r
emar
kabl
eincr
ease i
n educat
ion,
empl
oymentandeconomi
cindependenceofwomenal
ongwi
tht
heassoci
ated
i
mpr
ovementi
nthest
atusofwomen.Fol
l
owi
ngt
headopt
ionoft
heConv
ent
ion
onEl
i
minat
ionofAl
lFor
msofDi
scr
imi
nat
ionAgai
nstWomen(
CEDAW)andev
en
bef
ore,
anumberofcount
ri
es,
byi
ntr
oduci
ngaconst
it
uti
onalpr
inci
pleofequal
i
ty
of spouses,hav
erepeal
ed t
hei
rpr
e-exi
sti
ng l
aws whi
ch est
abl
i
shed t
he
supposedmal
esuper
ior
it
yanddi
ctat
ed,f
orexampl
e,t
hatt
hehusbandi
sthe
headoft
hef
ami
l
yandal
sosi
mil
ardi
scr
imi
nat
ingpr
ovi
siononper
sonaland
pecuni
aryef
fect
sofmar
ri
age.
Asaccommodat
ionbet
weendi
ver
gentphi
l
osophi
esandr
eli
gions,andt
hebat
tl
e
t
hatwasf
oughtbet
weent
radi
ti
onal“
grounds”andt
he“
breakdownofmar
ri
age”
gr
oundsf
ordi
vor
cewer
eei
therbr
oadenedorat
otal
l
ynon-
faul
tbaseddi
vor
ce
l
awhasbeenenact
edi
nanumberofcount
ri
es.
Theot
herpi
l
laroft
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ami
l
ylawr
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onr
elat
est
othel
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iat
ionssy
stem;
t
hati
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i
tionofl
egi
ti
mat
e(t
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l
legi
ti
mat
e(notbor
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i
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l
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ti
cul
arl
yfol
l
owi
ng t
headopt
ionoft
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nter
nat
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Conv
ent
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i
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ohi
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l
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noutofmar
ri
aget
ohav
ethei
r
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oinchat
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Loyj
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የስለ-
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f
ather
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cat
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ecogni
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Recogni
ti
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terpr
otect
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ormsoff
ami
l
ythant
hoseest
abl
i
shed
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ri
agecoul
dal
sobet
akenaspi
l
laroft
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ami
l
ylawr
efor
ms.
1.
4.2Et
hiopi
anPer
spect
ive
Aspoi
ntedoutear
li
er,i
npr
inci
plef
ami
l
ylaw r
efor
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l
owst
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o-pol
i
tical
andeconomi
ccondi
ti
onsofagi
vensoci
ety
;andonecanhar
dlyf
indanyt
wo
count
ri
eswhi
chhav
eident
icalsuchcondi
ti
ons.I
tfol
l
owst
hatwehav
edi
ff
erent
f
ami
l
ylawr
efor
msf
oronecount
rymi
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por
atedi
ntoi
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egalsy
stem
apr
ovi
sionorpr
otect
ionwhi
cht
heot
hercount
ryi
sst
ri
vi
ngf
or.
I
nthecaseofEt
hiopi
a,unl
i
keot
herAf
ri
cancount
ri
eswhi
chhadcodi
fi
edt
hei
r
cust
omar
ylawsandbeganadopt
ingdi
sti
nctf
ami
l
ylawsofpar
ti
cul
arl
ythei
r
f
ormercol
oni
alpower
s,onl
yi he1970s,
nt Ethi
opi
abegant
ocodi
fyhercust
omar
y
andst
atul
oryl
awsi
nthe1950s,and60s.Oneoutcomeoft
hiscodi
fi
cat
ion
pr
ocesswast
he1960Ci
vi
lCodeofEt
hiopi
a.I
tisBookI
I,Ti
tl
eIVoft
hisCode
t
hatusedt
oregul
ate(
andst
il
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nsomeoft
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hei
nst
it
uti
onof
f
ami
l
yinEt
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Thi
sCode,whi
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lthemaj
orar
easoft
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llaw,i
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adi
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Et
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ncor
por
ati
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ovi
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ecogni
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የስለ-
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iver
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i
tiesofpr
esentdayEt
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evi
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c
l
awsoft
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ncl
udi
ngf
ami
l
ylaw andsuccessi
onsbegandur
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he
Der meof1980s,
gueRegi thought
hewor
kwasdi
scont
inuedf
orunknownr
eason.
Fol
l
owi
ngt
hef
allofDer
guei
n1991,t
heTr
ansi
ti
onalGov
ernmentofEt
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a
(
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edaTr
ansi
ti
onalPer
iodChar
terf
oll
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ngwhi
ch
t
hegov
ernmentaccededt
oanumberofI
nter
nat
ionalHumanRi
ght
sInst
rument
s
i
ncl
udi
ng t
heUni
ted Nat
ionsConv
ent
ion on t
heEl
i
minat
ion ofAl
lfor
msof
Di
scr
imi
nat
ionAgai
nstWomen(
CEDAW)
.
Thent
hegov
ernmentembar
kedonf
eder
alsy
stem ofgov
ernment
.Byv
irt
ueof
t
he1995Const
it
uti
onoft
heFeder
alDemocr
ati
cRepubl
i
cofEt
hiopi
a,aboutone
–t
hir
dofwhosepr
ovi
si
onar
edev
otedt
ohumanr
ight
s.Theconst
it
uti
on,among
ot
hert
hings,ext
endedpr
otect
iont
othei
nst
it
uti
onoff
ami
l
yandmar
ri
age,and
r
ecogni
zedequal
i
tyofsexesandspouses,andt
her
ight
soft
hechi
l
drenaswel
l
.
Hence,r
evi
sionoft
heCi
vi
lCodepr
ovi
sionsr
elat
ingt
ofami
l
ymat
ter
shav
ebeen
necessi
tat
edbykeepi
ngpl
acewi
tht
heconst
it
uti
onalpr
ovi
sionsandobj
ect
ives
aswel
last
hecur
rentdemocr
ati
cthi
nki
ngandst
ageofdev
elopmentofour
soci
ety
.
I
tcoul
d,t
her
efor
e,gener
all
ybesai
dthatasel
sewher
ethef
act
orsbehi
ndf
ami
l
y
l
aw r
efor
minEt
hiopi
aar
erecogni
ti
onofequal
i
tyofspouses(
sexes)
,bet
ter
pr
otect
ionofchi
l
dren’
sri
ghtandext
endi
ngbet
terl
egalpr
otect
iont
oauni
on
ot
hert
hanmar
ri
aget
hati
sir
regul
aruni
on.Thesebei
ngt
hegener
alf
act
ors
behi
ndt
her
efor
m,sof
art
heRegi
onalSt
atesofTi
grai
,Amhar
a,Or
omi
aand
Sot
her
n Nat
ions,Nat
ional
i
ties and Peopl
es of Et
hiopi
a,and t
he Feder
al
Gov
ernment(
forAddi
sAbaba and Di
redawa)hav
e enact
ed t
hei
rrespect
ive
f
ami
l
ycodes.
1.
5Powert
oEnactFami
lyLaw
Asst
atedear
li
er,Et
hiopi
ahasembar
kedonf
eder
alsy
stem ofgov
ernmentby
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 23
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
v
irt
ueoft
he1995 Const
it
uti
onand at
ypi
calf
eat
ureofaf
eder
alsy
stem of
gov
ernmenti
sthatt
hepowerofl
aw maki
ng,enf
orcementandi
nter
pret
ati
on
appor
ti
onedbet
weent
hef
eder
algov
ernmentandst
atesorr
egi
ons.Accor
dingl
y,
t
heconst
it
uti
oncl
ear
lyr
ecogni
zet
hatbot
hthef
eder
algov
ernmentandst
ates
shal
lhav
elegi
sl
ati
ve,
execut
iveandj
udi
cialpower
s.Ar
t52(
1)oft
heconst
it
uti
on
al
sopr
ovi
dest
hat“
allpower
snotgi
venexpr
essl
ytot
heFeder
alGov
ernment
al
oneorconcur
rent
lyt
otheFeder
alGov
ernmentandt
hest
atesar
ereser
vedt
o
t
hest
ates.Andnowher
eint
heconst
it
uti
oni
sthepowert
oenactf
ami
l
ylaw
expr
essl
ygi
vent
otheFeder
alGov
ernmental
oneorconcur
rent
lywi
tht
hest
ates.
Ofcour
se,onemayar
guet
hatsi
ncet
heconst
it
uti
onempower
stheHouseof
Peopl
esRepr
esent
ati
veswhi
chi
sthef
eder
all
awmaki
ngbodyt
oenactci
vi
ll
aws
i
ftheHouseofFeder
ati
ondeemst
hatt
hel
aw est
abl
i
shedandsust
ainsone
economi
ccommuni
typerAr
t.
55(
6)oft
heconst
it
uti
on,enact
ingf
ami
l
ylaw i
s
undert
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heFeder
alGov
ernment
.Because,t
hesubj
ectmat
terof
f
ami
l
ylawi
sthei
nst
it
uti
onoff
ami
l
yandt
hebet
terpr
otect
ionoft
hisi
nst
it
uti
on
andt
her
ebyensur
ingi
tsi
ntegr
it
yref
lect
sonhav
ingoneeconomi
ccommuni
ty
andsust
ainssameasf
ami
l
yist
hef
undament
aluni
toft
hesoci
ety
.
Howev
er,
fami
l
ylawi
slocali
nit
snat
ureandnei
therdi
dtheHouseofFeder
ati
on
t
akeast
andt
hatf
ami
l
ylawshoul
dbeuni
for
mthr
oughoutt
hecount
rynori
sita
t
ypeofci
vi
llaw t
hatcr
eat
esandsust
ainsoneeconomi
ccommuni
tysot
hati
t
f
all
sundert
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hef
eder
algov
ernment
.Soi
tcoul
dbeconcl
uded
t
hatenact
ingf
ami
l
ylawi
swi
thi
nthepowerofst
ates.
Accor
dingl
y,i
thasbeensuggest
edt
hatl
ett
heFeder
alGov
ernmenti
nactaf
ami
l
y
codef
ort
headmi
nist
rat
iver
egi
onofAddi
sAbabaandDi
redewaAdmi
nist
rat
ive
counci
landt
henst
atesadoptf
ami
l
ylawsoft
hei
rownt
hrought
hei
rrespect
ive
st
ate counci
l
s af
ter a necessar
y modi
fi
cat
ion i
n accor
dance wi
tht
hei
r
const
it
uti
ons.I
thas,ofcour
se,beenst
ressedt
hateachst
ateshoul
dfr
eel
y
acceptt
hisappr
oachandt
hatsuchf
ami
l
ylawsshoul
dnotcont
rav
enet
heFDRE
Const
it
uti
on.Qui
tei
nli
newi
tht
hissuggest
ion,t
heFeder
alGov
ernmentenact
ed
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 24
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
af
ami
l
ycodef
oreDi
reDewaandAddi
sAbabaandal
lot
herr
egi
onal
fami
l
ycodes
ar
emodel
edont
hebasi
soft
hisRev
isedFeder
alFami
l
yCodeof2000.
1.
6.Sour
cesofFami
lyRel
ati
onshi
p
I
nsect
ion1.
1,i
tissai
dthatf
ami
l
y,i
nourf
ami
l
ylawsbei
tint
heCi
vi
lCodeort
he
Rev
isedFami
l
yCode,i
sunder
stoodi
nit
snar
rowersense.Aspert
henar
rower
def
ini
ti
onoff
ami
l
ygi
venbypl
ani
on,f
ami
l
yisat
ermt
hatcompr
isesper
sons
whoar
erel
atedbybl
ood,mar
ri
ageorbyadopt
ion.Fr
om t
hisdef
ini
ti
on,f
ami
l
y
has t
hree r
ecogni
zed sour
ces;namel
y,r
elat
ion by bl
ood (
consangui
nal
r
elat
ionshi
p),r
elat
ionshi
pthatar
isesf
rom mar
ri
age(
aff
inalr
elat
ionshi
p),and
agr
eementofadopt
ion.Nowl
etusseeeachsour
ceoff
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
ptur
nby
t
urn.
1.
6.1Rel
ati
onshi
pbyConsangui
nit
y
Consangui
nalr
elat
ionshi
pisar
elat
ionshi
pder
ivedf
rom communi
tyofbl
ood.
Thi
ski
ndofr
elat
ionshi
par
isesf
rom bi
rt
h.Thi
sty
peofr
elat
ionshi
pcanbe
di
vi
ded i
ntot
wo gr
oups.Consangui
nalr
elat
ionshi
pint
he di
rectl
i
ne and
consangui
nal
rel
ati
onshi
pint
hecol
l
ater
all
i
ne.
Whati
sconsangui
nit
yint
hedi
rectl
i
ne?Asi
ndi
cat
edunderAr
t550(
2)oft
he
1960Ci
vi
lCodeandAr
t.8(
1)oft
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodeabondofr
elat
ionshi
p
byconsangui
nit
yexi
sts,
int
hedi
rectl
i
ne,
bet
weenascendant
sanddescendant
s.
Fori
nst
ance,
arel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenaf
atherandason,
arel
ati
onshi
pbet
weena
per
sonandhi
sgr
andpar
ent
sort
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenaper
sonandhi
s
mot
heri
saconsangui
nalr
elat
ionshi
pint
hedi
rectl
i
ne.Thef
oll
owi
ngf
igur
e
showsar
elat
ionshi
pint
hedi
rectl
i
ne.
Gr
andf
ather Gr
andmot
her
Fat
her
Mot
her
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 25
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
Son
Daught
er
የስለ-
ህግ*
Or
Anot
herquest
ion t
hatdeser
ves consi
der
ati
on i
s as t
o how t
he degr
ee of
r
elat
ionshi
pbyconsangui
nit
yint
hedi
rectl
i
nei
stobecal
cul
ated?TheEt
hiopi
an
l
aw does notspeci
fi
cal
l
yindi
cat
e as t
o how t
o cal
cul
atet
he degr
ee of
r
elat
ionshi
pint
hedi
rectl
i
ne.I
nEur
opeancount
ri
es,howev
er,t
hedegr
eeof
r
elat
ionshi
piscomput
edsi
mpl
ybycount
ingt
henumberofgener
ati
ons.Thati
s,
t
henumberofgener
ati
onsi
sequalt
othenumberofdegr
eesofr
elat
ionshi
p.
Ther
eisonegener
ati
onbet
weenaf
atherandasonort
wogener
ati
onsbet
ween
aper
sonandhi
sgr
andson.Tomaket
hedi
scussi
oncl
ear
,lookatt
hef
oll
owi
ng
f
igur
e
Ay
alew
1 (
Fir
stgener
ati
on)
Gebey
ehu
2 (
Secondgener
ati
on)
Nadew
3 (
Thi
rd
gener
ati
on)
Get
achew 4
(
Four
thgener
ati
on)
Ar
agaw
Ascanbeseenf
rom t
hef
igur
e,t
her
ear
efourgener
ati
onsbet
weenAy
alewand
Ar
agaw andhence,t
hedegr
eeofr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenAy
alew andAr
agaw i
s
f
our
.Besi
dessi
ncet
her
ear
etwogener
ati
onsf
rom Gebey
ehuandGet
achew,
t
hesei
ndi
vi
dual
sar
eseconddegr
eeconsangui
nal
rel
ati
vesi
nthedi
rectl
i
ne.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 26
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Ther
eisnopoi
ntatwhi
chconsangui
nit
yrel
ati
onshi
psst
opi
nconsangui
nal
r
elat
ionshi
pint
hedi
rectl
i
ne.Thati
s,pr
ovi
dedt
hatt
woper
sonar
eascendant
s
anddescendant
s,t
her
eal
way
sexi
stsconsangui
nalr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hem
nomat
terhowt
hedegr
eeofr
elat
ionshi
pisr
emot
e.
Thesecondt
ypeofconsangui
nalr
elat
ionshi
pisconsangui
nalr
elat
ionshi
pint
he
col
l
ater
all
i
ne.Pur
suantt
oAr
t550(
3)oft
heCi
vi
lCode,
consangui
nal
rel
ati
onshi
p
i
nthecol
l
ater
all
i
neexi
stsbet
weenper
sonswhodescendf
rom oneormor
e
commonascendant
s.Fori
nst
ancesi
bli
ngswhohav
eacommonf
atherora
commonmot
herort
hosewhohav
ecommonf
atherandmot
herar
erel
atedby
consangui
nit
yint
hecol
l
ater
all
i
ne.Thesamer
elat
ionshi
pexi
stsbet
weena
per
sonandhi
suncl
e,aper
sonandhi
scousi
n,aper
sonandhi
snephew,andan
i
ndi
vi
dual
andhi
sni
ece.Forbet
terunder
-st
andi
ng,
lookatt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
igur
e.
Al
emay
ehu
Ay
enachew Get
e
Li
meni
h Genet
u Ki
ndu Yi
l
ma
Sar
a
Ascanbeunderst
oodf
rom t
hef
igur
e,t
her
eexi
stsconsangui
nalr
elat
ionshi
pin
t
hedi
rectl
i
nebet
weenAl
emay
ehu,Ay
enachew,Li
meni
handSar
aandbet
ween
Al
emay
ehu,
Get
eandKi
ndu.Ont
heot
herhand,
Sar
aandYi
l
maar
econsangui
nal
r
elat
ivesi
nthecol
l
ater
all
i
ne.Thi
sisbecauset
heyhav
eonecommonancest
or,
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 27
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
namel
y,Al
emay
ehu.I
fwesi
ngl
eoutLi
meni
handGenet
u,t
heyar
econsangui
nal
r
elat
ivesi
nthecol
l
ater
all
i
nebecauseAy
enachew and Al
emay
ehu ar
ethei
r
commonancest
ors.
Onepoi
ntt
hatmustbemadecl
earatt
hisj
unct
urei
sthatal
lper
sonswhoar
e
r
elat
edbyconsangui
nit
ydonothav
eequalpr
oxi
mit
yamongt
hemsel
ves.Some
ar
ecl
oser
elat
ivesandot
herar
edi
stantr
elat
ives.Thi
smeans,t
hedegr
eeof
r
elat
ion v
ari
es f
rom per
son t
o per
son,ev
en i
fal
loft
hem ar
erel
ated by
consangui
nit
yint
hecol
l
ater
all
i
ne.
Ther
e ar
etwo appr
oaches i
n comput
ing t
he degr
ee of r
elat
ionshi
p by
consangui
nit
yint
hecol
l
ater
all
i
ne.Thesear
e:
 Theci
vi
ll
awappr
oachand
 Thecanonl
awappr
oach
Thi
e ci
vi
llaw appr
oach ofcal
cul
ati
ng degr
ee ofr
elat
ionshi
p bet
ween t
wo
col
l
ater
alsi
susedi
nmanyEur
opeancount
ri
es.Accor
dingt
othi
sappr
oach,t
he
degr
eeofr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
wocol
l
ater
alsi
scomput
edbycount
ingt
he
numberofgener
ati
ons i
n each l
i
ne depar
ti
ng f
rom t
he near
estcommon
anscest
orandt
aki
ngt
hesummat
iont
her
eof
.Tot
akeexampl
esf
rom t
heabov
e
f
igur
e;f
rom Sar
atoAl
emay
ehu(
commonanscest
or)wehav
ethr
eegener
ati
ons,
and al
so f
rom Ki
ndu t
o Al
emay
ehu (
common anscest
or) we hav
etwo
gener
ati
ons.Whent
hesear
eadded,wegetf
ivegener
ati
ons.So,t
hedegr
eeof
r
elat
ion-shi
pbet
weenSar
aandKi
ndui
sfi
veorSar
aandKi
nduar
efi
vedegr
ee
consangui
nalcol
l
ater
alr
elat
ives.Byt
hesamet
oken,Genet
uandYi
l
mahav
ea
f
our
thdegr
eer
elat
ionshi
p.Whati
sthedegr
eeofr
elat
ionbet
weenAy
enal
chew
andGet
e,Genet
uandGet
eandLi
meni
handGenet
u?
The second met

hod of cal
cul
ati
ng degr
ee of r
elat
ionshi
p bet
ween t
wo
consangui
nalcol
l
ater
alr
elat
ivesi
sthecanonl
aw appr
oach.Unl
i
ket
hecaseof
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 28
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
t
heci
vi
llawappr
oachundert
hecanonl
awappr
oacht
henumberofgener
ati
ons
ar
ecount
edonl
yononeoft
hel
i
nesofdescent
.
Thati
s,wewi
l
lnotaddgener
ati
onsofbot
hli
nes.Whent
hecol
l
ater
alr
elat
ives
ar
eonequaldi
stancef
rom t
hei
rcommonanscest
or,t
hecount
ingofgener
ati
on
i
smadeonl
yononeoft
hel
i
nesofdescent
.Inot
herwor
ds,t
hegener
ati
onsi
n
eachl
i
neofdescentar
enotcount
edsepar
atel
yandaddedt
oget
her
.Onl
yoneof
t
hel
i
nesi
stakeni
ntoconsi
der
ati
on.Forexampl
eint
heabov
efi
gur
eLi
meni
h
andYi
l
maar
eonequaldi
stancef
rom t
hei
rcommonascendant(
Alemay
ehu)
.
Si
ncet
henumberofgener
ati
onsi
neachl
i
nesi
stwo,
wewi
l
ltakeoneoft
hem.So,
t
hedegr
eeofr
elat
ionbet
weenLi
mini
handYi
l
mai
stwo.Ont
heot
herhand,
when
t
her
elat
edper
sonsar
enotonequaldi
stancef
rom t
hei
rcommonanscest
or,t
he
l
i
net
hathasagr
eat
ernumberofgener
ati
onsi
stakeni
ntoaccountandt
heot
her
i
signor
ed.I
f,f
orexampl
e,wewantt
oknowt
hedegr
eeofr
elat
ionshi
pbet
ween
Sar
a and Yi
l
ma who ar
elocat
ed atdi
ff
erentdi
stancef
rom t
hei
rcommon
anscet
or,wewi
l
ltakea l
i
net
hathasa gr
eat
ernumberofgener
ati
on and
di
sregar
dtheot
her
.Wehav
ethr
eegener
ati
onsf
rom Sar
atoAl
emay
ehuandt
wo
gener
ati
onsf
rom Yi
l
mat
o Al
emay
ehu.Ther
efor
e,t
hedegr
eeofr
elat
ionshi
p
bet
weenSar
aandYi
l
maaccor
dingt
othecanonl
awsy
stem i
sthr
ee.
I
ftheset
woappr
oachesar
eempl
oyedt
ocal
cul
atedegr
eeofr
elat
ion,whi
chof
t
het
woappr
oachesi
sincor
por
atedi
nourf
ami
l
ylaws? Theper
ti
nentpr
ovi
sion
t
othi
squest
ioni
sAr
t.551(
1)oft
heCi
vi
lCode.Accor
dingt
othi
sar
ti
cle,t
he
degr
eeofr
elat
ionshi
pbyconsangui
nit
yint
hecol
l
ater
all
i
neshal
lbecal
cul
ated
bycount
ingsev
engener
ati
onsi
neachl
i
nef
rom t
hecommonanscest
or.Butt
his
ar
ti
clei
snotassuchcl
earast
owhi
chappr
oachi
sincl
udedi
ntheCi
vi
lCode.
Someoft
hej
udgesar
guet
hatwhati
sincor
por
atedi
stheci
vi
llawappr
oachand
ot
her
sint
erpr
etet
hisar
ti
clei
nawaysi
mil
art
ocanonl
awappr
oach.Hence,
ther
e
was notconsi
stency among deci
sions ofv
ari
ous cour
ts because oft
he
conf
usi
ont
hatar
isesi
nint
erpr
eti
ngAr
t.551(
1)oft
heCi
vi
lCode.Toav
oidsuch
conf
usi
on,t
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodei
gnor
escal
cul
ati
onofdegr
eeofr
elat
ionshi
p
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 29
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
andspeci
fi
cal
l
yindi
cat
edasbet
weenwhom suchr
elat
ionshi
pexi
sts.Accor
dingl
y,
asperAr
t8(
2)consangui
nalr
elat
ioni
nthecol
l
ater
alexi
stsbet
weenamanand
hi
ssi
sterorauntandawomanandherbr
otheroruncl
e.
Unl
i
keconsangui
nalr
elat
ionshi
pint
hedi
rectl
i
ne,col
l
ater
alr
elat
ion bey
ond
cer
tai
npoi
ntshal
lnotpr
oduceanyl
egalef
fect
.Thi
sissuppor
tedbyAr
t.551(
2)
whi
chpr
ovi
des“
rel
ati
onshi
pbyconsangui
nit
yshal
lbeofnoaf
fectbey
ondt
he
sev
ent
hgener
ati
on.
”Ther
efor
e,i
fthedegr
eeofr
elat
ionbet
weent
wocol
l
ater
al
r
elat
ivesi
sbey
ondsev
ent
hdegr
eei
tcannothav
eanyl
egalconsequence.Li
ke
wi
se,undert
heRev
isedFami
l
yCode,consangui
nalr
elat
ioni
nthecol
l
ater
all
i
ne
f
ort
hepur
poseofpr
ohi
bit
ionofmar
ri
agei
sli
mit
edt
other
elat
ionbet
weena
manandhi
ssi
sterorhi
sauntandawomanandherbr
otheroruncl
e.
1.
6.2.Rel
ati
onshi
pbyAf
fi
nit
y
Rel
ati
onshi
pbyaf
fi
nit
yist
hesecondsour
ceoff
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
p.Thati
s,
per
sonswhoar
erel
atedbyaf
fi
nit
ymaybeconsi
der
edasmember
sofaf
ami
l
y.
Thi
sisat
ypeofr
elat
ionshi
pder
ivedf
rom mar
ri
ageev
eni
fthel
aw at
taches
somel
egal
eff
ect
stoi
t.I
rr
egul
aruni
oncannotcr
eat
eaf
fi
nal
rel
ati
onshi
p.
Mor
especi
fi
cal
l
yaf
fi
nalr
elat
ionshi
pisar
elat
ionshi
pthatexi
stsbet
weena
per
sonandt
heconsangui
nalr
elat
ivesofhi
s/herspouse.I
not
herwor
ds,t
his
r
elat
ionshi
piscr
eat
edbet
weent
hehusbandandt
heconsangui
nalr
elat
ivesof
hi
swi
feandbet
weenawomanandt
heconsangui
nalr
elat
ivesofherhusband.
Ont
hebasi
soft
hisdef
ini
ti
on,
aff
inalr
elat
ioncannotexi
stbet
weent
hespouses
t
hemsel
vesast
heyar
epoi
ntsofdepar
tur
e.Byt
hesamet
oken,
ther
eisnoaf
fi
nal
r
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenconsangui
nalr
elat
ivesoft
hehusbandont
heonehandand
t
heconsangui
nalr
elat
ivesoft
hewi
feont
heot
herhand.Wemaycl
assi
fyt
he
bondsofaf
fi
nit
yint
otwocat
egor
ies-af
fi
nit
yint
hedi
rectl
i
neandaf
fi
nit
yint
he
col
l
ater
all
i
ne.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 30
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
AsperAr
t.552(
2)oft
heCi
vi
lCode(
CC)andAr
t.9(
1)oft
heRev
isedFami
l
y
Codeoft
heFeder
alGov
ernment(
RFC)
,abondofaf
fi
nit
yint
hedi
rectl
i
neexi
sts
bet
weenaper
sonandt
heascendant
sordescendant
sofhi
sspousel
etus
expl
aint
hiswi
tht
hehel
pofanexampl
e.I
fZemeneandSel
am mar
ryeachot
her
,
t
heyar
e husband and wi
fe.Zemene’
s Fat
herand mot
herbecome Sel
am’
s
par
ent
s– i
n– l
aw.Li
kewi
se,Sel
am’
sfat
herandmot
herbecomeZemene’
s
par
ent
s– i
n-l
aw.Ther
efor
e,Sel
am andZemene’
spar
ent
s,andZemeneand
Sel
am’
spar
ent
sar
erel
atedbyaf
fi
nit
yint
hedi
rectl
i
ne.
Leti
sal
soassumet
hatZemenehadachi
l
dfr
om apr
evi
ousmar
ri
age.Sel
am had
al
sobeenmar
ri
edpr
evi
ousl
ytoanot
hermanandhasachi
l
dfr
om t
hismar
ri
age.
Ther
eisaf
fi
nalr
elat
ionshi
pint
hedi
rectl
i
nebet
weenZemeneandSel
am’
schi
l
d.
I
nthesamemanneraf
fi
nit
yrel
ati
onshi
pint
hedi
rectl
i
neexi
stsbet
weenSel
am
andZemene’
schi
l
d.
Ont
hebasi
soft
hedef
ini
ti
ongi
vent
oaf
fi
nalr
elat
ionshi
pher
einabov
e,doy
ou
t
hink,ar
elat
ionshi
pofaf
fi
nit
yexi
stsbet
weenZemene’
spar
ent
sandSel
ama’
s
par
ent
sorbet
weenZemene’
schi
l
dandSel
am’
schi
l
d?Why
/Whynot
?
Thesecondt
ypeofaf
fi
nalr
elat
ionshi
pisaf
fi
nit
yint
hecol
l
ater
all
i
ne.Per
suant
t
oAr
t.552(
3)oft
heCC.
,ar
elat
ionofaf
fi
nit
yexi
stsbet
weenaper
sonandt
he
col
l
ater
alsofhi
sorherspouse.Toputi
tinabi
tel
abor
atef
ashi
on,t
hissor
tof
r
elat
ionshi
pexi
stsbet
weent
hehusbandv
s.t
hecol
l
ater
alr
elat
ivesofhi
swi
fe,
andbet
weent
hewi
fev
sthecol
l
aler
alr
elat
ivesofherhusband.I
ntheexampl
es
gi
venabov
e,r
elat
ionsofaf
fi
nit
yint
hecol
l
ater
all
i
neexi
stsbet
weenZemeneand
Sel
am’
sbr
other
sandsi
ster
s,andbet
weenSel
am andZemene’
sbr
other
sand
si
ster
s.
Wi
thr
egar
dtoscopeofsuchr
elat
ionshi
p,i
tpr
oducesequall
egalef
fect
sno
mat
terhow t
hedegr
eeoft
heaf
fi
nalr
elat
ionshi
pint
hedi
rectl
i
nebet
weent
wo
i
ndi
vi
dual
sisr
emot
e.Buti
nthecol
l
ater
all
i
neaf
fi
nalr
elat
ionshi
pshal
lnothav
e
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 31
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
anyl
egalconsequencebey
ondacer
tai
ndegr
ee.Accor
dingt
oAr
t.553oft
heCC.
,
af
fi
nalshal
lbeofnoef
fectbey
ondt
het
hir
ddegr
eei
nthecol
l
ater
all
i
ne.Under
Ar
t.9oft
heRFC,af
fi
nit
yrel
ati
onshi
pisl
i
mit
edbet
weenamanandt
hesi
sterof
hi
swi
fe,
andawomanandt
hebr
otherofherhusband.
I
naddi
ti
ont
othet
ypeofaf
fi
nal
rel
ati
onshi
psment
ionedabov
etheCi
vi
lCodehas
r
ecogni
zedanot
hert
ypeofr
elat
ionshi
p,namel
y,doubl
eaf
fi
nit
y.AsperAr
t.554
(
1)oft
heCi
vi
lCode,abondofdoubl
eaf
fi
nit
yexi
stsbet
weenaper
sonandt
he
spouseoft
heper
sonst
owhom hei
srel
atedbyaf
fi
nit
y.Toci
teonei
nst
ance,a
bondofdoubl
eaf
fi
nit
yexi
stsb/
nthehusbandandt
hespouseoft
hebr
otherof
hi
swi
fe.I
tisal
soment
ionedt
hatsuchbondofdoubl
eaf
fi
nit
yshal
lpr
oducet
he
sameef
fectasabondofsi
mpl
eaf
fi
nit
y.Howev
er,sucht
ypeofaf
fi
nit
yis
di
sregar
dedundert
heRev
isedFami
l
yCode.
I
thasbeenment
ionedt
hatt
hesour
ceofr
elat
ionbyaf
fi
nit
yismar
ri
age.I
fthi
sis
so,
doy
out
hinkt
hatt
hedi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
ageent
ail
sthet
ermi
nat
ionofaf
fi
nal
r
elat
ioncr
eat
edasar
esul
toft
hatpar
ti
cul
armar
ri
age.TheCi
vi
lCodeanswer
s
t
hisquest
ionnegat
ivel
y.Asi
ndi
cat
edunderAr
t.555oft
heCi
vi
lCode,abondof
af
fi
nit
yshal
lsubsi
sti
nthedi
rectl
i
neandcol
l
ater
all
i
nenot
wit
hst
andi
ngt
hatt
he
mar
ri
agebywhi
chi
twascr
eat
edi
sdi
ssol
ved.Fr
om t
hecumul
ati
ver
eadi
ngofAr
t.
178.9and11oft
heRFC,wemayr
eachi
nthesameconcl
usi
on.Ashasbeen
ment
ionedunderAr
t.11,
aper
sonmaynotconcl
udeanot
hermar
ri
agewhi
l
ehei
s
boundbyapr
ecedi
ngmar
ri
age.Ther
efor
e,whi
l
ehi
s/hermar
ri
agei
spendi
ng,a
per
soncannotconcl
udeanot
hermar
ri
agewi
thanot
herper
soni
ncl
udi
nghi
s
af
fi
nalr
elat
ives.Ar
t.9speci
fi
cal
l
ypr
ovi
dest
hataper
soncannotconcl
ude
mar
ri
agewi
th af
fi
nalr
elat
ives.Butt
hemassageofAr
t.9i
snott
opr
ohi
bita
per
sonf
rom concl
udi
ngmar
ri
agewi
thhi
shasaf
fi
nalr
elat
iveswhi
l
ehei
sbound
byapr
ecedi
ngmar
ri
ageast
hismessagei
sal
readycov
eredunderAr
t.11.Hence,
t
he message behi
nd Ar
t.9 i
sthata per
son i
s pr
ohi
bit
ed f
rom concl
udi
ng
mar
ri
agewi
thhi
saf
fi
nalr
elat
ivesev
eni
fhi
spr
ecedi
ngmar
ri
agei
sdi
ssol
ved.
Thi
sisbecauset
heaf
fi
nalr
elat
ionshi
pcont
inuesdespi
tet
hedi
ssol
uti
onoft
he
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 32
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
mar
ri
aget
hatcr
eat
edt
heaf
fi
nal
rel
ati
on.
1.
6.3.Adopt
ion
Adopt
ioni
sthet
hir
dsour
ceoff
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
p.I
nfact
,iti
sanar
ti
fi
cialmeans
ofcr
eat
ingf
ami
l
yti
e.Onceanagr
eementofadopt
ioni
sent
eredbet
weent
he
adopt
erand t
headopt
ed,consangui
nalandaf
fi
nalr
elat
ionshal
lbecr
eat
ed
bet
weent
headopt
ed,andt
hef
ami
l
yoft
headopt
er.Butf
oranagr
eementof
adopt
iont
ohav
ethedesi
redl
egalconsequence,t
heagr
eementmustcompl
y
wi
thal
lther
equi
rement
soft
hel
aw.Wi
thr
egar
dtot
hef
ormal
i
tyr
equi
rement
s,
ot
heressent
ialcondi
ti
ons,andef
fectofadopt
ion,i
twi
l
lbedeal
tinadi
ff
erent
chapt
er.
Bef
orecl
osi
ngt
hischapt
er,
letmer
emi
ndy
ouonei
mpor
tantpoi
ntundert
heCi
vi
l
Code,
sour
cesoff
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
p,i
.e,
rel
ati
onbywayofconsangui
nit
y,af
fi
nit
y
andadopt
ionwer
egi
venasepar
atechapt
er.Butt
hisi
snotdoneundert
he
Rev
ised Fami
l
yCode.Thel
aw makerhasi
tsownr
easont
o do so.Fi
rst
ly,
cal
cul
ati
onofdegr
eeofr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenconsangui
nalandaf
fi
nalr
elat
ives
undert
heCi
vi
lCodewasnotcl
earandasar
esul
t,i
twasasour
ceofconf
usi
on.
Secondl
y,t
heai
m ofst
ipul
ati
ngt
hosesour
cesoff
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
pist
oat
tach
di
ff
erentl
egalconsequencesamongmember
soft
hef
ami
l
y.Si
ncet
het
wol
egal
ef
fect
sthatar
iseamongf
ami
l
ymember
sar
epr
ohi
bit
ionofmar
ri
ageandt
he
obl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
ymai
ntenance,
ithasbeenpr
efer
redt
oincl
udet
hosesour
ces
&f
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
pin ar
eas deal
i
ng as t
o bet
ween whom concl
usi
on of
mar
ri
agei
spr
ohi
bit
edandt
heobl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
ymai
ntenanceexi
sts.
1.
7.LegalEf
fect
sofFami
lyRel
ati
onshi
ps
Sof
ary
oumi
ghthav
ebeenwonder
ingwhyweneedt
ost
udyt
hesour
cesof
f
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
p.Reasonf
orst
udy
ingt
hosesour
cesoff
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
psi
s
t
hatsuchr
elat
ioni
sbackedbyl
egalconsequences.Thef
actofbei
ngr
elat
edby
bl
ood,mar
ri
ageoradopt
ionhasi
tsownl
egalef
fect
s.Toputi
nsl
i
ght
lydi
ff
erent
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 33
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
wor
ds,t
heexi
stenceofr
elat
ionshi
pbyconsangui
nit
yandaf
fi
nit
ywi
l
lpr
oduce
someef
fect
sbet
weenper
sonswhohav
esuchr
elat
ionshi
p.Whenbr
oadl
yseen,
t
heseef
fect
smaybedi
vi
dedi
ntot
hree,t
hoseef
fect
swhi
chconf
err
ight
s,
ef
fect
swhi
chi
mposedut
iesandef
fect
sthatpr
escr
ibepr
ohi
bit
ion.
1.
7.1.Fami
lyRel
ati
onsConf
erRi
ght
sonPer
sons
Theexi
stenceoff
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
psmaygi
ver
iset
ori
ght
stoi
tsmember
s.
Exampl
esar
egi
venbel
ow.
 Fat
herandmot
herhav
ether
ightt
obecomeguar
diansandt
utor
soft
hei
r
mi
norchi
l
dren(
Art
.219oft
heR.
F.C.
)
 Peopl
e who ar
erel
ated by consangui
nit
y hav
ear
eci
procalr
ightt
o
succeedeachot
herunderr
ulesofi
ntest
atesuccessi
on(
Art842andt
he
f
oll
owi
ngoft
heC.
C.)
 Per
sonswhoar
ever
ypoorandar
eunabl
etogett
hei
rli
vel
i
hoodbyt
hei
r
wor
k,hav
ether
ightt
orequi
remai
ntenancef
rom t
hei
rrel
ati
veswhohav
e
abet
termeans.(
Art
.198oft
heR.
F.C)
1.
7.2.Fami
lyRel
ati
onsI
mposeObl
igat
ionsonPer
son
I
naddi
ti
ont
ori
ght
s,t
her
ear
eal
soobl
i
gat
ionswhi
char
eimposedonpeopl
easa
r
esul
toft
hei
rbei
ngr
elat
iveofot
herper
sons.Amongot
hert
hings:
 Member
soft
hef
ami
l
ymaybeobl
i
gedt
osuppl
ymai
ntenance,i
fot
her
memberoft
hef
ami
l
yisi
nneedandunabl
etoear
nhi
sli
vel
-hood(
Art
.198
oft
heR.
F.C.
)
 Par
ent
sar
eboundt
opr
otectandgi
veduecar
efort
hei
rmi
norchi
l
dren.
(
Art
.36(
1)(
c)oft
heFDREConst
it
uti
on)
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 34
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
 Thef
athershal
lbeobl
i
gedt
omaket
hedamagegoodi
fhi
smi
norchi
l
dren
i
ncur
sext
ra–cont
ract
ual
li
abi
l
ity(
Art
.2124oft
heCi
vi
lCode)
 Thespousei
sdut
yboundt
obef
idel
1.
7.3.Fami
lyRel
ati
onshi
psasGr
oundofpr
ohi
bit
ion
Theexi
stenceoff
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
pwoul
dal
sor
esul
tinpr
ohi
bit
ions.Mar
ri
age
bet
weenper
sonswhoar
erel
atedbyconsangui
nit
yoraf
fi
nit
yispr
ohi
bit
ed
Exer
cises
1.I
sthe t
erm “
Fami
l
y”def
ined underourf
ami
l
ycodes?Compar
e and
cont
rastt
hedi
ff
erentdef
ini
ti
onsgi
vent
othet
erm‘
fami
l
y.’
2.Li
stt
her
oleoff
ami
l
yint
hesoci
ety
.
3.As we al
lknow,t
he Feder
alGov
ernmentand some ot
herRegi
onal
Gov
ernment
shav
erev
isedt
hepar
toft
heCi
vi
lCodegov
erni
ngf
ami
l
y
mat
ter
sandputi
ntof
orcet
her
evi
sedf
ami
l
ylaw.How coul
dyouj
ust
if
y
suchf
ami
l
ylawr
efor
m?
4.St
atesomeoft
hel
egal
eff
ect
soff
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
ps?
5.Whati
saf
fi
nalr
elat
ion?Sor
toutt
het
ypesofaf
fi
nalr
elat
ionsandi
dent
if
y
t
hei
rdi
ff
erences.
6.St
udyt
hef
oll
owi
ngdi
agr
am whi
chshowsr
elat
ionsbyconsangui
nit
y,and
t
henanswert
hequest
ionsgi
venbeneat
hthedi
agr
am.
Teka
Tasew Bel
ay
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 35
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Ki
taw Tenagne
Yeshi Bel
ete Dagnachew Tsehay
Asf
aw Tegenge Tewabech Wel
ela
Tef
era Mar
u Fi
ki
rt
e Tami
ru
Nadew Cher
u
Whati
sthet
yper
elat
iont
hatexi
stsbet
weenCher
uandTeka?
Whataboutt
hei
rdegr
eeofr
elat
ionshi
p?
Showwhet
hert
her
eexi
stsr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenAsf
awandTami
ru?
Whataboutt
hei
rdegr
eeofr
elat
ionshi
p?
Nadewwant
stomar
ryFi
ki
rt
e.I
sthi
ranyl
egal
impedi
ment
?Why
/whynot?
I
sther
eanyr
elat
ionbet
weenBel
ayandWel
ela?I
fyouransweri
sint
he
af
fi
rmat
ive,
stat
eit
sty
peanddegr
eeofr
elat
ionshi
p.
CHAPTERTWO
CONCLUSI
ONOFMARRI
AGE
Dearst
udent
s,i
nthei
ntr
oduct
orychapt
erwehav
eseengener
alpoi
ntsaboutt
he
i
nst
it
uti
onoff
ami
l
y.I
nteral
i
a,wehav
eseent
hatmar
ri
agei
sthef
oundat
ionof
f
ami
l
y.I
nthi
s chapt
er,we wi
l
lel
abor
atel
y di
scuss i
ssues per
tai
ning t
o
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 36
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
est
abl
i
shmentofmar
ri
age.
Att
heendoft
hischapt
er,
thest
udentwi
l
lbeabl
eto:
 Def
inemar
ri
age;
 Di
scussast
owhybet
rot
hal
isexcl
udedf
rom t
heRev
isedFami
l
yCode;
 Enumer
atet
hef
ormsofmar
ri
age;
 Li
stdownessent
ial
condi
ti
onsofmar
ri
age;
 I
dent
if
yindi
vi
dual
sent
it
ledt
omakeopposi
ti
ont
oconcl
usi
onofmar
ri
age.
2.
1Def
ini
ti
onofMar
ri
age
Ther
eseemst
obeaconsensusamongl
egal
wri
ter
sthati
tisdi
ff
icul
ttocomeup
wi
thasi
ngl
euni
ver
sal
l
yaccept
abl
edef
ini
ti
onof“
mar
ri
age”appl
i
cabl
einev
ery
l
egalsy
stem.Thi
sis,i
tisbel
i
eved,duet
othef
actt
hateachandev
eryl
egal
sy
stem set
sfor
thdi
sti
nctcondi
ti
onsandpr
ocedur
esf
ort
heconcl
usi
onand
t
ermi
nat
ionofmar
ri
ageaswel
last
hedi
ff
erencesi
ntheef
fect
sofsuchmar
ri
age
andt
heconsequencesofi
tst
ermi
nat
ion.
Despi
tesuchdi
ff
icul
ti
esi
ngi
vi
ngf
ull
-f
ledgeddef
ini
ti
ont
othet
erm“
mar
ri
age”
,
somewr
it
ersandf
ami
l
ycodesofdi
ff
erentcount
ri
eshav
emadeanat
temptt
o
def
inet
hist
erm.Letusseesomeoft
hem her
einbel
ow.
Accor
dingt
oPl
ani
ol,“
mar
ri
agei
sacont
ractbet
weent
wopar
ti
essanct
ionedby
l
awandcannotbebr
okenbyf
reewi
l
l.
”Mar
ri
ageher
eisconsi
der
edasonet
ype
ofcont
ract
.Isi
ta v
ali
d asser
ti
on?Mar
ri
age and cont
ractundeni
abl
yhav
e
commonchar
act
eri
sti
cssi
ncewhati
spossessedbyoneoft
hem i
sal
sowhati
s
r
equi
red byt
he ot
her
.To di
scuss some oft
he common f
eat
ures t
hatput
mar
ri
ageandcont
racti
nthesameposi
ti
onwoul
dbeofcr
uci
ali
mpor
tancet
o
det
ermi
neast
owhet
herornotmar
ri
agei
sacont
ract
.Oneoft
hesecommon
f
eat
uresi
sav
ali
dconsentoft
het
wopar
ti
esi
nor
dert
oval
i
dat
etheagr
eement
ent
eredi
ntowhi
l
ecapaci
tyi
sal
sot
heot
heraspectt
hatputt
oget
her
,thought
he
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 37
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
capaci
tyr
equi
redf
ort
heconcl
usi
onofmar
ri
ageandcont
ractar
enoti
dent
ical
.It
seemsduet
otheseandot
herf
act
ort
hatPl
anoi
landot
her
sdef
inedmar
ri
agei
n
t
ermsofcont
ract
.
Nev
ert
hel
ess,atl
eastundert
he Et
hiopi
an l
egalsy
stem,mar
ri
age i
s nota
cont
ractf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ngr
easons.Fi
rst
ly,or
dinar
ycont
ract
sar
eofpr
opr
iet
ary
nat
ure(
Art
.167s)(
oft
heCC)whi
l
emar
ri
agei
snot
.Theobj
ectoft
hecont
racti
s
nott
ocr
eat
eobl
i
gat
ionsofmonet
arynat
ure,r
athert
omaket
hespousest
oli
ve
t
oget
her
.Secondl
y,asi
ndi
cat
edunderAr
t.1675oft
heCC,or
dinar
ycont
ract
s
maybe ext
ingui
shed bymut
ualagr
eementoft
he cont
ract
ing par
ti
es.But
mar
ri
age can notbe t
ermi
nat
ed onl
y by t
he consentoft
he spouses.I
ts
t
ermi
nat
ionsr
equi
ret
heor
deroft
hecour
t(Ar
t117oft
heRFC.
)Thi
rdl
y,t
her
eis
nov
ari
ati
onofobl
i
gat
ioni
nmar
ri
ageunl
i
ket
hecont
ractofpr
opr
iet
arynat
ure,
andf
our
thl
y,mar
ri
agei
nvar
iabl
yrequi
resf
ormal
i
tyf
ori
tsconcl
usi
onbutf
ormi
s
anexcept
ional
requi
rementf
oror
dinar
ycont
ract
s.
Foral
lthese r
easons,mar
ri
age i
snota cont
ract
,rat
heri
tisa st
atus,an
i
nst
it
uti
onandsoci
alr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenamanandawomanwi
thi
nasoci
ety
.
Ot
herwr
it
ersdef
inemar
ri
ageas“
auni
onf
orl
i
feandi
sani
nst
it
uti
ont
obr
ing
aboutpr
oper
tyr
elat
ions.
”(Emphasi
ssuppl
i
ed)
.Thi
sdef
ini
ti
onhasal
soi
tsown
dr
aw backi
nthatal
lmar
ri
agesmaynotcr
eat
epr
oper
tyr
elat
ionsbet
weent
he
spouses.Because,aswewi
l
lseel
ater
,est
abl
i
shmentofcommonpr
oper
tycan
besetasi
debycont
ractofmar
ri
aget
obeconcl
udedbet
weent
hespouses.
St
il
lot
her
sdef
inemar
ri
ageas“
asoci
etyofmanandwomanwhoj
oint
oget
hert
o
per
pet
uat
ethei
rspeci
es,t
ohel
peachot
hert
hroughmut
ualassi
stancet
obear
t
hebur
denofl
i
feandt
oshar
ethei
rcommondest
iny
.Onceagai
nthi
sdef
ini
ti
on
i
s nar
row because i
texcl
ude t
he concl
usi
on ofmar
ri
age bet
ween st
eri
l
e
i
ndi
vi
dual
s.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 38
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
I
nthel
egalsy
stemsofst
atesoft
hewest
ernci
vi
li
zat
ion,andt
hoseot
herst
ates
whosel
egal
syst
em ar
einf
luencedbyt
hef
ormer
,mar
ri
agei
sdef
inedas:
“
…av
olunt
aryuni
onf
orl
i
feofonemanandwomanas
husbandandwi
fe,
tot
heexcl
usi
onofal
lot
her
s,f
ort
he
di
schar
get
oeachot
herandt
othecommuni
tyofdut
ies
l
egal
l
yincumbentup,
onmar
ri
edper
son.
”
Thi
sdef
ini
ti
on,t
houghi
ncompl
eteconsi
stssomebasi
cfeat
uresofmar
ri
age.I
n
t
hef
ir
stpl
ace,a‘
vol
unt
aryuni
on’f
reeconsentoft
hepar
ti
est
oli
vet
oget
heras
husbandandwi
fei
soneofi
tsessent
ialel
ement
s.Aswewi
l
lsee,consent
,in
Et
hiopi
anl
egal
syst
em,
too,
isoneessent
ial
condi
ti
ont
omar
ri
age.
Thesecondel
ementwhi
chdi
sti
ngui
shesmar
ri
agef
rom ot
hersexualuni
onsand
ot
hercont
ract
sisi
tsper
manence.Whi
chmeans,t
heuni
on,sof
arast
hepar
ti
es
canf
oresee att
het
imeofent
eri
ngi
ntoi
t,mustbef
orapot
ent
ial
l
yindef
ini
te
per
iodoft
imeev
ent
houghsuper
veni
ngf
act
orl
aterl
eadt
oit
sdi
ssol
uti
onby
di
vor
ce.Whenweconsi
derEt
hiopi
anl
awi
nthi
srespect
,theper
manenceoft
he
uni
onseemst
ohav
ebeenaccept
edandgi
vendueconsi
der
ati
on.Thepr
ovi
sions
ofourf
ami
l
ycodedeal
i
ngwi
tht
hecausesofdi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
ager
efl
ectt
his
el
ement
.
Thet
hir
del
ementt
obef
ulf
il
ledi
stheel
ementofmonogamy
.Mar
ri
agei
nvol
vesa
sexualr
elat
ionbet
ween“
onemanandonewomant
otheexcl
usi
onofal
lot
her
”,
i
.e,
foracer
tai
nuni
ont
obeconsi
der
edasmar
ri
agei
tmusti
nvol
veonl
yoneman
andonewoman.Whenexami
nedi
nli
ghtoft
hisel
ement
,monogamyi
sat
ypeof
mar
it
aluni
onaccept
edi
nEt
hiopi
anl
egalsy
stem.Thi
spr
oposi
ti
oni
sbasedon
t
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hef
ami
l
ycodespr
ohi
bit
ingbi
gamy
.
Gener
all
y,one can saf
elyconcl
ude f
rom t
he abov
e obser
vat
ionst
hat
,ev
en
t
hought
heFeder
alRev
isedFami
l
yCodeandot
herRegi
onalFami
l
yCodesf
ailt
o
def
inet
heconceptofmar
ri
age,t
hel
egalpr
ovi
sionsscat
ter
edt
her
eini
mpl
ythat
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 39
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
t
hel
egi
slat
ureshadsuchel
ement
soft
hedef
ini
ti
oni
nmi
ndi
ndr
aft
ingt
her
ules
onmar
ri
ageandt
heEt
hiopi
anl
awsaccor
dint
hisr
espectwi
tht
hel
awsof
west
ernl
egal
syst
ems.
Ev
eni
ftheCi
vi
lCode,t
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodeoft
heFeder
alGov
ernmentand
ot
herRegi
onalFami
l
yCodesf
ail
stodef
inemar
ri
age,
TheAmhar
aRegi
onFami
l
y
CodeunderAr
t.11haspr
ovi
dedt
hedef
ini
ti
onoff
ami
l
yasf
oll
ows:
“
…ar
elat
ionshi
pwher
ebyamanandawomanhav
ing
at
tai
nedmaj
ori
ty,
off
ici
all
yest
abl
i
shoutoft
hei
rown
f
reewi
l
landconsent
,wi
thani
ntent
iont
osust
ainabl
y
l
i
vet
oget
heruni
tedi
nlawor“
legal
inst
it
uti
onst
ruct
ured
asar
esul
toft
hisr
elat
ionshi
pther
eto”
Sot
hedef
ini
ti
onofmar
ri
ageundert
heAmhar
aRegi
onFami
l
yCodehast
he
f
oll
owi
ngi
mpor
tantpoi
nts:
1.Mar
ri
agei
sessent
ial
l
yent
eredbet
weenamanandawoman.Thi
simpl
i
es
t
wo t
hings;Fi
rst
,onl
ymonogamousmar
ri
agesar
erecogni
zed undert
he
Amhar
afami
l
ylaw.Sobi
gamousandpol
ygamousmar
ri
agear
eexcl
uded.
Second,mar
ri
ageconcl
udedbet
weenper
sonsoft
hesamesex,t
hati
sgay
andl
esbi
anar
eal
soexcl
uded.
2.Thespousesar
erequi
redt
oat
tai
ntheageofmaj
ori
ty.
3.Themar
ri
ageshoul
dbeest
abl
i
shedof
fi
cial
l
y.Soanyunder
taki
ngbyt
he
spousest
oconcl
udemar
ri
agedoesnothav
eanyef
fecti
fiti
snotmadeei
ther
bef
oret
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atus,oraccor
dingt
othef
ormal
i
tiesr
equi
redby
t
hei
rrel
i
gionort
hei
rcust
om.
4.Thef
ull
andf
reeconsentoft
hespousesi
srequi
red.
5.Ther
e mustbe an i
ntent
ion t
o sust
ainabl
yli
vet
oget
her
.So,mar
ri
age
concl
udedf
oraspeci
fi
edper
iodoft
imedoesnothav
eanyef
fect
.Ist
his
def
ini
ti
oncompl
etei
nthesenset
hati
tconsi
stsal
lpoi
ntst
hatshoul
dbe
cov
eredundermar
ri
age?
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 40
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Hav
ingsai
dthi
smuchaboutt
hedef
ini
ti
onofmar
ri
age,now l
etust
urnour
at
tent
ion t
o bet
rot
halbef
ore di
scussi
ng poi
ntshav
ing t
o do wi
thf
ormsof
mar
ri
age.
2.
2.Bet
rot
hal
2.
2.1.Gener
al
Bet
rot
hali
san agr
eementwher
ebyt
hef
utur
espousesorbot
hthef
utur
e
spouses and t
hei
rrespect
ivef
ami
l
ies undert
ake t
hatt
he f
ormerconcl
ude
mar
ri
age.Thet
erm bet
rot
hali
scal
l
ed bydi
ff
erentnamesi
n di
ff
erentl
egal
sy
stems.Pr
omi
set
omar
ry,agr
eementt
omar
ryandengagementar
esomeof
t
hesy
nony
msofbet
rot
hal
.
Al
thought
hepar
ti
est
oamar
ri
agear
eundernol
egalobl
i
gat
iont
ogot
hroughi
t,
bet
rot
halusedt
o bewi
del
yaccept
edv
irt
ual
l
yinev
eryl
egalsy
stem t
hough
moder
nlegi
slat
ionsei
therdeni
edi
tlegalr
ecogni
ti
onordev
otedt
oitoneorf
ew
pr
ovi
si
ons.
Undert
he1960Ci
vi
lCode,bet
rot
hali
sregul
atedbyAr
ts560-
576.Howev
er,
dur
ingt
her
evi
si
onoft
hef
ami
l
ylaw,
thel
egi
slat
ureoft
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodeof
t
heFeder
alGov
ernmenthast
otal
l
yexcl
udedt
hesepr
ovi
sions.So,undert
his
Code,wecan’
tfi
ndasi
ngl
epr
ovi
siondeal
i
ngwi
thbet
rot
hal
.So,t
hequest
ioni
s
whyt
heHouseofPeopl
e’
sRepr
esent
ati
veopt
edt
oexcl
udepr
ovi
sionsgov
erni
ng
bet
rot
hal
?Someoft
her
easonsgi
venf
orsuchexcl
usi
onar
ethef
oll
owi
ng:
- Bet
rot
hali
snotapr
econdi
ti
ont
omar
ri
age.Not
hingwi
l
lpr
ohi
bitt
hecoupl
e
f
rom concl
udi
ngt
hei
rmar
ri
agei
ntheabsenceofpr
iorbet
rot
halorpr
omi
se.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 41
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
So,
ifi
tisnotar
equi
rementt
omar
ri
age,
bet
rot
halser
vesnot
hingot
hert
han
af
fect
ing economi
cal
l
ythe f
utur
e spouses and/
ort
hei
rfami
l
yfori
tis
commoni
nthesoci
etyt
oincurcost
sforunnecessar
ycer
emoni
es.
- Wi
thr
espect t
o pr
obl
em of pr
oper
ty exchange t
hrough gi
ft as a
consequenceofbet
rot
hal
,i
tcoul
d,i
fany
,begov
ernedbyot
herpr
ovi
sionsof
t
heCi
vi
lCode.Thati
sthesi
tuat
ioncanbegov
ernedbyt
hegener
all
awof
obl
i
gat
ion.
- Asl
ongasnol
egalbani
sputont
hepr
act
iceofbet
rot
hal
,i
tcancont
inuei
n
i
tscul
tur
alf
ormt
her
ebymaki
ngi
tpar
tandpar
celoft
hef
ami
l
ylawhav
ing
nosi
gni
fi
cancet
hani
mposi
ngaddi
ti
onalbur
denont
hecour
tdur
ingdi
sput
e
set
tl
ement
.
- Ther
eisnouni
for
m cul
tur
eofbet
rot
hal
.Thi
sisespeci
all
ytr
uei
nthet
wo
ci
ti
eswhi
char
egov
ernedbyt
hisCode,Addi
sAbabaandDi
reDewa.I
n
t
heseci
ti
es,wher
epeopl
efr
om di
ff
erentwal
ksofl
i
fear
eli
vi
ngt
oget
her
,
appl
yi
ngauni
for
mlawseemst
obedi
ff
icul
t.
Howev
er,t
heTi
gray
,Amhar
a,SNNP,andOr
omi
aRegi
onalf
ami
l
yCodeshav
e
r
etai
nedt
hisi
nst
it
uti
onwi
thcer
tai
nmodi
fi
cat
ions.Ther
espect
iveRegi
onal
Counci
l
soft
heser
egi
onshav
eopt
edt
oexpr
essl
yrecogni
zebet
rot
hal
.Mor
eor
l
ess,t
her
easonf
orsuchr
ecogni
ti
oni
sthatbet
rot
hali
sthet
radi
ti
onoft
he
soci
etyandhence,t
hef
ami
l
yCodeshoul
duphol
dthet
radi
ti
onalv
aluesoft
he
soci
etyf
orwhi
chi
tisenact
ed.Ev
eni
fthel
awf
ail
stor
ecogni
zei
t,t
hemaj
ori
ty
oft
he f
utur
e spouses i
nev
itabl
y pass t
hrough i
t.And si
nce a cer
tai
n
r
elat
ionshi
p woul
dforone r
eason oranot
hergi
ves r
ise t
o a conf
li
ctor
di
sagr
eement
,thel
awshoul
drespondt
osuchci
rcumst
ances.Mor
eov
er,asi
t
gi
vest
hef
utur
espousesabet
teroppor
tuni
tyt
oknow eachot
hert
hel
aw
shoul
dbackt
hepr
act
ices.
Becauseoft
heaf
orement
ionedr
easons,
bet
rot
hali
sincl
udedi
ntheser
egi
onal
f
ami
l
ycodeswi
tht
henecessar
y modi
fi
cat
ions.Letusseesomear
easof
r
efor
m.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 42
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
2.
2.2.Par
ti
est
otheCont
ract
Undert
heCi
vi
lCodebet
rot
hali
sdef
inedas“
acont
ractwher
ebyt
womember
s
oft
wof
ami
l
iesagr
eet
hatamar
ri
ageshal
ltakepl
acebet
weent
woper
sons,
the
f
iancéandt
hef
iancéebel
ongi
ngt
otheset
wof
ami
l
ies.
”(Ar
t.560)
.Bet
rot
hal
shal
lbeofno ef
fectunl
essbot
hthef
utur
espousesandt
hei
rrespect
ive
f
ami
l
iesconsentt
o(Ar
t.565)
.Thusundert
heCi
vi
lCode,f
ort
heexi
stenceof
v
ali
d bet
rot
halcont
ract
,the consentofatl
eastf
ouri
ndi
vi
dual
s mustbe
secur
ed.Thati
s,t
heconsentoft
hef
iance,t
hef
iancee,t
hef
iance’
sfami
l
yand
t
hef
iancee’
sfami
l
y,t
hel
att
ert
wobei
ngr
epr
esent
edbyani
ndi
vi
dual
member
.
I
ndoi
ngso,i
tissai
dthatbet
rot
halundert
heCi
vi
lCodei
sreconci
l
iat
ion
bet
weenpar
ent
alaut
hor
it
yandt
hedesi
reoft
hepar
ti
est
omar
ry.Thi
sseems,
howev
er,
amer
est
atement
,whi
chi
nreal
i
tydoesnotamountt
oanyt
hingsi
nce
par
ent
shav
est
il
lsubst
ant
ial
rol
eandi
nfl
uenceov
ert
hei
rchi
l
dren.So,
iti
squi
te
cl
eart
hatt
hef
utur
espouseshav
enof
reedom t
ochooset
hei
rfut
uremat
e
becauseoft
heencr
oachmentoft
heheav
yhandoff
ami
l
iesi
nmat
esel
ect
ion
oft
hei
rchi
l
dren.
Ther
egi
onal
rev
isedf
ami
l
yCodesi
nsi
mil
armanner
,ont
heot
herhand,
def
inea
cont
ractofbet
rot
halasacont
ractwher
ebyt
hef
ianceandt
hef
ianceeagr
ee
t
hatmar
ri
ageshal
ltakepl
acebet
weent
hem i
nthef
utur
e.Andt
hecont
ract
shal
lbeofnoef
fectunl
esst
hef
utur
espousesconsentt
her
eto.Thus,t
he
consentoft
hef
utur
espousesi
sanecessar
yandsuf
fi
cientcondi
ti
onf
ort
he
exi
stenceofav
ali
dcont
ractofbet
rot
hal
,wher
easundert
heCi
vi
lCode,i
tis
onl
yanecessar
ybutnotsuf
fi
cientcondi
ti
on.Thi
sisi
nli
newi
thAr
t.34(
2)of
t
heFDREConst
it
uti
ont
hatpr
ovi
des“
mar
ri
ageshal
lbeent
eredi
ntoi
tonl
ywi
th
t
hef
reeandf
ull
consentoft
hei
ntendi
ngspouses.
”
2.
2.3.For
m andOt
herRequi
rement
s
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 43
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Undert
heCi
vi
lCodeandt
heTi
grayFami
l
yCode,t
hef
orm ofcont
ractof
bet
rot
halshal
lber
egul
atedbyt
heusageoft
hepl
acewher
eiti
scel
ebr
ated.
Undert
heci
vi
lcode,howev
er,t
her
eshal
lbenov
ali
dcont
ractofbet
rot
hal
unl
essmadei
nthepr
esenceofatl
eastf
ourwi
tnesses,t
wof
ort
hef
ianceand
t
wof
ort
hef
iancee.Thus,
toknowwhet
heracont
ractofbet
rot
hal
hascompl
i
ed
wi
thaf
orm pr
ovi
dedbyt
hel
aw,onehast
odet
ermi
net
hecust
om oft
hepl
ace
ofi
tscel
ebr
ati
onandt
her
olesi
nthatcust
om.I
fiti
scust
omar
ythatbet
rot
hal
i
sconcl
udedor
all
yint
hatar
ea,
theni
thast
obeconcl
udedor
all
y.Byt
hesame
t
oken,
ifwr
it
tenf
ormi
sther
ule,
ithast
obeconcl
udedi
nawr
it
tenf
orm.
TheAmhar
aFami
l
yCode,
ont
heot
herhand,
prov
idest
hatbet
rot
halshal
lbei
n
wr
it
tenf
orm.Bey
ondt
his,i
tal
sor
equi
rest
hepr
esenceoff
ourwi
tr
enes.The
Or
omi
aFami
l
yCodei
nit
spar
tunderAr
t11pr
ovi
dest
hat“
thef
orm ofbet
rot
hal
mayber
egul
atedbyt
heusageoft
hepl
acewher
eiti
scel
ebr
atedorwr
it
ten
f
orm”
.Thusundert
heOr
omi
aCode,acont
ractofbet
rot
hal
,ev
eni
ffai
l
sto
compl
ywi
tht
heusageoft
hepl
acewher
eiti
scel
ebr
ated,i
sval
i
difmadei
n
wr
it
tenf
orml
eav
ingawi
der
oom f
ort
hepar
ti
es.
I
naddi
ti
ont
othef
ormal
i
tyr
equi
rement
s,bet
rot
halmustal
sobeconcl
udedi
n
compl
i
ancewi
thot
heressent
ialr
equi
rement
s.Amongot
hert
hings,t
hepar
ti
es
t
her
etoshoul
dhav
ecapaci
tyUnderAmhar
aFami
l
yCode,
amanandawoman
who do notat
tai
nmaj
ori
ty(
18 y
ear
s)cannotconcl
udeanagr
eementof
bet
rot
hal
.Int
hisr
egar
dtheTi
grayFami
l
yCoder
equi
res18and22y
ear
sfor
womanandmanr
espect
ivel
y.
Si
ncebet
rot
hali
sameanst
omar
ri
age,i
mpedi
mentt
stomar
ri
ageshal
lbe
equal
l
yappl
i
cabl
etoi
t.Hencebet
rot
halcannotbeconcl
udedbet
weenaman
andawomani
ftheyar
erel
atedei
therconsangui
nal
l
yoraf
fi
nal
l
y..
2.
2.4.Ef
fectofBet
rot
hal
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 44
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Ascanbeunder
stoodf
rom t
hedef
ini
ti
onalar
ti
clesofourf
ami
l
yCodes,t
he
sol
eobj
ectofbet
rot
hal
,whet
herconsent
edt
oonl
ybyf
utur
espousesorbot
h
t
hel
att
erandt
hei
rrespect
ivef
ami
l
ies,i
stoconcl
udemar
ri
agei
nsomef
utur
e
t
ime.Howev
er,si
ncemar
ri
ageshal
lbeent
eredi
ntowi
thf
ullandf
reeconsent
oft
hespouses,
andev
enaf
teri
tsconcl
usi
on,
thespousescanbedi
vor
cedwi
th
al
mostno pr
econdi
ti
on,bet
rot
haldoesnotent
it
leei
therpar
ti
est
ofor
ced
per
for
mancet
houghi
tsbr
eachcar
ri
escer
tai
nconsequencesasweshal
lsee
l
ater
.
Undert
her
evi
sedf
ami
l
yCodes,t
hepar
ti
esar
eatl
i
ber
tyt
ofi
xthedat
eon
whi
chmar
ri
agei
stobeconcl
uded.Fai
l
ingsuch,
howev
er,
thel
awcomesi
nand
f
ixest
heper
iodwi
thi
nwhi
chmar
ri
ageshoul
dbeconcl
uded.Undert
heCi
vi
l
Code,i
fthepar
ti
eshav
en’
tagr
eedupont
hedat
eofcel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
age,
t
hemar
ri
ageshal
ltakepl
acewi
thi
nsi
xmont
hsf
rom ei
theroft
hef
utur
e
spousesort
heaut
hor
izedr
epr
esent
ati
veoft
hei
rfami
l
yhav
ingexpr
essedhi
s
orherwi
sht
hatt
hemar
ri
agecel
ebr
ated.(
Art
.570)
.
Thi
s pr
ovi
si
on has been cr
it
ici
zed as bei
ng unsat
isf
act
oryi
nthatt
he si
x
mont
hsper
iodi
scount
edasoneoft
hef
ourpar
ti
est
othecont
ractexpr
essed
hi
swi
sht
hatmar
ri
agebecel
ebr
ated,whi
chcausesapr
obl
em ofpr
oofi
ncase
suchdat
eischal
l
engedbyot
herpar
ty.
TheAmar
aandOr
omi
aFami
l
yCodesr
espondedt
otheabov
epr
obl
em ast
hey
f
ixt
het
imewi
thi
nwhi
chmar
ri
agehast
obeconcl
udedasoft
heconcl
usi
onof
bet
rot
hal
.Thati
s,i
fatt
het
imeofbet
rot
hal
noper
iodhasbeenagr
eeduponf
or
t
hecel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
age,t
hiscodespr
ovi
dest
hatt
hemar
ri
ageshal
ltake
pl
acewi
thi
ntwoy
ear
sandoney
earr
espect
ivel
y.Ther
ati
onalbehi
ndf
ixi
ng
suchper
iodi
stopr
otectt
hei
nter
estofpar
ti
est
obet
rot
hal
;par
ti
cul
arl
y,t
o
pr
eventt
hosei
ndi
vi
dual
swhoj
eopar
dizet
hef
actoft
hei
rfi
ance(
e)byundul
y
pr
olongi
ngt
heper
iodundert
hepr
etextofconcl
usi
onofmar
ri
age.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 45
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Rel
ati
vel
yspeaki
ng,
theper
iodf
ixedbyAmhar
aandOr
omi
afami
l
ycodesi
sfai
r
ascompar
edt
othesi
xmont
hsbecause,aspoi
ntedoutear
li
er,oneoft
he
pur
posesofbet
rot
hali
sthati
tgi
vesabet
teroppor
tuni
tyf
ort
hef
utur
espouses
t
oknow bet
terabouteachot
her
,topl
ant
hei
rfut
urel
i
feandgener
all
yenabl
e
t
hem t
opr
edi
ctt
otheex
tentpossi
blewhatt
hei
rmar
ri
agewoul
dlookl
i
keand
henceser
veasast
eppi
ngst
one.Undernor
malci
rcumst
ances,t
hel
ongert
he
dur
ati
onbet
weent
heconcl
usi
onofmar
ri
ageandt
hatofmar
ri
age,t
hemor
e
pr
obabl
ethatt
hepar
ti
eswoul
dar
ri
ve atar
easonabl
edeci
sioni
ncl
udi
ng
deci
si
onofr
enounci
ngt
hei
deat
oconcl
udemar
ri
agewi
thagi
venf
iance(
e).
Mor
eov
er,
thi
srel
ati
vel
ylongerper
iodwoul
denabl
ethef
utur
espousest
obui
l
d
t
hei
rfi
nanci
alcapaci
tyt
houghnoti
nvar
iabl
y.I
ftheper
iodi
stool
ong,ont
he
ot
herhand,ei
therpar
tymayr
enouncet
hei
daofmar
ri
aget
othedet
ri
mentof
t
heot
herpar
ty.So,
itcoul
dgener
all
ybesai
dthatt
hedepar
tur
eoft
heseCodes
f
rom t
heci
vi
lCodei
nthi
sregar
disbet
ter
.
Att
hisj
unct
ure,
iti
slogi
calt
oask,
whati
faf
tert
hel
apseoft
heper
iodf
ixedby
l
awmar
ri
agei
snotconcl
uded?Ov
irusl
y,t
hebet
rot
halwoul
dlosei
tsef
fectby
v
irt
ueofl
aw.Howev
er,
ift
hepar
ti
essubsequent
lyf
ixt
hedat
eofcel
ebr
ati
onof
mar
ri
agewhi
chi
scommonl
ydone,bet
rot
halmaynotl
oseef
fectf
ort
hemer
e
f
actt
hatt
hedat
eofcel
ebr
ati
on ofmar
ri
agei
snotf
ixed on t
hedat
eof
cel
ebr
ati
onoft
hebet
rot
hal
.
2.
2.5.Br
eachofBet
rot
hal
Thought
hepar
ti
est
oacont
ractofbet
rot
halar
epr
esumedt
ohav
eent
eredi
nto
i
twi
thgoodf
ait
htodi
schar
get
hei
rrespect
ive“
obl
i
gat
ion”
,thati
s,concl
udi
ng
mar
ri
age,i
tmayhappent
hatei
therpar
tyf
ail
stodi
schar
get
hisobl
i
gat
ionf
or
oner
easonoranot
her
.Iti
sthesi
tuat
ionwher
eapar
tywi
thoutgoodcausef
ail
s
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 46
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
t
oconsentt
omar
ri
ageormakest
heconcl
usi
onofmar
ri
agemor
all
yori
nfact
i
mpossi
blet
hatt
hel
awcal
l
sbr
eachofbet
rot
hal
.
Fr
om t
heaf
orement
ionedexpl
anat
ioni
fthef
ail
ureoft
hepar
tyt
oconsentt
o
t
hemar
ri
agei
sbecauseofgoodcause,t
hiscannotf
allundert
hebr
eachof
bet
rot
halagr
eement
.Asar
esul
t,t
hepar
tyundert
hissi
tuat
ionwi
l
lnotbe
obl
i
gedt
oincuranyl
i
abi
l
ity
.
Apar
tywhobr
eachest
hebet
rot
halagr
eement
,thati
stheonewhof
ail
sto
consentt
omar
rywi
thoutgoodcause,
isr
esponsi
blet
ocov
erexpensesr
elat
ing
t
obet
rot
hal
,ret
urnpr
esent
smadet
her
eto,r
edr
essmor
aldamage,andpayan
amountagr
eeduponasapenal
tycl
ause,
ifany
.
Butunl
i
ket
heCi
vi
lCodeandsomeot
herr
egi
onalf
ami
l
ycodel
i
keOr
omi
a,t
he
Amhar
aFami
l
yCodemadei
nappl
i
cabl
ethepr
ovi
sionsoft
heCi
vi
lCodedeal
i
ng
wi
thpenal
tycl
auseat
tachedt
oacont
ractofbet
rot
halandl
eftt
hepr
ovi
sion
deal
i
ng wi
th mor
alcompensat
ion t
o beawar
ded t
o a per
son who i
snot
r
esponsi
blef
ort
hebr
eachoft
hecont
ract
.UnderAr
t.9oft
heCode,i
tis
pr
ovi
dedt
hatacont
ractofbet
rot
hal
,ot
hert
hancr
eat
ingt
hedut
ytocov
eral
l
t
he expenses and t
oret
urnt
he pr
esentr
ecei
ved by t
he per
son who i
s
r
esponsi
blef
ort
hebr
eachoft
hecont
ractwi
thoutaj
ust
if
iedcause,doesn’
t
i
mposeanyot
herobl
i
gat
ions,
eveni
fapr
ovi
sioni
ntr
oduci
ngapenal
tycl
ausei
s
i
nser
tedi
nthecont
ract
.
To sum up t
hissect
ion,bet
rot
hali
soneoft
het
radi
ti
onali
nst
it
uti
onsof
Et
hiopi
aowi
ngt
owhi
chi
tgott
her
ecogni
ti
onoft
heCi
vi
lCode.Asi
thasal
so
beenl
ongpr
act
icedbyt
her
espect
ivepeopl
esoft
her
egi
ons,t
henew f
ami
l
y
codesr
ecogni
zedi
t.Howev
er,t
her
evi
sedf
ami
l
ycodesdepar
tedf
rom t
heCi
vi
l
Code,amongot
hert
hings,i
nthati
tmakesbet
rot
halanagr
eementbet
ween
f
utur
espousesandhenceconsentoft
hef
ami
l
iesoft
hef
utur
espouseshav
e
nopl
acewhi
l
erecogni
ti
onofbet
rot
halanddet
ailr
egul
ati
onoft
hesamemay
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 47
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
beseenasr
efl
ect
ionoft
het
radi
ti
onalv
alueoft
hesoci
etyandr
espondi
ngt
o
t
hepr
act
icalpr
obl
emsemanat
ingf
rom t
hepr
act
iceofbet
rot
hal
,act
ionf
or
br
eachofbet
rot
halshoul
dbecar
eful
l
yent
ert
ainedbycour
tswi
tht
hev
iew t
o
ensur
ethatmar
ri
agei
sent
eredi
ntowi
thf
reeandf
ullconsentoft
hef
utur
e
spouses.
2.
3.Essent
ialCondi
ti
onsf
ort
heVal
idi
tyofMar
ri
age
Br
oadl
yspeaki
ng,essent
ialcondi
ti
ont
othev
ali
dit
yofmar
ri
agecanbedi
vi
ded
i
ntot
wocat
egor
ies.Thesear
e:
1.For
mal
i
ty(
procedur
al)r
equi
rement
sofmar
ri
age;
and
2.Subst
ant
iver
equi
rement
sofmar
ri
age
2.
3.1.For
mal
it
yRequi
rement
sofMar
ri
age
For
mal
i
tyr
equi
rement
sofmar
ri
agehav
etodowi
tht
hemannerofconcl
usi
onof
mar
ri
age.Theyar
epr
ocedur
ali
nnat
ure.Thei
deai
sthatt
hemar
ri
ageshal
lbe
cel
ebr
ated(
sol
emni
zed)i
nthel
i
ghtoft
hef
ormal
i
tyr
equi
rement
slai
dbyt
hel
aw.
I
fthemar
ri
agei
snotconcl
udedi
naccor
dancewi
tht
hesef
ormal
i
ties,i
tmaynot
beconf
err
eduponl
egal
recogni
ti
on.
Per
sui
ant
oAr
t.1oft
heRFC,f
oracer
tai
ncohabi
tat
iont
obeconsi
der
edas
mar
ri
age,i
tshoul
dbecel
ebr
atedi
naccor
dancewi
thoneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
hree
f
ormsofmar
ri
age.Thesear
eci
vi
lmar
ri
age(
mar
ri
aget
obeconcl
udedbef
orea
of
fi
cer of ci
vi
lst
atus)
,rel
i
gions mar
ri
age (
mar
ri
age t
o be concl
uded i
n
accor
dancewi
tht
her
eli
gionoft
hef
utur
espouses)
,andcust
omar
ymar
ri
age
(
mar
ri
aget
obeconcl
udedi
naccor
dancewi
tht
hecust
om oft
hef
utur
espouses)
.
Regar
dless of t
he f
orm of cel
ebr
ati
on,mar
ri
ages cel
ebr
ated i
n di
ff
erent
f
ormal
i
tiesar
eequal
l
yrecogni
zedbyt
hel
aw(
Art34(
4)oft
heFDREConst
it
uti
on)
.
Letusseet
het
hreef
ormsofmar
ri
agei
ndet
ail
asf
oll
ows.
2.
3.1.
1.Ci
vi
lMar
ri
age
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 48
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
AsperAr
t.2oft
heRFC,“
mar
ri
ageshal
lbedeemedt
obeconci
udedbef
oreon
of
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atuswhenamanandawomanhav
eappear
edbef
oreanof
fi
cer
ofci
vi
lst
atusf
ort
hepur
poseofconcl
udi
ngmar
ri
ageandt
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
l
st
atushasaccept
edt
hei
rrespect
iveconsent
.”Oneoft
heel
ement
sundert
his
pr
ovi
si
oni
sthati
tisonl
yamanandawomanwhoshal
lappearbef
oret
heof
fi
cer
ofci
vi
lst
atusf
ort
hepur
poseofconcl
usi
onofmar
ri
age.Fr
om t
his,wecansay
t
hatwhati
saccept
edi
nEt
hiopi
aismonogamous;t
her
ebyexcl
udesbi
gamous
andpol
ygamousmar
ri
age.Mor
eov
er,t
hel
aw excl
udest
hepossi
bil
i
tyofsame
sexmar
ri
age.
Ascanbeunder
stoodf
rom t
hispr
ovi
sion,t
hisi
sat
ypeofmar
ri
aget
obe
concl
udedbef
oreanof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atus.Thequest
ionher
eis,whatt
ypeof
per
soni
ster
medas“
off
icerofci
vi
lst
atus”
?Theof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atusi
san
of
fi
cerwhor
egi
ster
sbi
rt
hs,deat
hsandmar
ri
ageofpeopl
e(Ar
t.47oft
heC.
C)
Thest
atusofbi
rt
h,deat
handmar
ri
agear
egener
all
ycal
l
edci
vi
lst
atus.At
pr
esent
,ther
eisnoof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atusi
nEt
hiopi
a.Fort
hemoment
,howev
er,
t
her
ecor
dsofbi
rt
h,deat
handmar
ri
agear
ekeptonl
yint
ownst
hrought
he
muni
cipal
i
tiesMuni
ci
pal
i
tiesar
einv
olv
edi
nrecor
dingt
heci
vi
lst
atusbywayof
del
egat
ion,unt
ilwhent
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atusi
sest
abl
i
shed.(
Art
.321oft
he
RFC.
)Fort
hepeopl
eoft
hecount
rysi
de,t
her
eisasi
nst
it
uti
ont
hati
sengagedi
n
r
ecor
dingt
heci
vi
lst
atusoft
hepeopl
e.
Whenamanandawomani
ntendt
oconcl
udemar
ri
age,t
heyar
erequi
redt
o
per
sonal
l
yappearbef
oret
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atusatt
het
imeandpl
aceof
cel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
age.Fr
om t
hiswecanseet
hatatl
easti
npr
inci
plemar
ri
age
cannotbeconcl
udedbywayofr
epr
esent
ati
on.Weshal
ldeal
thi
spoi
nti
ndet
ail
a
momentl
ater
.
Ev
eni
fci
vi
lmar
ri
agei
stobeconcl
udedbef
oret
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atus,
thi
sbyi
t
sel
fdoesnotmeant
hatal
lof
fi
cer
sofci
vi
lst
atusar
eaut
hor
izedt
ocel
ebr
atea
par
ti
cul
armar
ri
age.Thi
sist
osayt
hatci
vi
lmar
ri
agemustbecel
ebr
atedbef
ore
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 49
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
anof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atushav
ingj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
odoso.Buti
tisl
ogi
calt
orai
seone
quest
ion,how coul
d wei
dent
if
ywhet
hera cer
tai
n of
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atusi
s
compet
entt
ocel
ebr
ateapar
ti
cul
armar
ri
age?I
nthi
sregar
dAr
t.22oft
heRFC
st
ipul
atest
hat“
civ
ilmar
ri
ageshal
lbeconcl
udedbef
oret
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atus
oft
hepl
acewher
eoneoft
hef
utur
espousesoroneoft
heascendant
sorcl
ose
r
elat
ivesofoneoft
hem hasest
abl
i
shedr
esi
dencebycont
inuousl
yli
vi
ng,t
her
e
f
ornotl
esst
hansi
xmont
hspr
iort
othedat
eoft
hemar
ri
age.
”
Oncet
hef
utur
espousesi
dent
if
ytheof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atusaut
hor
izedt
ocel
ebr
ate
t
hei
rmar
ri
age,t
heyshal
linf
orm suchaut
hor
izedof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atusoft
hei
r
i
ntent
iont
oconcl
udemar
ri
agenotl
esst
hanonemont
hpr
iort
oit
scel
ebr
ati
on
(
Art
.23oft
heRFC)
.Uponr
ecei
ptoft
her
equest
,theof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atusshal
l
,in
consul
tat
ionwi
tht
hef
utur
espouses,deci
det
heexactdat
eoft
heconcl
usi
onof
mar
ri
ageandpubl
i
cizesamebyanyappr
opr
iat
emeans(
Art
.24oft
heRFC)
.The
ai
m ofpubl
i
cizi
ngt
hedat
efi
xedf
orcel
ebr
ati
oni
stogi
vear
oom f
ori
ndi
vi
dual
s
who ar
eent
it
led t
o makeopposi
ti
on i
fthemar
ri
agei
sto beconcl
uded i
n
v
iol
ati
onofoneoft
hesubst
ant
iver
equi
rement
sofmar
ri
age.
Ont
hatpar
ti
cul
ardat
eofcel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
age,t
hef
ormal
i
tiesofcel
ebr
ati
on
enumer
atedunderAr
t.25oft
heRFC mustbeobser
ved.Tobegi
nwi
tht
he
mar
ri
ageshal
lbeconcl
udedpubl
i
clyi
nthepr
esenceoft
hef
utur
espousesand
t
wowi
tnessesf
oreachoft
hef
utur
espouses.(
Art
.25(
1)oft
heRFC)Af
tert
he
f
utur
espousesandt
hei
rwi
tnessesappearbef
oret
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atuson
t
hedat
edf
ixedf
orcel
ebr
ati
on,t
heyshal
ldecl
are,underoat
h,t
hatt
heessent
ial
condi
ti
onsofmar
ri
agear
enotv
iol
ated.Ofcour
se,bef
oret
aki
ngoat
htheof
fi
cer
ofci
vi
lst
atus shal
linf
orm t
he f
utur
e spouses and t
hei
rwi
tnesses oft
he
consequencesoft
hei
rdecl
arat
ion.Thati
s,i
fthemar
ri
agei
sfoundt
ohav
ebeen
concl
udedi
nvi
olat
ionoft
hesubst
ant
iver
equi
rement
sofmar
ri
age,i
tmaybe
di
ssol
vedont
heappl
i
cat
ionoft
heconcer
nedper
sons.Besi
dest
hecel
ebr
ati
on
ofmar
ri
agei
nvi
olat
ionofessent
ialcondi
ti
onst
omar
ri
agemayal
soent
ailt
he
cr
imi
nall
i
abi
l
ityoft
hespouses,
thewi
tnessesandt
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atuswho
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 50
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
cel
ebr
atedsuchmar
ri
age.
Af
tert
aki
ngoat
h,t
henextpr
ocedur
eist
hateachoft
hef
utur
espousesshal
l
decl
areopenl
ytot
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atust
hatt
heyconsent
edt
oconcl
ude
mar
ri
ageont
hei
rownf
reewi
l
l.Fi
nal
l
yeachoft
hespousesandt
hei
rwi
tnesses
shal
lsi
gni
nther
egi
sterofci
vi
lst
atus.Upont
hef
ulf
il
lmentoft
hef
ormal
i
ties
pr
escr
ibed abov
e,t
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atusshal
lpr
onouncet
hem uni
ted i
n
mar
ri
ageandshal
li
ssueacer
ti
fi
cat
eofmar
ri
aget
othatef
fect
.
2.
3.1.
2.Rel
igi
ousMar
ri
age
Accor
dingt
oAr
t.3oft
heRFC,r
eli
gionsmar
ri
ageshal
ltakepl
acewhenaman
andawomanhav
eper
for
medsuchact
sorr
it
esasdeemedt
oconst
it
uteav
ali
d
mar
ri
agebyt
hei
rrel
i
gionort
her
eli
gionofoneoft
hem.Fr
om t
hispr
ovi
sion,i
tis
cl
eart
hatt
hef
utur
espousesmayconcl
udemar
ri
agebyt
her
eli
gionofbot
h
f
utur
espouseort
her
eli
gionofoneoft
hef
utur
espouses.Howev
er,
tosayt
hata
mar
ri
agehasbeenconcl
udedi
naccor
dancewi
thapar
ti
cul
arr
eli
gion,t
hef
utur
e
spouseshoul
d per
for
m such act
sorr
it
esasdeemed t
o const
it
uteav
ali
d
mar
ri
agebyt
hatr
eli
gion.Whet
heral
lfor
mal
i
tiesi
npar
ti
cul
arr
eli
gionhav
ebeen
compl
i
edornotwi
l
lbeanswer
edhav
ingr
egar
dtot
her
ulesorpr
act
iceof
cel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
ageoft
hatr
eli
gion.Thi
sisbecauseasi
ndi
cat
edunderAr
t.
26(
1)oft
heRFC,
theconcl
usi
onofr
eli
giousmar
ri
ageandt
hef
ormal
i
tiest
her
eof
shal
lbeaspr
escr
ibedbyt
her
eli
gionconcer
ned.Youmustnot
eher
ethatt
he
manner
sofcel
ebr
ati
onsofmar
ri
agescoul
ddi
ff
eraccor
dingt
other
ulesoft
he
r
espect
iver
eli
gion.Thel
aw i
snoti
nter
est
edi
nthedet
ail
soft
her
it
esofeach
r
eli
gion.
2.
3.1.
3.Cust
omar
yMar
ri
age
Thet
hir
dfor
m ofmar
ri
agei
scust
omar
ymar
ri
age.Byv
irt
ueofAr
t4oft
heRFC,
mar
ri
ageaccor
dingt
ocust
om shal
ltakepl
acewhenamanandawomanhav
e
per
for
medsuchr
it
esasdeemedt
oconst
it
uteav
ali
dmar
ri
agebyt
hecust
om of
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 51
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
t
hecommuni
tyi
nwhi
cht
heyl
i
veorbyt
hecust
om oft
hecommuni
tyt
owhi
ch
t
heybel
ongort
owhi
choneoft
hem bel
ongs.
Youmayhav
enot
edf
rom t
hisar
ti
clet
hatcust
omar
ymar
ri
agei
scel
ebr
atedi
n
accor
dancewi
thoneoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:
 Cust
om oft
hecommuni
tyi
nwhi
chbot
hspousel
i
ve,
or
 Cust
om oft
hecommuni
tyt
owhi
choneoft
hem bel
ong,
or
 Cust
om oft
hecommuni
tyt
heybel
ongt
o.
Si
nceconcl
usi
onofcust
omar
ymar
ri
ageandt
hef
ormal
i
tiest
her
eofshal
lbe
pr
escr
ibed byt
he cust
om oft
he communi
tyconcer
ned,t
he f
ormal
i
ties of
cel
ebr
ati
onofcust
omar
ymar
ri
agedi
ff
erf
rom cust
om t
ocust
om.
Toputi
nanutshel
l
,whi
l
emar
ri
agecel
ebr
ati
onsi
nal
lci
vi
lmar
ri
agesf
oll
ow
si
mil
ar pr
ocedur
es,t
he pr
ocedur
es f
oll
owed i
nrel
i
gious and cust
omar
y
mar
ri
agesv
aryf
rom r
eli
giont
orel
i
gionandf
rom cul
tur
etocul
tur
e.
Fr
om t
hef
oregoi
ngdi
scussi
ons,
itcanbesaf
elyconcl
udedt
hatmar
ri
agest
obe
i
ncl
udedi
nEt
hiopi
ashoul
dbecel
ebr
atedei
therbef
oreonof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atus,
in
accor
dance wi
thr
eli
gion orcust
om oft
he f
utur
e spouses.Pr
ovi
ded t
hat
mar
ri
agesconcl
udedi
nEt
hiopi
aar
edonei
nei
theroft
het
hreef
ormsofmar
ri
age,
t
heyar
eval
i
dmar
ri
age.Buther
ewedon’
thav
etof
orgett
hef
actt
hatmar
ri
ages
maybecel
ebr
atedabr
oad.Mar
ri
agecel
ebr
atedabr
oad(
outsi
deofEt
hiopi
a)may
ber
ecogni
zedi
nEt
hiopi
apr
ovi
dedt
hatt
hecondi
ti
onunderAr
t.5oft
heRFCar
e
f
ulf
il
led.
Ar
t.5Mar
ri
agecel
ebr
atedabr
oad.
Mar
ri
agecel
ebr
atedabr
oadi
naccor
dancewi
tht
hel
awoft
he
pl
aceofcel
ebr
ati
onshal
lbev
ali
dinEt
hiopi
asol
ongas
i
tdoesn’
tcont
rav
enepubl
i
cmor
al.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 52
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Hence,f
ormar
ri
age cel
ebr
ated abr
oad t
o be r
ecogni
zed i
n Et
hiopi
atwo
condi
ti
ons shoul
d be t
her
e:Fi
rst
ly,t
he mar
ri
age mustbe cel
ebr
ated i
n
accor
dancewi
tht
hel
awoft
hepl
aceofcel
ebr
ati
on.Fori
nst
ancei
fthemar
ri
age
i
s cel
ebr
ated i
n Keny
a,i
twi
l
lbe accept
abl
ein Et
hiopi
a pr
ovi
ded t
hati
tis
cel
ebr
atedi
naccor
dancewi
tht
hel
awofcel
ebr
ati
onofKeny
a.Ther
efor
e,when
t
hemar
ri
agei
scel
ebr
atedabr
oad,
whatwi
l
lbeconsi
der
edi
sthel
awoft
hepl
ace
ofcel
ebr
ati
on.Her
ewehav
etonot
ethatt
hel
aw oft
hepl
aceofcel
ebr
ati
on
mi
ghtbet
otal
l
ydi
ff
erentf
rom i
tsEt
hiopi
ancount
erpar
t.Somecount
ri
esmay
al
l
owf
oramar
ri
aget
obecel
ebr
atedbef
oreacour
toraci
tymay
or.Hadacer
tai
n
mar
ri
agebeenconcl
udedbef
oresuchaut
hor
it
iesi
nEt
hiopi
ani
twoul
dn’
thav
e
beenaccept
abl
e.Howev
ersi
ncemar
ri
agecel
ebr
atedabr
oadi
naccor
dancewi
th
t
hepl
aceofcel
ebr
ati
oni
srecogni
zeddespi
tet
het
ypeofcel
ebr
ati
on,i
tisst
il
l
accept
abl
einEt
hiopi
a.
Secondl
y,t
hecel
ebr
ati
onshal
lnotcont
rav
enepubl
i
cmor
al.Ther
efor
e,ev
eni
fa
mar
ri
ageconcl
udedabr
oadi
scel
ebr
atedi
naccor
dancewi
thl
awoft
hepl
aceof
cel
ebr
ati
on,
ifmaynotbev
ali
dinEt
hiopi
aifsuchcel
ebr
ati
oncont
rav
enespubl
i
c
mor
al.
Att
hisj
unct
ure,t
hest
udentshoul
dnot
ethef
actt
hatwhatt
her
evi
sedf
ami
l
y
Codesal
l
owsi
swi
thr
egar
dtot
hecel
ebr
ati
onofacer
tai
nmar
ri
age.Whenwe
comet
osubst
ant
iver
equi
rement
sofmar
ri
age,amar
ri
agecel
ebr
atedabr
oad
mustbeconsi
stentwi
tht
heEt
hiopi
anl
aws.Forexampl
e,t
hel
awoft
hecount
ry
ofcel
ebr
ati
onmayal
l
ow concl
usi
onofmar
ri
agebef
orecour
ts.Themar
ri
age
concl
udesbef
oreacour
tint
hiscount
ryi
sval
i
dinEt
hiopi
aev
eni
fther
evi
sed
f
ami
l
y code doesn’
tal
l
ow concl
usi
on ofmar
ri
age bef
ore cour
ts.Howev
er,
al
thought
hecount
ryoft
hecel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
ageal
l
owsmar
ri
agebet
weent
he
samesexes,
thi
scannotbev
ali
dinEt
hiopi
abecausewhati
sal
l
owedi
nEt
hiopi
a
i
shet
erosex
ualmar
ri
age.Byt
hesamet
oken,ot
hersubst
ant
iver
equi
rement
s
mustbeobser
ved.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 53
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
2.
3.2.Subst
ant
iveRequi
rement
sofMar
ri
age
Subst
ant
iver
equi
rement
s ar
ethe second r
equi
rement
s of mar
ri
age.The
mar
ri
agei
ssai
dtobedef
ect
ive,unl
esst
heessent
ialcondi
ti
onsar
eful
fi
ll
ed.As
opposedt
othemannerofcel
ebr
ati
on,subst
ant
ivecondi
ti
onsofmar
ri
agehav
e
t
odowi
tht
hecont
entoft
hemar
ri
agei
tsel
f.
I
ndi
scussi
ngt
hef
ormal
i
tyr
equi
rement
sofmar
ri
age,i
tissai
dthatmar
ri
agei
n
Et
hiopi
amaybeconcl
udedi
nei
theroft
het
hreef
ormsofmar
ri
age.I
naddi
ti
ont
o
t
his,i
tisal
sosai
dthatmar
ri
agecel
ebr
atedabr
oadi
sval
i
dsol
ongasi
tis
concl
udedi
nli
newi
thAr
t.5.oft
heRFC So,wehav
evar
iet
iesi
ncel
ebr
ati
ng
mar
ri
age.Butr
egar
dlessoft
het
ypeofcel
ebr
ati
on ofmar
ri
age,a cer
tai
n
mar
ri
ageshoul
dbei
ncompl
i
ancewi
thsubst
ant
ivecondi
ti
onsofmar
ri
age.Thi
s
canbei
nfer
redf
rom t
hecumul
ati
ver
eadi
ngofAr
t.25(
2),
26(
2),
and27(
2)oft
he
RFC.
Aspoi
ntedouti
nchapt
erone,
mar
ri
agei
sani
nst
it
uti
onwhi
chgi
vesr
iset
ofami
l
y
and hence mor
ethan a mer
e per
sonalr
elat
ionshi
p bet
ween t
wo per
sons.
Mar
ri
age,ascr
eat
ingt
hemosti
mpor
tantr
elat
ionshi
pinl
i
feandashav
ingt
odo
wi
thmor
alsandci
vi
li
zat
ionofapeopl
ethananyot
heri
nst
it
uti
on,hasal
way
s
beensubj
ect
edt
othecont
rol
oft
hel
egi
slat
ure.
Thev
ali
dit
yofst
ater
egul
ati
onofmar
ri
agedependsonabal
anci
ngofi
nter
est
s.
Thati
s,t
hei
ndi
vi
dual
sint
eresti
nmar
ryi
ngt
hechosenpar
tner(
Art
.34(
1)oft
he
FDREConst
it
uti
on)i
smeasur
edagai
nstpossi
blest
atei
nter
esti
nregul
ati
on.The
st
atei
shi
ghl
yint
erest
edt
owar
dsgr
eat
ermar
ri
agest
abi
l
ityandenj
oyment
.The
l
egi
slat
ure,t
her
efor
e,basedonsuchi
nter
est
spr
escr
ibessubst
ant
iveessent
ial
condi
ti
onsandf
ormal
i
tiesf
orav
ali
dmar
ri
age.
TheRev
isedFami
l
yCodeoft
heFeder
alGov
ernmentpr
ovi
desf
orage,consent
,
consangui
nalandaf
fi
nalr
elat
ionshi
ps,monogamy
,ment
alcondi
ti
onandper
iod
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 54
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
ofwi
dowhoodassubst
ant
iveessent
ialcondi
ti
onsofmar
ri
agei
nwhatev
erf
orm
t
hemar
ri
agemi
ghtbeconcl
uded.Thesewi
l
lbedeal
tasf
oll
ows.
2.
3.2.
1.Consent
Oneoft
hesubst
ant
ivecondi
ti
onst
omar
ri
agei
sconsent
.Inf
act
,av
ali
dmar
ri
age
shal
ltakepl
aceonl
ywhent
hespouseshav
egi
vent
hei
rfr
eeandf
ullconsent(
Art
6ofRFCandAr
t.34(
2)oft
heFDREConst
it
uti
on)
.Hencef
ort
hemar
ri
aget
o
v
ali
d,t
hepar
ti
esshoul
dgi
vet
hei
rconsentsust
ainabl
eatl
aw.
Notonl
ytheFeder
alFami
l
yCode,butal
so i
n ot
herr
egi
onalf
ami
l
ycodes,
mar
ri
agei
sbasedont
hef
ullconsentoft
hespouses.Howev
er,t
heOr
omi
a
Fami
l
yCodehaspl
acedmuchemphasi
sonconsentwheni
tcl
ear
lyoutl
aws
mar
ri
agebyabduct
ionunderAr
t3(
1)whi
chi
spr
eval
enti
nther
egi
on.Accor
ding
t
othe base sur
veybyt
he Nat
ionalCommi
tt
ee on Tr
adi
ti
onalPr
act
ices of
Et
hiopi
a,Or
omi
ais onl
y second t
o SNNPR i
n pr
eval
ence ofmar
ri
age by
abduct
ion.I
nfact
,mar
ri
agebyabduct
ionhasl
ongbeenpr
act
icedi
nther
egi
on
f
oroner
easonoranot
her
.
Real
i
zing t
his pr
obl
em,t
he r
egi
onall
egi
slat
ure has expr
essl
yout
lawed t
he
pr
act
ice. Hence,ev
en i
fthe woman has consent
ed t
o t
he “
mar
ri
age”
subsequent
ly,
itcannotbev
ali
dthoughonewonder
showsuchamar
ri
agemi
ght
beannul
l
edi
fthepar
ti
es(
bot
hspouses)optf
ormai
ntai
ningi
t.Af
teral
l
,iti
sonl
y
apar
tywho al
l
egest
o hav
ebeenaf
fect
edbyv
iol
encet
hatappl
i
esf
ort
he
di
ssol
uti
onofsuchmar
ri
age.(
Art
.51(
1))
.
Underal
lrev
isedf
ami
l
ycodes,whati
sexpect
edi
sful
landf
reeconsentoft
he
spousest
oconcl
udemar
ri
age.I
fconsenti
sgi
venandt
hatconsenti
nnotgi
ven
f
reel
y,t
hent
hisi
sadef
ect
iveconsent
.Adef
ect
iveconsentr
esul
tsi
nadef
ect
ive
mar
ri
age.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 55
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Thequest
ionher
eis,
whendowesayt
hatagi
venconsenti
sdef
ect
ive?Er
rorand
v
iol
encear
ethoset
woci
rcumst
ancest
hatv
iti
ateconsentundert
heRev
ised
Fami
l
yCode.Letusseeeachoft
hem separ
atel
y.
A.Fundament
alEr
ror
Er
rori
sonewaywhi
chmakesconsentdef
ect
ive.Asr
esul
t,mar
ri
ageconcl
uded
asar
esul
tofer
rori
nconsentshal
lnotbev
ali
dAr
t.(
13(
1)oft
heRFC)
.Howev
er,
her
ewehav
etobeari
nmi
ndt
hatanyor
dinar
yer
rordoesn’
tvi
ti
ateconsent
.
Consenti
sdeemedt
obev
iti
atedasar
esul
tofer
rorwher
esucher
rori
sa
f
undament
aler
ror(
Art
.13(
2)oft
heRFC)
.Thepr
obl
em her
eist
hatt
hef
ami
l
y
l
aw doesn’
tspeci
fi
cal
l
y gi
ve us a def
ini
ti
on of‘
fundament
aler
ror
’except
enumer
ati
ngi
nst
ancesoff
undament
aler
ror
.
Whent
hepr
ovi
si
onsoft
hef
ami
l
ylaw ar
esi
l
entoncer
tai
nissue,wecanappl
y
t
heper
ti
nentpr
ovi
si
onsoft
heCi
vi
lCodei
ngener
alandcont
ractpr
ovi
sionsi
n
par
ti
cul
ar.Ev
eni
fthegener
alcont
actpr
ovi
sionsar
epr
imar
il
yappl
i
cabl
etoset
tl
e
di
sput
esar
isi
ngf
rom cont
ract
ualagr
eement
,thesepr
ovi
sionsmi
ghtal
sobe
appl
i
cabl
etoot
herobl
i
gat
ionsi
ngener
alandmar
ri
agei
npar
ti
cul
arwhenaneed
ar
ises(
Art
.1677 (
1)oft
heCi
vi
lCode)
.Ther
efor
e,wecan appl
ycont
ract
pr
ovi
si
onst
omar
ri
agewher
ethef
ami
l
ylawi
ssi
l
enti
nresol
vi
ngacer
tai
nissue.
ByAppl
i
ngAr
t.1697oft
heCi
vi
lCode,wecandef
ineast
owhati
smeantby
f
undament
aler
ror
.Pur
suant t
othi
s ar
ti
cle,a cer
tai
n er
ror (
mist
ake) i
s
f
undament
alwheni
tisest
abl
i
shedt
hatper
sonwor
ldnothav
eent
eredi
ntoa
cont
ract(
mar
ri
age)hadheknownt
het
rut
h.Ev
ent
hought
heRev
isedFami
l
y
Code,asment
ionedabov
e,doesn’
tgi
veusacl
eardef
ini
ti
onof“
fundament
al
er
ror
”,i
thasgi
venasexampl
esofsucher
rorunderAr
t.13(
3)asf
oll
ows.
Ar
t.13(
3)wi
thoutpr
ejudi
cet
othepr
ovi
sionsofsub-
art
icl
e(2)oft
hisAr
ti
cle,
the
f
oll
owi
ngshal
lbeconsi
der
edt
obef
undament
aler
ror
s:
(
a)er
roront
hei
dent
it
yoft
hespouse,
wher
eiti
snott
heper
sonwi
thwhom a
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 56
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
per
soni
ntendedt
oconcl
udemar
ri
age;
(
b)er
roront
hest
ateofheal
thoft
hespousewhoi
saf
fect
edbyadi
seaset
hat
doesnotheal
ort
hatcanbegenet
ical
l
ytr
ansmi
tt
edt
odescendant
s;
(
c)er
roront
hebodi
l
yconf
ormat
ionoft
hespousewhodoesn’
thav
ethe
r
equi
sit
esexual
organsf
ort
heconsummat
ionoft
hemar
ri
age;
(
d)er
roront
hebehav
ioroft
hespousewhohast
hehabi
tofper
for
ming
sexual
act
swi
thper
sonoft
hesamesex.
Underl
ett
er(
a),
mist
akeast
othei
dent
it
yoft
hespouseconst
it
utesf
undament
al
er
ror
.Thei
dent
it
yoft
hespouseshoul
dbet
akenasaphy
sicali
dent
it
yoft
he
per
son.Thati
stosay
,if
,fori
nst
anceAwhi
l
ehav
ingi
nmi
ndt
omar
ryBmar
ri
edC,
i
tconst
it
utesaner
rorofi
dent
it
y.I
nsuchcondi
ti
ons,t
hequal
i
ficat
ion,char
act
er,
pov
ert
yorr
ichnessoft
heper
sonar
edi
sregar
ded.
Thesecondcat
egor
yofer
rorment
ionedunder(
b)i
ser
roront
hest
ateofheal
th
oft
hepouse.Dearst
udent
,whatki
ndsofdi
seasesar
edi
seasest
hatdonotheal
?
Whataboutgenet
ical
l
ytr
ansmi
tt
eddi
seasedt
odescendant
s?Doy
out
hinkt
hat
HI
V/AI
DSaundert
hef
ir
stcat
egor
y?
Underl
ett
er(
c),
err
oront
hebodi
l
yconf
ormat
ionoft
hespousewhodoesn’
thav
e
t
her
equi
sit
esexualor
gansf
ort
heconsummat
ionoft
hemar
ri
ageconst
it
utes
f
undament
aler
rorAr
t53(
2)oft
heRFCpr
ovi
dest
hatt
hespousesshal
lhav
ewi
th
oneanot
hert
hesexualr
elat
ionsnor
mali
n mar
ri
ageunl
esst
heser
elat
ions
i
nvol
vear
iskofser
iousl
ypr
ejudi
cingt
hei
rheal
th.Thi
sobl
i
gat
ionoft
hespouses
i
smandat
oryandhencecannotbesetasi
debycont
rar
yagr
eement
.Butsuch
obl
i
gat
ioncanbeputi
ntoef
fecti
fandonl
yift
het
wospousehav
ether
equi
sit
e
sexualor
gan.Ther
efor
eifoneoft
hespousesi
smi
stakent
hef
actt
hatt
heot
her
spouse doesn’
thav
ethe r
equi
sit
e sexualor
gan f
ort
he consummat
ion of
mar
ri
age,
themar
ri
agei
sgoi
ngt
obedef
ect
ive.
I
nconnect
ionwi
thf
undament
aler
ror
,anot
herquest
iont
hatneedsansweri
s
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 57
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
whet
herar
t13(
3)i
sexhaust
iveornot
.Inmyopi
nionAr
t.13(
3)i
snotexhaust
ive.
Thi
s can be i
nfer
red f
rom i
ntr
oduct
ory phr
ase “
wit
h outpr
ejudi
ce t
othe
pr
ovi
si
onsofsub-
Art
icl
e(2)t
hisar
ti
cle….
”Hencesol
ongasacer
tai
ner
ror
passest
hecr
it
eri
aofAr
t.13(
2),i
tcanst
il
lbef
undament
aler
rorev
eni
fiti
snot
l
i
stedunderAr
t.13(
3)(
a-d)
.
B.Vi
olence
Li
kef
undament
aler
ror
,vi
olencev
iti
atesconsent
.Asar
esul
t,mar
ri
ageconcl
uded
asar
esul
tofconsentwhi
chi
sext
ort
edbyv
iol
enceshal
lnotbev
ali
d.(
Art14(
1)
oft
heRFC)Consenti
sdeemedt
obeext
ort
edbyv
iol
encewher
eiti
sgi
venbya
spouset
opr
otecthi
msel
foroneofhi
sascendant
sordescendant
s,oranyot
her
cl
oser
elat
ivef
rom aser
iousandi
mmi
nentdangerort
hreatofdanger
.(Ar
t14(
2)
oft
heRFC)
.
Ascanbeunder
stoodf
rom Ar
t.14(
2),
ther
eisv
iol
encewheni
nor
dert
opr
ocur
e
consent
,ser
iousandi
mmi
nentf
orcei
sempl
oyedev
ent
hought
hepr
ovi
siondoes
notenumer
ateconst
it
uent
sofser
iousdanger
.Doest
hisser
iousandi
mmi
nent
dangerbedi
rect
edonl
yagai
nstl
i
fe?Ordoesi
tincl
udedanger
sagai
nsthonor
andpr
oper
tyoft
heaf
orement
ionedper
sons?
Thef
ami
l
ylawdoesn’
tal
sopr
ovi
deast
owhet
hert
henat
ureofv
iol
encehast
o
bej
udgedbyt
heobj
ect
iveorsubj
ect
ivest
andar
ds.Wher
east
hedur
essunder
or
dinar
ycont
actr
equi
rest
heobj
ect
ivest
andar
dfort
hef
actt
hatt
heessence
gr
aveev
iloft
hedangerdependsonl
yupont
hedeci
siv
enessoft
hedur
essi
nthe
ey
esofar
easonabl
eper
sonwhot
akesi
ntoconsi
der
ati
ont
heage,sexand
posi
ti
onsoft
hepar
ti
esconcer
ned(
Art
.1706(
2)and(
3)oft
heCi
vi
lCode)
.Shal
l
weappl
ytheCi
vi
lCodepr
ovi
sionst
othef
ami
l
ylawbywayofanal
ogy
?
Toputi
nshor
t,er
rorandv
iol
encear
etwoci
rcumst
ancest
hatv
iti
ateconsent
.
Doest
hismeant
hatf
rauddoesn’
tvi
ti
ateconsent
?Inot
hercount
ri
es,consent
pr
ocur
edbyf
raudi
nval
i
dat
est
hemar
ri
age,butt
ypi
cal
l
yonl
yift
hef
raudgoest
o
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 58
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
t
heessenceoft
hemar
ri
age.Ofcour
se,t
her
eisav
ari
ati
onconcer
ningwhati
s
consi
der
edt
obet
he“
essence.
”fori
nst
ance,f
alser
epr
esent
ati
onsast
oweal
th
usual
l
yar
enotconsi
der
edt
obeessent
ial
,butami
srepr
esent
ati
onconcer
ning
wi
l
li
ngnesst
ohav
echi
l
dreni
sconsi
der
edasessent
ial
I
nourcase,wehav
etwoposi
ti
onsast
owhet
herf
raudshoul
dbet
akenasa
f
act
ort
hatv
iti
atesconsentornot
.Thef
ir
stposi
ti
oni
sthati
tisonl
yvi
olenceand
er
rort
hatar
etaken asf
act
orst
hatv
iti
ateconsent
.Incl
udi
ng f
raud wi
l
lbe
cont
rar
ytot
hei
ntent
ionoft
hel
egi
slat
ure.Hence,
fraudcannotbeconsi
der
edas
af
act
ort
hatv
iti
atesconsent
.Thesecondposi
ti
onuphol
dst
hei
ncl
usi
onoff
raud
asat
hir
dfact
ort
hatv
iti
atesconsent
.Accor
dingt
othi
sposi
ti
on,ev
eni
fthe
Fami
l
yCodei
ssi
l
ent
,wecanappl
ytheper
ti
nentcont
ractpr
ovi
sionsf
rom Ar
t.
1677(
1)cum.1704oft
heCi
vi
lCodebyanal
ogy
.Iti
sst
rongl
yar
guedt
hati
fer
ror
andv
iol
encear
edeemedt
obef
act
orst
hatv
iti
ateconsent
,sodoesf
raud.
2.
3.2.
2.Mar
ri
ageabl
eAge
Agei
sthesecondsubst
ant
iver
equi
rementofmar
ri
agenextt
oconsent
.Vi
rt
ual
l
y
ev
eryl
egalsy
stem pi
tchesacer
tai
nmi
nimum mar
ri
ageabl
eaget
hought
heage
v
ari
esf
rom j
uri
sdi
cti
ont
ojur
isdi
cti
on.Agel
i
mit
ati
onsonmar
ri
ageor
igi
nal
l
y
wer
efoundedont
her
easonabl
econsi
der
ati
ont
hatcandi
dat
esf
ormar
ri
age
shoul
dhav
ereachedpuber
tyst
age.Accor
dingl
y,t
hecommonl
aw,f
ori
nst
ance,
per
mit
tedmal
est
omar
ryat14andf
emal
esat12t
hought
heageswer
erai
sed
l
att
eron.
Thepr
esumpt
ionbehi
ndacer
tai
nmar
it
alagegener
all
yist
omakesur
ethatt
he
coupl
es ar
e mat
ure enough bot
h bi
ologi
cal
l
yand psy
chol
ogi
cal
l
yso as t
o
di
schar
get
hosef
unct
ionswhi
cht
hesoci
etyexpect
sfr
om af
ami
l
yuni
tort
hose
f
unct
ionsment
ionedundersect
ion1.
2.oft
hismodul
e.
TheCi
vi
lCodeunderAr
t.581f
ixedmar
ri
ageabl
eageat18f
ormenand15f
or
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 59
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
woman ofui
teexcept
ional
l
y,howev
er,adi
spensat
ionofnotmor
ethant
wo
y
ear
smaybegr
ant
edbyt
heEmper
ororaspeci
alper
sonappoi
ntedbyhi
m
wher
ether
eexi
stsagoodcausej
ust
if
yingt
hedi
spensat
ion.Her
eitmaybe
asked,whyt
heCi
vi
lCodeopt
edf
ordi
ff
erentmar
ri
ageabl
eagef
ormenand
women?Thef
oll
owi
ngj
ust
if
icat
ionswer
egi
ven:
-
 womenat
tai
npuber
tyear
li
ert
hanmen;
 i
ncr
easi
ngt
hemar
ri
ageabl
eageofwomenabov
e15hasadv
erseaf
fecti
n
t
hatwomenwi
l
lbev
ulner
abl
etoabduct
ionandbi
rt
houtofwedl
ock.
Ev
eni
fmar
ri
agebel
owt
hemi
nimum mar
ri
ageabl
eageent
ail
sci
vi
landcr
imi
nal
l
i
abi
l
ity
,thepr
act
icei
squi
tet
hecont
rar
y.Thati
s,chi
l
dmar
ri
agehasbecomet
he
r
uleoft
hepr
act
ice.
Whenwecomet
other
evi
sedf
ami
l
yCodes,t
heyt
ookadi
ff
erentst
andf
rom t
he
Ci
vi
lCode.TheFeder
al,Amhar
aandOr
omi
afami
l
y,codes,f
orexampl
e,seta
mi
nimum mar
ri
ageabl
eagef
orbot
hsexesat18y
ear
s.Hence,
Nei
theramannor
awomanwhohasnotat
tai
nedt
hef
ullageofei
ght
eeny
ear
sshal
lconcl
ude
mar
ri
age.(
Art7(
1)oft
heRFC)Except
ional
l
y,howev
er,adi
spensat
ionofnot
mor
ethant
woy
ear
smaygr
ant
edbyt
heMi
nist
ryofJust
icewher
ether
eexi
sts
ser
ious cause j
ust
if
ying t
he di
spensat
ion and wher
ethe f
utur
e spouses or
par
ent
sorguar
dianofoneoft
hem appl
ytot
hatef
fect(
Art7(
2)oft
heRFC.Dear
st
udent
,Whatconst
it
utes“
ser
iouscause”t
hatwar
rant
sdi
spensat
ion?Doy
ou
t
hinkt
hatdi
spensat
ioni
sal
l
owedi
fthewomanbecomepr
egnantbel
ow18y
ear
s?
The r
ati
onalbehi
nd depar
ti
ng f
rom t
he Ci
vi
lCode and r
aisi
ng t
he l
ower
mar
ri
ageabl
eagef
orwomenar
elegal
,sci
ent
if
icandsoci
o-economi
cgr
ounds
whi
char
eexpl
ainedasf
oll
ows.UnderAr
t.299cum.215oft
heRFC,aper
son
per
for
msaj
uri
dicalactonl
yifheat
tai
nst
heageofmaj
ori
ty;t
hati
s,18y
ear
s
Mar
ri
age,
bei
ngonesuchactandi
nfact
,mor
ethanamer
ejur
idi
cal
actasi
tisan
i
nst
it
uti
on whi
ch ent
ailv
ari
ous soci
o-economi
cresponsi
bil
i
ties,i
twoul
d be
pr
ejudi
cialt
ofi
xal
owermar
ri
ageabl
eagef
orwomenat15.Because,i
tcan
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 60
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
har
dlybesai
dthatshecan,att
hisst
age,gi
veherf
reeandf
ullconsentt
o
mar
ri
ageasr
equi
redbyAr
t.34(
2)oft
heFDREConst
it
uti
on.Gener
all
y,set
ti
ng
di
ff
erentmar
ri
ageabl
eagesf
ort
hesexeswoul
dbeagai
nstt
heconst
it
uti
onal
equal
i
tyofsexesi
nal
lrespect
sincl
udi
ngmar
ri
ageasenshr
inedunderAr
t.25,
34
(
1)and35(
1)and(
2)oft
heFDREConst
it
uti
on.Mor
eov
er,i
fwomenar
eal
l
owed
t
oconcl
udemar
ri
agebef
oreei
ght
eeny
ear
s,usual
l
y,t
heyf
acesomanybi
ologi
cal
pr
obl
emswhi
chi
ntur
nresul
tsi
npsy
chol
ogi
calandsoci
o-economi
cpr
obl
ems.
Ear
lymar
ri
agewi
l
lhav
eadv
erseef
fectont
heheal
thoft
hewomanandt
hebaby
par
ti
cul
arl
yatt
het
imeofpr
egnancyandbi
rt
hEar
lymar
ri
agemayal
socr
eat
e
obst
acl
esont
hewomant
oat
tai
nhereducat
ionbecausei
tmi
ghtbei
mmedi
atel
y
f
oll
owedbybi
rt
h.
Wi
thr
egar
dtomi
nimum mar
ri
ageabl
eage,t
heTi
graiFami
l
yCodehast
akena
di
ff
erentst
and.Pur
suantAr
t.27oft
heCode,
themi
nimum mar
ri
ageabl
eagef
or
manandawomani
s22and18r
espect
ivel
y.Thi
sappr
oachmi
ghthav
esoci
o-
economi
cjust
if
icat
ionofi
tsown.Howev
er,ev
eni
fmar
ri
ageabl
eagemaybe
gr
eat
ert
hant
heageofmaj
ori
ty,
thatageshoul
dbet
hesamef
orbot
hsexesi
nas
f
araswear
efur
ther
ingt
heconst
it
uti
onal
equal
i
tyofsexesandspouses.
Ther
efor
e,i
tcoul
dgener
all
ybesai
dthat
,theFeder
al,
Amhar
aandOr
omi
atooka
pr
operst
andi
nfi
xi
ngt
hemi
nimum mar
ri
ageabl
eageat18f
orbot
hsexeswhi
ch
i
sthe maj
ori
tyage.Si
nce a per
son who at
tai
ned maj
ori
tyi
s pr
esumed t
o
under
standt
hepr
osandconsofhi
sact
s,pr
escr
ibi
nganagegr
eat
ert
han18may
amounti
nter
fer
ingwi
tht
hechoi
ceofi
ndi
vi
dual
sandofcour
se,t
hei
rri
ghtt
o
mar
ri
age.
2.
3.2.
3.Rel
ati
onshi
pbyConsangui
nit
yandAf
fi
nit
y
Ani
mpor
tantpr
erequi
si
tet
omar
ri
agei
sthatt
hei
ntendi
ngspousesmustnotbe
cl
osel
yrel
ated.Pr
ohi
bit
ionofmar
ri
agewi
thi
nthei
mmedi
atef
ami
l
y(ascendant
s,
descendant
s,si
bli
ngs,et
c)ar
euni
ver
salandEt
hiopi
aisnotanexcept
ion.Mor
e
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 61
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
ov
er,
var
iousr
elat
ionshi
pscr
eat
edbyaf
ormermar
ri
age(
aff
ini
ty)cont
inuet
obe
consi
der
edi
mpedi
ment
stomar
ri
agei
nasmal
lmi
nor
it
yofj
uri
sdi
cti
onandone
oft
hem i
sthel
awofourcount
ry.
Be i
tint
he Ci
vi
lCode and t
he Rev
ised Fami
l
y Code,mar
ri
age bet
ween
consangui
nalr
elat
ives (
incest
uous mar
ri
age)i
s pr
ohi
bit
ed.The basi
sfor
pr
ohi
bit
ing suchki
nd ofmar
ri
agear
isesf
rom sci
ent
if
icand mor
alr
easons.
Sci
encehasest
abl
i
shedbey
onddoubtt
hatsuchi
ncest
uousmar
ri
agewi
l
lcause
genet
ical
l
ytr
ansmi
tt
eddi
seasest
obet
ransmi
tt
edmor
erapi
dlyandser
iousl
y.
Thati
s,whent
heext
entofmar
ri
agebet
weencl
oser
elat
ivesi
ncr
eases,t
he
t
ransmi
ssi
on ofsuch di
seased wi
l
lbe mor
e compl
exand f
ast
.The mor
al
r
easoni
ngr
elat
est
othef
actt
hatmar
ri
agebet
weencl
osel
yrel
atedper
sonsi
s
r
epugnantt
ogoodmor
als.
I
nthi
sregar
d,t
heCi
vi
lCodepr
ovi
dedr
ulesast
owhatconst
it
utesr
elat
ionshi
pby
consangui
nit
y.Accor
dingl
yaswehav
eseeni
nchapt
erone,i
tispr
ovi
dedt
hat
bonds ofr
elat
ionshi
p by consangui
nit
y exi
stsi
nthe di
rectl
i
ne bet
ween
ascendant
sanddescendant
s.(
Art550(
2))I
nthecol
l
ater
all
i
ne,consangui
nal
r
elat
ionshi
pexi
stsbet
weenper
sonswhodescendf
rom oneormor
ecommon
ascendant
supt
othesev
ent
hdegr
ee(
Art
.551)
.
Whenwecomet
otheFeder
alRev
isedFami
l
yCode,
int
hedi
rectl
i
ne,
iti
ssi
mil
ar
t
otheCi
vi
lCodei
nthatmar
ri
agebet
weenper
sonsr
elat
edbyaf
fi
nit
yint
hedi
rect
l
i
ne,bet
weenascendant
sanddescendant
s,i
spr
ohi
bit
ed(
Art
.8(
1))
.Int
he
col
l
ater
all
i
ne,t
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodet
ookadi
ff
erentposi
ti
on.Thedegr
eeof
r
elat
ionshi
pint
hecol
l
ater
all
i
neundert
heCi
vi
lCodewasf
oundoutt
obet
oo
l
ong.Ther
efor
e,undert
heFeder
alRev
isedFami
l
yCodepr
ohi
bit
ionofmar
ri
age
bet
weencol
l
ater
alsi
sinl
i
newi
tht
heabov
e(sci
ent
if
ic)j
ust
if
icat
ion.Asar
esul
t,i
n
t
hecol
l
ater
all
i
ne,amancannotconcl
udemar
ri
agewi
thhi
ssi
steroraunt
;
si
mil
arl
y,awomancannotconcl
udemar
ri
agewi
thherbr
otheroruncl
e(Ar
t.8
(
2))
.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 62
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Fr
om t
hef
oregoi
ngdi
scussi
on,
iti
scl
eart
hatundert
heFeder
alFami
l
yCode,
the
conceptofconsangui
nit
yint
hecol
l
ater
all
i
nehasbeenr
elat
ivel
ynar
rowedt
o
i
ncl
udeonl
yli
mit
edper
sonswhencompar
edt
othepr
ovi
sionsoft
heCi
vi
lCode.
I
tmi
ghtbesai
dher
ethat
,thedegr
eeofpr
ohi
bit
edr
elat
ionshi
psonmar
ri
age
pr
ovi
dedbyt
heFeder
alandAmhar
acodesar
etoonar
rowcont
rar
ytot
hecul
tur
e
oft
hepeopl
eli
vi
ngt
her
ewher
e,pr
ohi
bit
ionupt
othesev
ent
hdegr
eei
swi
del
y
pr
act
iced.Al
so onemayar
gueher
esay
ing t
hesepr
ovi
sionsdenyt
her
ight
guar
ant
eedbyt
heConst
it
uti
onAr
t.39(
2)t
othepeopl
eofEt
hiopi
atoexpr
ess,
dev
elopandpr
omot
ethei
rowncul
tur
e.
Thesear
gument
swer
e shar
edbysomeoft
hedr
aft
ersoft
hesecodes.But
j
ust
if
icat
ionwasgi
vensay
ingt
hatpr
ovi
sionsar
eadopt
edt
oaccommodat
ethe
needsoft
het
womai
nrel
i
gionsandonl
ythemi
nimum r
equi
rementt
obef
ulf
il
led
i
spr
ovi
ded.Henceanyonewhowant
stocountt
hedegr
eeofr
elat
ionshi
pbey
ond
t
hiscandoso.Onewant
stoadher
etohi
s/hert
radi
ti
on,he/
shecansi
mpl
y
r
efr
ainf
rom doi
ngsodespi
tewhatt
hel
awsay
s.
Undert
heCi
vi
lCodeand t
heFeder
alFami
l
yCodeal
i
ke,mar
ri
agebet
ween
per
sonsr
elat
edbyaf
fi
nit
yint
hedi
rectl
i
nei
spr
ohi
bit
ed.(
Art
.9(
1))I
nthe
col
l
ater
all
i
ne,t
her
ear
edi
ff
erences.Undert
heCi
vi
lCode,af
fi
nit
yshal
lbeofno
ef
fectbey
ondt
hir
ddegr
eei
nthecol
l
ater
all
i
ne(
Art
.553)
.Undert
heRev
ised
Fami
l
y Code,on t
he ot
herl
and,t
he degr
ee ofr
elat
ionshi
pis nar
rowed.
Accor
dingl
y,i
nthecol
l
ater
all
i
ne,
mar
ri
agebet
weenamanandsi
sterofhi
swi
fe,
andawomanandbr
otherofherhusbandi
spr
ohi
bit
ed(
Art
.9(
2))
.
Dearst
udentwhati
sthej
ust
if
icat
ioni
npr
ohi
bit
ingmar
ri
agebet
weenaf
fi
nal
r
elat
ives?Oner
easoni
ssi
mpl
yformor
alconsi
der
ati
onoft
hesoci
ety
.Theot
her
r
easoni
ssecur
ingt
hesust
ainabi
l
ityofmar
ri
age.Thef
eari
sthatamanora
womanhasampl
eoppor
tuni
tyt
ocr
eat
ecl
osef
ri
endshi
pwi
thhi
saf
fi
nal
rel
ati
ves.
I
fmar
ri
agei
snotpr
ohi
bit
edbet
weent
heseper
sons,heorshemayoptf
or
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 63
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
di
ssol
vi
nghi
s/herpr
evi
ousmar
ri
ageandconcl
udi
ngmar
ri
agehi
s/heraf
fi
nal
r
elat
ivewi
thwhom hehascl
osef
ri
endshi
p.
Sof
ar,
wehav
eseent
hatmar
ri
agebet
weenconsangui
nalandaf
fi
nalr
elat
ivesi
s
pr
ohi
bit
ed.Thi
spr
ohi
bit
ioni
sequal
l
yappl
i
cabl
etof
il
iat
ionsnotest
abl
i
shed
l
egal
l
y.Letusr
eadt
hecont
entofAr
t.10oft
heRFCasf
oll
ows.
Ar
t.10–Fi
li
ati
onsnotEst
abl
ishedLegal
ly
Theexi
stenceofabondofnat
ural
fil
i
ati
onswhi
chi
scommonl
yknownt
o
t
hecommuni
tyi
ssuf
fi
cientt
orenderappl
i
cabl
ethei
mpedi
ment
sto
mar
ri
ager
efer
redt
oinAr
ti
cles8and9,
notwi
thst
andi
ngt
hatt
hef
il
iat
ions
i
snotl
egal
l
yest
abl
i
shed.
How coul
daf
il
iat
ionscommonl
yknown t
othecommuni
tybuta non-
legal
est
abl
i
shedoneoccur
s?Thei
deaher
eist
hatacer
tai
nfat
herchi
l
drel
ati
onshi
p
maybeknownandr
ecogni
zedbyt
hecommuni
tyandst
il
lmaynotbel
egal
l
y
knownorest
abl
i
shed.Thi
smayoccuri
nthef
oll
owi
ngsi
tuat
ion.Pat
erni
ty,under
ourf
ami
l
ycodes,i
slegal
l
yascer
tai
nedi
nthr
eeway
s.Thesear
e,one,bywayof
l
egalpr
esumpt
ionwhent
hechi
l
disconcei
vedorbor
ninal
egal
l
yrecogni
zed
uni
on;
i.
e,mar
ri
ageandi
rr
egul
aruni
on.Second,
bywayofacknowl
edgement
,and
t
hir
d,bywayofj
udi
ci
aldecl
arat
ionofpat
erni
ty.Letusassumet
hatacer
tai
n
chi
l
disbor
norconcei
vedasar
esul
tofsexuali
ntercour
seout
sideofmar
ri
age
andi
rr
egul
aruni
on;
Fori
nst
ance,
sexual
int
ercour
seper
for
medasar
esul
tofr
ape
orabduct
ion.Letusf
urt
herassumet
hatt
hecommuni
tyknowst
hef
actt
hat
f
atheroft
hatchi
l
disaper
sonwhoi
sengagedi
ntheactofabduct
ionorr
ape.
Fur
ther
mor
e,t
hecommuni
tyal
soi
sawar
eoft
hef
actt
her
api
st,asaf
ather
,
cov
erst
hef
ood,cl
oth,educat
ionandot
herexpensesoft
hechi
l
d.Despi
teal
l
t
hese act
s oft
his per
son,t
he pat
erni
tyi
s notest
abl
i
shed l
egal
l
yunt
ilhe
acknowl
edgest
hechi
l
dfor
mal
l
yori
sjudi
cial
l
ydecl
aredt
obet
hef
atheroft
he
chi
l
d.Not
wit
hst
andi
ng t
hatt
he f
il
iat
ion i
s notl
egal
l
yest
abl
i
shed si
nce t
he
f
il
iat
ioni
sknownt
othecommuni
ty,i
tshal
lser
veasani
mpedi
mentt
omar
ri
age
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 64
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
hencet
hechi
l
dcannotmar
ryt
heot
herchi
l
doft
her
api
stbecauseshei
shi
s
si
ster
.
2.
3.2.
4.Bi
gamy
Bi
gamousmar
ri
agei
svoi
dundermostj
uri
sdi
cti
ons,whi
l
eiti
sav
ali
dty
peof
mar
ri
agei
not
her
s.TheCi
vi
lCodeunderAr
t.585al
soout
lawsbi
gamy
.Vi
olat
ion
oft
hispr
ovi
sional
soent
ail
sdi
ssol
uti
onofsuchmar
ri
ageandcr
imi
nall
i
abi
l
iti
es.
TheRev
isedFeder
alFami
l
yCodeandt
heAmhar
aFami
l
yCodehav
eexpr
essl
y
out
lawedbi
gamybysay
ing“
aper
sonshal
lnotconcl
udemar
ri
ageasl
ongashei
s
boundbybondsofapr
ecedi
ngmar
ri
age.
”TheTi
graiFami
l
yCode,ont
heot
her
l
and,pr
ohi
bit
edi
tinpr
inci
ple,andal
l
owedt
hepr
act
icebywayofexcept
ionon
gr
oundsofr
eli
gionandcust
om.(
Art
.31cum.Ar
t32)
.
TheOr
omi
aFami
l
yCodei
ssi
l
entonbi
gamy
;and t
hisi
soneoft
hebasi
c
depar
tur
es oft
he Code f
rom t
he Ci
vi
lCode.I
nfact
,thi
sis one oft
he
cont
rov
ersi
alpoi
ntswhi
chat
tract
edt
heat
tent
ionofmany
.Somear
guet
hat
si
l
enceoft
heCodeonbi
gamyamount
stoal
l
owi
ngi
twhi
l
eot
her
sar
guet
hat
f
ail
uret
opr
ohi
biti
tdoesnotnecessar
il
ymeant
hati
thasbeenal
l
owed;t
hati
s,
si
l
encei
ncaseofci
vi
llawsdoesn’
tnecessar
il
yimpl
yper
missi
onofsame.The
quest
ioni
s,t
her
efor
e,whatdoest
hesi
l
encer
eal
l
ymean?I
not
herwor
ds,what
woul
danOr
omi
acour
tbef
orewhi
chacaser
equest
ingdi
ssol
uti
onofbi
gamou
mar
ri
ageconcl
udedbyf
ulf
il
li
ngal
lot
hercondi
ti
onsofmar
ri
ager
equi
redbyt
he
Codeoracaser
equi
ri
ngpuni
shi
ngabi
gamousmar
ri
agei
sbr
oughtdo?Cant
he
cour
tdi
ssol
vet
hemar
ri
ageandpuni
sht
hebi
gamousspouse(
s)ast
hecase
mi
ghtbe?
Foronet
hing,ast
hecodei
ssi
l
entont
hei
ssue,i
tdoesn’
tpr
ovi
def
orper
sons
ent
it
ledt
oat
tacksuchmar
ri
age.I
tmi
ghtbel
ogi
cal
l
yar
guedt
hatt
hef
ir
stwi
fe
hasav
est
edi
nter
estast
heout
comeoft
hecasedi
rect
lyaf
fect
sheri
nter
est
.But
onwhatl
egalbasi
scant
hecour
tdi
ssol
vet
hemar
ri
age?Whatabouti
fapubl
i
c
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 65
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
pr
osecut
orbr
oughtacr
imi
nal
act
ionagai
nstabi
gamousspouse(
s)?
I
tmaybear
guedt
hat
,si
ncebi
gamyi
sacr
imeundert
hePenalCode,
abi
gamous
spousei
spuni
shabl
eir
respect
iveofwhet
hert
hepr
act
icei
sexpr
essl
ypr
ohi
bit
ed
byt
heOr
omi
aFami
l
yCode.
Howev
er,t
hisi
sonl
yapr
inci
ple.Thati
s,bi
gamyi
spuni
shabl
eundert
hePenal
Codeonl
ywher
eiti
snotal
l
owedunderci
vi
llawsongr
oundsoft
radi
ti
onand
mor
alusage,
(Ar
t651oft
heFDRFPenalCode)
.Si
ncet
heOr
omi
aFami
l
yCodei
s
si
l
entand i
tisnotcl
ear
,atl
eastappar
ent
ly,whet
heri
tal
l
owsbi
gamy
,the
cr
imi
nal
benchcannothol
dthedef
endantl
i
abl
ebecausebyv
irt
ueofAr
t.2oft
he
Penal
Codei
tisf
orbi
ddent
ocr
eat
eacr
imebyanal
ogyori
nter
pret
ati
on.
Thequest
ionr
emai
nswi
tht
heci
vi
lbench.Thej
udgei
snowexpect
edt
oint
erpr
et
t
hel
aw,
becausesi
l
enceoft
hel
awi
sonegr
oundwhi
chcal
l
sfori
nter
pret
ati
onof
l
aw.Thej
udgemayappl
yar
gumentapar
i-f
orsi
mil
arr
eason,
argumentaf
ort
ior
i-
f
orst
rongerr
easonandar
gumentacont
rar
io-f
orcont
rar
yreasont
oknow t
he
i
ntentoft
hel
egi
sl
atur
eforourpur
pose,ar
gument
sapar
iandacont
rar
iomaybe
hel
pful
.
Onemay
,ont
hebasi
sofar
gumentapar
i,ar
guet
hatsi
ncet
heOr
omi
aFami
l
y
Code,hasr
egul
atedal
lot
heri
mpedi
ment
stomar
ri
agei
ncl
udi
ngr
equi
sit
eof
consent
,requi
rementofequalmar
ri
ageabl
eagef
orbot
hsexesandgener
all
y
r
ecogni
zesequal
i
tyofsexesonmar
ri
age,
forsi
mil
arr
eason,
itpr
ohi
bit
edbi
gamy
whi
chaf
fect
sequal
i
tyofspouses.
I
tmayal
soequal
l
ybear
guedont
hebasi
sofar
gumentacont
rar
i;i
ncl
usi
onof
cer
tai
nit
emsi
sacl
earexcl
usi
onofot
her
s.I
nourcase,t
her
egul
ati
onbyt
he
Or
omi
aFami
l
ycodeofot
heri
mpedi
ment
stomar
ri
agesuchasconsent
,ageand
r
elat
ionshi
pisacl
earex
clusi
onofbi
gamyandper
missi
onofsame.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 66
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Bot
har
gument
sar
enotendsi
nthemsel
ves;r
athert
heyar
eameanst
ogett
he
i
ntent
ionoft
hel
egi
sl
atur
esi
ncel
egi
slat
urehi
stor
yisal
soonewayofar
ri
vi
ngat
t
hei
ntent
ionoft
hel
egi
slat
ure,ast
owhi
choft
het
wol
i
nesofar
gument
sar
e
t
enabl
ecoul
dbedeci
dedbyhav
ingr
efer
encet
othemi
nut
esofSt
ateCounci
l
dur
ingdel
i
ber
ati
onont
heCode.Thest
atecounci
lhadahotdebat
eont
hei
ssue
andl
att
eri
ncl
i
nedt
obesi
l
entont
hegr
oundt
hatexpr
essl
ypr
ohi
bit
ingbi
gamy
woul
dbei
nter
fer
ingwi
tht
hecul
tur
eandr
eli
gionoft
hepeopl
e.
Ther
efor
e,undert
heOr
omi
aFami
l
yCode,
concl
udi
ngabi
gamousmar
ri
agedoes
notent
ailj
udi
ci
aldi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age.Butonepoi
ntt
hatshoul
dbebor
neat
t
hisj
unct
urei
sthatmai
ntai
ningt
her
eli
gionandcul
tur
eofpeopl
esoft
her
egi
on
cannotbel
egalj
ust
if
icat
ionf
oral
l
owi
ngbi
gamy
.Iti
str
uet
hatpol
ygamyi
sthe
cul
tur
eoft
hesoci
etyandi
tisal
socor
rectt
hatt
her
ightt
opr
omot
eanddev
elop
ones cul
tur
eisr
ecogni
zed by t
he const
it
uti
on (
Art
.39 (
2)oft
he FDRE
Const
it
uti
on)
.Buti
tisonl
y“… Cul
tur
eandt
radi
ti
onst
hatar
ecompat
ibl
ewi
th
f
undament
alr
ight
s,human di
gni
ty,democr
ati
c nor
ms and i
deas and t
he
pr
ovi
si
onsoft
heConst
it
uti
on”t
hatdeser
vepr
omot
ionandenr
ichment(
Art
.91(
1)
oft
heConst
it
uti
on)
.Pol
ygamyv
iol
atest
her
ightt
oequal
i
tyofspouseswhi
chi
sa
f
undament
alr
ight
,ademocr
ati
cnor
m andt
hepr
ovi
sionoft
heconst
it
uti
on.
Hence,t
her
ightt
opol
ygamyasacomponentofr
ightt
ocul
tur
eisr
est
ri
cted
undert
heConst
it
uti
on.Ther
efor
e,r
ightt
o cul
tur
ecan notbea gr
ound f
or
al
l
owi
ngbi
gamyundert
heOr
omi
aFami
l
yCode.Wecanf
oll
owsi
mil
arar
gument
f
orr
eli
gionf
ormt
hecommut
ati
ver
eadi
ngofAr
t27(
1)andAr
t.27(
5)oft
he
Const
it
uti
on.
So,shoul
dthel
aw uphol
dbi
gamybyt
hemer
efactt
hatpeopl
eispr
act
isi
ng?
Coul
dpr
ohi
bit
ingbi
gamybet
akenasenact
inganunenf
orceabl
elaw?Despi
teal
l
t
hev
icest
obi
gamy
,thei
deai
sthatl
ett
hebehav
ioroft
hepeopl
egui
det
hel
aw.
2.
3.2.
5.Repr
esent
ati
onnotAl
lowed
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 67
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Accor
dingt
oAr
t.12(
1)oft
heFeder
alRev
isedFami
l
yCode,amar
ryi
ngspouse
shoul
dconcl
udet
hemar
ri
agebyphy
sical
l
yappear
ing bef
oret
hecel
ebr
ati
ng
aut
hor
it
y,i
.e.
,theof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atus,
rel
i
giousaut
hor
it
yorcust
omar
yaut
hor
it
y
dependi
ngont
hef
orm ofmar
ri
age.He/
shei
snotal
l
owedt
odel
egat
esomeone
t
oconcl
udemar
ri
ageonbehal
fofhi
m her
.Si
nceper
sonalappear
ancei
smor
eof
pr
ocedur
alr
equi
rement
;iti
sal
soi
ndi
cat
edunderAr
t2andAr
t25(
1)oft
hisCode.
Ev
ent
hought
hisi
sther
uleunderAr
t12(
1),i
tsexcept
ioni
spr
ovi
dedf
ori
nAr
t.
12(
2).Accor
dingt
othi
ssubar
ti
cle,t
heMi
nist
ryofJust
icemayal
l
owmar
ri
age
t
hroughr
epr
esent
ati
onwhent
heMi
nist
erbel
i
evest
hatt
her
eisaser
iouscause
f
ordoi
ng t
his and i
fthe mar
ryi
ng spouse gi
ves hi
s/herconsentf
ort
he
r
epr
esent
ati
on.
Whatdoy
out
hinkconst
it
utesaser
iouscause?I
fforexampl
e,amar
ryi
ngspouse,
whi
l
epr
epar
ingt
oconcl
udemar
ri
age,
issentt
oawarf
rontt
odef
endhi
scount
ry,
doy
out
hinkt
hiscanbeaser
iouscausef
orhi
sbei
ngr
epr
esent
edbyanot
her
per
son?
Thel
aw doesnotdef
inewhatr
eal
l
yconst
it
utesaser
iouscausei
nthi
smat
ter
.
Wet
heracer
tai
ncausei
sser
iousenought
oal
l
owmar
ri
agebyr
epr
esent
ati
oni
s
l
eftt
othej
udgmentoft
heMi
nist
ryofJust
ice.Butasanexcept
ion,t
hemi
nist
er
shoul
dappl
ynar
rowi
nter
pret
ati
on.
Youshoul
dal
sonot
eatt
hispoi
ntt
hatt
hemar
ryi
ngspousei
srepr
esent
edonl
y
f
ort
hepur
poseofsi
gni
ngont
hecer
ti
fi
cat
eofmar
ri
ageonbehal
foft
hemar
ryi
ng
spouse.Fort
hatmat
ter
,amanmayber
epr
esent
edbyanot
hermanorev
enbya
woman.
2.
3.2.
6.Judi
cial
lyI
nter
dict
edPer
sons
AsperAr
t.15(
1)oft
heRFC,anyper
sonwhoi
sjudi
cial
l
yint
erdi
ctedshal
lnot
concl
ude mar
ri
age unl
ess aut
hor
ized,f
ort
hatpur
pose,by t
he cour
t.An
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 68
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
appl
i
cat
iont
othi
sef
fectmaybemadebyt
hei
nter
dict
edper
sonhi
m sel
forby
hi
sguar
dian.(
Art15(
2))
.
Youmayhav
elear
nti
nyourl
aw ofper
soncour
set
hataj
udi
cial
l
yint
erdi
cted
per
soni
saper
sonwhoi
spr
onouncedbyacour
tofl
awasi
ncapabl
etoper
for
m
j
uri
dicalact
s.Ev
eni
fmar
ri
agei
saj
uri
dicalact
,thei
nter
dict
ed per
soncan
concl
udemar
ri
ageupont
heaut
hor
izat
ionoft
hecour
tsi
nceani
nter
dict
ed
per
soncannotdul
yunder
standt
heconsequenceofmar
ri
age,pr
iorper
missi
on
oft
hecour
tisnecessi
tat
ed t
o av
oid unwant
ed ef
fect
s.Fori
nst
ancei
fthe
i
nter
dict
edper
soni
snotcapabl
eofr
ear
ingt
hechi
l
drenbor
noutofmar
ri
age,
the
cour
tmaynotgi
veper
missi
ont
oconcl
udemar
ri
age.
2.
3.2.
7.Per
iodofWi
dowhood
Per
iodofwi
dowhoodi
sthel
astsubst
ant
iver
equi
rementofmar
ri
agement
ioned
undert
hel
aw.I
nthi
sregar
d,Ar
t16oft
heRFCpr
ovi
dest
hef
oll
owi
ng;
Ar
ti
cle16–per
iodofwi
dowhood
1)A womanmaynotr
emar
ryunl
essonehundr
edandei
ght
yday
shav
e
l
apsedsi
ncet
hedi
ssol
uti
onoft
hepr
evi
ousmar
ri
age.
2)Thepr
ovi
si
onsofsub-
Art
icl
e(1)oft
hisAr
ti
cleshal
lnotappl
ywher
e:
a.The woman gi
ves bi
rt
hto a chi
l
d af
tert
he di
ssol
uti
on ofher
mar
ri
age;
b.Thewomanr
emar
ri
esherf
ormerhusband;
c.I
tispr
ovedbymedi
cal
evi
dencet
hatt
hewomani
snotpr
egnant
;
d.The cour
tdi
spensest
he woman f
rom obser
ving t
he per
iod of
wi
dowhood
Ascanbeunder
stoodf
rom t
hisar
ti
cle,per
iodofwi
dowhoodi
sacondi
ti
onof
mar
ri
ageappl
i
cabl
eonl
ytowomen.I
nasmuchasawomancannotconcl
ude
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 69
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
mar
ri
agewhi
l
eshei
sboundbyt
hebondoft
hepr
ecedi
ngmar
ri
age,shecannot
al
sor
emar
ryunl
ess6mont
hsel
apsedsi
ncet
hedi
ssol
uti
onoft
hepr
ecedi
ng
mar
ri
age.
Whydoy
out
hinki
sawomanobl
i
gedt
ost
aywi
thoutr
emar
ryi
ngupt
osi
x
mont
hsf
rom t
hedi
ssol
uti
onofherpr
evi
ousmar
ri
age?Thej
ust
if
icat
ionl
i
esi
n
pr
otect
ingt
her
ightofchi
l
drent
oknowt
hei
rpar
ent
swhi
chi
srecogni
zedunder
t
heFDREConst
it
uti
onandI
nter
nat
ionalTr
eat
iesr
ati
fi
edbyEt
hiopi
a.I
nor
dert
o
enf
orcesuchr
ight
,thef
ami
l
ylaw st
ri
vest
oav
oidanyki
ndofconf
li
ctt
hatmay
ar
iseont
hequest
ionofpat
erni
tyt
hati
scr
eat
edwhent
hewomeni
sal
l
owedt
o
r
emar
ryshor
tl
yaf
tert
heendofherpr
evi
ousmar
ri
age.Par
ti
cul
arl
yachi
l
dcoul
d
beat
tri
but
edt
otwof
ather
sifhei
sbor
ninl
esst
han300day
sasoft
hedat
eof
di
ssol
uti
onoft
hef
ir
stmar
ri
age(
Art
.126cum.128(
1))
.
Tomakei
tmor
ecl
ear
,ifawomanget
smar
ri
edaf
tert
womont
hasoft
he
di
ssol
uti
onofherpr
evi
ousmar
ri
ageandgav
ebi
rt
htoachi
l
datt
hesev
ent
h
mont
hoft
heconcl
usi
onofhersecondmar
ri
age,bot
htheex-
husbandandt
he
pr
esenthusbandar
epr
esumedt
obet
hef
atheroft
hechi
l
dundert
heey
esoft
he
l
aw.Thi
sisbecausesi
ncet
hechi
l
disbor he9th mont
natt hwhi
chi
swi
thi
n300
day
saf
tert
hedi
ssol
uti
onoft
hef
ir
stmar
ri
age,
theex-
husbandi
spr
esumedt
obe
t
hef
atherasperAr
t.128(
1).Besi
dessi
ncet
hechi
l
disbor
naf
t he7th mont
ert h
asoft
heconcl
usi
onoft
hesecondmar
ri
age,
thesecondhusbandi
spr
esumedt
o
bet
hef
atherast
hechi
l
disbor
ninwedl
ock(
Art126)
.
Toav
oidanypossi
bleconf
li
ctt
hatar
isesi
nascer
tai
ngpat
erni
ty,t
hewoman
shoul
dref
rai
nfr
om concl
udi
ngasecondmar
ri
ageunt
il180day
slaspedsi
nce
t
hedi
ssol
uti
onofherf
ormermar
ri
age.The180day
sper
iodofwi
dowhoodmay
somehowmi
nimi
zet
hepr
obl
em.Howev
er,
itdoesn’
ttot
all
yav
oidt
hepr
obl
em.I
n
ot
hercount
ri
es,
theper
iodofwi
dowhoodi
s300day
s.Thi
sper
iodofwi
dowhood
shoul
dhav
ebeeni
ncl
udedunderAr
t.16.Thepr
obl
em i
sthatev
eni
fthewoman
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 70
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
obser
vest
he180day
sandr
emar
ryaf
ter180day
ssi
ncet
hedi
ssol
uti
onoft
he
f
ir
stmar
ri
age,
conf
li
ctmayar
isei
fthechi
l
disbor
nwi
thi
n300dayasoft
hedat
e
ofdi
ssol
uti
onoft
hef
ir
stmar
ri
age.Thi
sisbecauseAr
t128(
1)pr
ovi
dest
hati
f
t
hechi
l
disbor
nwi
thi
n300day
saf
tert
hedi
ssol
uti
onoft
hepr
ecedi
ng mar
ri
age,
t
heex-
husbandshal
lbedeemedt
obet
hef
atheroft
hechi
l
d.So,
toav
oidconf
li
ct
ofpat
erni
ty,
theper
iodofwi
dowhoodshoul
dbet
enmont
hs.
Ar
t.16(
2)i
ndi
cat
esci
rcumst
anceswher
ebyobser
vanceofper
iodofwi
dow
hoodi
sunnecessar
y.Wher
ethewomangi
vesbi
rt
htoachi
l
daf
tert
hedi
ssol
uti
on
ofhermar
ri
age,
shei
snotobl
i
gedt
ocompl
ywi
thper
iodofwi
ndowhood.Thi
sis
because,
int
hiscase,
thef
atheroft
hechi
l
disdeemedherpr
evi
oushusbandand
henceconf
li
ctofpat
erni
tywi
l
lnotar
ise.I
naddi
ti
ont
othi
s,wher
ethewoman
r
emar
ri
esherf
ormerhusband,shecanr
emar
ryev
enwi
thoutobser
ving t
he
l
egal
l
yst
ipul
atedper
iodofwi
dowhoodbecauseconf
li
cti
nregul
ati
ngpat
erni
ty
wi
l
lnotar
iseast
hepr
esumedf
atherwi
l
lbet
hehusband.Wher
eiti
sal
sopr
oved
bymedi
calev
idencet
hatt
hewomani
snotpr
egnantf
rom t
hef
ir
stmar
ri
age,
she
canr
emar
rywi
thoutcompl
yi
ngper
iodofwi
dowhood.
Real
i
zing t
hat t
he exhaust
ive enumer
ati
on of r
easons t
hat war
rant
nonobser
vanceofper
iodofwi
ndowhoodi
sdi
ff
icul
t,t
hepowerofdi
spensi
ngt
he
womanf
rom obser
vingt
heper
iodofwi
dowhoodi
sgi
vent
othecour
t.What
addi
ti
onalr
easonsmi
ghtbeconsi
der
edbyt
hecour
ttodi
spenset
hewoman
f
rom obser
vingper
iodofwi
dowhood?Fori
nst
ance,i
fthewomani
sst
ri
leand
t
hisf
acti
sev
idencedbymedi
calev
idence.Besi
des,i
famenst
ruat
ionf
lowsf
or
t
hreeconsecut
ivemont
hsaf
tert
hedi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age,
thecour
tmayr
eli
eve
t
hewomanf
rom obser
vingper
iodofwi
dowhood.
2.
4Opposi
ti
ont
oMar
ri
age
I
nthepr
ecedi
ngsub-
sect
ion,wehav
eexhaust
ivel
ydi
scussedt
hosesubst
ant
ive
r
equi
rement
sofmar
ri
aget
hatshoul
dbef
ulf
il
ledbef
oreamar
ri
agei
scel
ebr
ated.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 71
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Whenmar
ri
agei
stobeconcl
udedi
nvi
olat
ionofoneoft
hesubst
ant
iveessent
ial
condi
ti
on ofmar
ri
age,opposi
ti
on may be made not
wit
hst
andi
ng t
hati
tis
possi
blet
oappl
yfordi
ssol
uti
onofsuchmar
ri
ageaf
teri
tsconcl
usi
on(
Art
.17)
.
Ther
efor
e,t
heobj
ect
iveoft
hedi
scussi
onoft
hissect
ioni
stot
akepr
event
iveor
pr
ecaut
ionar
ymeasur
eofadef
ect
ivemar
ri
agef
rom bei
ngconcl
uded.Needl
ess
t
osay
,iti
sbet
tert
opr
eventadef
ect
ivemar
ri
agef
rom bei
ngconcl
udedt
han
di
ssol
vi
ng t
he al
readyest
abl
i
shed mar
ri
age i
n al
lrespect
s we can pr
event
concl
usi
onofadef
ect
ivemar
ri
agebywayofopposi
ti
on.
Hav
ing ment
ioned t
he obj
ect
ive oft
his sect
ion,l
etus br
ief
ly anal
yse t
he
pr
ovi
si
onoft
hel
aw.Ar
t.18oft
heRFCenumer
atesper
sonsent
it
ledt
omake
opposi
ti
on.I
fthemar
ri
agei
stobeconcl
udedwi
thoutobser
vingt
hemi
nimum
mar
ri
ageabl
eagebyt
hef
utur
espouse(
s),opposi
ti
ont
otheconcl
usi
onof
mar
ri
agemaybemadeonl
ybyt
hepar
ent
soft
hemi
nor
,publ
i
cpr
osecut
ororany
ot
heri
nter
est
ed per
son.Gov
ernmentr
epr
esent
ed bypubl
i
c pr
osecut
ori
sa
concer
nedbodyt
omakeopposi
ti
onbecausechi
l
dmar
ri
agei
sagai
nstt
heFDRE
Const
it
uti
on,I
nter
nat
ionalconv
ent
ionsr
ati
fi
ed byEt
hiopi
aandot
heror
dinar
y
l
aws ofEt
hiopi
a.I
n addi
ti
on,“
any i
nter
est
ed per
son”i
s ent
it
led t
o make
opposi
ti
on.Her
ethet
erm“
anyi
nter
est
edper
son”doesn’
tandshoul
dn’
tincl
ude
anybypasser
.The ai
m oft
he l
aw i
stoi
ndi
cat
ethose non-
gov
ernment
al
or
gani
zat
ionst
hatwor
konchi
l
drenandwomenr
ight
s.
Wher
ethegr
ound ofopposi
ti
on i
srel
ati
onshi
p byconsangui
nit
yoraf
fi
nit
y,
opposi
ti
onbyv
irt
ueofAr
t18(
b)shal
lbemadebyt
heascendant
soft
hef
utur
e
spouse(
s),ort
heascendant
sofoneoft
hem,orbr
other
sorsi
ster
soft
hef
utur
e
spouse(
s),
whohav
eat
tai
nedt
heageofei
ght
eeny
ear
sort
hepubl
i
cpr
osecut
or.
I
ncaseofbi
gamy
,opposi
ti
onshal
lbemadebyt
heper
sonal
l
egi
ngt
ohav
ehada
pr
iormar
it
alr
elat
ionshi
pwi
tht
hebi
gamousspouseorbyt
hepubl
i
cpr
osecut
or.
Wher
eaj
udi
ci
ali
nter
dict
ed per
son i
sto concl
ude mar
ri
age wi
thoutt
he
per
missi
onoft
hecour
t,opposi
ti
onmaybemadebyhi
sguar
dian,
orbyt
hepubl
i
c
pr
osecut
or.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 72
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Whoi
sent
it
ledt
omakeopposi
ti
oni
fmar
ri
agei
stobeconcl
udedwi
thoutt
he
f
reeandf
ull
consentoft
hespouse(
s)orwi
thoutobser
vingper
iodofwi
dowhood?
Di
scuss!
Thenexti
ssuet
hatneedsconsi
der
ati
oni
sforwhom i
sopposi
ti
ont
obemade?I
f
mar
ri
agei
sconcl
udedi
nvi
olat
ionofoneoft
heessent
ialcondi
ti
onst
omar
ri
age,
i
ts di
ssol
uti
on may be r
equi
red by maki
ng an appl
i
cat
ion t
o a cour
t.But
opposi
ti
ont
omar
ri
agei
snott
obemadet
ocour
ts.Byv
irt
ueoft
heEngl
i
sh
v
ersi
onofAr
t19(
1)oft
heRFC“opposi
ti
ont
omar
ri
ageshal
lbe…submi
tt
edt
o
t
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atus…”TheAmhar
icv
ersi
onoft
hesamear
ti
cle,
ont
heot
her
hand,
prov
idest
hatopposi
ti
ont
omar
ri
ageshal
lbesubmi
tt
edt
o“KÒw eðí
T>¨
<
v
KeM×”
.”Obv
iousl
y,t
her
eisi
nconsi
stencybet
weent
heAmhar
icandEngl
i
sh
v
ersi
on.I
ntheev
entofi
nconsi
stency
,theof
fi
cial
(Amhar
ic)v
ersi
onshal
lpr
evai
l
.
Ont
hebasi
soft
heAmhar
icv
ersi
onofAr
t19(
1),
opposi
ti
ont
omar
ri
ageshal
lbe
submi
tt
ed t
othe mar
ri
age cel
ebr
ati
ng aut
hor
it
y.The mar
ri
age cel
ebr
ati
ng
aut
hor
it
yvar
iesf
rom onef
ormt
oanot
herf
orm ofmar
ri
age.I
fmar
ri
agei
stobe
concl
udedbef
oreanof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atus,opposi
ti
onshoul
dbemadet
othe
same.Whenmar
ri
agei
stobeconcl
udedi
naccor
dancewi
tht
her
eli
gionoft
he
f
utur
espouse(
s),opposi
ti
onshal
lbemadet
other
eli
gionsaut
hor
it
y.I
f,ont
he
ot
herhand,mar
ri
agei
stobecel
ebr
atedi
naccor
dancewi
thcust
om,opposi
ti
on
shal
lbemadet
oar
bit
rat
ors.
Asr
egar
dsf
orm andt
imeofopposi
ti
on,Ar
t19(
1)pr
ovi
dest
hatopposi
ti
ont
o
mar
ri
ageshal
lbemadei
nwr
it
ingandsubmi
tt
edt
ocel
ebr
ati
ngaut
hor
it
yatl
east
f
if
teenday
spr
iort
othedat
eofcel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
age.Awr
it
tenf
ormal
i
tyi
s
r
equi
redbecauseopposi
ti
onr
educedi
nwr
it
ingi
samor
edel
i
ber
ateact
ionand
hasmor
eev
ident
ial
val
uewhencompar
edt
otheor
alone.Concer
ningt
het
imeof
opposi
ti
on,i
tshal
lbemadeatl
east15day
sbef
oret
hedat
eofconcl
usi
onof
mar
ri
age.The15day
sti
meofopposi
ti
oncompr
omi
sest
woi
nter
est
s.Fr
om t
he
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 73
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
v
iew poi
ntoft
hef
utur
espouses,i
thel
pst
oav
oidunnecessar
yexpensest
hat
maybei
ncur
redt
ocel
ebr
atemar
ri
agei
ncaset
heopposi
ti
oni
ssust
ained.I
tis
cl
eart
hatwhent
hedat
eofopposi
ti
oni
snear
ert
othedat
eofconcussi
onof
mar
ri
age,t
hespousesandt
hei
rfami
l
iesmaycar
ryoutsomepr
epar
ator
yact
s
whi
chi
nvi
tet
heexpenseofal
argeamountofmoney
.Fr
om t
heper
spect
iveof
per
sonswhoar
eent
it
ledt
omakeopposi
ti
on,i
tgi
vesenought
imet
omakean
appl
i
cat
iont
her
ebypr
event
sadef
ect
ivemar
ri
agef
rom bei
ngconcl
uded.
Onceanopposi
ti
oni
smadei
ncompl
i
ancewi
tht
hef
oregoi
ngpr
ovi
sions,t
he
cel
ebr
ati
ngor
ganshal
ldeci
deont
heopposi
ti
onwi
thi
nfi
veday
s(Ar
t.20(
1))
.Of
cour
se,bef
orer
ender
ingadeci
siononopposi
ti
ont
heaut
hor
it
yshal
lrecei
vet
he
opi
nionoft
hef
utur
espouses.(
Art
.19(
2).Thedeci
sionoft
heof
fi
cert
ocel
ebr
ate
t
hemar
ri
ageshal
lbef
inal
.(Ar
t.20(
2).Wher
etheopposi
ti
oni
ssust
ained,
ont
he
ot
herhand,t
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atusshal
lref
uset
ocel
ebr
atet
hemar
ri
age(
Art
.
20(
3).I
nsuchcase,t
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atusshal
lgi
ver
easonsofhi
sref
usal
andi
nfor
m samef
ort
hwi
tht
othef
utur
espouses(
Art20(
4))
.Asi
ndi
cat
edunder
Ar
t.21,t
hef
utur
espousesoroneoft
hem maypet
it
iont
othecour
tagai
nst
r
efusalt
ocel
ebr
atemar
ri
age.Whent
hecour
tov
err
ulest
hedeci
sionoft
he
of
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atus,
suchof
fi
cershal
lcel
ebr
atet
hemar
ri
age.
PerAr
t.20 (
2),a deci
sion agai
nstopposi
ti
on t
o mar
ri
age i
sfi
nalwi
th no
possi
bil
i
tyofappeal
.On t
he ot
herhand,a deci
sion agai
nstcel
ebr
ati
on of
mar
ri
agei
sapel
l
abl
eto cour
ts.Whati
sther
ati
onal
ebehi
ndt
o makesuch
di
sti
nct
ion?Thedeci
si
onoft
heaut
hor
it
yagai
nstcel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
ageshoul
d
notbef
inalasi
taf
fect
sther
ightoff
utur
espousest
omar
ryandf
oundaf
ami
l
y.
Thi
sconst
it
uti
onalr
ightcannotbedepr
ivedofbyadmi
nist
rat
ivedeci
sionsand
henceappeali
spossi
ble.I
ncont
rast
,adeci
sionagai
nstopposi
ti
ondoesn’
thav
e
af
arr
eachi
ngconsequencewhencompar
edt
oadeci
sionagai
nstcel
ebr
ati
onof
mar
ri
age.Ev
en i
fthe opposi
ti
on i
ssust
ained a def
ect
ive mar
ri
age maybe
at
tackedanddi
ssol
vedaf
tert
heconcl
usi
onoft
hemar
ri
age.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 74
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
2.
5.Regi
str
ati
onofMar
ri
age
I
nsub-
sect
ion2.
3.1,wehav
eseent
hatmar
ri
agemaybeconcl
udedi
nei
therof
t
het
hreef
ormsofmar
ri
age.I
rr
espect
iveoft
hef
orm accor
dingt
owhi
cht
he
mar
ri
agei
scel
ebr
ated,howev
er,mar
ri
ageshal
lber
egi
ster
edbyacompet
ent
of
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atus(
Art
.28(
1).
Whydoy
out
hinki
sthepowerofr
egi
str
ati
onofmar
ri
agei
sgi
vent
oof
fi
cerof
ci
vi
lst
atus? Why nott
oforot
hermar
ri
age cel
ebr
ati
ng aut
hor
it
ies? Two
j
ust
if
icat
ions hav
e been gi
ven.Fi
rst
ly,or
gani
zat
ionaland ef
fi
ciency wi
se,
gov
ernmenti
nst
it
uti
onsar
einar
elat
ivel
ybet
terposi
ti
on;and,secondl
y,some
i
nter
nat
ionali
nst
rument
s,suchasAr
t.16(
2)ofConv
ent
ionAgai
nstEl
i
minat
ion
ofAl
lfor
msofDi
scr
imi
nat
ionAgai
nstWomen,maker
egi
str
ati
onofmar
ri
age
compul
sor
y.To di
schar
ge i
ts commi
tment
,gov
ernmentshoul
d undert
ake
r
egi
str
ati
onofmar
ri
aget
hroughi
tsi
nst
it
uti
ons.
Anot
herpoi
ntwor
thconsi
der
ati
oni
sthepur
poseofr
egi
str
ati
on.Regi
str
ati
onof
mar
ri
agei
snotav
ali
dit
yrequi
rementt
omar
ri
age.Regar
dlessoft
hef
actt
hat
mar
ri
agehasbeenr
egi
ster
edornot
,itshal
lhav
eef
fectf
rom t
hedat
eofi
ts
concl
usi
on (
Art
.28 (
3).Hence,t
hepur
poseofr
egi
str
ati
on i
sforev
idenci
al
pur
pose.Oncet
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atusr
egi
ster
smar
ri
age,i
tshal
lissuea
cer
ti
fi
cat
eofmar
ri
aget
othespouses.(
Art
.25(
2).Suchcer
ti
fi
cat
eofmar
ri
age
shal
lbepr
oducedt
opr
ovemar
ri
agewher
etheexi
stenceofacer
tai
nmar
ri
agei
s
chal
l
enged.
Toassur
etheest
abl
i
shi
ngmentoft
her
egi
ster
ingor
gan,t
heFeder
alRev
ised
Fami
l
yCode,
underAr
t.321,
compel
stheFeder
alGov
ernment
,wi
thi
nsi
xmont
hs
f
rom t
hecomi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
heCode,t
oissuer
egi
str
ati
onl
aw appl
i
cabl
eto
t
he Admi
nist
rat
ions wher
ethi
s code i
sto be enf
orced and est
abl
i
sh t
he
necessar
yinst
it
uti
ons.Unt
ilt
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atusi
sest
abl
i
shedwi
thi
nthe
t
imespeci
fi
edabov
e,i
thasbeenmadet
hatcer
ti
fi
cat
esofbi
rt
h,mar
ri
age,and
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 75
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
ot
herr
elev
antcer
ti
fi
cat
esi
ssuedort
obei
ssuedbyanappr
opr
iat
eaut
hor
it
yof
t
headmi
nist
rat
ionwher
ethi
scodei
sappl
i
cabl
eshal
lbedeemedt
ohav
ebeen
i
ssuedbyt
heof
fi
ceofci
vi
lst
atusandconsi
der
edv
ali
d(Ar
t.321(
2))
,despi
teAr
t
321(
1),
theof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atusi
snoty
etest
abl
i
shed.
Exer
cise
1.I
smar
ri
ageacont
ract
?Ifnot
,li
stsomeoft
hemaj
ordi
ff
erencesbet
ween
mar
ri
ageandot
heror
dinar
ycont
ract
s.
2.Ascanbeunder
stoodf
rom t
her
espect
ivef
ami
l
ycodes,bet
rot
hali
snot
i
ncl
udedundert
heRev
isedFeder
alFami
l
yCodebuti
sincor
por
atedi
n
ot
herr
egi
onal
fami
l
ycodes.Whatj
ust
if
icat
ionsar
egi
venbyt
her
espect
ive
l
egi
slat
orsoft
hef
eder
alandr
egi
onal
fami
l
ycodes?
3.Whati
sthe mai
n di
ff
erences bet
ween subst
ant
iver
equi
rement
s and
f
ormal
i
tyr
equi
rement
sofmar
ri
age?
4.Mar
ri
ageconcl
udedasar
esul
tofer
rori
nconsentorconsentwhi
chi
s
ext
ort
ed byv
iol
ence shal
lnotbe v
ali
d.Butwi
thr
egar
dto mar
ri
age
concl
udedasar
esul
toff
raud,
thel
awi
ssi
l
ent
.Whati
sthei
mpl
i
cat
ionof
t
hesi
l
enceoft
hel
aw?
5.Expl
aint
hedi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenopposi
ti
ont
otheconcl
usi
onofmar
ri
age
anddi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age?Forwhom i
sopposi
ti
ont
otheconcl
usi
onof
mar
ri
aget
obesubmi
tt
ed?
6.Enumer
ate per
sonsent
it
led t
o make opposi
ti
on t
othe concl
usi
on of
mar
ri
age.Wheni
sopposi
ti
ont
obemade?
7.As t
oregi
str
ati
on ofmar
ri
age,Ar
t.28 (
1)oft
he RFC pr
ovi
des t
hat
“
mar
ri
age shal
lbe r
egi
ster
ed bya componentof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atus
i
rr
espect
iveoft
hef
orm accor
dingt
owhi
cht
hemar
ri
agei
scel
ebr
ated.
”
Doesi
tmeant
hatmar
ri
ageconcl
udedi
naccor
dancewi
thr
eli
gionor
cust
om oft
hespousesshal
lhav
enol
egalef
fectunl
essr
egi
ster
edbyan
of
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atus?
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 76
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
CHAPTERTHREE
EFFECTSOFVI
OLATI
ONSOFESSENTI
ALCONDI
TIONSFORTHE
VALI
DITYOFMARRI
AGE
3.
1Gener
al
Dearst
udent
,Iwel
comey
out
othet
hir
dchapt
eroft
hismodul
e.I
nthesecond
chapt
er,wehav
est
udi
edsubst
ant
iveandf
ormal
i
tyr
equi
rement
sofmar
ri
age.I
n
t
hischapt
er,wewi
l
lst
udyt
heef
fect
sofv
iol
ati
onofsubst
ant
iveandpr
ocedur
al
r
equi
rement
sofmar
ri
age.I
ngener
al,
att
heendoft
hischapt
er,
thest
udent
swi
l
l
beabl
eto:
 Di
scusst
hedi
ff
erencesbet
weenv
oidandv
oidabl
emar
ri
ages;
 Di
sti
ngui
sh t
he di
ff
erences bet
ween absol
ute,r
elat
ive and pr
ohi
bit
ive
i
mpedi
ment
sto
mar
ri
ages;
 El
abor
ate whatsanct
ions wi
l
lbe i
mposed when each oft
he essent
ial
condi
ti
onsar
e
notf
ulf
il
led,
and
I
dent
it
ytheper
sonst
hatcanbr
ingt
hecasebef
oret
hecour
t.
Br
oadl
yspeaki
ngnon-
obser
vanceofessent
ialcondi
ti
ont
omar
ri
agemayent
ail
bot
hcr
imi
nalandci
vi
lli
abi
l
ity
.Wi
thr
egar
dtot
hecr
imi
nalsanct
ion,
iti
samat
ter
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 77
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
t
hati
sdeal
tundert
heFDREPenall
aw.Whatweshal
ldi
scussundert
hischapt
er
i
stheci
vi
ll
iabi
l
ityt
hatar
isesf
rom -noncompl
i
ancewi
tht
heessent
ialcondi
ti
ons
f
ort
hev
ali
dit
yofmar
ri
age.
Gener
all
y,a mar
ri
age concl
uded wi
th outf
ulf
il
li
ng one ormor
e essent
ial
condi
ti
onst
omar
ri
ageshal
lbeadef
ect
ivemar
ri
age.Def
ect
ivemar
ri
agei
sof
t
wot
ypest
hesear
evoi
dandav
oidabl
emar
ri
age.Toputi
ndi
ff
erentwor
ds,
v
iol
ati
onofessent
ialcondi
ti
onst
omar
ri
agemayr
esul
tinei
therv
oidorv
oidabl
e
mar
ri
age.Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenv
oidandv
oidabl
emar
ri
age?
3.
1.1.Voi
dMar
ri
age
Voi
d mar
ri
age i
s a mar
ri
age,whi
ch has no anyl
egalef
fectf
rom t
he v
ery
i
ncept
ion.Suchmar
ri
agei
sal
soknownasv
oidabi
nit
io.Thi
ski
ndofmar
ri
agei
sa
mar
ri
aget
hati
sdeemedasnev
ert
o hav
etakenpl
ace.I
tisanon-
exi
stent
mar
ri
ageoradeadmar
ri
ageassoonasi
tismade.Thenat
uralconsequenceof
v
oidmar
ri
agei
snoef
fecti
ntheey
esoft
hel
aw.I
ntheEt
hiopi
anf
ami
l
y.l
aw,
t
her
eisnoconceptofv
oidmar
ri
age.Ther
efor
e,i
tisi
mpossi
blet
ogi
veexampl
e
ofadef
ectt
hatr
esul
tsi
nvoi
dmar
ri
agei
nEt
hiopi
a.How ev
er,i
nsomeot
her
count
ri
es,t
her
eis a conceptofv
oid mar
ri
age.I
nthese j
uri
sdi
cti
ons,v
oid
mar
ri
agemayar
isef
rom i
ncest
uousmar
ri
age,non-obser
vanceofmi
nimum
mar
ri
ageabl
eage,bi
gamyandl
ackofr
equi
sit
ement
alcapaci
tyt
oconcl
ude
mar
ri
age.
I
nFr
ance,
fori
nst
ance,
ifabr
otherandsi
sterconcl
udemar
ri
age,
thei
rmar
ri
agei
s
v
oidf
rom t
het
imeofi
tsconcl
usi
on.Thi
smeans,t
hemar
ri
agei
snotdeemedt
o
hav
eexi
stedatal
l
.Ther
efor
e,t
hemanandt
hewomanwi
l
lnothav
eacommuni
ty
ofpr
oper
ty.I
fchi
l
dren bor
n ofsuch v
oid mar
ri
age,t
heyar
econsi
der
ed as
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 78
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ps:
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oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
i
l
legi
ti
mat
echi
l
dren(
bor
noutsi
deofwedl
ock)
.Itcannotal
socr
eat
eaf
fi
nal
r
elat
ionshi
p.
Voi
dmar
ri
agei
sabsol
utei
nthati
tcanbeat
taekedbyal
laf
fect
edandany
i
nter
est
edper
son.Onceat
tached,i
twi
l
lbecomei
nval
i
dfort
hepastandf
ort
he
f
utur
e.Voi
d mar
ri
ages donotr
equi
re speci
alf
ormal
i
tyt
o come t
o an end.
Nev
ert
hel
ess,a decl
arat
oryj
udgmenti
srequi
red t
othe ef
fectt
hata v
oid
mar
ri
ager
eal
l
yisv
oid.
Ashasbeensl
i
ght
lyt
ouchedupon,al
lfami
l
ylawsofEt
hiopi
aopt
edf
ornott
o
i
ncl
udet
heconceptofv
oidmar
ri
age.Becausei
facer
tai
nmar
ri
agei
srender
ed
v
oidabi
nit
io,
theef
fecti
sthatnocommonpr
oper
tyandi
l
legi
ti
mat
ingofchi
l
dren.
Butt
hisef
fecti
shi
ghl
ypr
ejudi
cialt
othechi
l
drenwhoar
ebor
noutoft
hisv
oid
mar
ri
age.I
ngener
al,
voi
dmar
ri
agewi
l
lresul
tinchaosi
nthesoci
ety
.
3.
1.2.AVoi
dabl
eMar
ri
age
Av
oidabl
emar
ri
agei
sal
soadef
ect
ivemar
ri
age.Voi
dabl
emar
ri
agehast
he
f
oll
owi
ngf
eat
ures.
- Av
oidabl
emar
ri
agei
samar
ri
agewhi
chi
sdepr
ivedofef
fectf
ort
hef
utur
e
butwhi
chhol
dsgoodf
ort
hepast
.
- I
tisamar
ri
agesuscept
ibl
etoi
nval
i
dat
ionwhenat
tackedandi
tremai
ns
v
ali
dunt
ili
twoul
dbeat
tackedf
ordef
ectanddi
ssol
vedbycour
tor
der
.
- Or
derofi
nval
i
dat
ioni
srequest
edonl
ybyspeci
fi
edper
sons.
Voi
dabl
emar
ri
age,i
not
herj
uri
sdi
cti
ons,i
sther
esul
tofl
essser
iousdef
ect
sin
mar
ri
age.Fori
nst
ance,mar
ri
ageconcl
udedwi
thoutpar
ent
alconsent
,mar
ri
age
concl
udedwi
th outf
ormalr
equi
rement
sandmar
ri
ageconcl
udedasar
esul
tof
f
raud.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 79
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
TheEt
hiopi
anf
ami
l
ylaws,bei
ttheCi
vi
lCodeort
henewl
yenact
edFeder
aland
Regi
onalf
ami
l
ycodes,adopt
edonl
yvoi
dabl
emar
ri
age.Becauseamar
ri
age
concl
uded wi
thoutt
he obser
vance ofone ormor
e essent
ialcondi
ti
ons t
o
mar
ri
age(
def
ect
ivemar
ri
age)shal
lbei
nval
i
dat
edbyacour
tofl
awi
fandonl
yif
an appl
i
cat
ion i
s made byan aut
hor
ized per
son t
oitf
ori
nval
i
dat
ion.The
def
ect
ivemar
ri
ageshal
lpr
oduceal
llegalef
fect
sofanor
malmar
ri
ageunl
ess
andunt
ili
tisi
nval
i
dat
edbyacour
tofl
aw.Forexampl
e,accor
dingt
oourf
ami
l
y
l
aws,ev
eni
fabr
otherandsi
stermar
ryeachot
her
,thei
rmar
ri
agei
sef
fect
ive
unt
ilandunl
essi
tisi
nval
i
dat
edbyt
hecour
t.Byt
hesamet
oken,i
faman
concl
udes a second mar
ri
age wi
thoutdi
ssol
vi
ng t
he pr
evi
ous mar
ri
age t
he
secondmar
ri
agepr
oducedal
llegalef
fect
sofanor
malmar
ri
age.Ther
efor
e,a
bi
gamous mar
ri
age,ev
en t
hough i
tis pr
ohi
bit
ed,i
sregar
ded as ef
fect
ive
mar
ri
ageasl
ongasi
tisnoti
nval
i
dat
edbyacour
t.I
nvi
ewoft
his,t
her
ewi
l
lbe
communi
tyofpr
oper
tybet
weent
hebi
gamousspousesandt
hechi
l
drenbor
nof
suchr
elat
ionar
eal
sol
egi
ti
mat
e.
Hav
ingsai
dthesegener
alpoi
nts,
now,
letuspr
oceedt
odeepl
yanal
yseef
fectof
v
iol
ati
onofessent
ial
condi
ti
onst
omar
ri
agei
ntheEt
hiopi
ancont
ext
.
3.
2.Ef
fect
s ofVi
olat
ions ofMar
ri
age Requi
rement
s undert
he
Feder
al
Rev
isedFami
lyCode
3.
2.1Ef
fect
sofVi
olat
ionsofSubst
ant
iveRequi
rement
sofMar
ri
age
Taki
ngi
ntoconsi
der
ati
ont
heef
fectoft
hei
rvi
olat
ion,subst
ant
iver
equi
rement
s
ofmar
ri
ageori
mpedi
ment
stomar
ri
agecoul
dbedi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreegr
oups.
Thesear
e:
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 80
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ps:
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oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
 Absol
utei
mpedi
ment
stomar
ri
age
 Rel
ati
vei
mpedi
ment
stomar
ri
ageand
 Pr
ohi
bit
ivei
mpedi
ment
stomar
ri
age
3.
2.1.
1.Absol
uteI
mpedi
ment
stoMar
ri
age
Thev
iol
ati
onofi
mpedi
ment
stomar
ri
ageundert
hissub-
sect
ionmakest
he
mar
ri
agev
oidabl
e.Thati
s,t
hesear
eimpedi
ment
sthatshal
lal
way
sbet
her
e.
Nei
thert
hepassageoft
imenorchangeofci
rcumst
ancesr
emedi
est
hedef
ect
.
Themar
ri
agewi
l
lal
way
sremai
ndef
ect
ivei
fiti
saf
fect
edbysuchi
mpedi
ment
s
andi
tisal
way
spossi
blet
oinv
ali
dat
ethemar
ri
age.Toputi
nshor
t,t
hedef
ect
s
t
hatar
isesf
rom t
hev
iol
ati
onofsuchi
mpedi
mentcannotber
emov
ed.
Undert
heFeder
alFami
l
yCode,ani
mpedi
mentt
hatf
all
sundert
hisheadi
ngi
sa
r
elat
ionshi
pei
therbyconsangui
nit
yoraf
fi
nit
y.St
udyAr
t.32oft
heRev
ised
Fami
l
yCode.
Ar
t.32–Consangui
nit
yorAf
fi
nit
y
Thedi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
ageconcl
udedi
nvi
olat
ionofi
mpedi
ment
s
ar
isi
ngoutofconsangui
nit
yoraf
fi
nit
yshal
lbeor
der
edont
he
appl
i
cat
ionofanyi
nter
est
edper
sonort
hepubl
i
cpr
osecut
or.
I
nchapt
ert
wowenot
edt
hataper
sonmaynotconcl
udemar
ri
agewi
thanot
her
per
sont
owhom he/
shei
srel
atedbyconsangui
nit
yoraf
fi
nit
y.Weal
soi
dent
if
ied
t
heper
sonst
hatar
erel
atedt
oeachot
herbyconsangui
nit
yandaf
fi
nit
y.I
fa
mar
ri
age i
sfound outt
o be concl
uded bet
ween consangui
naland af
fi
nal
r
elat
ives,di
ssol
uti
onshal
lbeor
der
edatanyt
imeont
heappl
i
cat
ionofany
i
nter
est
edper
sonort
hepubl
i
cpr
osecut
or.Ev
eni
fper
sonswhoar
erel
atedby
consangui
nit
yandaf
fi
nit
ymar
ryeachot
her
,thei
rrel
ati
onshal
lsubsi
stf
orev
er.
Forexampl
e,i
fabr
otherandasi
stergetmar
ri
edt
heywi
l
lbesi
bli
ngsf
orev
er,
ev
eni
ftheymar
ri
edeachot
her
.Thati
s,t
hei
rdef
ect
ivemar
ri
agei
sal
way
s
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 81
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
suscept
ibl
etoi
nval
i
dat
ion.
3.
2.1.
2.Rel
ati
veI
mpedi
ment
stoMar
ri
age
Li
keabsol
utei
mpedi
ment
s,r
elat
ivei
mpedi
ment
sar
eessent
ialcondi
ti
onst
hat
pr
ohi
bitcel
ebr
ati
onwi
thoutt
hef
ulf
il
lmentoft
hesame.Mar
ri
ageconcl
udedi
n
v
iol
ati
onoft
hesei
mpedi
ment
smaybei
nval
i
dat
ed.Howev
er,r
emov
aloft
he
i
mpedi
mentorpassageoft
imemaybr
ingaboutv
ali
dit
y.So,anappl
i
cat
ionf
or
i
nval
i
dat
ioncannotbebr
oughtaf
teraper
iodoft
imef
ixedbyt
hel
awl
apsedor
ci
rcumst
ancesar
echanged.
Undert
hiscat
egor
y,wehav
e:
- Mar
ri
ageconcl
udedwi
thoutt
heobser
vanceofmi
nimum mar
ri
ageabl
e
age;
- Bi
gamousmar
ri
age;
- Mar
ri
age concl
uded by a j
udi
cial
l
yint
erdi
cted per
son wi
thout t
he
aut
hor
izat
ionoft
hecour
t.
- Mar
ri
ageconcl
udedundert
hei
nfl
uenceofv
iol
ence;
and
- Mar
ri
ageconcl
udedduet
ofundament
aler
ror
Aswehav
edi
scussedi
nchapt
ert
wo,noper
soni
sal
l
owedt
omar
rybef
ore
he/
sheat
tai
nst
heageof18y
ear
s.Whatdoy
out
hinki
stheef
fecti
famanora
womanmar
ri
esatt
heageof15or16y
ear
s,set
ti
ngasi
det
heexcept
ion?Ar
t.31
pr
escr
ibest
hef
oll
owi
ngsanct
ion.
Ar
t.31–Age
1)Wi
thoutpr
ejudi
ce t
o sub-
Art
icl
e(2)ofAr
t7 oft
his Code,mar
ri
age
concl
udedbyamanorawomanundert
heageofei
ght
eeny
ear
sshal
l
di
ssol
ve on t
he appl
i
cat
ion ofany i
nter
est
ed per
son ort
he publ
i
c
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 82
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
pr
osecut
or.
2)I
tmaynol
ongerbeappl
i
edf
oraf
tert
heager
equi
redbyl
awf
ormar
ri
age
i
ssat
isf
ied.
Accor
dingt
osub-
art
icl
e(1)ofAr
t.31,
mar
ri
ageconcl
udedbet
weenamananda
womanundert
heageof18y
ear
sshal
lbedi
ssol
ved.Anappl
i
cat
iont
othecour
t
t
othatef
fectmaybemadebyi
nter
est
edper
sonort
hepubl
i
cpr
osecut
or.The
phr
ase“
anyi
nter
est
edper
son”coul
dbei
nter
pret
edt
oincl
udeanyci
ti
zenwhoi
s
concer
nedaboutt
hewel
l
-bei
ngoft
hesoci
etyandr
espectofl
aw.
Al
thoughamar
ri
agei
sconcl
udedbet
weenamanandawomanwi
thoutat
tai
ning
18y
ear
sofage,anappl
i
cat
ionmaynol
ongerbeappl
i
edf
oraf
tert
heage
r
equi
redbyl
aw f
ormar
ri
agei
ssat
isf
ied.Forexampl
e,i
fagi
rlof17y
ear
sol
d
concl
udesmar
ri
age,
hermar
ri
agei
sadef
ect
iveone.Butappl
i
cat
iont
oinv
ali
dat
e
hermar
ri
agei
spossi
bleunt
ilsheat
tai
nsaf
ull
ageof18y
ear
s.Af
tert
hen,
thel
aw
doesn’
tal
l
owanyappl
i
cat
ionf
ori
nval
i
dat
ion.
Thesecondi
mpedi
mentt
omar
ri
aget
hatf
all
sunderr
elat
ivei
mpedi
ment
sis
bi
gamy
.TheFeder
alRev
isedFami
l
yCodei
sbasedont
heconceptofmonogamy
,
t
hati
s,a oneman-onewoman t
ypeofmar
ri
age.Hencea per
son cannot
concl
udeanot
hermar
ri
agewhi
l
e boundbyt
hebondoft
hepr
ecedi
ngmar
ri
age.
Whati
stheef
fecti
fabi
gamousmar
ri
agei
sconcl
udedi
nvi
olat
ionofAr
t.11of
t
heRFC?St
udyt
hef
oll
owi
ngAr
ti
clef
rom t
heRev
isedFami
l
yCode.
Ar
t.33–Bi
gamy
1)The di
ssol
uti
on ofa bi
gamous mar
ri
age shal
lbe or
der
ed on t
he
appl
i
cat
ionofei
theroft
hespousesoft
hebi
gamousmar
ri
ageort
he
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 83
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
publ
i
cpr
osecut
or.
2)Thedi
ssol
uti
onment
ionedi
nsub-
Art
icl
e(1)oft
hisar
ti
clemaynol
onger
beappl
i
edf
orwher
ethef
ormerspouseoft
hebi
gamousmar
ri
agehas
di
ed.
Ascanbeunder
stoodf
rom Ar
t.53(
1),i
fabi
gamousmar
ri
agei
sfoundoutbe
concl
uded,
itshal
lbedi
ssol
vedbyt
heor
deroft
hecour
t.Howev
er,
itsdi
ssol
uti
on
cannotbeor
der
edunl
ess:one,anappl
i
cat
ioni
smadebyei
theroft
her
elat
ives
oft
hebi
gamousspouse,t
hebi
gamousspouseort
hepubl
i
cpr
osecut
or;t
wo,an
act
ionofdi
ssol
uti
oni
sbr
oughtbef
oret
hedeat
hoft
hef
ormerspouseoft
he
bi
gamousmar
ri
age.Her
ewehav
etonot
ethatonl
ysomei
ndi
vi
dual
sar
eent
it
led
t
oappl
yfordi
ssol
uti
on.Si
ncebi
gamyi
sal
l
owedi
ncer
tai
ncul
tur
esandr
eli
gions,
a need ar
ises t
o excl
ude t
he di
ssol
uti
on ofa bi
gamous mar
ri
age on t
he
appl
i
cat
ionsofper
sonswhodonotbel
ongt
othatr
eli
gionorcul
tur
e.Thati
swhy
t
hel
awl
i
mit
sthei
dent
it
yofi
ndi
vi
dual
sent
it
ledt
oappl
yfordi
ssol
uti
on.
Anot
herpoi
ntt
hatmustbebor
nei
nmi
ndi
sthatanappl
i
cat
ionf
ordi
ssol
uti
onof
t
hebi
gamousmar
ri
agemaynotbeor
der
edwher
ethef
ormerspouseoft
he
bi
gamousmar
ri
agehasdi
ed.Thei
deaher
eist
hati
fthef
ir
stmar
ri
agehasbeen
di
ssol
vedbecauseoft
hedeat
hoft
hef
ormerspouseoft
hebi
gamousmar
ri
age,
t
hesecondmar
ri
aget
urnsoutt
obemonogamousandhence,
thecour
tmaynot
or
derdi
ssol
uti
ont
her
eaf
ter
.
Att
hisj
unct
ure,
iti
soff
undament
ali
mpor
tancet
oposet
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ions.
I
sthedi
ssol
uti
onoft
hef
ormermar
ri
ageduet
odi
vor
cecausest
hev
ali
dit
yoft
he
second(
“bi
gamous”
)mar
ri
age?Whati
fthef
ir
stmar
ri
agei
sdi
ssol
vedbecauseof
decl
arat
ionofabsenceoft
hef
ir
stspouseoft
hebi
gamousspouseornon-
obser
vanceofessent
ialcondi
ti
onst
omar
ri
age?Doy
out
hinkt
hatappl
i
cat
ionf
or
di
ssol
uti
onoft
hebi
gamousmar
ri
agei
spr
ohi
bit
edi
ntheseci
rcumst
ances?Why
/
whynot
?
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 84
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Thet
hir
dimpedi
mentt
omar
ri
aget
hatf
all
sunderr
elat
ivei
mpedi
ment
sisa
mar
ri
ageconcl
udedbyaj
udi
cial
l
yint
erdi
ctedper
son.I
nchapt
ert
wo,wehav
e
di
scussedt
hataj
udi
ci
all
yint
erdi
ctedper
soncannotconcl
udemar
ri
ageunl
ess
hei
saut
hor
izedt
odosobyacour
tofl
aw.Whatdoy
out
hinkwi
l
lbet
he
consequencei
fsuchper
sonconcl
udemar
ri
agewi
thoutt
hepr
iorper
missi
onof
t
hecour
t?Ex
ami
net
hef
oll
owi
ngar
ti
clef
rom t
heRev
isedFami
l
yCode.
Ar
t.34–Di
ssol
uti
onofMar
ri
ageofaJudi
cial
lyI
nter
dict
edPer
son
1)Wher
eaj
udi
ci
all
yint
erdi
ctedper
sonhascont
ract
edmar
ri
agewi
thout
pr
ioraut
hor
izat
ionoft
hecour
t,t
hedi
ssol
uti
onofsuchmar
ri
agemaybe
r
equest
edf
rom t
hecour
tbyt
hej
udi
cial
l
yint
erdi
ctedper
sonhi
msel
forby
hi
sguar
dian.
2)Thej
udi
ci
all
yint
erdi
ctedper
sonmaynol
ongermakeanappl
i
cat
ionf
or
di
ssol
uti
onsi
xmont
hsaf
tert
hedat
eoft
ermi
nat
ionofhi
sdi
sabi
l
ity
.
3)Anappl
i
cat
ionf
ordi
ssol
uti
onbyt
heguar
dianmaynol
ongerbemadesi
x
mont
hsaf
tert
hedayonwhi
cht
heguar
diancamet
oknowt
heexi
stence
oft
hemar
ri
ageori
nanycase,
aft
ert
hedi
sabi
l
ityoft
hei
nter
dict
edper
son
hasceased.
Hence,a mar
ri
age concl
uded bya j
udi
cial
l
yint
erdi
cted per
son wi
thoutt
he
per
missi
onoft
hecour
tmaybedi
ssol
vedont
heappl
i
cat
ionoft
hesameorhi
s
guar
dian.Nev
ert
hel
esst
hel
aw st
ipul
atesasor
tofper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
onwi
thi
n
whi
chanact
ionofi
nval
i
dat
ionmustbebr
ought
.Ift
heact
ionofdi
ssol
uti
oni
s
br
oughtbyt
hei
nter
dict
edper
sonhi
msel
fitmaynotbeaccept
edsi
xmont
hs
af
tert
hedat
eoft
ermi
nat
ionofhi
sdi
sabi
l
ity
.Oncehi
sdi
sabi
l
ityi
ster
minat
ed,
his
mar
ri
agewi
l
ltur
noutt
obeanon-
def
ect
iveone.Howev
er,
thei
nter
dict
edper
son
i
s gi
ven si
x mont
hs af
tert
he t
ermi
nat
ion ofhi
s di
sabi
l
ityt
orequestt
he
di
ssol
uti
onofhi
smar
ri
age.Ther
easoni
sthatasl
ongashei
sindi
sabi
l
ity
,hei
s
notent
it
ledt
oappl
yfordi
ssol
uti
on.I
ftheact
ionofdi
ssol
uti
oni
sbr
oughtbyhi
s
guar
dian,ont
heot
herhand,i
twi
l
lnotbeent
ert
ainedaf
tert
hedat
eoft
he
t
ermi
nat
ionoft
hedi
sabi
l
ityoft
hei
nter
dict
edper
son.Thi
sisbecauseaf
tert
he
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 85
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
t
ermi
nat
ionofhi
sdi
sabi
l
ity
,thei
nter
dict
edper
soncanr
equi
ref
ordi
ssol
uti
on.
Dearst
udentbef
orecl
osi
ngourdi
scussi
onper
tai
ningt
ojudi
cial
l
yint
erdi
cted
per
son,
itsuf
fi
cest
orai
seonepoi
nt.Thati
sunl
i
kej
udi
cial
l
yint
erdi
ctedper
son,
a
l
egal
l
yint
erdi
ctedper
sonhascapaci
tywi
thr
egar
dtoconcl
usi
onofmar
ri
age(
Art
.
386(
1)oft
heCi
vi
lCode)
.So,
themar
ri
ageconcl
udedbyhi
m shal
lbev
ali
dev
eni
f
i
tisdonewi
thoutt
heaut
hor
izat
ionoft
hecour
t.
Thef
our
thi
mpedi
mentt
hatcoul
dbecat
egor
izedunderr
elat
ivei
mpedi
ment
sis
consent
.Ift
heconsenti
sgi
venei
therundert
hei
nfl
uenceofv
iol
enceorduet
o
f
undament
aler
ror
,themar
ri
ageshal
lbedef
ect
ive.Letusseet
hef
ateofsuch
def
ect
ivemar
ri
agef
rom t
her
eadi
ngofAr
t.35andAr
t.36oft
heRev
isedFami
l
y
Code.
Ar
t.35–ActofVi
olence
1)Whosoev
erhasconcl
udedmar
ri
ageundert
hei
nfl
uenceofv
iol
encemay
appl
ytot
hecour
ttoor
dert
hedi
ssol
uti
ont
her
eof
.
2)Suchanappl
i
cat
ionmaynotbemadesi
xmont
hsaf
tert
hecessat
ionof
suchv
iol
enceand,i
nanycase,t
woy
ear
saf
tert
heconcl
usi
onoft
he
mar
ri
age.
Ar
t.36–Er
ror
1)Whosoev
erhasconcl
udedmar
ri
ageduet
ofundament
aler
rormayappl
y
t
othecour
ttoor
dert
hedi
ssol
uti
ont
her
eof
.
2)Suchanappl
i
cat
ionmaynotbemadesi
xmont
hsaf
tert
hedi
scov
eryof
sucher
ror
,andi
nanycase,
twoy
ear
saf
tert
heconcl
usi
onoft
hemar
ri
age.
Aswecanseef
rom t
hecl
oser
eadi
ngofAr
ts.35(
1)and36(
1),mar
ri
age
concl
udedunderv
iol
enceorduet
ofundament
aler
rorcoul
dbei
nval
i
dat
edbyt
he
appl
i
cat
ionmadet
othecour
tbyt
hev
ict
im ofsuchact
s.Howev
ert
hisper
son
cannotbr
inganact
iont
oinv
ali
dat
ethemar
ri
agei
fsi
xmont
hshav
eel
apsed
si
ncet
hecessat
ionoft
hev
iol
enceort
hedi
scov
eryoft
heer
rorast
hecasemay
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 86
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
be.Mor
eov
er,af
tert
woy
ear
sfr
om t
heconcl
usi
onofmar
ri
age,noappl
i
cat
ion
coul
dbemadet
oinv
ali
dat
ethemar
ri
age.Thet
woy
ear
sper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
oni
s
setbecausewi
thi
nthet
woy
ear
sper
iod,ci
rcumst
anceswhi
chst
rengt
hent
he
sust
ainabi
l
ityoft
heuni
onl
i
kebi
rt
hofachi
l
dcoul
dpossi
blyoccur
.
Toputi
nanut
shel
l
,thev
ict
im ofanactofv
iol
enceorer
rori
snomor
eal
l
owedt
o
appl
yfordi
ssol
uti
onoft
hemar
ri
ageont
hegr
oundofv
iol
enceorf
undament
al
er
roraf
tert
hel
apseoft
het
imest
ipul
atedunderAr
t.35and36.Butt
hisdoesn’
t
t
otal
l
ybart
hei
ndi
vi
dualt
orequestdi
ssol
uti
onont
hebasi
sofot
hergr
ounds.For
i
nst
ance,
he/
shemayav
ail
her
/hi
m sel
fofdi
vor
cepr
ovi
sions.
3.
2.1.
3.Pr
ohi
bit
iveI
mpedi
ment
s
Thesear
eimpedi
ment
stot
heconcl
usi
onofmar
ri
age.Butoncet
hemar
ri
agei
s
concl
udedi
nvi
olat
ionoft
hesei
mpedi
ment
s,di
ssol
uti
onshal
lnotbeor
der
edby
t
he cour
t.The onl
yimpedi
mentt
hatf
all
s undert
his cat
egor
yis per
iod of
wi
dowhood.
Asy
oumayr
ecal
lfr
om chapt
eroneoft
hismodul
e,awi
dow i
srequi
rednott
o
r
emar
rybef
oret
heexpi
ryofsi
xmont
hsf
rom t
hedi
ssol
uti
onoft
hepr
evi
ous
mar
ri
age.SeeAr
t.16(
1).Whatdoy
out
hinki
stheconsequenceoft
hef
ail
uret
o
meett
hiscondi
ti
on?
Ar
t.37–Per
iodofwi
dowhood
Thedi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
agemaynotbeor
der
edf
ort
hesol
ereason
t
hatt
heper
iodofwi
dowhoodspeci
fi
edundersub-
art
icl
e(1)of
ar
ti
cle16hasnotbeenobser
ved.
Ascanbeunder
stoodf
rom Ar
t.37,
eveni
fthel
awr
equi
rest
hatawomanshoul
d
st
ayf
orsi
xmont
hswi
thoutr
emar
ryi
ngaf
tert
hedi
ssol
uti
onofherpr
iormar
ri
age,
t
henonobser
vanceoft
hisr
equi
rementshal
lnotent
ailt
hei
nval
i
dat
ionofher
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 87
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
newmar
ri
age.Aswehav
eseeni
nchapt
ert
wo,t
heai
m ofobser
vanceofper
iod
ofwi
dowhood i
sto av
oid conf
li
cti
n ascer
tai
ning pat
erni
ty.Onceawoman
concl
udest
hesecondmar
ri
agewi
thoutst
ayi
ng180day
saf
tert
hedi
ssol
uti
onof
herf
ir
stmar
ri
age,we can notav
oidt
he conf
li
cti
nregul
ati
ng pat
erni
tyby
di
ssol
vi
ngt
hesecondmar
ri
age.Hence,t
hel
aw opt
edt
hesust
ainabi
l
ityoft
he
secondmar
ri
agedespi
tet
hev
iol
ati
onoft
hel
aw.
3.
2.2.Ef
fect
sofVi
olat
ionsofFor
mal
it
yRequi
rement
sofMar
ri
age
I
nthepr
evi
oussub–sect
ion,wehav
eel
abor
atel
yst
udi
edef
fect
sofv
iol
ati
onof
subst
ant
iver
equi
rement
sofmar
ri
age.I
nthi
ssub-
sect
ionweshal
lbr
ief
lyst
udy
ef
fectofnon–obser
vanceoff
ormal
i
tyr
equi
rement
sofmar
ri
age.
I
nchapt
ert
wo,i
tissai
dthatmar
ri
ageshal
lbeconcl
udedbef
oreanaut
hor
ized
of
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atus.Howev
er,t
hei
nval
i
dat
ionofmar
ri
ageshal
lnotbeor
der
ed
f
ort
hesol
ereasont
hatt
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atuswhocel
ebr
atedt
hemar
ri
agei
s
notcompet
entandasar
esul
tfai
l
edt
odowhatheoughtt
odo.
Ar
t.38–I
ncompet
enceofOf
fi
cerofCi
vi
lSt
atus
Thedi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
agemaynotbeor
der
edsol
ely
ont
hegr
oundofi
ncompet
enceoft
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
l
st
atuswhocel
ebr
atedt
hemar
ri
age.
I
nsi
mil
armanner
,thei
nval
i
dat
ionofmar
ri
ageshal
lnotbeor
der
edbyt
hecour
t
ont
hegr
oundofnon-
obser
vanceofsomef
ormal
i
tiesspeci
fi
edbyt
hel
aw.
Ar
t.39–Non–Obser
vanceofFor
mal
it
ies
Thedi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
agemaynotbeor
der
edon
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 88
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ps:
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oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
t
hesol
egr
oundt
hatt
hef
ormal
i
tiesofcel
ebr
ati
on
speci
fi
edundersub-
art
icl
es(
3)and(
6)ofAr
t.25hav
enotbeenobser
ved.
Doesi
tmeant
hatt
hedi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
ageshal
lbeor
der
edi
fthef
ormal
i
ties
underSubar
ti
cl
es(
1),(
2),(
4)and(
5)ofAr
ti
cle25ar
enotcompl
i
edwi
th?
Why
/whynot
?
Exer
cises
1.Onest
udentt
oldt
ohi
sfr
iendt
hef
oll
owi
ng.
“
Thev
iol
ati
onsofal
lessent
ial
condi
ti
onst
omar
ri
ageent
ail
thedi
ssol
uti
on
ofmar
ri
age.
”
St
atet
hev
ali
dit
yorot
herwi
seoft
heasser
ti
oni
nthel
i
ghtofr
elev
ant
pr
ovi
sionsoft
heFeder
alRev
isedFami
l
yCode.
2. At
oAl
ebachewandW/
oMahl
etconcl
udedt
hei
rmar
ri
agei
n1990.
Theyl
i
vedf
orsi
xyear
stoget
herhappi
l
y.ButAt
oAl
ebachewal
somar
ri
ed
W/
oTi
gisti
n1996.Thoughheconcl
udedasecondmar
ri
age,Al
ebachew
di
d notdi
ssol
ve hi
sfor
mermar
ri
age.Shor
tl
yaf
terconcl
usi
on ofhi
s
secondmar
ri
age,
AtoAl
ebachewdi
edofaf
atal
caracci
dent
.Fol
l
owi
nghi
s
deat
h,bot
hW/
oMahl
etandW/
oTi
gistappearbef
oret
hecour
tcl
aimi
ng
t
hateachoft
hem i
sthewi
feoft
hedeceased.Whatwoul
dbey
ourr
uli
ng
assumi
ng t
hatt
he case i
sbr
oughtt
othe cour
tto whi
ch y
ou ar
ea
pr
esi
dingj
udge?
3.Assume t
hatAy
alneh and Bel
aynesh gotmar
ri
ed i
n 1993.Howev
er,
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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ps:
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Ay
alnehconcl
udedanot
hermar
ri
agewi
thChal
tui
n1995.Heconcl
uded
t
hesecondmar
ri
agewi
thoutdi
ssol
vi
nghi
smar
ri
agewi
thBel
aynesh.
3.
1Whi
choft
het
womar
ri
ages,
woul
dyout
hink,
isbi
gamous?
3.
2Li
stt
heper
sont
hatcanappl
ytot
hecour
tfori
nval
i
dat
ionoft
he
bi
gamous
mar
ri
age.Whi
choft
hemar
ri
ageswoul
dthecour
tdi
ssol
ve?
3.
3IfBel
ayneshdi
edsomet
imeaf
terherhusbandgetmar
ri
edt
oChal
tu,
cant
he
bi
gamousmar
ri
agebei
nval
i
dat
edaf
tert
hisi
nci
dent
?
CHAPTERFOUR
EFFECTSOFMARRI
AGE
4.
1.Gener
al
I
nthel
astt
woconsequent
ivechapt
ers,wehav
est
udi
edessent
ialcondi
ti
onst
o
t
hev
ali
dit
yofmar
ri
ageandt
heconsequenceoft
hei
rvi
olat
ions.I
nthi
schapt
er,
weshal
lst
udyef
fect
sofmar
ri
age.Asy
oumayr
ecal
lfr
om y
ourl
awofper
sons
cour
se,mar
ri
agei
saj
uri
dicalact
.Andweknow t
hatj
uri
dicalact
sar
eact
s
f
oll
owedbyl
egalef
fect
s.Ther
efor
e,mar
ri
age,asaj
uri
dicalact
,hasi
tsown
ef
fect
swhi
chwear
egoi
ngt
odi
scussi
nthi
schapt
er.I
ngener
al,ast
udent
,who
hassuccessf
ull
ycompl
etedt
hischapt
er,
wil
lbeabl
eto:
 Expl
aint
heessenceofcont
ractofmar
ri
age;
 Under
standper
sonal
eff
ect
sofmar
ri
age;
 Di
scusspecuni
aryef
fect
sofmar
ri
age;
 Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weencont
ract
ual
regi
meandl
egal
regi
me;
I
dent
if
yper
sonal
proper
tyoft
hespouses;
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 90
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ps:
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
 Def
inecommonpr
oper
tyofspousesand
 Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weenper
sonal
andcommondebt
soft
hespouses.
Bef
oregoi
ngdeepi
ntot
hemer
itoft
hischapt
er,
iti
sofapar
amounti
mpor
tance
t
orai
sesomegener
alpoi
nts.Tobegi
nwi
th,whet
hert
hemar
ri
agei
scel
ebr
ated
wi
tht
hef
ormal
i
tiesofci
vi
lmar
ri
age,r
eli
gionsmar
ri
ageorcust
omar
ymar
ri
age,
t
hel
awdoesnotmakeanydi
sti
nct
ionamongt
hem wi
thr
egar
dtot
heef
fect
sof
mar
ri
age.I
nthi
sregar
d,Ar
t.40(
1)oft
heRFCpr
ovi
dest
hatmar
ri
agepr
oduces
t
hesamel
egalef
fect
swhatev
ert
hef
orm accor
ding t
o whi
chi
thasbeen
cel
ebr
ated.
Anot
herpoi
ntwor
thment
ioni
ngi
sthatt
heef
fect
sofmar
ri
ageshal
lnotdepend
ont
her
ealorpr
esumedconsummat
ionoft
hemar
ri
age(
Art
.41)
.Thati
stosaw
t
heef
fectofmar
ri
ageshal
lbeoper
ati
veasoft
hedat
eofconcl
usi
onofmar
ri
age
r
egar
dlessoft
hef
actt
hatt
hespouseshav
eper
for
medsexual
int
ercour
seornot
.
Ashasbeensai
dabov
e,mar
ri
agei
snotwi
thoutef
fect
.Andi
tsef
fect
sar
e
der
ivat
ivesofei
thert
hespouses’cont
ract
ualagr
eement(
cont
ractofmar
ri
age)
ort
hel
egalst
ipul
ati
ons(
legalr
egi
me)orbot
h.Si
ncemar
ri
agei
sal
i
fet
ime
r
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
het
wocoupl
es,t
heyhav
ethedi
scr
eti
ont
odet
ermi
nei
n
adv
anceast
ohowt
hei
rrel
ati
onshi
pcoul
dgo.Howev
er,suchcont
ractwi
l
lhav
e
t
he desi
red ef
fectonl
y wher
eitdoes notcont
radi
ctwi
tht
he mandat
ory
pr
ovi
si
onsoft
hel
aw.Ther
eisal
sost
atut
oryr
egi
met
hatwi
l
lbeoper
ati
vet
ohav
e
ef
fectont
hecoupl
es’
rel
ati
onshi
pwher
ether
eexi
stsnocont
ractbyt
hespouses
orev
eni
fther
eis,i
tgoescont
rar
ytowhatt
hel
aw hasal
readyi
mposedas
mandat
orypr
ovi
si
onsconcer
ningt
heef
fect
sofmar
ri
age.Her
einf
oll
owsabr
ief
di
scussi
onont
heset
wor
egi
mes.
4.
2.TheCont
ract
ualRi
gime(
Cont
ractofMar
ri
age)
I
nanutshel
l
,cont
ractofmar
ri
agei
sanagr
eementoft
hespousesbywhi
cht
hey
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 91
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
maydet
ermi
nesomepoi
ntsconcer
ningt
hei
rpecuni
arymat
ter
saswel
last
hei
r
f
utur
eper
sonalr
elat
ions.Ofcour
se,
formar
ri
agecont
ractt
obev
ali
d,t
her
ear
ea
numberofpr
econdi
ti
onst
hatwewi
l
lconsi
deramomentl
ater
.Butf
ort
he
momenti
tsuf
fi
cest
ounder
standt
hatt
hepur
poseoft
hiscont
racti
stor
egul
ate
bot
htheper
sonal
aswel
last
hepecuni
aryef
fect
sofmar
ri
ageReadAr
t.42oft
he
Feder
alRev
isedFami
l
yCodeher
einbel
ow.
Ar
ti
cle42–(
1)cont
ractofmar
ri
age
1)Thespousesmaybef
oreoront
hedat
eoft
hei
rmar
ri
age,r
egul
atebya
cont
ractt
hepecuni
aryef
fect
soft
hei
rmar
ri
age
2)They may al
so speci
fyi
n such cont
ractt
hei
rreci
procalr
ight
s and
obl
i
gat
ionsi
nmat
ter
sconcer
ningt
hei
rper
sonal
rel
ati
ons
3)Suchcont
ract
sshal
lnotaf
fectmandat
orypr
ovi
sionsoft
hel
aw
Undert
heCi
vi
lCode,t
her
ewer
edi
ff
icul
ti
esi
nmaki
ngadi
sti
nct
ionbet
ween
cont
ractofmar
ri
ageandr
ecor
d(cer
ti
fi
cat
e)ofmar
ri
age.Undert
heRev
ised
Fami
l
yCode,t
hesear
etwosepar
ateandunr
elat
ed document
s.Aswehav
e
di
scussedher
einabov
e,cont
ractofmar
ri
agei
sadocumentt
hatshowst
he
i
ntent
ionoft
hef
utur
espousesast
ohowt
heyr
egul
atet
hei
rper
sonalandt
hei
r
pecuni
aryr
elat
ions.Cer
ti
fi
cat
eofmar
ri
age,ont
heot
herhand,i
sadocument
i
ssuedbyt
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atusaf
terr
egi
str
ati
onofmar
ri
agepur
suantt
oAr
t.
28(
2)oft
heRFC.Theai
m ofcer
ti
fi
cat
eofmar
ri
agei
stopr
ooft
heexi
stenceof
mar
ri
age.So,whatwi
l
lbepr
oducedt
opr
ovemar
ri
agei
scer
ti
fi
cat
eofmar
ri
age,
notcont
ractofmar
ri
age.Apar
tfr
om t
hei
rpur
pose,anot
herdi
ff
erencei
sthat
cont
ractofmar
ri
agemaybeconcl
udedev
enbef
oret
heconcl
usi
onofmar
ri
age
butt
hei
ssuanceofcer
ti
fi
cat
eofmar
ri
ageal
way
sfol
l
owscel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
age.
Hav
ing sai
dthi
s as t
othe di
sti
nct
ion bet
ween cont
ractofmar
ri
age and
cer
ti
fi
cat
eofmar
ri
age,nowl
etusst
udypr
econdi
ti
onst
othev
ali
dit
yofcont
ract
ofmar
ri
age.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 92
htt
ps:
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oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Onei
sthet
imeaspect
.Tobeofanyl
egalsi
gni
fi
cance,t
hecont
ractmustbe
madebef
oreoront
hedat
eofcel
ebr
ati
onoft
hemar
ri
age(
Art
.42(
1))
.Itseems,
t
her
efor
e,t
hatanycont
ractoft
hespousesaf
fect
ingt
hei
rper
sonalorpecuni
ary
r
elat
ionswi
l
lbev
oidi
fmadedur
ingt
hel
i
feoft
hei
rmar
ri
age.
Howev
er,t
her
eisAr
t.73 t
hati
mpl
i
est
heexi
stenceofa v
ali
d cont
ractof
mar
ri
ageev
eni
fdr
awnaf
tert
heconcl
usi
onoft
hemar
ri
age.Thi
sar
ti
clepr
ovi
des
t
hatcont
ract
sent
eredi
ntobet
weenspousesdur
ingmar
ri
ageshal
lbeofno
ef
fectunl
essappr
ovedbyt
hecour
t.
I
ntheopi
nionoft
hewr
it
eroft
hismodul
e,t
hecont
ractment
ionedunderAr
t.73
shal
lbeext
endedt
ocov
erat
ypeofcont
ractexpr
essedunderAr
t42i
.e.af
fect
ing
t
heper
sonalandort
hepecuni
aryr
elat
ionsoft
hespouses.Thi
sar
gumenti
s
t
enabl
epar
ti
cul
arl
ywhent
hepr
ovi
sionsay
s“Anycont
ract…“
.Si
ncemar
ri
age
cont
racti
sonet
ypeofcont
ract
,itcanbeent
eredont
heongoi
ngmar
ri
age.The
onl
ypr
econdi
ti
oni
sthenecessi
tyofget
ti
ngt
heappr
ovaloft
hesamebyt
he
cour
tofl
aw.
Her
ewehav
etonot
ethatcont
ractofmar
ri
ageconcl
udedbef
oreoront
hedat
e
ofcel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
agedoesnotr
equi
ret
heappr
ovaloft
hecour
t.Ont
he
ot
herhand,
cont
ractofmar
ri
agemadedur
ingmar
ri
ageshal
lhav
enol
egalef
fect
unl
essappr
ovedbyt
hecour
t.Her
eiti
slogi
calt
oask,whyt
hel
awr
equi
rest
he
conf
ir
mat
ion ofj
udgesi
nthe l
att
ercase.Ev
eryper
son i
n gener
aland t
he
spouses i
n par
ti
cul
arhav
e cont
ract
ualf
reedom.Butt
he ai
m ofAr
t.73 i
n
r
equi
ri
ngappr
ovaloft
hecour
tisnott
oli
mitsuchf
reedom,r
athert
ocheck
whet
hert
hatcont
racti
sfr
eef
rom i
nfl
uence.Thef
earoft
hel
aw i
sthati
fa
cont
racti
sconcl
udeddur
ingmar
ri
age,
itwoul
dbepossi
blet
hati
tpr
ejudi
cest
he
i
nter
estofei
theroft
hespouses.Ev
eni
fiti
sacont
ract
,ei
theroft
hem maywi
n
domi
nanceov
ert
heot
hert
omakehi
m/hi
sacceptanobl
i
gat
ion.Oneoft
he
spousemaybei
nfl
uencedbyt
heot
herandt
hesour
ceoft
hei
nfl
uencei
sthe
cohabi
tat
ioni
tsel
f.Toputi
nshor
t,t
oensur
ethatacer
tai
ncont
ractofmar
ri
age
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 93
htt
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oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
i
smadef
reef
rom i
nfl
uence,
thei
nter
vent
ionoft
hecour
tisundoubt
lyi
mpor
tant
.
Thesecondandmosti
mpor
tantpr
e-condi
ti
onf
orav
ali
dmar
ri
agecont
racti
s
t
hati
tmustnotder
ogat
efr
om t
hemandat
orypr
ovi
sionsoft
hel
aw(
Art
.42(
3))
.It
i
scr
yst
alcl
eart
hati
fandwhenamar
ri
agecont
racti
smadei
namanner
cont
radi
ctor
ytot
hemandat
orypr
ovi
sionsoft
hel
aw,
itwi
l
lbenul
landv
oid.
Whatar
emandat
orypr
ovi
sionsoft
hel
aw?Mandat
orypr
ovi
sionsoft
hel
awar
e
r
ulesst
atedbyt
hel
aw t
hatshoul
dbest
ri
ctl
yobser
ved.Toputi
not
herwor
ds,
t
hesear
erul
est
hatmaynotbesetasi
dedbyt
heagr
eementoft
hepar
ti
es.
Theser
ulesar
edi
ff
erentf
rom per
missi
ver
uleswher
ethei
ndi
vi
dualcoul
dor
coul
dnotacti
nli
newi
thsuchr
ules.Anexampl
eofamandat
oryr
ulei
sAr
t.49(
1)
oft
heRev
isedFami
l
yCode.I
treadsas,“
thespousesowe eachot
herr
espect
,
suppor
tandassi
stance”si
ncei
tisamandat
oryr
ule,
spousescoannotagr
ee,
in
t
hei
rcont
ractofmar
ri
age,
inv
iol
ati
onoft
hismandat
oryr
ule.
Thet
hir
dpr
econdi
ti
ont
othev
ali
dit
yofcont
ractofmar
ri
agei
sfor
m.Wi
th
r
espectt
ofor
m,Ar
t.44pr
ovi
dest
hatacont
ractofmar
ri
ageshal
lbeofnoef
fect
unl
essmadei
nwr
it
ingandat
test
edbyf
ourwi
tnesses,t
wof
ort
hehusbandand
t
wof
ort
hewi
fe.Ev
eni
fAr
t.44i
ssi
l
ent
,wecanal
soaddt
her
equi
rementof
si
gnat
ure.Ast
henamei
ndi
cat
escor
tractofmar
ri
agei
sonet
ypeofacont
ract
.
Hencepur
suantt
oAr
t.1676(
1)oft
heCi
vi
lCode,
gener
alcont
ractpr
ovi
sionsar
e
appl
i
cabl
etocont
ractofmar
ri
age.Byv
irt
ueofAr
t.1727(
1)oft
heCi
vi
lCode,
any
cont
ractr
equi
redt
obei
nwr
it
ingshal
lbesuppor
tedbyaspeci
aldocument
si
gned byal
lpar
ti
es bound byt
he cont
ract
,ifone oft
he af
orement
ioned
f
ormal
i
tyi
snotobser
ved,
thecont
ractofmar
ri
ageshal
lremai
namer
edr
aft
.
Thef
our
thr
equi
rementf
ort
hev
ali
dit
yofcont
ractofmar
ri
agei
scapaci
ty.Ev
eni
f
t
hecapaci
tyofacer
tai
nphy
sicalper
sonwi
thr
egar
dtoconcl
usi
onofcont
racti
s
pr
esumed,t
hecont
ractofmar
ri
ageofaj
udi
cial
l
yint
erdi
ctedper
sonshal
lbeof
noef
fectunl
essi
tisent
eredi
ntobyt
hei
nter
dict
edper
sonhi
msel
fandappr
oved
byt
hecour
t(Ar
t.43(
1))A l
egal
l
yint
erdi
ctedper
sonshal
lnot
,howev
er,be
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 94
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
subj
ectt
oincapaci
tyasr
egar
dst
hemaki
ngofacont
ractofmar
ri
age(
Art
.43(
2))
.
Fi
vet
hly
,thespousesshal
lnoti
mposeanobl
i
gat
ionupont
hir
dpar
ti
esbyt
hei
r
cont
ractofmar
ri
age(
Art
.46(
2))
.Fr
om gener
alcont
ractpr
ovi
sions,oneoft
he
av
owedpr
inci
plei
sthatcont
ract
slawf
ull
yfor
medshal
lbebi
ndi
ngbet
weent
he
cont
ract
ingpar
ti
es.Soanyat
temptt
oimposeobl
i
gat
ionont
hir
dpar
ti
est
hrough
cont
ract
ualagr
eement
sshal
lbef
oll
owedbynul
l
ifi
cat
ion.Buthowcanspouses
i
mposeobl
i
gat
ionupont
hir
dpar
ti
es?Fori
nst
ance,assumet
hataman,whoi
s
get
ti
ngmar
ri
ed,
hadachi
l
dpr
iort
othi
smar
ri
age.Nowt
hismanandhi
smar
ryi
ng
spousecannotagr
eet
hatonl
yther
elat
ivesoft
hechi
l
donhi
smot
her
’ssi
dear
e
r
esponsi
blef
ort
heupbr
ingi
ngoft
hechi
l
d.
Fur
thermor
e,t
hecont
ractofmar
ri
ageshal
lbeofnoef
fectwher
eitsi
mpl
yref
ers
t
olocalcust
om,r
eli
gionorl
awofacount
ry(
Art
.46(
2))
.Ift
wospouses,under
t
hei
rcont
ractofmar
ri
age,si
mpl
yagr
eet
ogov
ernt
hei
rper
sonalandpecuni
ary
r
elat
ionbyl
ocalcust
om,r
eli
gionorl
awofacount
ry,i
twi
l
lbet
oogener
al.Thi
s
gener
ali
tyi
ntur
nmayl
eadt
odi
ff
erenti
nter
pret
ati
onsUndert
hegener
alcont
ract
pr
ovi
si
ons,i
tisgi
vent
hatt
heobl
i
gat
ionoft
hepar
ti
esasst
atedi
nthecont
ract
shoul
dbeascer
tai
nedwi
thsuf
fi
cientpr
eci
sion(
Art
.1714(
2))
.Ther
efor
e,i
fthe
spousesundert
hei
rcont
ractofmar
ri
ageagr
eet
obegov
ernedbyt
hel
aw of
Japan,
itwi
l
lmaket
heobl
i
gat
ionoft
hespousesundef
ined.
Thel
astpoi
ntt
hatdeser
vest
obement
ionedher
eist
her
equi
rementofput
ti
ng
t
hemar
ri
agecont
ractundert
hecust
odyoft
hecour
torwi
tht
heof
fi
ceofci
vi
l
st
atus(
Art
.45(
1))
.Howev
er,
theef
fectf
ort
henonf
ulf
il
lmentoft
hisr
equi
rement
i
snotpr
ovi
ded.Al
thought
her
eisacont
rar
yar
gument
,iti
smor
etenabl
etosay
t
hatev
eni
fnotdeposi
ted,t
hev
ali
dit
yoft
hecont
ractofmar
ri
agewi
l
lnotbe
af
fect
ed.One r
eason t
hatst
rengt
hens t
his ar
gumenti
sthe si
l
ence oft
he
pr
ovi
si
on.I
not
herpr
ovi
sionsdeal
i
ngwi
thessent
ialcondi
ti
onsofcont
ractof
mar
ri
agel
i
kef
orm,
theef
fectofnon-
obser
vancei
sexpl
i
cit
lyst
atedi
nthati
tshal
l
r
endert
hecont
ractofmar
ri
agenul
landv
oid.ButunderAr
t.45,t
hesanct
ionf
or
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 95
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
f
ail
uret
odeposi
tei
snotst
ated.Thesecondr
easoni
sthatt
heai
m ofdeposi
ti
ng
t
hecont
ractofmar
ri
ageei
theri
ncour
torwi
thof
fi
ceofci
vi
lst
atusi
sforsaf
ety
andt
opr
otectt
hei
nter
est
eoft
hir
dpar
ti
es.Hence,
fai
l
uret
odosodoesn’
taf
fect
t
hev
ali
dit
yoft
hecont
ract
.
Onceacont
ractofmar
ri
agei
sconcl
udedi
nthel
i
ghtoft
hepr
econdi
ti
onst
her
eto,
i
twi
l
lpr
oduceal
lthedesi
redl
egalef
fect
s.Butt
hisdoesnotmeant
hatt
he
spousesar
enotent
it
ledt
omodi
fyi
t.Asweunder
standf
rom gener
alcont
ract
pr
inci
ples,
inasmuchast
hepar
ti
esar
eatl
i
ber
tyt
oent
eri
ntocont
ract
s,t
heyar
e
al
so ent
it
led t
o al
teran exi
sti
ng cont
ract
.Unl
i
ke ot
heror
dinar
y cont
ract
s,
howev
er,
themodi
fi
cat
ionofcont
ractofmar
ri
ageshal
lful
fi
ll
str
ingentcondi
ti
ons.
ReadAr
t.47her
einunder
.
Ar
t.47–(
6)Modi
fi
cat
ionst
ocont
ractofmar
ri
age
1)wher
ethe i
nter
estoft
he f
ami
l
y so r
equi
res,t
he spouses may
,by
agr
eement
,modi
fyt
het
ermsoft
hecont
ractofmar
ri
ageandr
equestt
he
cour
tforappr
oval
ofsuchmodi
fi
cat
ions.
2)Thecour
tmayappr
ovesuchmodi
fi
cat
ionswher
eitascer
tai
nst
hati
t
doesnotaf
fectt
hei
nter
estoft
hef
ami
l
y.
3)Wher
ethemodi
fi
cat
ionsar
eappr
ovedbyt
hecour
tundersub-Ar
ti
cle(
2)
oft
hisar
ti
cl
e,acopyoft
hemodi
fi
edcont
ractshal
lbedeposi
tedi
nthe
cour
torwi
tht
heof
fi
ceofci
vi
lst
atus.
Basedont
hisar
ti
cl
e,t
hef
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
onsshoul
dbef
ullf
il
ledf
oramodi
fi
ed
cont
ractofmar
ri
aget
obev
ali
d,
 The modi
fi
cat
ion shal
lbe necessi
tat
ed by t
he i
nter
estoft
he f
ami
l
y.
Ther
efor
e,i
tcannotbemodi
fi
edt
opr
omot
ethesol
eint
erestofoneoft
he
spouses.
 Thespousesshal
lconsentf
orsuchmodi
fi
cat
ion.
 Ev
eni
fiti
snotexpl
i
cit
lyst
ated,
from t
her
eadi
ngofAr
t.47(
3)andAr
t.1722
oft
heCi
vi
lCode,suchmodi
fi
cat
ionshal
lbemadei
nwr
it
ing.Tot
hatef
fect
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 96
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Ar
t.1722pr
ovi
dest
hatacont
ractmadei
nspeci
alf
orm shal
lbev
ari
ed
(
modi
fi
ed)i
nthesamef
orm si
nceacont
ractofmar
ri
agei
sor
igi
nal
l
ytobe
concl
udedi
nspeci
alor
,itmustbemodi
fi
edi
nthesamef
orm.Byt
hesame
t
oken,t
hephr
ase“
…acopyoft
hemodi
fi
edcont
ractshal
lbedeposi
ted…
“underAr
t.47(
3)showst
her
equi
rementofwr
it
ingf
ormodi
fi
cat
ionof
cont
ractofmar
ri
age.I
fiti
snotr
educedi
nwr
it
tenf
orm wecannoti
magi
ne
deposi
ti
ng.
 Themodi
fi
cat
ionshal
lbeappr
ovedbyt
hecour
t.How coul
dwej
ust
if
ythe
conf
ir
mat
ionoft
hecour
t?Doesn’
titcont
radi
ctt
hecont
ract
ualf
reedom of
t
hespouses?Thej
ust
if
icat
iont
hatcoul
dbegi
venher
eissi
mil
art
otheone
t
hati
sgi
venf
orAr
t.73.So,t
hest
udenti
sref
err
edt
oreadt
hej
ust
if
icat
ion
gi
venf
orAr
t.73her
einabov
e.Toputi
nshor
t,t
hei
deaoff
reedom of
cont
ractgi
vessensewhent
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
eshav
eequalbar
gai
ning
power
.Iti
sver
ymuchquest
ionabl
ewhet
hersuchki
ndoff
reedom and
equal
i
ty(
arms l
engt
htr
ansact
ion)exi
sts when t
he husband and wi
fe
concl
udecont
ract
.Iti
shi
ghl
ypr
obabl
ethatcont
ract
sormodi
fi
cat
ions
t
her
eofmaybe made byt
he i
nfl
uence ofone spouse wi
thoutequal
l
y
bar
gai
ning.I
tisal
sounder
stoodt
hatsol
ongast
het
wospousesar
eunder
t
hemar
it
albond,suchi
nfl
uencecoul
dpossi
bil
yar
ise.Ther
efor
etheai
m of
r
equi
ri
ngt
hebl
essi
ngoft
hecour
tist
oensur
ewhet
hersuchmodi
fi
cat
ioni
s
cl
ear f
rom such undue i
nfl
uence and t
her
e by check whet
her t
he
modi
fi
cat
ioni
smadei
nthei
nter
estoft
hehousehol
d.
4.
3.Legal(
Stat
utor
y)Regi
me
Dearst
udent
,asy
oumayr
ecal
l
,int
hepr
ecedi
ngsect
ionwehav
est
udi
edt
hatt
he
spousesar
eatl
i
ber
tyt
ogov
ernt
hei
rper
sonalandpecuni
aryr
elat
ionshi
pbyt
hei
r
cont
ractofmar
ri
age.Howev
er,
itmaysohappent
hatt
hespousesmaynotent
er
i
ntoacont
ractofmar
ri
agef
oroner
easonort
heot
her
.Ev
eni
fiti
smade,t
he
cont
ractofmar
ri
agemaybecont
rar
ytomandat
orypr
ovi
sionsoft
hel
aw,ort
he
cont
ractofmar
ri
agemayber
ender
edi
nval
i
dduet
onon-
obser
vanceofoneofi
ts
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nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
essent
ialcondi
ti
ons.I
nei
theroft
heset
hreecases,t
heper
sonalandpecuni
ary
ef
fectofmar
ri
ageshal
lber
egul
atedbyl
aw(
Art
.49-
73)
.Insuppor
toft
his,
Art
.48
pr
ovi
dest
hef
oll
owi
ng.
Ar
t.48–(
7)l
egalRegi
me
I
ntheabsenceofcont
ractofmar
ri
ageorwher
ethecont
ractofmar
ri
agei
snot
v
ali
dundert
hel
aw,
thef
oll
owi
ngpr
ovi
sionsshal
lappl
y.
Hence,
ifandwher
ether
eisnomar
ri
agecont
ractorev
eni
fther
eisonebutt
hat
conf
li
ctswi
tht
hemandat
orypr
ovi
sionoft
hel
aw,t
hest
atut
oryr
egi
mewi
l
l
oper
ateoni
tsbehal
f.Thel
egal
regi
mer
egul
atesef
fect
sofmar
ri
agei
ntwoway
s.
Thef
ir
sti
sasagapf
il
li
ngpr
ovi
sion.Thati
s,t
hel
awbyi
tspr
ovi
sionsf
rom Ar
t.49
–73gov
ernt
heef
fectofmar
ri
ageonl
ywher
ether
eisnocont
ractofmar
ri
age,
or
t
hecont
ractofmar
ri
agei
sinv
ali
dorcont
rav
enesmandat
orypr
ovi
sionsoft
he
l
aw.I
nthi
saspect
,thel
egalpr
ovi
sionsar
eoper
ati
veasal
astr
esor
t.Thesecond
aspectofappl
i
cat
ionoft
hel
egalr
egi
me(
Art
s.49–73)i
sint
hei
rmandat
ory
nat
ure:
-toputi
ndi
ff
erentwor
ds,mandat
orypr
ovi
sionssuchasAr
ts.49,50and
53ar
eal
way
sappl
i
cabl
enomat
terhow t
hespousesconcl
udedcont
ractof
mar
ri
age.
Wemayconsi
dert
hel
egalr
egi
megov
erni
ngef
fect
sofmar
ri
ageundert
wo
headi
ng:
 Per
sonal
eff
ect
sofmar
ri
ageand
 Pecuni
aryef
fect
sofmar
ri
age.
4.
3.1.Per
sonalEf
fect
sofMar
ri
age
Mar
ri
age i
sar
elat
ionshi
p oft
wo i
ndi
vi
dual
s af
fect
ing t
hei
rposi
ti
on f
ora
pr
esumabl
ylongerper
iodoft
ime.Oncet
heycommi
tthemsel
vest
oli
vet
oget
her
,
i
tisnotonl
ythei
rmat
eri
ali
nter
estt
hatmaychangei
tspr
evi
ousexi
stencebut
al
sot
her
ear
ecr
uci
ali
mpact
sont
hei
rper
sonalsi
tuat
ions.I
tist
heobj
ect
iveof
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 98
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ps:
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
t
hissub-
subsect
iont
oanal
ysepr
ovi
sionsr
elat
ingt
oper
sonal
eff
ectofmar
ri
age.
A)Headoft
heFami
ly
UnderAr
t635(
1)oft
heCi
vi
lCodet
hehusbandi
stheheadoft
hef
ami
l
y.The
r
ati
onalbehi
ndt
hepr
ovi
sioni
sfai
rl
ycl
ear
;iti
sar
efl
ect
ionofapat
ri
archal
soci
ety whi
ch i
s char
act
eri
zed by men’
s domi
nance.Thi
s has l
ong been
i
nter
nal
i
zedv
irt
ual
l
yinev
erysoci
ety
;inf
act
,femal
esubor
dinat
ionwi
thi
nthe
f
ami
l
yhasbecomei
nst
it
uti
onal
i
zed,andcodi
fi
edi
nlawswhi
chent
it
ledment
o
hav
eri
ght
sov
erwomenwhi
chwomendi
dn’
thav
eov
ermen.Thi
sisexact
lywhat
i
sref
lect
edi
ntheCi
vi
lCode.
Thehusbandast
heheadoft
hef
ami
l
yisent
it
ledt
oobedi
enceofhi
swi
fei
nal
l
l
awf
ulact
ivi
ti
eswhi
chheor
der
s.Mor
eov
er,hegui
dest
hemanagementoft
he
f
ami
l
y,pr
otect
shi
swi
feandwat
chesov
erherr
elat
ionsandgui
desheri
nher
conducti
nthei
nter
estoft
hef
ami
l
y,t
hought
hegui
danceshoul
dnotbear
bit
rar
y
orabusi
ve.Thesepr
ovi
sionsr
evealt
hatwomenar
enotcapabl
eofgui
ding
t
hemsel
vesl
etal
onet
obet
heheadoft
hef
ami
l
y.I
nfacti
tiswhatEt
hiopi
ans
hav
eint
ernal
i
zed.
Howev
er,t
hesepr
ovi
si
onsoft
heCi
vi
lCodear
eincl
earcont
radi
cti
onwi
tht
he
const
it
uti
onalpr
inci
pleofequal
i
tyofsexesandequal
i
tyofspousesi
nmar
it
all
i
fe
asenshr
inedunderAr
ts.25,34(
1)and35(
1)and(
2)oft
heFDREConst
it
uti
on
Consequent
ly,
wit
hthev
iewt
oel
i
minat
ethesubor
dinat
ionofwomanr
efl
ect
edi
n
t
hesepr
ovi
sionsandt
oguar
ant
eeequal
i
tyofspouses,t
heRev
isedFami
l
yCode
hasomi
tt
edt
hesepr
ovi
sions.Thus,undert
heRev
isedFami
l
yCode,t
heseol
d
sex t
ype di
vi
si
on off
ami
l
yresponsi
bil
i
tyar
e sweptawayi
nfav
orofnew
pr
inci
ples,i
.e.mut
ualsuppor
tandequal
i
tyofspouses.Thenew Codehence
i
ntr
oduce t
he conceptofcol
l
ect
ivel
eader
shi
p off
ami
l
yin whi
ch bot
hthe
Joi
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egram channelvi
athi
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
husbandandt
hewi
fehav
eequalr
ight
sanddut
iesov
ert
hei
rper
sonalr
elat
ion
shi
p.Accor
dingt
oAr
t.49(
1),
anequalandmut
ualobl
i
gat
ionofsuppor
t,r
espect
andassi
stanceappl
i
es.
Theobl
i
gat
ionsoft
hespousest
orespect
,suppor
tandassi
steachot
herunder
Ar
t.49(
1)i
smandat
orywhi
chcannotbesetasi
dedbycont
ractofmar
ri
age(
Art
.
49 (
2))
.The obl
i
gat
ion ofmut
ualr
espect
,suppor
tand assi
stance maybe
mani
fest
edi
ndi
ff
erentway
s.I
fthespousesl
i
vet
oget
her
,suchobl
i
gat
ionmaybe
puti
ntoef
fectbycont
ri
but
ingal
lexpensesf
ort
hewel
lbei
ngoft
hehousehol
d.
I
fthespousesar
eli
vi
ng separ
atel
y,t
heymaydi
schar
get
hei
robl
i
gat
ion by
suppl
yi
ngmai
ntenancef
ort
heneedyspouse.I
foneoft
hespousesi
sunabl
eto
payhi
sper
sonaldebt
,theot
herspousemaydi
schar
gehi
sobl
i
gat
ionbypay
ing
f
rom t
hei
rcommonpr
oper
ty.
B)Managementoft
heFami
ly
Thesecondper
sonalef
fectofmar
ri
agei
sthedut
yoft
hespousest
ojoi
ntl
y
managet
hef
ami
l
y.Readt
her
elev
antpr
ovi
sionsher
einbel
ow.
Ar
t.50–Joi
ntManagementofFami
ly(
1)Gener
alRul
e
1)Thespousesshal
lhav
eequal
right
sint
hemanagementoft
hef
ami
l
y
2)Thespousesshal
l
,inal
lcases,co-
oper
ate,t
opr
otectt
hesecur
it
yand
i
nter
estoft
hef
ami
l
yto br
ing up and ensur
ethegood behav
iorand
educat
ionoft
hei
rchi
l
dreni
nor
dert
omaket
hem r
esponsi
bleci
ti
zen
Ar
t.51–(
2)I
nabi
li
tyofOneoft
heSpouses
1)Wher
eoneoft
hespousesi
sunderdi
sabi
l
ity
,absent
,abandonshi
sfami
l
y
ori
sawayor
,foranyot
herr
eason,
isnoti
naposi
ti
ont
ogi
vehi
sconsent
,
t
heot
herspouseshal
lal
onecar
ryoutt
hedut
iesment
ionedi
nAr
ti
cle50.
2)Thespousesshal
lnotagr
eet
othecont
rar
yint
hecont
ractofmar
ri
age.
Ar
t52–Chi
ldr
enofPr
evi
ousMar
ri
age
Joi
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egram channelvi
athi
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S
የስለ-
ህግ*
1)Eachoft
hespousesshal
lret
ainanexcl
usi
ver
ightofdeci
sioni
nmat
ter
s
concer
ningt
heupbr
ingi
ngofchi
l
drenwhom hehadbef
oret
hemar
ri
age.
2)Anyagr
eementt
othecont
rar
yshal
lbeofnoef
fect
.
Wi
thr
egar
dtot
hemanagementoft
hef
ami
l
y,Ar
t.637(
1)oft
heCi
vi
lCode
pr
ovi
dest
hatt
hespousesshal
lcooper
ate,
undert
hegui
danceoft
hehusband,
in
t
hei
nter
estoft
hef
ami
l
y,t
oensur
ethemor
alandmat
eri
aldi
rect
ionoft
hef
ami
l
y,
t
obr
ingupt
hechi
l
drenandt
opr
epar
efort
hei
rest
abl
i
shment
.Thi
sdut
yis
concer
nedwi
tht
hef
ami
l
yandt
hef
utur
edest
inyoft
hechi
l
dren.Thepr
obl
em
wi
tht
hispr
ovi
si
on,howev
er,i
sthatt
hef
ami
l
ymanagementandi
tsmor
alsetup
ar
etobeexer
cised“
Undert
hegui
danceoft
hehusband.
”Ther
efor
e,i
tist
he
husbandwhodeci
deswhati
smor
alandwhati
simmor
alf
ort
hef
ami
l
y.I
tseems
al
sohe,t
hehusband,i
stheonewhodet
ermi
nest
hemat
eri
aldi
rect
ionwhat
occupat
iont
hespouseshal
lhav
e,whet
heradomest
icser
vanti
snecessar
yor
not
,how muchbudgetshal
lbeenough,wher
eandwhatki
ndofeducat
iont
he
chi
l
drenhav
etogetandsoon.Thoughi
tseemst
hewi
femustbegi
vent
her
ight
t
opar
ti
cipat
eint
heseact
ivi
ti
es,t
hef
inalv
etopowerwasl
efti
nthehandoft
he
husband.
I
nli
newi
thAr
t.34(
1)oft
heFDREConst
it
uti
onwhi
chdecl
arest
hespouseshav
e
equalr
ightdur
ing mar
ri
age,undert
he Rev
ised Fami
l
y Code,howev
er,t
he
spousesshal
lhav
eequalr
ight
sint
hemanagementoft
hef
ami
l
yandi
nal
lcases
cooper
atet
opr
otectt
hesecur
it
yandi
nter
estoft
hef
ami
l
ytobr
ingupandensur
e
t
hegoodbehav
iorandeducat
ionoft
hei
rchi
l
drent
omaket
hem r
esponsi
ble
ci
ti
zen.(
Art
.50)
.Ev
ident
ly,t
her
efor
e,t
hehusbandi
sdepr
ivedoft
heuni
l
ater
al/
v
etopowert
hatwasv
est
eduponhi
m.Asi
nthecaseoft
heCi
vi
lCode,
howev
er,
each oft
he spouses shal
lret
ain an excl
usi
ver
ightofdeci
sion i
n mat
ter
s
concer
ningt
heupbr
ingi
ngofchi
l
drenwhom hehadbef
oret
hemar
ri
age,
andt
he
r
esponsi
bil
i
tyoff
ami
l
ymanagementi
stakenov
erbyt
heot
herspousewher
eone
oft
hespousesi
sunabl
etoj
oint
lycar
ryoutt
het
askf
oroner
easonoranot
her
.
(
Art
.52cum.53)
.
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egram channelvi
athi
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Thoughi
tisexpect
edt
hatt
hespousesshal
lont
hebasi
sofequal
i
ty,
suppor
tand
assi
steachot
her
,li
vet
oget
heratt
hei
rcommonr
esi
denceandmanaget
he
f
ami
l
y,t
hings may notal
way
s go smoot
h and t
he spouses may be at
di
sagr
eementon,
sayt
hemanagementoft
hef
ami
l
y.Thi
smayl
eadt
oapr
obl
em.
Becausenei
theroft
hespouseshasacast
ingv
oteov
ersuchmat
ter
sasbot
har
e
aut
hor
izedt
obeequal
.TheRev
isedFami
l
yCodedoesn’
thav
ear
eadymade
sol
uti
ont
othepr
obl
em.Undert
heCi
vi
lCode,
ther
eisnosuchpr
obl
em i
ncaseof
managementoft
hef
ami
l
yast
hehusbandhasav
etopowerandi
ncaseof
di
sagr
eementondet
ermi
nat
ionofr
esi
dence,t
hewi
femayappealt
othef
ami
l
y
ar
bit
rat
orsaspr
ovi
dedunderAr
t.641(
2).
Wemaypr
oposet
wosol
uti
ons:t
hef
ir
stsol
uti
onmaybegi
vendependi
ngon
economi
cconsi
der
ati
ons,
assomeAmer
icancour
tst
endt
ofav
or.Thati
stosay
,
i
fthespousesdi
sagr
eeast
othef
ami
l
ymanagementandt
hemor
alandmat
eri
al
di
rect
ionoft
hechi
l
dren,t
hen,t
hecast
ingv
oicehast
obegi
vent
othepr
inci
pal
f
ami
l
ybr
eadwi
nner
.Twot
hingscanbesai
dinf
avoroft
hispr
oposi
ti
on.One,
the
pr
inci
palf
ami
l
ybr
eadwi
nnerdeser
vest
hispl
acef
orhe/
shei
sthesour
ceoft
he
sust
enanceoft
hef
ami
l
y’sl
i
vel
i
hood.Two,gi
vi
ngv
etopowert
ooneoft
he
spouses i
s par
amounti
n hav
ing i
mmedi
ate deci
sions t
aken and t
her
e by
r
educi
ngcour
tli
ti
gat
ions.Butsi
ncei
nEt
hiopi
a,mostoft
het
imet
hebr
ead
wi
nner
sar
ehusbands,adv
ocat
ingt
hispr
oposi
ti
onwoul
dber
etur
ningt
otheol
d
anachr
oni
sti
ctr
adi
ti
onofhusband’
sdomi
nanceandt
hewi
fe’
ssubor
dinat
ion.
Hence,
onemaysay
,thi
ssol
uti
oni
sfr
aughtwi
thdanger
.
Thesecondand,It
hink,t
hebet
tersol
uti
oni
sref
err
ingt
hedi
sput
etof
ami
l
y
ar
bit
rat
ors.Thespouses’di
sagr
eementonmat
ter
soff
ami
l
ymanagementi
sa
di
sput
edur
ingmar
ri
age.Per
suantt
oAr
t.118(
1),di
sput
esbet
weenspouses
dur
ingmar
ri
agei
stobeadj
udi
cat
edbyar
bit
rat
orsappoi
ntedbyt
hespousesas
l
ongast
hatdi
sput
edoesn’
tleadt
odi
vor
ce.Thear
bit
rat
orst
owhom t
hedi
sput
e
i
ssubmi
tt
edshal
lconv
incet
hepar
ti
est
oreachanami
cabl
esol
uti
on.Anypar
ty
Joi
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egram channelvi
athi
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nk 102
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ps:
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oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
whoi
sdi
ssat
isf
iedwi
tht
hedeci
sionofar
bit
rat
orsmayappealt
othecour
t
hav
ingj
uri
sdi
cti
onwhosedeci
sionshal
lbef
inal
(Ar
t.118(
2)and(
3))
.
C)TheDut
yofCohabi
tat
ion
Thedut
ytocohabi
tisanot
herper
sonalef
fectofmar
ri
age.Byv
irt
ueofAr
t.53(
1)
and(
2),cohabi
tat
ioni
nvol
vest
hedut
ytol
i
vet
oget
herandt
ohav
eanor
mal
sexualr
elat
ion wi
th one anot
her
.Thi
s obl
i
gat
ion i
stoo f
undament
alt
o be
excl
udedbycont
rar
yagr
eementoft
hespouses(
Art
.53(
3))
.
Onecansayt
hatt
hedut
yofcohabi
tat
ioni
sthesupr
emedut
iesoft
hespouses.
Becausei
tact
sast
hef
oundat
ionandcondi
ti
onofot
herdut
ies,
andbecauset
he
obj
ectofmar
ri
agei
stheest
abl
i
shmentofal
i
fei
ncommon.Ther
efor
e,mar
ri
age
r
equi
resnotonl
yanagr
eementbet
weent
hepar
ti
eshencef
ort
hbehusbandand
wi
fe,
butal
sot
hatsuchagr
eementbecar
ri
edoutusual
l
ybywayofcohabi
tat
ion,
meani
ng,byl
i
vingt
oget
herandhav
ingsex
,unl
essofcour
se,i
tinv
olv
esr
iskt
o
oneoft
hespouse’
sheal
th.
Ev
ent
hought
hespousesar
eboundt
oli
vet
oget
herexcept
ional
l
y,t
heymay
agr
eet
oli
vesepar
atel
yforadef
ini
teori
ndef
ini
teper
iodoft
ime(
Art
.55(
1))
.
Dearst
udent
,don’
tyouseeanyappar
entorr
eal
cont
radi
cti
onbet
weenAr
t.53(
3)
andAr
t.55(
1)?Readt
hepr
ovi
sionsheri
nunder
.
Ar
ti
cle53–cohabi
tat
ion
1)Thespousesar
eboundt
oli
vet
oget
her
2)Theyshal
lhav
eoneanot
hert
hesexualr
elat
ionsnor
mali
n mar
ri
age
unl
esst
heser
elat
ionsi
nvol
vear
iskofser
iousl
ypr
ejudi
cingt
hei
rheal
th.
3)Anyagr
eementt
othecont
rar
yshal
lbeofnoef
fect
Ar
ti
cle55–Separ
ati
onbyAgr
eement
1)Not
wit
hst
andi
ngt
hepr
ovi
sionsofAr
ti
cle53(
1)oft
hisCode,t
hespouse
mayagr
eet
oli
vesepar
atel
yforadef
ini
teori
ndef
ini
teper
iodoft
ime.
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egram channelvi
athi
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
2)Anyagr
eementmadet
othi
sef
fectmayber
evokedatanyt
imebyoneof
t
hespousespr
ovi
dedt
hatsuchr
evocat
ioni
snotar
bit
rar
y.
Somewr
it
erst
ryt
oreconci
l
eint
hef
oll
owi
ngway
.Accor
dingt
othem whati
s
pr
ohi
bit
edunderAr
t.53(
3)i
sagr
eementt
oli
vesepar
atel
yint
hecont
ractof
mar
ri
age.Howev
erwher
eacompel
l
ingsi
tuat
ionar
ises,l
i
kechangeofbusi
ness
pl
aceofoneoft
hespouses,
agr
eementt
oli
vesepar
atel
yisal
l
owedunderAr
t.55
(
1).Doy
ouagr
eewi
tht
his?
D)Choi
ceofResi
dence
Sof
ar,wehav
esai
dthatt
hespousesar
edut
yboundt
oli
vet
oget
her
. The
obl
i
gat
iont
oli
vet
oget
herbegst
hequest
ionast
o who shoul
d chooset
he
commonr
esi
dence.I
nthi
sregar
dAr
t.641(
1)oft
heCi
vi
lCodepr
ovi
dest
hatt
he
commonr
esi
denceshal
lbechosenbyt
hehusband.(
Commonr
esi
dencei
nthi
s
casemustber
efer
ri
ngt
odomi
cil
ewher
ethewomani
sboundt
oli
vewi
thher
husband.Ther
esi
dencet
hati
sst
atedunderAr
t.178oft
heCCwhi
chamar
ri
ed
womancanhav
e,i
saki
ndoft
empor
aryonet
hatt
hewomanmayr
esi
dedur
ing
separ
ati
onasenv
isagedunderAr
t.642oft
hesame)
.
Whenwet
urnourf
acest
otheRev
isedFami
l
yCode,i
tispr
ovi
dedunderAr
t.54
t
hatt
hecommonr
esi
denceshal
lbedeci
dedbyj
ointagr
eementoft
hespouses.
So,t
hechoi
ceofr
esi
dencef
all
swi
thi
nthecat
egor
yofdeci
sionswhi
chmustbe
t
akenj
oint
lybyt
hespousesi
nvi
ewoft
hei
rreci
procaldut
ytol
i
vet
oget
her
.The
Rev
isedFami
l
yCodedepar
tedf
rom t
heCi
vi
lCodei
nthi
sregar
dtomakei
tin
har
monywi
thAr
t.34(
1)oft
heFDREConst
it
uti
ont
hatguar
ant
eest
heequal
i
tyof
manandwomandur
ingmar
ri
age.
E)Dut
yofFi
del
it
y
Thel
astper
sonalef
fectofmar
ri
agei
ndi
cat
edunderAr
t.56oft
heRFCi
sthatt
he
husbandandt
hewi
feowef
idel
i
tyt
oeachot
her
.Thi
s,f
rom mor
alpoi
ntofv
iew,
is
t
hepr
inci
paldut
ycr
eat
edbymar
ri
age.Thenonobser
vanceoft
hisdut
yusual
l
y
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egram channelvi
athi
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
l
eadst
hespousest
odi
vor
ce.Non-
compl
i
ancewi
tht
hedut
ytof
idel
i
ty(
adul
ter
y)
i
sal
socr
imi
nal
l
ysanct
ioned.(
Art
.652oft
heFDREPenalCode)
.Iti
sal
soat
ort
,
f
orwhi
chci
vi
lact
ionf
ordamagemaybebr
ought
.(Ar
t.2035oft
heCi
vi
lCode
cum.Ar
t652oft
heFDREPenal
Code)
4.
3.2.Pecuni
aryEf
fect
sofMar
ri
age
Dearst
udent
,Int
hef
oregoi
ngsub-
sect
ion,wehav
est
udi
edper
sonalef
fect
sof
mar
ri
age.I
nthi
ssubsect
ion,wear
egoi
ngt
o di
scusspecuni
aryef
fect
sof
mar
ri
age.Asi
spr
ovi
dedi
nvar
iousl
egi
slat
ions,t
her
ear
etwoway
sofl
ooki
ng
i
ntot
hismat
ter
.Her
einunderi
spr
ovi
dedasepar
atet
reat
mentofeach.
A.Per
sonalPr
oper
tyandI
tsAdmi
nist
rat
ion
Taki
ngnot
eoft
hemoder
nconcept
ionofmar
ri
agewhi
chi
nnowayi
sconsi
der
ed
asamechani
sm ofcr
eat
ingpr
imi
ti
vewayofl
i
fe(
wher
eev
ery
thi
ngi
spr
oduced,
ownedaswel
lasconsumedcommunal
l
y),andwhi
chi
scompl
etel
yatv
ari
ance
wi
tht
hesoci
ali
stunder
standi
ngsofmar
ri
age,t
hest
atut
oryr
egi
mehascomeup
wi
tht
wodi
str
ictt
reat
mentofpr
oper
tyandoneofwhi
chi
sthatr
emai
nundert
he
separ
ateowner
shi
pofeachspousewhi
l
ethemar
ri
agesur
viv
es.Tot
hisef
fect
,
t
hel
awhaspr
ovi
dedf
ort
hosepr
oper
ti
esorbel
ongi
ngst
hatmaybeconsi
der
ed
per
sonal
.
Thus,i
tispossi
blet
oownapr
oper
typer
sonal
l
ywhi
l
eli
vi
ngunderacommon
r
oof
.ReadAr
t.57and58oft
heRFC t
ounder
standast
owhatconst
it
utes
per
sonal
proper
tyofspouses.
Ar
t.57–Per
sonalpr
oper
tyofspouses(
1)pr
oper
tynotacqui
redbyoner
ous
t
it
le
Thepr
oper
tywhi
cht
hespousespossesont
hedayoft
hei
rmar
ri
ageor
whi
ch
t
heyacqui
reaf
tert
hei
rmar
ri
agebysuccessi
onordonat
ion,
shal
lremai
n
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 105
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
t
hei
rper
sonal
proper
ty.
Ar
t.58–(
2)pr
oper
tyacqui
redbyoner
oust
it
le
1)Pr
oper
tyacqui
red,byoner
oust
it
le,byoneoft
hespousesaf
termar
ri
age
shal
lal
sobeper
sonal
proper
tyofsuchspousewher
esuchacqui
sit
ionhas
beenmadebyexchangef
orpr
oper
tyownedper
sonal
l
y,orwi
thmoni
es
ownedper
sonal
l
yorder
ivedf
rom t
hesal
eofpr
oper
tyownedper
sonal
l
y.
2)Thepr
ovi
si
onsofsub–ar
ti
cle(
1)oft
hisar
ti
cleshal
lappl
yonl
ywhent
he
cour
t,att
her
equestofoneoft
hespouses,hasdeci
dedt
hatt
hepr
oper
ty
t
husacqui
redshal
lbeownedper
sonal
l
ybysuchspouse.
Ascanbeunder
stoodf
rom Ar
ts.57and58,t
her
ear
etwot
ypesofper
sonal
pr
oper
ty.Thesear
e:pr
oper
tynotacqui
redbyoner
oust
it
leandpr
oper
tyacqui
red
byoner
oust
it
le.
Acqui
sit
ionbyoner
oust
it
lei
stheacqui
sit
ionofapr
oper
tyt
hroughanef
for
tor
wor
k,orbyexchange ofone pr
oper
tybyanot
herort
hrough pur
chase by
expendi
ngmoney
.Acqui
sit
ionnotbyoner
oust
it
lemeanst
heopposi
teoft
he
f
ormer
,thati
sacqui
sit
ionofapr
oper
tywhi
chi
sobt
ainednott
hroughef
for
t,or
notbywayofexchangeofonepr
oper
tybyanot
herornotbywayofpur
chaseby
expendi
tur
eofmoney
.
Ar
t.57deal
saboutpr
oper
tynotacqui
redbyoner
oust
it
le.Accor
dingt
othi
s
pr
ovi
si
on,anypr
oper
tyt
hati
sownedbyaspouseont
hedayofmar
ri
ageshal
l
r
emai
nhi
sper
sonalpr
oper
ty.Thi
sist
omean;anypr
oper
tyownedbyaspouse
pr
iort
omar
ri
age(
hei
sal
readyt
heownerofsuchpr
oper
tyont
hedayoft
he
mar
ri
agewi
l
lbehi
sownpr
oper
tyev
enaf
tert
heconcl
usi
onofmar
ri
age.For
exampl
eZemenehadahousewhi
l
ehewasconcl
udi
ngmar
ri
agewi
thMeser
et.
Thehousewoul
dbel
ongper
sonal
l
ytoZemeneal
oneandMeser
twoul
dhav
eno
r
ightofowner
shi
p ov
ert
hishouseunl
esssuch pr
oper
tyi
smadecommon
pr
oper
tyundercont
ractofmar
ri
age.Thehousei
spr
oper
tynotacqui
redby
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 106
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
oner
oust
it
le.
Thi
sar
ti
cleal
sost
atest
hati
foneoft
hespousesacqui
respr
oper
tybywayof
donat
ionorsuccessi
oni
nmar
ri
age,suchpr
oper
tyshal
lbel
ongt
othespouset
o
whom t
he donat
ion wasmade,al
though t
he pr
oper
tyi
sacqui
red af
tert
he
cel
ebr
ati
onoft
hemar
ri
age.
Aswehav
ement
ionedher
einabov
e,t
hesecondt
ypeofper
sonalpr
oper
tyi
s
pr
oper
ty acqui
red by oner
ous t
it
le.Per
suantt
o Ar
t.58 (
1),t
he f
oll
owi
ng
pr
oper
ti
esar
eper
sonal
proper
ti
esacqui
redbyoner
oust
it
le.
i
) pr
oper
tyacqui
redbyt
hespousedur
ingmar
ri
agei
nexchangeof
per
sonal
proper
ty.
i
i
) Pr
oper
tyacqui
redbyt
hespousedur
ingmar
ri
agebymoni
es
ownedper
sonal
l
y.
i
i
i) Pr
oper
tyacqui
redbyt
hespousedur
ingmar
ri
agewher
esuch
acqui
sit
ioni
sder
ivedf
rom sal
eofpr
oper
tyownedper
sonal
l
y.
Forexampl
e,l
etusassumet
hatGet
uandMul
uar
emar
ri
edcoupl
es.Get
uhasa
mi
nibust
axicarbef
orehegotmar
ri
edt
oMul
u.Af
tert
hei
rmar
ri
age,
Get
umaydo
oneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
ohi
staxi
.
a)Hemaysel
li
tanddeposi
temoney
.
b)Hemayexchangei
twi
thanot
hercar
.
c)Hemaysel
li
tandbuyanot
herpr
oper
tybyt
hemoneyobt
ainedbyt
hesal
e
oft
hemi
nibust
axi
.
Themoneydeposi
ted,ort
heot
hercaroranyot
herpr
oper
tyboughtshal
lremai
n
per
sonal
proper
tyofGet
u.Suchpr
oper
tyi
ssai
dtobeacqui
redbyoner
oust
it
le.
Dearst
udent
,onepoi
ntt
haty
oushoul
dbeari
nyourmi
ndi
sthatpr
oper
ty
acqui
redbyoner
oust
it
leneedst
heappr
ovaloft
hecour
ttocont
inueasper
sonal
pr
oper
ty.I
ntheabov
eexampl
eiti
scl
eart
hatGet
uwasor
igi
nal
l
ytheownerof
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 107
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
t
hemi
nibust
axi
.Buti
fhe sel
l
sitandbuy
sanot
hercar
,Get
uisr
equi
redt
ohav
e
t
heappr
ovaloft
hecour
tfort
hesecondcart
obeper
sonalpr
oper
tyf
ail
i
ngsuch,
per
suantt
oAr
t.62(
2),
thi
spr
oper
tyshal
lbedeemedt
obecommonpr
oper
ty.
Her
eonemayask,whyt
hel
aw r
equi
rest
hedeci
sionoft
hecour
tthatpr
oper
ty
acqui
redbyoner
oust
it
leshal
lbeownedper
sonal
l
ybyaspouse?Becauset
her
e
i
sapossi
bil
i
tyofmi
xi
ngper
sonalpr
oper
tywi
thcommonpr
oper
ty.Fori
nst
ance,
aper
sonalpr
oper
tyofaspousemaybemai
ntai
nedorr
epai
redbycommon
pr
oper
ty.Letusassumet
hatt
heowneroft
hispr
oper
tysol
dthi
spr
oper
tyand
boughtanot
hercarbyt
hepr
oceedoft
hesel
loft
hef
ir
stpr
oper
ty.I
nthi
scase,
ev
eni
fthepr
oper
tyi
sor
igi
nal
l
yownedper
sonal
l
ybyoneoft
hespouse,i
thas
beenmi
xedwi
thcommonpr
oper
tyi
nduecour
se.Asar
esul
t,t
hecarcannotbe
per
sonalpr
oper
tyaut
omat
ical
l
y.I
trequi
rert
heappr
ovaloft
hecour
t.I
fthecour
t
f
oundoutt
hatt
hecar(
per
sonalpr
oper
tyacqui
redbyoner
oust
it
le)i
smi
xedwi
th
commonpr
oper
ty,
thecour
tmaynotdeci
det
otheef
fectt
hatt
hecari
sper
sonal
pr
oper
tybecausei
twi
l
lbepr
ejudi
cial
tot
heot
herspouse.
I
thasbeenst
ipul
atedt
hatf
orpr
oper
tyacqui
redbyoner
oust
it
let
obedeemedas
per
sonalpr
oper
ty,i
trequi
rest
hedeci
sionoft
hecour
ttot
hatef
fectont
he
appl
i
cat
ionofoneoft
hespouses.Whati
stheper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
onwi
thi
nwhi
ch
suchappl
i
cat
ioni
stobemade?Ar
t.58(
2)i
ssi
l
enti
nthi
sregar
d.I
nvi
ewoft
he
si
l
enceoft
hel
aw,i
tmaybear
guedt
hatanappl
i
cat
ionmaybemadeunt
ilt
he
mar
ri
agei
sdi
ssol
ved.Si
ncemostoft
het
imedi
sput
esov
eracer
tai
npr
oper
ty
ar
isesaf
terdi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age,i
tisl
ogi
calt
osayt
hatanappl
i
cat
ionshal
l
notbebar
redbyper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
onunt
ilt
het
imeofdi
ssol
uti
on.Butsuch
ar
gumentshoul
dbet
akenwi
thaf
ootnot
e.Ast
imegoes,t
hepr
obabi
l
ityoft
he
mi
xtur
eofper
sonalpr
oper
tywi
thcommonpr
oper
tyi
shi
gh.So,i
f“t
heownerof
pr
oper
tyacqui
redbyoner
oust
it
le”i
stool
atei
nmaki
ngsuchappl
i
cat
ion,i
tis
hi
ghl
ypr
obabl
ethatcour
tmaynotdecl
aret
hatpr
oper
tyt
obeper
sonal
.Hencei
t
i
sadv
isabl
etomakeanappl
i
cat
ioni
ntheear
li
erpossi
bleoppor
tuni
ty.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 108
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Dearst
udent
,wehav
edi
scussedast
owhatconst
it
utesper
sonalpr
oper
tyof
spouses.Whodoy
out
hinki
saut
hor
izedbyl
aw t
oadmi
nist
ert
heper
sonal
pr
oper
tyofspouses?Consi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ngar
ti
clesf
rom t
heFeder
alRev
ised
Fami
l
yCode.
Ar
t.59–Admi
nist
rat
ionofPer
sonalPr
oper
ty(
1)Pr
inci
ple
1)Eachspouseshal
ladmi
nist
erhi
srespect
iveper
sonalpr
oper
tyandr
ecei
ve
t
heencomet
her
eof
.
2)Eachspousemayf
reel
ydi
sposeofhi
sper
sonal
proper
ty.
Ar
t.60–(
2)Det
ermi
nat
ionbyCont
ractofMar
ri
age
1)I
tmaybeagr
eedi
nthecont
ractofmar
ri
aget
hatoneoft
hespousesshal
l
admi
nist
eral
lorpar
toft
heper
sonalpr
oper
tyoft
heot
herspouseandhe
maydi
sposeofsuchpr
oper
ty.
2)Thespousewhoi
sent
rust
edwi
tht
hepowerofadmi
nist
eri
ngt
hepr
oper
ty
undersub-
art
icl
e(1)oft
hisar
ti
cleshal
l
,att
her
equestoft
heot
herspouse,
submi
tanannual
stat
ementofaccountoft
hemanagementofsuchf
ami
l
y.
Ar
t.61–(
3)Agency
One of t
he spouses may f
reel
y ent
rustt
othe ot
herspouse t
he
admi
nist
rat
ionofal
l
orpar
tofhi
sper
sonal
proper
ty.
Byv
irt
ueofAr
t.59,i
npr
inci
ple,eachspouseshal
ladmi
nist
erhi
sownper
sonal
pr
oper
ty.I
tal
sor
ulest
hati
fthi
spr
oper
tygener
atesi
ncome,
theownerspousei
s
ent
it
ledt
ocol
l
ectt
hei
ncome.Mor
eov
eri
tpoi
ntsoutt
hatt
heownerspousecan
f
reel
ydi
sposeofhi
spr
oper
ty.Byf
reedi
sposal
,wemeant
hepowerofsel
l
ingor
exchangi
ng ordonat
ing t
hepr
oper
tyt
o somebodybyone’
sfr
eechoi
ce.I
n
gener
al,t
heownerofper
sonalpr
oper
tyshal
lhav
eal
lpr
ivat
epr
oper
tyr
ight
s
i
ndi
cat
edunderAr
t.1204,
1205and1206oft
heCi
vi
lCode.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 109
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Theonl
yrest
ri
cti
oni
mposedonanownerofper
sonalpr
oper
tyi
swi
thr
espectt
o
owner
shi
pofi
ncomeder
ivedf
rom per
sonalpr
oper
ty.I
nthi
sregar
d,Ar
t62(
1)
pr
ovi
des t
hatal
lincome der
ived f
rom per
sonalpr
oper
tyshal
lbe common
pr
oper
ty.Ther
efor
e,t
hought
hespousei
sanownerofacer
tai
npr
oper
ty,hei
s
depr
ivedofbei
nganowneroft
hef
rui
tther
eof
.Ofcour
se,f
rom t
her
elev
ant
pr
ovi
si
onsofpr
oper
tyl
aw,owner
shi
pist
hewi
destr
ight
.Iti
ncl
udest
her
ightt
o
uset
hepr
oper
ty(
usus)
,ther
ightt
ocol
l
ectt
hei
ncomeorf
rui
toft
hatpr
oper
ty
(
fruct
us)
,andt
her
ightt
odi
spose(
abusus)
.Ifowner
shi
pri
ghti
ncl
udesal
lthese
r
ight
s,woul
ditbel
ogi
calt
opr
ohi
bitanownerofper
sonalpr
oper
tyt
ocol
l
ectt
he
f
rui
ts(
incomes)der
ivedf
rom hi
sper
sonalpr
oper
ty?Asamat
terofpr
inci
ple,
pr
oper
tyr
ightconsi
stst
heabov
ethr
eer
ight
s.Howev
er,
indi
cat
edunderAr
t.1204
(
2)oft
heCi
vi
lCode,suchr
ightmayber
est
ri
ctedbyl
aw.Oneoft
hel
awst
hat
r
est
ri
ctsuchr
ighti
sAr
t62(
1)oft
heRFC.Whenaper
sonv
olunt
ari
l
yent
erst
o
soci
alst
atus(
mar
ri
age)
,iti
swi
tht
hepr
esumpt
iont
hatheknowsandaccept
s
suchr
easonabl
eli
mit
ati
ononowner
shi
pri
ght
.
Thought
hel
awi
npr
inci
plepr
ovi
dest
hatper
sonalpr
oper
tyshal
lbeadmi
nist
ered
by t
he owner of t
hat pr
oper
ty,t
he owner may t
ransf
er such r
ight of
admi
nist
rat
iont
otheot
herspouseei
therbycont
ractofmar
ri
ageorot
heragency
cont
ract
.Aspr
ovi
dedi
nSub-
art
icl
e60(
1)spousesmayagr
eei
nthecont
actof
mar
ri
aget
hatt
hewhol
eorpar
tofper
sonalpr
oper
tyofonespouset
o be
admi
nist
eredbyt
heot
herspouse.Howev
ersub–ar
ti
cle(
2)oft
hesamear
ti
cle
obl
i
gedt
hespouset
owhom t
hispoweri
sgi
vent
osubmi
tay
ear
lyr
epor
tof
account
sregar
dingt
hepr
oper
tyatt
her
equestofhi
s/herspouse.I
fsuchmat
ter
i
snotgov
ernedundert
hei
rcont
ractofmar
ri
age,t
heowneroft
heper
sonal
pr
oper
tymayst
il
ldel
egat
ehi
spowerofadmi
nist
rat
ionofper
sonalpr
oper
tyby
agencycont
ractont
heongoi
ngmar
ri
age.
Att
hisj
unct
ure,
iti
slogi
cal
tor
aiseonequest
ion,
coul
dweexpectt
hespousest
o
askt
heconf
ir
mat
ionoft
hej
udgesf
ort
hecont
ractofagencyt
obev
ali
dwi
thi
n
t
hemeani
ngofAr
t.61?Somei
ndi
vi
dual
sar
guet
hatsi
ncet
hecont
ractofagency
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 110
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
i
sacont
ractt
hati
stobeconcl
udeddur
ingmar
ri
agei
tshal
lbeofnoef
fect
unl
essappr
ovedbyt
hecour
tasr
equi
redunderAr
t.73.
At
oMehar
iRedae,
inhi
sbookent
it
led“
SomeEnl
i
ght
eni
ngPoi
ntsont
heRev
ised
Fami
l
yLaw,Vol
ume1,1995-¾}
hhK¨
<”¾u?
}WwI
ÓKSÑ”
²w¾T>[
Æ ”
É”É’
Øx ,
page66-
67”ar
guest
hatwecoul
dnot
.Tot
hisef
fect
,her
aisedt
woj
ust
if
icat
ions.
I
fei
theroft
hepar
ti
eswant
stogr
antagencypower
,itmustbeconsi
der
edno
mor
easaf
ami
l
ymat
ter
.Thepowergi
ver(
thepr
inci
pal
)canr
ecl
aim atanyt
ime
t
her
epr
esent
ati
onpowert
hatheonceext
ended.(
Art
.2183oft
heCi
vi
lCode)I
f
wewer
etoaskhi
mtoseekt
hebl
essi
ngoft
hecour
t,t
hisr
ightoft
hepr
inci
pal
,
i
.e.
,gi
vi
ngorr
etaki
ngt
hepoweratanyt
imehewant
swoul
dbeneut
ral
i
zed.And
t
his may hav
e a negat
ivei
mpacton t
he spouse who want
sto go f
or
r
epr
esent
ati
onf
orv
ari
ousr
easons.
Theot
heri
sthatev
eni
ntheCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
eCodeAr
t58(
a),t
hel
awper
mit
sthe
spousest
orepr
esenteachot
heri
nbr
ingi
ngacl
aim,ordef
endact
ions.Ev
eni
f
t
hisi
sar
epr
esent
ati
on,
ther
emustnotbear
equi
rementt
ogetanappr
oval
oft
he
cour
t,andt
her
eexi
stsnost
atementi
ntheCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
eCode.
Thewr
it
eroft
hismodul
eisoft
heopi
niont
hatt
hel
att
erar
gumenti
smor
e
t
enabl
e.Thusi
tcanbeconcl
udedt
hatAr
t.61hast
obeconsi
der
edasan
except
iont
oAr
t.73.Thatmeans,Ar
t.73mustnotbet
akent
oref
ert
oagency
cont
act
.
B.CommonPr
oper
tyoft
heSpousesandI
tsAdmi
nist
rat
ion
I
tisnotonl
ytheper
sonalpr
oper
tyt
hathasbeengi
vent
reat
menti
nlaw,butt
he
commonpr
oper
tyoft
hespouseshasal
sobeenpr
ovi
ded.Justl
i
ke,
ast
her
emay
beaper
sonal
proper
tysoal
socommunal
proper
ty,
whi
chi
s,ev
enmor
ecer
tai
nto
exi
st.Thought
het
radi
ti
onalunder
standi
ngt
oget
herwi
tht
hesoci
ali
stv
iew i
s
doneawaywi
th,
thi
scoul
dnev
erbet
akent
omeant
hatmat
ri
moni
alpr
oper
tywi
l
l
notexi
st.Thebasi
cobl
i
gat
ionoft
hepar
ti
est
ocont
ri
but
efort
heeconomi
cgood
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
oft
hef
ami
l
ymakest
hecr
eat
ionofcommunal
proper
tyi
nev
itabl
e.
Thus,t
he l
egalr
egi
me has pr
ovi
ded t
he pr
oper
ti
es t
hat const
it
utet
he
mat
ri
moni
alpr
oper
ty.Howev
erbef
oredi
rect
lygodeepi
ntoanal
yzi
ngast
owhat
const
it
utescommonpr
oper
ty,l
etusst
udybr
ief
lyt
hedi
ff
erencebet
weenco-
owner
shi
pandcommonpr
oper
tyoft
hespouses.
Co-
owner
shi
phasanappar
entsi
mil
ari
tywi
thpr
oper
tyownedbyspousesi
n
common.Nonet
hel
ess,t
heyar
etwodi
sti
nctr
egi
mesi
nfact
.Joi
ntowner
shi
p
whi
chi
sext
ensi
vel
ydeal
tundert
heCi
vi
lCode(
Art
.1257–1308)i
sasi
tuat
ion
wher
easi
ngl
eobj
ectofowner
shi
pismadet
ofal
lundert
woormor
eindi
vi
dual
s.
Tr
ue,mat
ri
moni
alpr
oper
ty(
commonpr
oper
ty)i
saspeci
esofco-
owner
shi
p.Yet
i
tmustbedi
sti
ngui
shedf
rom co-
owner
shi
pgov
ernedbyt
hel
awofpr
oper
ty.
Fi
rst
ly,mat
ri
moni
ali
scr
eat
edpr
inci
pal
l
ybyoper
ati
onoft
hel
aw,andnotbyt
he
wi
l
loft
hepar
ti
esunl
i
kej
ointowner
shi
ppr
oper
.Theagr
eementoft
woormor
e
enumer
abl
eindi
vi
dual
sisbehi
ndt
hej
ointowner
shi
pofpr
oper
tyl
aw(
Art
.1258)
.
I
nfactsomet
imes,
thel
awcoul
dal
sobesour
ceofj
ointowner
shi
p,butt
hisi
san
except
ion.
Theot
herdi
sti
nct
ioni
sthatdur
ingt
heexi
stenceoft
hemar
ri
agenei
therspouse
canappl
ysi
mpl
yfort
hedi
vi
sionoft
hemat
ri
moni
alpr
oper
ty.Wher
easi
ncaseof
j
ointowner
shi
pasar
uleoneoft
hej
ointowner
smayt
ransf
erhi
sri
ghtt
osome
bodywhi
l
ethei
ndi
vi
si
onl
ast
s.I
npr
inci
ple,t
her
efor
e,j
ointowner
shi
p,unl
i
ke
communal
proper
ty,
isnotper
pet
ual
.
Theot
hermi
nordi
ff
erencei
sthenumberoft
heco-
owner
s.I
ncaseofowni
nga
cer
tai
npr
oper
tyi
ncommon,
thenumbercoul
dbeasmanyast
hepar
ti
eswanti
t
t
obe.Nev
ert
hel
ess,pr
act
ical
l
y,i
tdoesnotgot
otheext
entofhamper
ingpr
oper
admi
nist
rat
iont
hatmustbeexer
cisedont
heobj
ectofj
ointowner
shi
p.I
nfactf
or
mat
ri
moni
alpr
oper
tyt
heco-
owner
sar
eal
way
stwo,
nomor
enol
ess.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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ps:
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Theseandsomeot
herpoi
ntsmakemat
ri
moni
alpr
oper
tyt
obedi
sti
nctf
rom co-
owner
shi
p,whi
chi
sthebasi
cpr
oper
tyl
awconcept
.
Hav
ingdi
sti
ngui
shedcommonpr
oper
tyofspousesf
rom co-
owner
shi
p,her
ein
bel
owi
sdi
scussedpr
oper
ti
est
hatconst
it
utecommonpr
oper
ty.
Ar
ti
cle62–CommonPr
oper
tyofSpouses
1)Al
lincomeder
ivedbyper
sonalef
for
tsoft
hespousesandf
rom t
hei
r
commonorper
sonal
proper
tyshal
lbecommonpr
oper
ty.
2)Al
lpr
oper
tyacqui
redbyt
hespousesdur
ingmar
ri
agebyanoner
oust
it
le
shal
lbecommonpr
oper
tyunl
essdecl
aredper
sonalunderAr
t.58(
2)of
t
hisCode.
3)Unl
essot
her
wisest
ipul
atedi
ntheactofdonat
ionorwi
l
l,pr
oper
tydonat
ed
orbequeat
hedconj
oint
lyt
othespousesshal
lbecommonpr
oper
ty.
Accor
dingt
osub-
art
icl
e(1)oft
heabov
eAr
ti
cle,al
lincomesoft
hespousest
hat
ar
eder
ivedbyt
hei
ref
for
tsshal
lmaket
hecommonpr
oper
tyoft
hespouses.
Sal
ari
es and wages ofspouses ar
ethei
rincomes der
ived byt
hei
ref
for
ts.
Mor
eov
er,anyi
ncomef
rom ani
ncomegener
ati
ngpr
oper
tyi
sal
soacommon
pr
oper
ty.Thi
sist
ruewhet
hert
hei
ncomegener
ati
ngpr
oper
tyi
sper
sonalora
commonpr
oper
ty.
UnderAr
t.58(
2)wehav
esai
dthatanyt
ransact
ionmadewi
thper
sonalpr
oper
ty
shal
lber
epor
tedt
othecour
ttogetdecl
arat
iont
otheef
fectt
hatt
henewl
y
acqui
redpr
oper
tyi
stheper
sonalpr
oper
tyoft
heownerspouse.Howev
er,i
fthe
spousesf
ailt
o appl
ytot
hecour
taboutt
hechangemadei
ntheper
sonal
pr
oper
tyofoneoft
hespouses(
thati
sift
heysi
mpl
yremai
nsi
l
entaboutt
he
change (
transact
ion)made on t
he per
sonalpr
oper
ty)
,the newl
y acqui
red
pr
oper
tyshal
lbecomet
hecommonpr
oper
tyofbot
hspousesasr
uledi
nAr
t.62
(
2).
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 113
htt
ps:
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Whatdoy
ouunder
standf
rom Ar
t.62(
3)?Accor
dingt
othi
ssub-ar
ti
cle,any
pr
oper
tyacqui
redt
hroughdonat
ionori
nher
it
ancedur
ingmar
ri
ageshal
lbet
he
commonpr
oper
tyoft
hespouses.Howev
er,t
hisr
ulewi
l
lnotappl
yift
heactof
t
hedonat
ionorwi
l
lcl
ear
lyst
atest
hatt
hedonat
ionorbequesti
smadet
ooneof
t
hespouses.
Thesear
e,t
her
efor
e,t
hosepr
oper
ti
est
hatt
hel
awconsi
der
sascommon.Thi
sis
j
ustal
egalst
ipul
ati
onandt
hepar
ti
esar
enotpr
event
edf
rom addi
ngot
her
pr
oper
ti
esasbei
ngcommonbyt
hei
rcont
ract
.Coul
dwesayt
her
eexi
stsno
pr
event
iont
oexcl
udeanyoft
heseasset
sasnotcommunalei
ther?Fori
nst
ance
cant
hespousesbyacont
ractofmar
ri
agest
ipul
atet
heexcl
usi
onofsal
aryf
rom
commonpr
oper
ty?Possi
bly,
twoar
gument
smaybef
orwar
ded.
Thef
ir
stl
i
neofar
gumentact
ionpr
oposest
hespousesar
eatl
i
ber
tyt
oexcl
ude
one oft
hose pr
oper
ti
es underAr
t62 f
rom bei
ng common pr
oper
ty.The
ar
gumenti
sthatsol
ongast
hespousesar
enotpr
event
edf
rom addi
ngot
her
pr
oper
ti
esasbei
ngcommonbyt
hei
rcont
ract
,ther
eshoul
dnotbeabart
o
excl
ude.Thei
deai
sthatAr
t.62i
snotmandat
oryandhencecanbesetasi
deby
cont
rar
yint
ent
ionoft
hepar
ti
es.Par
ti
cul
arl
y,t
aki
ngi
ntoaccountcl
earpr
ovi
sions
t
hatout
lawedanycont
rar
yact
sbyt
hespouses,l
i
keAr
t.49,51,52,53,et
cand
t
hesi
l
enceofAr
t.62,i
tisar
guedt
hatt
hel
att
erpr
ovi
sioni
snotmandat
ory
.Ina
nutshel
l
,thespousescanpr
eventt
hecr
eat
ionofcommonpr
oper
ty.
Thesecondl
i
neofar
gumentst
rongl
yrej
ect
edt
hepossi
bil
i
tyofexcl
usi
onof
pr
oper
ti
esunderAr
t.62f
rom bei
ngcommonpr
oper
ty.Thef
oll
owi
ngr
easonsar
e
r
aised t
o suppor
tthi
s concl
usi
on.Though pr
oper
ty mat
ter
s ar
ethe most
i
mpor
tantsubj
ect
sofl
aw ofcont
ractandsucht
hepar
ti
esar
eatl
i
ber
tyt
o
cov
enantonwhat
everbasi
stheywantwi
thi
nthel
i
mit
soft
hel
aw,
itseemswi
se
t
oneut
ral
i
zesuchf
reedom wheni
tcomest
ospouses,andspousalpr
oper
ty.I
f
wewer
etoal
l
ow t
hem t
oagr
eet
otheext
entofmaki
ngt
hei
rwagesf
allunder
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 114
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
t
hei
rper
sonalowner
shi
p,i
twoul
dbev
erydi
ff
icul
ttoi
magi
net
heexi
stenceof“
a
f
iscaluni
t”const
it
uti
ngaf
ami
l
y.Asi
ndi
cat
edabov
e,mar
ri
agest
andsont
he
mut
ualsuppor
tandgoodwi
l
loft
hespouses.Ther
efor
e,t
hel
argert
hegapi
n
t
hei
reconomi
crel
ati
ons,
thehi
gherwi
l
lbet
her
iskofdi
suni
ty.Mor
eov
er,
onecan
senset
hemandat
orynat
ureofAr
t.62t
houghi
tfai
l
edt
opr
ovi
depr
ohi
bit
ionon
cont
rar
yandmut
ualagr
eement
s.Theconcl
usi
oni
sthatAr
t.62i
samandat
ory
andanon-
der
rogabl
epr
ovi
sion.Dearst
udent
,whi
choft
heabov
etwoar
gument
s
seemsmor
etenabl
e?
Asdi
scussedabov
e,t
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodehasdi
sti
nct
ivel
yputwhati
smeant
bycommunalaswel
lasper
sonalpr
oper
tyofspouses.Whenwecl
osel
yconsi
der
ourf
ami
l
ylaw,howev
er,t
her
eseemsl
ackofi
ndi
spensabl
ecl
ari
ty.A cl
ear
demar
cat
iondoesn’
texi
stbet
weent
hosepr
oper
ti
eswhi
chmaybeconsi
der
ed
per
sonal
andwhi
char
enot
.Iti
s,t
her
efor
e,i
mpor
tantt
odi
scusssomebor
derl
i
ne
cases.
Ont
hispar
ti
cul
ari
ssue,At
oBel
achewMekur
ia,i
nhi
sAr
ti
cleent
it
led“
Eff
ect
sof
Mar
ri
ageVi
s–a–Vi
sthePecuni
aryI
nter
est
sofSpouses,Nov
ember10,2002,
Bahi
rDarUni
ver
sit
y”posedsomepoi
ntsf
ordi
scussi
ont
hathav
ebot
hacademi
c
aswel
laspr
act
icalr
elev
ance.Ihav
efor
ewar
dedt
hatpar
toft
hear
ti
cledeal
i
ng
wi
tht
hei
ssueathandasf
oll
ows.
i
)LostandFoundObj
ect
s
Ani
ndi
vi
dualmayf
indanobj
ect
,andpassi
ngt
hroughal
lthepr
ocedur
esi
nthe
pr
oper
tyl
aw pr
ovi
si
ons,hemaysomet
imesbemadet
oownt
hatobj
ectoras
pr
ovi
dedundert
heEt
hiopi
anCi
vi
lCodeAr
t.1159,oneoft
hespousesmaygeta
t
reasur
eputunder
ground.Thent
hequest
ioni
s,wi
l
lsuchl
ostandf
oundobj
ector
t
reasur
ebeconsi
der
edasper
sonal
orcommonpr
oper
tyoft
hespouses?
I
ntheabsenceofef
for
tandanyot
hersour
cef
rom whi
chal
ostandf
oundobj
ect
i
sconsi
der
edt
ohav
ebeender
ived,i
twi
l
lbev
erydi
ff
icul
ttodeci
deonewayor
anot
her
.Asi
tisawi
ndf
allacqui
sit
ion,wehav
etodeci
dei
nfav
ouroft
he
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 115
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
communalpr
oper
tysi
ncedeci
dingei
therwayi
swar
rant
edi
ntheabsenceofa
cl
earpr
ovi
sion.Act
ual
l
yiti
snotwar
rant
edt
ost
ipul
ateaboutsuchi
ncomes
ei
therbecauseonecoul
dn’
tbecer
tai
nast
othei
rexi
stence
i
i
)Pat
ent
sandCopyRi
ght
s
Theseandt
heabov
ement
ionedonesmi
ghtnothav
ebeenl
i
tigat
edi
ncour
tof
l
aw ascont
ent
iousones,nonet
hel
ess,t
hedi
scussi
oni
sper
ti
nentf
ort
heyar
e
pot
ent
ial
sour
cesofcont
ent
ions.
Abusi
nessmayconsi
stofpat
ent
srel
ati
ngt
oinv
ent
ions,t
rademar
ks,desi
gns,
model
sandl
i
ter
aryorar
ti
sti
ccopyr
ight
s.(
Art
.148cum.149ofCom.Code)
.Thi
s
pat
entgi
vesanexcl
usi
ver
ightwhi
chi
sint
henat
ureofmonopol
yov
erpar
ti
cul
ar
obj
ect
s.Undert
hepr
oper
tyl
awpar
toft
heCi
vi
lCodeAr
t.1647(
1)pr
ovi
dest
hat
“
theaut
horoft
hewor
koft
hemi
ndshal
lhav
eont
hewor
khecr
eat
ed,byt
he
mer
efactofhi
scr
eat
ionani
ncor
por
ealr
ightofowner
shi
p”.Whatt
hel
awaf
for
ds
t
otheaut
horoft
hewor
koft
hemi
ndi
s,pr
otect
ionofhi
sri
ghtt
oexpl
oithi
swor
k
asbestashecoul
d,andal
sopr
otect
ionagai
nstanyi
njur
ydi
rect
edonhi
s
owner
shi
p.
Then,t
hepr
obl
em t
obeposedher
eiswhet
hert
hisr
ightwhenacqui
reddur
ing
t
hel
i
feoft
hemar
ri
agebel
ongst
otheaut
horspouseal
oneorbot
hspouses.The
aut
horori
nnov
atorofsuchpr
oper
tymayar
guet
hatt
hispr
oper
tyshoul
dnotbe
i
ncl
udedundercommunalowner
shi
p,asi
tmustbeconsi
der
edst
ri
ctl
yper
sonal
.
Howev
er,suchar
gumenthasf
acedcr
it
ici
sm ont
hegr
oundt
hatt
hei
ncome
r
ecei
vedshoul
dnotbet
reat
eddi
ff
erent
lyf
rom ‘
wage’
,whi
char
edef
inedas
commonpr
oper
ty.Thei
ssuehasbeen sol
vedf
orgoodi
nthePol
i
shFami
l
yLaw
r
egi
mebecauset
heCodepr
ovi
dedt
hatcopyr
ight
s,andr
ight
sacqui
redasan
i
nvent
or,orast
hemakerofadesi
gnorar
ati
onal
i
zat
ionpr
oposalar
esepar
ate
pr
oper
tyofeachspouse.Thi
sseemst
oacceptt
hest
ri
ctl
yper
sonalchar
act
erof
suchwor
kandt
husr
easonabl
etoent
it
let
hecr
eat
orasasol
ebenef
ici
ary
.The
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 116
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
newf
ami
l
ylawhaschangedt
heCi
vi
lCodepr
ovi
siont
hatsai
d“wagesandot
her
i
ncomes…”by“
incomesf
rom per
sonalef
for
tsandi
ncomesf
rom per
sonalor
common pr
oper
ti
es.
”Then can we consi
derpat
entand copyr
ightder
iven
i
ncomesaswages,
ori
ncomef
rom per
sonal
eff
ort
s?
Thi
sisv
erypr
obl
emat
ic.Ononesi
det
her
eisani
nter
estoft
hef
ami
l
ythatmust
st
andont
hef
inanci
alcont
ri
but
ionoft
hespousesandont
hei
nter
estoft
he
aut
horwhoi
sthesol
ecr
eat
or/i
nvent
orwhomustber
ewar
dedwi
thundi
vi
ded
andsat
isf
act
orycompensat
ionf
orhi
sef
for
t.Especi
all
ywher
ethespousehasno
ot
herpr
ofessi
onalcar
ri
erot
hert
hansuchar
ti
sti
corsci
ent
if
icunder
taki
ngs,i
t
woul
dbeunf
airt
othef
ami
l
ytomaket
hepr
oceedi
ngsofhi
s/heref
for
tsper
sonal
ent
it
lement
s.Ev
eni
fiti
snott
hecase,t
hewr
it
erar
gues,t
hatsuchent
it
lement
s
cansaf
elybemadet
ofal
lunder“
incomesf
rom per
sonalef
for
tsofaspouse.
”
Thi
sisj
ust
if
iedont
hegr
oundt
hatf
orsuchcr
eat
ionsofami
nddi
rect
lyor
i
ndi
rect
ly,wecanf
indt
hecont
ri
but
ionoft
heot
herpar
tnersi
ncet
hewhol
e
sur
roundi
ngenv
ironmentmat
ter
sal
otf
oranyi
nvent
oryand/orar
ti
sti
cwor
k.
i
i
i)Damagest
oBodi
l
yInj
ury
Foramat
eri
aldamaget
hatani
ndi
vi
dualsuf
fer
sduet
othef
aul
tyactofanot
her
,
per
son,
thel
awmakest
hel
att
ert
ocompensat
ethef
ormerasar
est
it
utef
orany
damaget
hathehascaused.Thi
sisnei
therawagenorani
ncomef
rom t
heef
for
t
ofei
theroft
hespouses.
Compensat
ionf
orani
njur
yisr
edr
essabl
etot
heext
entoft
hedamaget
hatt
he
v
ict
im suf
fer
ed.Thent
hel
ogi
cbehi
ndt
hispr
inci
plei
sthatt
hei
njur
edmust
r
egai
n,bywayofcompensat
ion,what
everhehasl
ostasar
esul
toft
hei
njur
y.
Undert
hePol
i
shFami
l
yLaw,damagesf
orbodi
l
yinj
uryori
mpai
rmentofheal
th
ar
emadet
obesepar
atepr
oper
tyoft
hatspousewhosuf
fer
edt
hei
njur
y.
Si
nceourl
awhasnott
akenanycl
earposi
ti
on,
iti
sfort
hej
udget
oanswerast
o
t
hef
ateofsuchi
ncome,whi
chcoul
dnotbeequat
edwi
thani
ncomef
rom t
he
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 117
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
ef
for
tsofei
theroft
hespousesnorwi
tht
hei
ncomegener
atedf
rom t
heper
sonal
orcommonpr
oper
ti
esoft
hespouses.I
tisf
urt
hersubmi
tt
edt
hatwecoul
dnot
i
ncl
udei
tasi
ncome,whi
chi
sader
ivat
iveofat
ransact
ionbyei
theroft
he
spousessi
ncesuchi
ncomei
fnotdecl
aredasper
sonalwi
l
lbepr
esumedt
obe
commonpr
oper
ty.
Ther
efor
e,ast
owhatnameweshoul
dgi
vet
osuchki
ndofi
ncomei
sjusta
quest
iont
hatbegsl
egi
sl
ati
onact
ion.Basedont
heCi
vi
lCodeAr
t.2095(
1),one
mayt
endt
oar
guet
hatsi
ncet
hespousei
snamedast
hef
ir
stt
obecal
l
edasa
cl
aimantonbehal
foft
hedeceasedduet
oaf
atalacci
dent
,theni
fnotf
atal
,the
ent
it
lementt
hataspouseget
sasar
esul
tofani
njur
ymustbeconsi
der
edas
common.Thi
sseemsacr
ippl
i
ng ar
gumentf
ort
het
wosi
tuat
ionsar
ever
ymuch
atv
ari
ance.Thef
actt
hataspousemaybemadet
obenef
itf
rom suchmat
eri
al
compensat
ionduet
othedeat
hofhi
s/hermetbywayofmai
ntenancesi
ncet
he
deat
hoft
hespousewi
l
lhav
eadev
ast
ati
ngi
mpactont
hef
ami
l
y.I
fthesi
tuat
ion
i
swher
ethespousehassur
viv
edaf
tert
hei
njur
yandwasmadet
obenef
itf
rom a
compensat
ionf
orwhat
everdamageher
ecei
ved,
iti
sinev
itabl
ethatt
hei
ssuewi
l
l
ar
iseast
othest
atusofsuchpr
oper
ty.
i
v)Mor
alcompensat
ion
Thi
sisanot
herar
eawher
eourv
ari
ousl
egi
slat
ionsonf
ami
l
ymat
ter
shav
enot
t
akenacl
earst
and.Damaget
oone’
smor
almayensueduet
odef
amat
orywor
ds,
phy
sicalassaul
t,phy
sicalr
est
rai
ntori
tmayal
so beor
der
ed t
oget
herwi
th
compensat
ionf
orbodi
l
yinj
ury
.
Mor
aldamagei
sst
ri
ctl
yper
sonalt
otheonewhohassuf
fer
edi
t.Taki
ngi
nto
accountt
hisnat
ureoft
hedamage,wi
l
lweconsi
deri
ttobeashar
edi
ncomeof
t
hespouses?Agai
nunl
i
keourl
aw,underPol
i
shFami
l
yCode,compensat
ionf
or
mor
aldamagei
scl
ear
lymadet
obeundert
heper
sonalpr
oper
tyoft
hespouses
concer
ned.
Thewr
it
ernotf
ail
i
ngt
orecommendt
hei
mpor
tanceofcl
earpr
ovi
sionwi
tht
his
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 118
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
r
espectaswel
l
,ther
eseemsnor
easonev
ennow t
oconsi
dersuchi
ncomeas
f
ormi
ngpar
toft
hemat
ri
moni
alpr
oper
ty.Af
teral
lthi
sisadamaget
hatbr
ings
nei
thermat
eri
alnorpsy
chol
ogi
caldamageont
hei
ndi
vi
dual
sot
hert
hant
heone
whobear
sit
.Assuchwehav
etomakehi
m asol
ebenef
ici
aryoft
hepay
ment
t
hati
smeantt
oresi
tuat
ethedamagewhi
chi
ssol
elyr
elat
iveofhi
sint
ernal
sel
f.
v
)Bonuses,
Pri
zes,
andSi
mil
arPay
ment
sDi
sti
nctf
rom Wage
Anempl
oyermaydeci
det
orewar
dhi
sempl
oyeesbywayofbonusf
ort
he
ef
fi
cientaccompl
i
shmentt
heyhav
edemonst
rat
edmaki
ngt
heunder
taki
ngget
unexpect
edpr
ofi
t.Thi
sisnor
mali
nacompet
it
ivef
reemar
ketsy
stem ori
tmay
happent
hatani
ndi
vi
duali
snomi
nat
edandawar
dedwi
thapr
izeent
it
li
ngt
oa
hugeamountofmoney
.St
il
lthebasi
cquest
iont
hati
sduet
obeaskedi
sifi
tisa
spouset
hatwasabenef
ici
aryoft
hebonusschemeort
heawar
d,wi
l
lhe/
shebe
askedt
oputi
tont
het
abl
ewher
ethecommont
reasur
eismeantt
oli
e?
Thi
sone,
unl
i
ket
heabov
etwo,
seemsar
guabl
eforwecanseeel
ement
sofef
for
t
oft
heper
sonent
it
led.Andourl
aw hasmadewhat
everi
ncomesol
ongasi
tis
ef
for
t–gener
atedt
obeconsi
der
edascommon.Ont
heot
herhand,asi
mil
ar
def
ense coul
d exi
stf
avor
ing t
he per
sonalnat
ure oft
he i
ncome.Whati
s
expr
essedasef
for
t–gener
atedi
ncomebyt
hel
awmustbeconst
ruedasnott
o
bypassi
ncomeasawage.Thi
sisnotanor
malent
it
lementsi
ncei
tmayhappen
i
nter
mit
tent
lyornotatal
l
.Ther
efor
e,i
tmustbet
hespousewhodemonst
rat
ed
t
heexcept
ionalef
fi
ci
encyort
alental
onet
hatshoul
dbemadet
orecei
vet
he
pay
mentandt
hel
aw mustal
l
ow t
oputi
tcl
earmar
kedashi
s/herper
sonal
pr
oper
ty.
v
i)Pensi
onAl
l
owance
A pensi
onschemei
sascheme,whi
chcomesatt
her
escueofani
ndi
vi
dual
whosecapaci
tyt
opr
oduce,
asar
ule,
hasbeenexhaust
edduet
ool
dage.Li
ket
he
abov
ecases,t
hesamequest
ioni
sduet
ober
aisedher
eal
soast
owher
ewe
mayputsuchpr
oper
ty.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 119
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Ther
ear
ethr
eear
gument
srai
sedbyv
ari
ousschol
ars.I
tisknownt
hatwagei
s
undert
hecommunalowner
shi
poft
hespouses.Basedont
hissomear
guet
hat
aspensi
oni
sani
ncomesi
mil
arwi
thwagewehav
etot
akei
tasani
ncome
der
ivat
iveoft
heper
sonalef
for
tsoft
hespouseconcer
nedandmustbemadet
o
f
all
undert
hecommunal
owner
shi
p.
Someot
herst
il
lcont
endt
hataf
teral
lpensi
onal
l
owancei
sconst
it
utedofa
cont
inuouscont
ri
but
ionoff
ourper
cent(
4%)byt
hei
ndi
vi
dual
andsi
xper
cent(
6%)
byt
hegov
ernment
.Ther
efor
e,aspousei
fatal
lisgi
vent
oext
endher
/hi
shands
t
osuchal
l
owancei
thast
obet
otheext
entofhal
foft
hef
ourper
centcont
ri
but
ed
byt
he i
ndi
vi
dualsi
nce one can gues t
he exi
stence oft
he ot
herspouses
cont
ri
but
ionont
hatpar
t.
Thel
asti
sgr
oundedonAr
t.404(
e)oft
heCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
eCodeofEt
hiopi
awhi
ch
excl
udedpensi
onal
l
owancenott
obesubj
ectt
oanycl
aim ori
tsconsequent
at
tachment
.
Iper
sonal
l
ygof
ort
hesecondsi
ncei
tseemsr
easonabl
eandj
ust
.Thesi
x
per
centcont
ri
but
ionmadebyt
hegov
ernmenti
ssomet
hingt
owhi
cht
heot
her
spousemaynotbeconsi
der
edt
ohav
econt
ri
but
edi
nanycase.
Hav
ingsepentt
hismucht
imef
ormaki
ngdi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenper
sonaland
commonpr
oper
ty,i
tist
her
ightt
imet
o consi
dert
hel
egalpr
esumpt
ionof
commonpr
oper
ty.Ar
t.63oft
heRFCl
aysdownt
hepr
esumpt
ionwhi
chmaybe
r
egar
ded ast
hel
egall
i
nchpi
n oft
hepr
oper
tyaspect
soft
hei
nst
it
uti
on of
mar
ri
ageasf
oll
ows.
Ar
t.63–Legalpr
esumpt
ion
1)Al
lpr
oper
tyshal
lbedeemedt
obecommonpr
oper
tyev
eni
fregi
ster
edi
n
t
henameofoneoft
hespousesunl
esssuchspousepr
ovest
hathei
sthe
sol
eownert
her
eof
.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 120
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
2)Thef
actt
hatcer
tai
npr
oper
tyi
sper
sonalmaynotbesetup byt
he
spousesagai
nstt
hir
dpar
ti
esunl
essl
att
erknew orshoul
dhav
eknown
suchf
act
.
Thecompr
ehensi
venat
ureoft
hepr
esumpt
ionhar
dlycal
l
sforanel
uci
dat
ion.The
r
elev
antpr
ovi
si
on begi
ns wi
tht
he wor
ds “
allpr
oper
ty”and cont
ains no
subsequentqual
i
ficat
ionr
est
ri
cti
ngt
hegener
icchar
act
eroft
hephr
ase.Thusal
l
mov
abl
esandi
mmov
abl
e,nomat
terhowandwhent
heyar
eacqui
red,
fal
lwi
thi
n
t
hescopeoft
hepr
esumpt
ion.
Thepr
esumpt
ionser
vesasapoi
ntofdepar
tur
eint
headj
udi
cat
ionofal
ldi
sput
es
ov
ert
hedi
vi
sionofmat
ri
moni
alest
ate.I
nresol
vi
ngt
hesedi
sput
es,
rul
esi
mpl
i
cit
i
nthepr
esumpt
iont
hatar
eoutl
i
nedher
inunderhav
etobeobser
ved.
Fi
rst
,oneneednotl
ookf
orev
idencei
nfav
ourof“
commonpr
oper
ty”ast
he
pr
esumpt
ion makesi
ttot
all
yunnecessar
y.Pr
oofi
sacondi
ti
on ofper
sonal
pr
oper
tyandnotv
icev
ersa.
Second,
iti
sonl
ythespousewhoasser
tssol
eowner
shi
pofagi
venpr
oper
tywho
hast
hel
egaldut
ytoadducei
nsuppor
tofhi
sorhercl
aim.Ther
eisnoonusof
pr
oofont
hespousemai
ntai
ningt
hatt
hepr
oper
tyi
scommon.Hemustnotbe
cal
l
edupont
opr
ovi
deev
idencei
nsuppor
tofhi
sasser
ti
on.
Thi
rd,
stat
ement
soft
hespousewhomai
ntai
nst
hatagi
venpr
oper
tyi
scommon
neednott
obeusedaspr
etextt
oder
ogat
efr
om t
hepr
esumpt
ionunl
esssuch
st
atement
samountt
oacl
earadmi
ssi
ont
hatt
hepr
oper
tyi
nquest
ioni
sper
sonal
.
Four
th,t
he st
andar
d of pr
oof t
o r
ebut t
he pr
esumpt
ion must be t
he
pr
eponder
anceoft
heev
idence.Onl
yper
vasi
vear
gument
sont
hest
rengt
hof
pr
oofmustbari
tsenf
orcement
.Inal
lot
hercases,i
tsappl
i
cat
ionmustr
emai
n
unaf
fect
ed.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 121
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Ashasal
readybeenst
ated,ev
ery
thi
ngi
nthemat
ri
moni
alest
atei
spr
esumedt
o
bet
hecommonpr
oper
tyoft
hespouses.Hence,
acl
aimt
oper
sonalpr
oper
tyhas
t
o be subst
ant
iat
ed wi
th pr
oof
.Thi
sis absol
utel
y necessar
y.Fr
om t
he
commul
ati
ver
eadi
ngofAr
ts.57and58,onecaneasi
l
ylear
nthatt
her
ear
e
sev
eralgr
oundsonwhi
chacl
aimt
oper
sonalpr
oper
tymaybemade.Ei
therof
t
hespousesmayasser
tsol
eowner
shi
pofagi
veni
tem ofpr
oper
tybyal
l
egi
ng
t
hat
:
- I
twasownedbyhi
m orheronorbef
oret
hedayonwhi
cht
he
mar
ri
agewascel
ebr
ated.
- I
twasdonat
edexcl
usi
vel
ytohi
m orheraf
tert
hemar
ri
agewas
cel
ebr
ated.
- I
twasbequeat
hedexcl
usi
vel
ytohi
m orheraf
tert
hemar
ri
agewas
cel
ebr
ated.
- I
twasacqui
redbymeansofexchangeofpr
oper
tywhi
chbel
onged
t
ohi
m orherper
sonal
l
y.
- I
twaspur
chasedwi
thmoneyownedbyhi
m orherper
sonal
l
y,or
,
- I
twsacqui
redwi
thmoneyder
ivedf
rom t
heal
i
enat
ionofpr
oper
ty
ownedbyhi
m orherper
sonal
l
y.
What
everbet
hegr
ounds,
acl
aimt
oper
sonalpr
oper
tyr
equi
rest
hepr
oduct
ionof
pr
oof
.Theev
idencer
equi
redt
osubst
ant
iat
esuchacl
aim maynotal
way
sbeof
t
hesamesor
t.Fori
nst
ance,i
fH,t
hehusbandofW,al
l
egest
hathei
sthesol
e
ownerofadwel
l
inghouseont
hegr
oundt
hati
twasownedbyhi
m bef
oret
hei
r
weddi
ngday
,hewi
l
lbecal
l
edupont
oadducepr
ooft
oest
abl
i
sht
hef
actt
hatt
he
housebel
ongedt
ohi
m pr
iort
othecel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
age.Butont
heot
herhand,
i
fHmakest
hecl
aim ont
hegr
oundt
hatt
hedwel
l
inghousewasbequeat
hedf
or
hi
sexcl
usi
veadv
ant
age,hewi
l
lber
equi
redt
o,pr
oducet
hewi
l
lthatest
abl
i
shed
t
hisf
act
.Consequent
ly,whatt
hecl
aimantmustbecal
l
edupont
oadduceas
ev
idencehast
obedet
ermi
nedi
nthel
i
ghtoft
hegr
oundsf
ort
heal
l
egat
ion
hav
ingduer
egar
dtot
hepr
ovi
sionsofAr
ts.57and58oft
heRFC.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 122
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Onepoi
ntt
hathast
obebor
nei
nmi
ndi
sthatt
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodehas
i
ntr
oducedsomechangei
nrel
ati
ont
olegalpr
esumpt
ion.Thati
s,ev
eni
fa
cer
tai
npr
oper
tyi
sregi
ster
edi
nthenameoft
hespouset
hel
egalpr
esumpt
ioni
s
equal
l
yappl
i
cabl
e.Thi
sel
ementi
snoti
ncl
udedunderAr
t.653oft
heCi
vi
lCode.
Henceper
suantt
oAr
t.63(
1)oft
heRFC,ev
eni
fthepr
oper
tyi
sregi
ster
edi
nthe
nameofoneoft
hespouses,hei
srequi
redt
opr
ooft
hef
actt
hathei
sthesol
e
ownert
her
eof
.Ifhef
ail
stodoso,
thepr
oper
tyshal
lbepr
esumedt
obecommon
pr
oper
ty.Ther
easonf
orsuchdepar
tur
eist
oav
oidunf
air
nesswher
eapr
oper
ty
i
sregi
ster
edi
nthenameofoneoft
hespousesdespi
tet
hef
actt
hatt
hepr
oper
ty
i
s acqui
red dur
ing mar
ri
age.Some pr
oper
ti
es l
i
ke house and carr
equi
res
r
egi
str
ati
on.Andi
nEt
hiopi
a,i
tisnotusualt
oregi
stert
hesepr
oper
ti
esi
nthe
nameofbot
hspouse.Whent
hepr
oper
tyi
sregi
ster
edi
noneoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
,i
t
i
sunder
stoodt
hati
twi
l
lbepr
ejudi
cialt
otheot
herspouse.Ther
efor
e,i
tis
st
ipul
atedt
hatal
thoughapr
oper
tyi
sregi
ster
edi
noneoft
hespouses,t
hiscan
notbeaconcl
usi
veev
idencet
oshow t
hatt
hepr
oper
tyi
sper
sonal
.Itr
equi
res
addi
ti
onalev
idence.For
mthi
swecansayt
hatt
hef
ami
l
ylaw pr
ovi
sionsshal
l
pr
evai
lov
erowner
shi
pcer
ti
fi
cat
egi
venbyt
heconcer
nedgov
ernmentor
gan.
Thepr
esumpt
ionl
aiddown,byt
hel
awi
sal
soequal
l
yappl
i
cabl
etot
hir
dpar
ti
es.
Asar
esul
toft
hispr
esumpt
ionoft
hel
aw,
ever
yonecanassumeanypr
oper
tyi
n
t
hepossessi
onoft
hespousesascommonpr
oper
tyoft
hesame.Fori
nst
ancel
et
ussayt
hatCi
sanei
ghbourofmar
ri
edcoupl
esnamel
y,AandB.Letusassume
t
hatAandB,byt
hei
rcommonconsentr
ecei
vedmoneyi
nloanf
rom C.I
nthi
s
si
tuat
ion,Ccansi
mpl
yconsi
dert
heToy
otacari
npossessi
onoft
hespousesas
t
hei
rcommonpr
oper
ty.I
nvi
ewoft
his,Ccanmov
etoat
tacht
heToy
otacari
fA
andBf
ailt
opaybackt
hemoneyt
ohi
m.I
nthi
scase,Amaynotcl
aimt
hatt
he
Toy
otacari
shi
sper
sonalpr
oper
tyt
ost
opC’
sact
ionov
ert
hecar
.Her
e,Acan,
howev
er,setupadef
enseagai
nstCi
fandonl
yifAshowst
hatCknewt
hef
act
t
hatt
heToy
otacari
shi
sper
sonalpr
oper
tyorCshoul
dhav
eknownofsuchf
act
asr
uledi
nsub-
art
icl
e(2)ofAr
t.63I
fAf
ail
stoshowt
hatCkneworshoul
dhav
e
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nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 123
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
knownaboutt
hisf
act
,Ccanper
sueagai
nstt
heToy
otacart
ogethi
smoneypai
d
back.
I
nthepr
ecedi
ngdi
scussi
ons,
wehav
est
udi
edt
hatal
li
ncomeder
ivedf
rom sal
ary
,
per
sonalandcommonpr
oper
tyshal
lfor
m commonpr
oper
ty.Whenwecomet
o
t
headmi
nist
rat
ion,
i.
e.,
col
l
ect
ionanddeposi
ti
ngoft
hei
ncome,
howev
er,
thel
aw
al
l
owseachspouset
ocol
l
ectand/
ordesposi
tehi
sincome.Ther
efor
e,i
tist
he
ownerort
hesour
ceoft
hei
ncomewhohasanul
ti
mat
esayt
hewayt
hei
ncome
i
stobedeposi
tedorr
ecei
ved,(
Art
.64(
1)4(
2).Hemaydeposi
tehi
sear
nings
ei
theri
ntheper
sonalorj
ointbankaccount
.Butt
hisdoesnotmeant
hateach
spousecandi
sposehi
sear
ningf
reel
y.Asy
oumayr
ecal
l
,ithasbeenst
ipul
ated
underAr
t.62(
1)oft
heRFCt
hatal
li
ncomesobt
ainedf
rom t
heper
sonalef
for
tof
spousesshal
lbet
hei
rcommonpr
oper
ty.Mor
eov
er,
accor
dingt
oAr
t.64(
3),
each
spousei
sexpect
edt
o show t
heot
herspouset
heamountofear
ningsand
expendi
tur
e.
Thepr
ovi
sionsofAr
t.65oft
heRFC,
bywayofexcept
iont
othepr
ovi
sionsofAr
t.
64ar
eaboutmandat
etor
ecei
vei
ncome.I
nthef
ir
stsub-
art
icl
eofAr
t.65,i
tis
pr
ovi
dedt
hat“
oneoft
hespousesmayf
reel
ygi
vet
heot
herspouseamandat
eto
r
ecei
vet
hei
ncomewhi
chi
sduet
ohi
m.”Themandat
emaybegi
vent
hrougha
cont
ractofmar
ri
ageoranyot
heragencycont
ract
.Persub-
art
icl
e(1)ofAr
t.65,
oneoft
hespousewhooughtt
ohav
erecei
vedhi
sincomemaybyf
reewi
l
land
consentconf
eragencyont
heot
hert
orecei
vehi
sincomewhi
chheoughtt
ohav
e
r
ecei
vedper
sonal
l
y.Ont
heot
herhand,t
hought
hegr
oundsunderwhi
chsuch
r
equestmaybepr
esent
edt
othecour
tisnotment
ioned,
sub-
art
icl
e(2)ofAr
t.62
al
sopr
ovi
deswher
eoneoft
hespousesr
equest
s,t
hecour
tmayaut
hor
izet
he
r
equest
ingspouset
orecei
vet
hei
ncomeoft
heot
herspouseandgi
ver
ecei
pt
t
her
eof
.Iti
ssuspect
edt
hatt
hegr
oundsonwhi
cht
her
equestenv
isagedunder
sub-
art
icl
eunderconsi
der
ati
oni
sgr
ant
edmaybebecauseofbehav
ior
ssuchas
ext
rav
agancyorpr
odi
gal
i
tyoft
heot
herspouse.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 124
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Ar
t.65(
3)pr
ovi
dest
hatt
hecour
tmayal
soor
dert
hef
ullorpar
ti
alat
tachmentof
t
hei
ncomeofei
therspouse.Butsuchor
dershal
lnoti
ncl
udei
ncomeoft
he
spousest
hati
snotsubj
ectt
oat
tachmentbyt
hecl
earpr
ohi
bit
ionofv
ari
ousl
aws.
For
,inst
ancet
heFeder
alCi
vi
lSer
vantPr
ocl
amat
ionNumber262/
2002pr
ohi
bit
s
at
tachmentofpensi
onal
l
owance.Mor
eov
erAr
t.404oft
heCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
eCode
enumer
atest
hoset
ypesofpr
oper
ti
esandamountofsal
aryt
hatcannotbe
subj
ectt
oat
tachment
.
Al
thoughbot
htheCi
vi
lCodeandt
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodei
nsi
mil
armanner
ent
rusteachspouset
oadmi
nist
erhi
sper
sonalpr
oper
tyatl
easti
npr
inci
ple,t
he
l
att
erdepar
tedf
rom t
heci
vi
lcodewhenwecomet
oadmi
nist
rat
ionofcommon
pr
oper
ty.TheCi
vi
lCodeunderAr
t.656(
1)ent
rust
stot
hehusbandt
hepowert
o
admi
nist
ert
hecommonpr
oper
tyoft
hespouses.Si
ncei
tisonl
yani
nsi
gni
fi
cant
numberofwi
veswhoar
ewage–ear
ner
sorhav
eanyt
ypeofspeci
ali
ncomei
n
pr
esentdayEt
hiopi
a,t
heCi
vi
lCodei
nef
fectmakesal
mostt
hewhol
ecommuni
ty
ofpr
oper
tyundert
headmi
nist
rat
ionoft
hehusband.
Asar
esponset
osuchdi
scr
imi
nat
orypr
ovi
sionoft
heCi
vi
lCodeandt
heneedt
o
beconsi
stentwi
thAr
t34(
2)and35(
7)oft
heFDREconst
it
uti
ont
hatensur
es
equal
i
tyoft
hespouseswi
thr
egar
dtoadmi
nist
rat
ionofcommonpr
oper
tyas
wel
l
,the Rev
ised Fami
l
y Code has gi
ven bot
h spouses equalpoweron
admi
nist
rat
ionoft
hei
rcommonpr
oper
ty.St
udyt
hef
oll
owi
ngar
ti
cles.
Ar
ti
cle66–Admi
nist
rat
ionofCommonPr
oper
ty
1)Commonpr
oper
tyshal
lbeadmi
nist
eredconj
oint
lybyt
hespousesunl
ess
t
her
eisanagr
eementwhi
chempower
soneoft
hem t
oadmi
nist
eral
lor
par
toft
hecommonpr
oper
ty.
2)Wher
eoneoft
hespousesi
sdecl
aredi
ncapabl
e,ori
sdepr
ivedofhi
sri
ght
ofpr
oper
tymanagementorf
oranyot
herr
easoni
sunabl
etoadmi
nist
er
t
he common pr
oper
ty,t
he ot
herspouse shal
lal
one admi
nist
ersuch
commonpr
oper
ty.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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ps:
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oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Ar
ti
cle67–Dut
ytogi
veNot
ice
Thespousewhoper
for
msanactofmanagementi
nrespectofcommon
pr
oper
tyi
sdut
yboundt
oinf
ormt
heot
herspouset
her
eof
.
Asst
ipul
atedi
nsub-
art
icl
e(1)ofAr
t.66,bot
hspousesshal
ladmi
nist
ert
hei
r
common pr
oper
ti
es conj
oint
ly.Such pr
inci
ple may ,howev
er,be r
ender
ed
i
nef
fect
ivei
ntwosi
tuat
ions.
Fi
rst
ly,spousesmaybyt
hei
rcont
ractofmar
ri
ageorot
heragencycont
ract
ent
rustt
hepowerofadmi
nist
rat
ionofal
lorpar
toft
hecommonpr
oper
tyt
oone
oft
hem.Thi
s cont
ractwi
l
lgi
vet
he powerofadmi
nist
eri
ng t
hei
rcommon
pr
oper
tyei
thert
othehusbandorwi
feonl
y.Howev
er,
thespousewhoi
sinchar
ge
oft
headmi
nist
rat
ionoft
hecommonpr
oper
tyunderAr
t.67i
sdut
ybondt
o
i
nfor
m(t
ogi
venot
icet
o)ot
herspouseaboutt
headmi
nist
rat
ionoft
hei
rcommon
pr
oper
ty.Unl
esst
her
eisadut
yofnot
if
icat
ionaboutt
headmi
nist
rat
ionoft
he
commonpr
oper
tyofspouses,t
hespouset
hati
sengagedi
nthef
unct
ionof
admi
nist
rat
ionmayabusehi
spower
.Hemayundul
yappr
opr
iat
esomepar
tof
t
hecommonpr
oper
tyashi
sper
sonalpr
oper
tyorhemayt
akeanact
iont
hat
mi
ghtnegat
ivel
yaf
fectt
hei
nter
estoft
heot
herspouse.
Secondl
y,asi
ndi
cat
edunderAr
t66(
2),
ifoneoft
hespousesbecomesi
ncapabl
e
(
sicken,j
udi
ci
all
yint
erdi
cted,away f
rom home,et
c) t
o i
nvol
ve i
n t
he
admi
nist
rat
ionoft
hecommonpr
oper
ty,t
heot
herspouseal
oneshal
ltaket
he
r
esponsi
bil
i
tyofadmi
nist
eri
ngt
hei
rcommonpr
oper
ty.
Att
hispoi
nt,
iti
simpor
tantt
orai
seonequest
ion.I
foneoft
hespousesi
sgi
vena
powert
oadmi
nist
ercommonpr
oper
ty,
whatwi
l
lthescopeofsuchpower
?Inmy
opi
nion,Ar
t.67byi
tsel
ftel
l
sust
hescopeoft
hepowert
obeexer
cisedbyt
he
agentwhen i
tsay
s“t
he spouse who per
for
ms an actofmanagement…”
(
Emphasi
ssuppl
i
ed)
.Thati
s,i
ftheagencyr
ecei
vi
ngspousei
sconf
err
edwi
than
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 126
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ps:
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oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
agencyexpr
essedi
ngener
alt
ermshe/
shewoul
donl
ybeper
for
mingact
sof
managementi
nrel
ati
ont
othecommonpr
oper
ti
esoft
hespouses.Toputi
n
di
ff
erentwor
ds,i
foneoft
hespousesi
sgi
vent
hepowert
oadmi
nist
ercommon
pr
oper
tyi
nanagencyex
pressedi
ngener
alt
erms,
thi
sagencyonl
yconf
ersupon
t
heagentt
heaut
hor
it
ytoper
for
m onl
yact
sofmanagement(
Art
.2203oft
he
Ci
vi
lCode)
,Act
sofmanagementpert
hepr
ovi
sionsofAr
t.2204ar
e:
1.Act
sdonef
ort
hepr
eser
vat
ionormai
ntenanceofpr
oper
ty,l
easesnot
exceedi
ngt
hreey
ear
s,t
hecol
l
ect
ionofdebt
s,t
hei
nvest
mentofi
ncome,
andt
hedi
schar
geofdebt
sshal
lbedeemedt
oact
sofmanagement
.
2.Thesal
eofcr
ops,
goodsi
ntendedt
obesol
dorper
ishabl
ecommodi
ti
es
shal
lbedeemedt
obeact
sofmanagement
.
Dearst
udent
,as y
ou can r
ead i
nthi
s pr
ovi
sion,t
he agentaut
hor
ized t
o
admi
nist
ercommon pr
oper
tybygener
alagencyi
sent
it
led onl
yto per
for
m
or
dinar
yadmi
nist
rat
ion ort
ransact
ion ofan ev
erydayoccur
rence i
nvol
vi
ng
r
elat
ivel
ylessr
iskt
othehousehol
d.Thi
sar
gumenti
ssuppor
tedbyAr
t68t
hat
r
equi
rest
heconsentofbot
hspousest
oper
for
mtheact
sther
einorext
ra–
or
dinar
yadmi
nist
rat
ion,suchasal
i
enat
ion.Onespouseal
onecannotper
for
m
t
het
ransact
ionsunderAr
t.68.
I
fthespouseconf
err
ingagency
,ont
heot
herhand,i
sexpect
ingt
heagency
r
ecei
vi
ngspouset
oper
for
m act
sot
hert
hanact
sofmanagementsuchassal
eof
i
mmov
abl
etheagencyt
obeconf
err
edmustnecessar
il
ybespeci
alagency
.
Speci
alagency
,asi
ttr
anspi
resf
rom t
heCode,i
sanagencynotexpr
essedi
n
gener
alt
ermsandt
hatdoesnotexpr
essl
yment
iont
heact
sli
stedi
nAr
t.2205of
t
heCi
vi
lCode.I
nci
dent
all
y,i
tisal
soi
mpor
tantt
onot
ethatf
oroneoft
hespouses
t
opef
ormt
heact
ivi
ti
esl
i
stedunderAr
t.68oft
heRFC,he/
sheneedst
obe
conf
err
edwi
thaspeci
alagencyt
houghsomeoft
heact
sment
ionedunderAr
t.
68oft
heRFCf
allwi
thi
nact
sofmanagementasl
i
stedunderAr
t2204oft
heCi
vi
l
Code.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 127
htt
ps:
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oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
TheCi
vi
lCode,t
houghgav
ethepowerofadmi
nist
rat
ionofcommonpr
oper
tyt
o
t
hehusband,al
soseemst
orest
ri
ctt
hepoweroft
hehusbandbyr
equi
ri
ngt
he
consentofbot
h spouses f
orcer
tai
n act
s enumer
ated underAr
t.658.The
Rev
ised Fami
l
y Code al
so,apar
tfr
om empower
ing t
he spouses t
ojoi
ntl
y
admi
nist
ert
hei
rcommon pr
oper
ty,made si
mil
arpr
erequi
sit
es wi
th mi
nor
v
ari
ati
ons.Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngar
ti
cles.
Ar
ti
cle68–(
1)Requi
sit
eofAgr
eementofSpouses
Unl
esspr
ovi
dedot
her
wisebyot
herl
aws,
theagr
eement
ofbot
hspousesshal
lber
equi
redt
o.
a)sal
e,exchange,
rentout
,pl
edgeormor
tgageoral
i
enat
einanyot
herwaya
commoni
mmov
abl
epr
oper
tyt
oconf
erar
ightt
othi
rdpar
ti
esonsuch
pr
oper
ty;
b)sal
e,exchange,pl
edge,ormor
tgage,oral
i
enat
ein anyot
herway
,a
commonmov
abl
eorsecur
it
iesr
egi
ster
edi
nthenameofbot
hspouses:
t
hev
alueofwhi
chexceedsf
ivehundr
edEt
hiopi
abi
rr
.
c)Tr
ansf
erbydonat
ionofacommonpr
oper
tyt
hev
alueofwi
thexceedsone
hundr
edEt
hiopi
anbi
rr
,ormoneywhi
chexceedssuchamount
;
d)Bor
row orl
endmoneyexceedi
ngf
ivehundr
edEt
hiopi
anBi
rrort
ost
and
sur
etyf
oradebtofsuchamountt
oanot
herper
son.
Ar
ti
cle69–(
2)AbsenceofAgr
eement
1)Wher
eoneoft
hespouseshasent
eredi
ntoobl
i
gat
ionsi
nvi
olat
ionsoft
he
pr
ovi
sionsoft
hepr
ecedi
ngAr
ti
cle,t
hecour
tmay
,att
her
equestoft
he
ot
herspouse,
rev
okesuchobl
i
gat
ions.
2)Anappl
i
cat
ionf
orcancel
l
ati
onmaynotbemadesi
xmont
hsaf
tert
heday
onwhi
cht
heot
herspousecamet
oknowt
heexi
stenceofsuchobl
i
gat
ion,
or
,inanycase,
twoy
ear
saf
tersuchobl
i
gat
ioni
sent
ered.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 128
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Thust
heagr
eementofbot
hspousesi
srequi
redf
ort
heact
sment
ionedabov
e.
Ther
ati
onalofr
equi
ri
ngt
hej
ointconsentoft
hespousest
oper
for
mtheseact
s
ofext
ra– or
dinar
yadmi
nist
rat
ionseemst
opr
otectt
hesquander
ingoft
he
commonpr
oper
tyt
hroughunwi
seanduni
l
ater
aladmi
nist
rat
ionofonespouse.I
n
awor
d,i
tsai
mispr
otect
ingt
hei
nter
estoft
hespouseaswel
last
hei
rchi
l
dren
and such i
nter
estcoul
d be i
mpai
red mor
ethan anyt
hing i
fthe common
i
mmov
abl
epr
oper
tyi
sgoi
ngt
obesol
dwi
thoutduecar
eandagr
eementoft
he
coupl
e.
Ev
ent
hought
hel
aw i
npr
inci
pler
equi
rest
heagr
eementofbot
hspousest
o
per
for
m act
sunderAr
t.65,suchr
equi
rementmaybeexcl
udedbyot
herl
aws.
Thati
s,i
fot
herl
awsal
l
ow t
heact
ivi
ti
esment
ionedunderAr
t.68t
obedone
wi
thoutt
heconsentofbot
hspouses,t
henonespouseal
onemayunder
take
t
hem.Toci
teonei
nst
ance,asi
ndi
cat
edunderAr
ts.16–21oft
heCommer
cial
Code,anymar
ri
edper
sonmaycar
ryonat
radeast
houghhewer
eunmar
ri
ed
unl
esshi
sspouseobj
ect
sther
eto.So,
from t
his,
wecanseet
hatamar
ri
edt
rader
canent
eri
ntheaf
orement
ionedt
ransact
ionswi
thoutt
heconsentoft
heot
her
spouseandt
hel
att
ercan’
tsetupadef
enseagai
nstt
hir
dpar
ti
eswhoent
eri
nto
t
hese t
ransact
ions unl
ess he/
she made an opposi
ti
on whi
ch i
s ent
ered i
n
commer
cial
regi
ster
.
Oneshor
tcomi
ng oft
heCi
vi
lCodeont
her
equi
sit
eofagr
eementofbot
h
spousesi
sthat
,itdi
dn’
tat
tachacl
earef
fectt
othenon-
compl
i
ancewi
thsucha
r
equi
sit
e.I
not
herwor
ds,t
hef
ateofanobl
i
gat
ionwhi
chi
sent
eredi
ntobya
spousewi
thoutsecur
ingt
heconsentoft
heot
herspousear
erequi
redbyl
awi
s
notcl
earundert
heci
vi
lcodewhi
chl
edj
udgesandl
egalschol
arst
odi
ff
erent
i
nter
pret
ati
ons.
Somear
guet
hatacont
ractconcl
udedi
nvi
olat
ionofAr
t.658oft
heCi
vi
lCodei
s
subj
ectt
oinv
ali
dat
ionaspr
ovi
dedunderAr
t.1808oft
hesamewher
east
he
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 129
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
ot
hergr
oupar
guest
hatt
hescopeofpecuni
aryef
fectofmar
ri
agei
srest
ri
ctedt
o
onl
yasbet
weent
hespousesandshoul
dnotext
endt
othi
rdpar
ti
esf
ort
hat
woul
dendangersecur
it
yoft
ransact
ion.Thi
sgr
ouphol
dst
hatt
hepar
tyaf
fect
ed
byt
het
ransf
eroft
hepr
oper
tymaycl
aimi
ndemni
tyupondi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age
perAr
t.658oft
heCi
vi
lCode.
TheRev
isedFami
l
yCodehasat
tachedacl
earef
fectt
ocont
ract
soract
sdone
wi
thoutsecur
ingt
heconsentoft
heot
herspouseasr
equi
redbyAr
t.68.Thus,
underAr
t.69(
1)oft
heRFC,t
hespousewhoseconsenti
snotsecur
edmay
r
equestt
her
evocat
ionorcancel
l
ati
onofsuchanobl
i
gat
ion.Howev
er,sucha
spousei
snotent
it
ledt
ocancel
l
ati
onoft
heobl
i
gat
ioni
ndef
ini
tel
y;r
ather
,hehas
t
obr
inganact
ionwi
thi
nsi
xmont
hsaf
terhecamet
oknowt
heexi
stenceoft
he
obl
i
gat
ion,oratanyr
atewi
thi
ntwoy
ear
saf
tert
heobl
i
gat
ioni
sent
ered(
Art
.69
(
2))
.Thi
sappr
oachai
msatst
ri
ki
ngt
hebal
ancebet
weent
hei
nter
estoft
he
spousesbyguar
dingt
hem nott
ocommi
tapr
ejudi
cialactoneach,
andbygi
vi
ng
addi
ti
onalgr
ound ofcancel
l
ati
on ofcont
ractot
hert
han t
hose i
ndi
cat
ed i
n
gener
alcont
ractpr
ovi
sions,on t
he one hand,and secur
it
y ofcommer
cial
t
ransact
ionont
heot
her
.
Thepr
esumpt
ionbehi
ndf
ixi
ngashor
terper
iodoft
imef
ori
nval
i
dat
ionofsuchan
obl
i
gat
ionseemst
hatsi
ncet
hespousesar
epr
esumedt
oli
vet
oget
her
,bot
h
know whati
sgoi
ngont
hei
rcommonpr
oper
tyorev
eni
fforoner
easonor
anot
herbot
hdonotknow t
hedai
l
yst
ateoft
hei
rpr
oper
ty,t
woy
ear
sisaf
air
per
iodt
oenabl
etheconsent
ingspouset
obeawar
eofsuchf
act
sandi
faf
ter
bei
ngawar
eoft
heci
rcumst
ancesuchaspousekeptqui
tef
orsi
xmont
hs,t
he
pr
esumpt
ioni
sthathe/
shehast
aci
tl
yaccept
edt
heobl
i
gat
ion.I
fhowev
er,t
he
non-
consent
ingspousedi
dn’
tcomet
oknow t
heexi
stenceoft
heobl
i
gat
ion
wi
thi
ntwoy
ear
she/
shecan’
tinanymannerr
evokei
t.Ther
emedyi
nsuchcase
i
stocl
aimi
ndemni
tyupondi
vor
ceperAr
t.87oft
heRFCpr
ovi
dedofcour
se,
that
t
hedi
vor
cei
sdecl
aredwi
thi
nthr
eey
ear
ssi
ncet
heobl
i
gat
ionhascomet
o
exi
stence.Thi
sseemst
opr
eventt
henon-
consent
ingspousef
rom unj
ust
if
iabl
y
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 130
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
benef
it
ingf
rom t
heconductwhi
chhasbeent
oler
atedf
ory
ear
s.
Dearst
udent
,whati
sthepur
poseofAr
t.68i
nthef
aceofAr
t.66?Unl
i
ket
heCi
vi
l
Code,t
he Rev
ised Fami
l
yCode i
ntr
oduced j
ointadmi
nist
rat
ion ofcommon
pr
oper
ty.Ther
efor
e,ev
eryactr
elat
ingt
oal
lcommonpr
oper
tyr
equi
rest
he
consentoft
hespouses.Doesn’
titamountt
oredundancyt
osel
ectsomeact
s
underAr
t.68andputt
her
equi
rementofbot
hspousest
oper
for
mthem.Under
t
heCi
vi
lCode,Ar
t.658(
asi
mil
arpr
ovi
sion)i
simpor
tantascommonpr
oper
tyi
s
admi
nist
ered byt
hehusband;put
ti
ng somer
est
rai
ntagai
nstsuchpoweri
s
undoubt
lyi
mpor
tant
.Asr
esul
t,t
hehusbandi
spr
ohi
bit
edt
ouni
l
ater
all
yent
eri
nto
act
sofext
ra–or
dinar
yadmi
nist
rat
ionenv
isagedunderAr
t.658.Whenwecome
t
otheRev
isedFami
l
yCode,
sinceAr
t.66r
equi
rest
heconsentofbot
hspousest
o
per
for
m al
lact
sper
tai
ningt
ocommonpr
oper
ty,i
tdoesn’
tgi
vesenset
osel
ect
somet
ransact
ionsunderAr
t.68andr
equi
resconsentofbot
hspousesbecause
t
hesi
tuat
ioni
sal
readycov
eredunderAr
t.66.HenceAr
t.68i
sofnousewhen
commonpr
oper
tyi
sconj
oint
lyadmi
nist
ered.Ar
t.68gi
vesmuchsensewhen
commonpr
oper
tyi
sadmi
nist
eredbyoneoft
hespousesasaut
hor
izedbyt
hei
r
cont
ractofagency
.Whent
hecommonpr
oper
tyi
sadmi
nist
eredonl
ybyoneof
t
hespouses,i
tisi
mpor
tantt
oputar
est
ri
cti
on.Par
ti
cul
arl
yincasewher
ethe
agencyconf
err
edt
othespousei
sgener
alagency
,hei
spr
ohi
bit
edt
oper
for
m
act
sunderAr
t.68.
Bef
orewecl
oset
hischapt
er,anot
heri
mpor
tantpoi
ntwor
thdi
scussi
oni
sdebt
s
oft
hespouses.I
nasmuchast
hespousesmayhav
eper
sonalandcommon
pr
oper
tydur
ingmar
ri
age,t
heymayal
soi
ncuraper
sonaloracommondebt
.
Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
ovi
sionshav
ingt
odowi
thdebt
soft
hespouses.
Ar
t.70–Debt
sofspouses
1)Debt
sduebyoneofspousesmayber
ecov
eredont
heper
sonalpr
oper
ty
oft
hei
ndebt
edspouse,andi
ntheabsenceofsuchper
sonalpr
oper
ty,i
t
mayber
ecov
eredont
hecommonpr
oper
ty.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 131
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
2)Wher
ethedebti
sincur
redi
nthei
nter
estoft
hehousehol
d,i
tshal
lbe
deemed t
o be j
ointand sev
eraldebtofbot
h spouses and maybe
r
ecov
eredont
hecommonpr
oper
tyandont
heper
sonalpr
oper
tyoft
he
spouses.
Ar
t.71–Debt
sint
heI
nter
estofHousehol
d.
Thef
oll
owi
ngdebt
sshal
lbedeemedt
obedebt
sincur
redi
nthei
nter
estoft
he
househol
d:
a)debt
sincur
redt
oful
fi
ll
thel
i
vel
i
hoodoft
hespousesandt
hei
rchi
l
dren;
b)debt
sincur
redi
nor
dert
oful
fi
llanobl
i
gat
ionofmai
ntenancet
owhi
ch
bot
hthespousesoroneoft
hem i
sbound;
c)Ot
herdebt
swhi
char
eacknowl
edgedt
o besuchbyt
hecour
tatt
he
r
equestofei
theroft
hespousesort
hecr
edi
tor
.
Ascanbeunder
stoodf
rom t
hesepr
ovi
sions,debt
soft
hespousesmaybe
per
sonalorcommondebt
.Thought
hel
aw doesn’
tgi
veusacl
eardef
ini
ti
onof
“
per
sonaldebt
”,f
rom t
her
eadi
ngofAr
t70(
2)i
tmi
ghtbesai
dthatper
sonaldebt
i
sadebtt
hati
snoti
ncur
redi
nthei
nter
estoft
hehousehol
d.Fori
nst
ancei
fone
t
he spouses bor
rowed moneybef
ore he/
she concl
uded mar
ri
age,t
hisi
sa
per
sonal
debt
.
UnderAr
t.659oft
heCi
vi
lCode,per
sonaldebtwasmadet
obepai
dfr
om
per
sonalorcommonpr
oper
ty.Ther
efor
ecr
edi
tor
smaydemandpay
mentei
ther
f
rom per
sonalpr
oper
tyoft
hei
ndebt
edspouseort
hecommonpr
oper
tyoft
he
spousei
ntheor
derhel
i
kes.Butt
hispr
ovi
sioni
scr
it
ici
zedmai
nlybecause
pay
mentofper
sonaldebtf
rom commonpr
oper
tyi
spr
ejudi
cialt
otheot
her
spouse.
Toav
oidt
hisunf
air
ness,t
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodesoft
hef
eder
algov
ernment
andr
egi
onst
ookdi
ff
erentst
ands.Fori
nst
ancet
heTi
graiFami
l
yCodeunderAr
t.
97(
1)pr
ovi
dest
hatper
sonaldebtoft
hespousesmayr
ecov
eredont
heper
sonal
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 132
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
pr
oper
tyoft
hei
ndebt
edspouse,
andi
ntheabsenceofsuchper
sonalpr
oper
ty,
it
mayber
ecov
eredont
hecommonpr
oper
tyt
oex
tentoft
heshar
eoft
hei
ndebt
ed
spouse.(
Emphasi
sadded)Thought
heTi
graiFami
l
yCodet
ookaf
airst
andi
tis
di
ff
icul
ttoenf
orcef
ort
hef
oll
owi
ngr
easons.Fi
rst
ly,sol
ongast
hemar
ri
agei
s
notdi
ssol
ved,commonpr
oper
tyoft
hespousesi
sasi
ngl
epat
ri
mony(
undi
vi
ded
est
ate)
.Ther
efor
e,wecannotf
orsur
esor
toutt
heshar
eoft
hei
ndebt
edspouse.
Secondl
y,ev
eni
fwear
eabl
etoi
dent
it
yther
espect
iveshar
eoft
hespouses,as
l
ongast
hemar
ri
agei
snotdi
ssol
ved,t
her
emai
ningpr
oper
tywi
l
lcont
inuet
obe
commonpr
oper
tyoncet
hedebthasbeenpai
dfr
om t
heshar
eoft
hei
ndebt
ed
spouse.Asar
esul
t,t
hisappr
oachi
sfoundoutt
obepr
ejudi
cialt
ori
ghtoft
hir
d
par
tycr
edi
tor
s,andawayt
hatmayl
eadt
odi
vor
ce.
Lear
ningf
rom t
heshor
tcomi
ngsoft
heci
vi
lcodeandt
heTi
graiFami
l
yCode,
the
Amhar
aandt
heFeder
alFami
l
yCodesr
espect
ivel
egi
slat
urescomeupwi
tha
di
ff
erentappr
oach.Accor
ding t
othi
sappr
oach,i
foneoft
hespousesi
sa
per
sonaldebt
or,suchdebtmayber
ecov
eredf
rom hi
sper
sonalpr
oper
ty.I
fthe
i
ndebt
edspousehasnoper
sonpr
oper
tyorhi
sper
sonalpr
oper
tyi
snotsuf
fi
cient
t
orecov
ert
hedebt
,aper
sonaldebtofoneoft
hespousesmayber
ecov
eredon
t
hecommonpr
oper
tyoft
hespouses.Thi
sappr
oachnotonl
ybr
oadenst
her
ight
oft
hir
dpar
tycr
edi
tor
sbutal
sost
rengt
henst
hepr
inci
plet
hatt
hespouseshoul
d
suppor
tandassi
steachot
herdur
ingmar
ri
age.
Thesecondt
ypeofdebtt
hatmayexi
stdur
ingmar
ri
agei
scommondebt
.Ascan
beunderst
oodf
rom sub-
art
icl
e(2)ofAr
ti
cle70,commondebti
sat
ypeofdebt
i
ncur
redi
nthei
nter
estoft
hehousehol
d.I
nst
ancesofcommondebt
sar
egi
ven
underAr
t.71.Beari
nmi
ndt
hatt
heenumer
ati
onunderAr
t.71i
snotexhaust
ive.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 133
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Wi
thr
egar
dtopay
mentofcommondebt
,theCi
vi
lCode,t
heTi
graiFami
l
yCode
andt
heEngl
i
shv
ersi
onofAr
t.70(
2)oft
heFeder
alFami
l
yCodest
atet
hat
commondebtmayber
ecov
eredei
therf
orm commonorper
sonalpr
oper
ty.
Cr
edi
tor
s,i
ftheywi
sh,candemandpay
mentf
rom per
sonalpr
oper
tywi
thout
pr
oceedi
ngt
othecommonpr
oper
tyoft
hespouses.TheAmhar
icv
ersi
onofAr
t.
70(
2)oft
heFeder
alFami
l
yCode,
ont
heot
herhand,
prov
idest
hatcommondebt
mayber
ecov
eredf
rom commonpr
oper
ty,andi
ntheabsenceofsuchcommon
pr
oper
ty,i
tmayber
ecov
eredont
heper
sonalpr
oper
tyofoneoft
hespouses.
Si
ncet
heof
fi
ci
alAmhar
icv
ersi
onpr
evai
l
sov
ert
heEngl
i
shv
ersi
on,undert
he
Feder
alFami
l
yCode,commondebt(
debti
ncur
redi
nthei
nter
estoft
hehouse
hol
d)shal
lfi
rstber
ecov
eredf
rom commonpr
oper
ty.I
tisonl
yint
heabsenceor
i
nsuf
fi
ciencyofcommonpr
oper
tyt
hatcommondebtmaybedemandedf
rom
per
sonalpr
oper
tyofei
theroft
hespouses.Hencei
facr
edi
torofacommondebt
br
ingsadi
rectact
ionagai
nstper
sonalpr
oper
tyofei
theroft
hespouses,each
spousemayr
aiset
hedef
enseofbenef
itofdi
scussi
onsot
hatt
hecl
aim wi
l
lbe
r
est
ri
ctedt
othei
rcommonpr
oper
ty.Buther
ewehav
etonott
hati
nasf
arast
he
debti
snotf
ull
ypai
dfr
om t
hecommonpr
oper
ty,
thespousesshal
lbeobl
i
gedt
o
payf
rom t
hei
rper
sonal
proper
ty.
Exer
cise
1.Ar
t.45(
1)oft
heFRCst
atest
hatacopyofcont
ractofmar
ri
ageshal
lbe
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 134
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
deposi
tedi
ncour
torwi
tht
heof
fi
ceofci
vi
lst
atus.Whati
stheef
fectofnon-
compl
i
ancewi
tht
hisr
equi
rementpar
ti
cul
arl
ywi
thr
efer
encet
othev
ali
dit
y
orot
her
wiseoft
hecont
ractofmar
ri
age?
2.I
fandwhent
hecont
ractofmar
ri
agei
sconcl
udeddur
ingmar
ri
age,i
tshal
l
beappr
ovedbyt
hecour
t.Whyt
hel
awput
sthi
scondi
ti
onf
orsuchcont
ract
ofmar
ri
age?Doesn’
titcont
rav
enet
hecont
ract
ual
freedom oft
hespouses?
3.Gadi
se,whi
l
ein mar
ri
age,acqui
red bywayofsuccessi
on,a TOYOTA
CARRI
NAI
Icarf
rom herdeceasedf
ather
.Nowshewant
stodonat
ethecar
t
oherdaught
erbegot
tenpr
iort
othepr
esentmar
ri
age.Shoul
dshegett
he
per
missi
onofherpr
esenthusbandt
odonat
ethi
spr
oper
ty?Why
/whynot
?
4.Asweal
lknow,t
hatpar
toft
heCi
vi
lCodedeal
i
ngwi
thf
ami
l
ymat
ter
shas
beenr
epeal
edbyt
hef
eder
alandot
herr
egi
onalf
ami
l
ylaws.Oneoft
he
r
easont
hatnecessi
stat
edf
ami
l
ylaw r
efor
mist
oensur
eequal
i
tyofmen
andwomenatt
het
imeofconcl
usi
onofmar
ri
age,dur
ingmar
ri
ageandup
ondi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age.Ci
tet
hreepr
ovi
si
onsgov
erni
ngper
sonalef
fect
s
ofmar
ri
aget
hatguar
ant
eeequal
i
tyoft
hespousesdur
ingmar
ri
age?
5.Tost
rengt
hont
hemandat
orynat
ureoft
heobl
i
gat
ionoft
hespousest
oli
ve
t
oget
her
,Ar
t.53(
3)pr
ohi
bit
scont
rar
yagr
eement
.Ar
t.55(
1),ont
heot
her
hand,al
l
owst
hespousest
oconcl
udeanagr
eementt
oli
vesepar
atel
y.I
s
t
her
eanyappar
entorr
ealcont
radi
cti
onbet
weenAr
t.53(
1)and(
3),ont
he
onehand,
andAr
t55(
1)oft
heRFCont
heot
herhand?Why/whynot
?
6.At
oTeber
gaandW/
oZi
nashwer
eli
vi
ngashusbandandwi
fesi
nce1974
af
terper
for
mingar
it
ethatconst
it
utesv
ali
dmar
ri
ageundert
heGur
aghe
peopl
e’
scust
om.I
nthecont
ractofmar
ri
age,amongot
hert
hings,i
twas
agr
eedt
hatt
heMer
cedesBenzpl
ateNo.02–AA00034t
obet
heper
sonal
pr
oper
tyofAt
oTi
ber
ga.I
nfactbot
hoft
hem usedt
hecart
otr
avelt
oand
f
rom wor
kpl
ace.
I
n1985,
AtoTi
ber
gabor
rowed13,
000bi
rrf
rom hi
suncl
e,At
oGoi
tom
t
orepai
rthe nor
malwearand t
eart
hatoccur
red on t
he abov
e
Joi
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egram channelvi
athi
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
ment
ioned
car
.Thedebtwast
obepai
dbackonsene1989.Assoonast
hecar
wasoutofgar
age,At
oTi
ber
gabequeat
hedi
ttohi
syoungerbr
other
on
t
heoccat
ionofhi
sgr
aduat
ionwi
thGr
eatDi
sti
nct
ionf
rom Addi
s
AbabaUni
ver
sit
y.
Af
tert
heduedat
eoft
hedebt
,thecr
edi
tordemandedt
hepay
mentof
hi
smoneyf
rom t
hecommonpr
oper
tyoft
hespouses.W/
oZi
nash
st
rongl
ypr
otest
edagai
nstsuchdemandsay
ingt
hati
tisper
sonal
debt
andi
tshoul
dnotbepai
dfr
om t
hecommonpr
oper
ty.
At
oGoi
tom want
stot
aket
hemat
terbef
orecour
tofl
awbutbef
ore
t
hathewant
stoknowi
fhehasanyl
egal
groundf
orhi
scl
aim.Av
ail
y
oursel
fofy
ourf
ami
l
ylawknowl
edgegi
vehi
myourwel
lconsi
der
ed
l
egal
opni
onont
hemat
ter
.
7.Whati
sthemai
ndi
ff
erencebet
weenpr
oper
tyacqui
redbyoner
oust
it
leand
pr
oper
tynotacqui
redbyoner
oust
il
tl
e.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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ps:
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
CHAPTERFI
VE
DI
SSOLUTI
ONOFMARRI
AGEANDI
TSEFFECTS
Mar
ri
agei
sthoughtt
o hav
ebeen ent
ered i
nto asal
i
fet
imer
elat
ionshi
p.
Howev
er,t
her
elat
ionmaycomet
oanendduet
oci
rcumst
anceswhi
chmayor
maynotbewi
thi
nthecont
roloft
hespouses.Undert
hischapt
er,weshal
lst
udy
poi
ntsr
elat
ingt
odi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
ageandt
heef
fectt
her
eof
.
Tobemor
especi
fi
c,att
heendoft
hischapt
er,
thest
udentwi
l
lbeabl
eto:
- I
dent
if
ycausesofdi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age;
- Expl
aint
het
woway
sbywhi
chdi
vor
ceshal
lbedecl
ared;
- Under
standast
ohow t
hepecuni
aryr
elat
ionshi
poft
hespouses
shal
lbel
i
qui
dat
ed.
5.
1.CausesofDi
ssol
uti
onofMar
ri
age
Wi
thr
egar
dtocausesofdi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age,
Art
.75pr
ovi
dest
hef
oll
owi
ng
Ar
ti
cle75–CausesofDi
ssol
uti
onofMar
ri
age
Thef
oll
owi
ngshal
lbecausesofdi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age:
a)deat
hofoneoft
hespouses,ordecl
arat
ionofabsence,byt
hecour
t,of
oneoft
hespouses;
b)di
ssol
uti
on or
derby cour
tdue t
ovi
olat
ion ofone oft
he essent
ial
condi
ti
onsofmar
ri
age;
or
c)di
vor
ce.
Thesear
etheonl
ygr
oundsofdi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age.
Bef
oregoi
ngdeepi
ntoconsi
der
ingeachcauseofdi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age,f
rom
t
heoutseti
tisi
mpor
tantt
onot
ethatt
hecausesandef
fectofdi
ssol
uti
onof
mar
ri
agear
ethesaqmer
egar
dlessoft
hef
orm ofmar
ri
agecel
ebr
ati
on.(
Art
.74
(
1))
.Nodi
sti
nct
ionshal
lbemadeconcer
ningdi
ssol
uti
onwhi
chev
ert
hef
orm
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egram channelvi
athi
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
accor
dingt
owhi
cht
hemar
ri
agei
scel
ebr
ated.(
Art
.74(
2))
.Thati
s,al
lfor
msof
mar
ri
age st
and on t
he same f
oot
ing as f
aras di
ssol
uti
on ofmar
ri
age i
s
concer
ned.Thi
smeanst
hatanycauset
hatdi
ssol
ves,
sayci
vi
lmar
ri
agewi
l
lal
so
di
ssol
vear
eli
giousmar
ri
age.Thi
sisal
sot
ruef
orcust
omar
ymar
ri
age.The
ef
fect
sofdi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
agear
eal
sosi
mil
ari
nal
lcases.
Whenwet
urnourf
acet
ocausesofdi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age,t
hef
ir
stcauseof
di
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
agei
sdeat
hofoneoft
hespouses.Thought
hel
awdoesnot
speci
fi
cal
l
ypr
ovi
de,ast
owhet
hert
hedeat
hofbot
hspousesatat
imeshal
l
causet
hedi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age,wemayr
eachont
hesameconcl
usi
on.I
fthe
deat
hofoneoft
hespousescausest
hedi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age,byar
gumentof
af
ort
ior
i(f
orst
rongerr
eason)
,thedeat
hofbot
hspousesshal
lbet
hecauseof
di
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age.
Mar
ri
agewhi
l
econcl
udedi
sint
endedt
olastf
ort
hel
i
fet
imeoft
hespouses.And
l
egal
l
yspeaki
ng,
theexi
stenceofmar
ri
agepr
esupposest
heexi
stenceoft
het
wo
par
ti
es,i
.e.
,thehusbandandt
hewi
fe.I
foneoft
hesepar
ti
esdi
essodoest
he
mar
it
alr
elat
ionshi
pandt
hel
awdi
drecogni
zet
hest
atusofwi
dowerandwi
dow.
The second gr
ound whi
ch does br
ing t
he di
ssol
uti
on ofmar
ri
age i
sthe
decl
arat
ionofabsence,byt
hecour
t,ofoneoft
hespouses.Aspr
ovi
dedunder
Ar
t.154(
1)oft
heCi
vi
lCode,
wher
eaper
sonal
hasdi
sappear
edandhasgi
venno
newsofhi
msel
ffort
woy
ear
s,anyi
nter
est
edpar
tymayappl
ytot
hecour
tto
decl
arehi
sabsence.Andi
tisal
sogi
vent
hatt
hecour
tshal
ldecl
aret
heabsence
wher
ethedeat
hoft
heabsent
eeappear
sitt
obepr
obabl
e.(
Art
.157(
1)oft
he
(
Civ
ilCode)
.
Thequest
ioni
sthat
:doest
hedecl
arat
ionofabsencer
esul
tint
heaut
omat
ic
di
ssol
uti
onoft
hemar
ri
ageoft
heabsent
eewi
thoutanyot
herf
ormal
i
tyordoes
di
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
ager
equi
ref
urt
herf
ormal
i
tyaf
tert
hedecl
arat
ionofabsence
l
i
kemaki
nganappl
i
cat
iont
othecour
ttodi
ssol
vet
hemar
ri
age?
Joi
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egram channelvi
athi
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Ar
t.163(
1)oft
heCi
vi
lCodeal
l
owst
heaut
omat
icdi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
ageoft
he
absent
eewhen t
hej
udgmentdecl
ari
ng absencebecomesf
inal
.Hence,t
his
pr
ovi
si
onr
equi
resnof
urt
herf
ormal
i
ty.Thedecl
arat
ionofabsenceent
ail
sthe
aut
omat
ic di
ssol
uti
on ofmar
ri
age.Thi
s di
ssol
uti
on i
sthe same as when
mar
ri
age i
sdi
ssol
ved bydeat
h ofei
therone oft
he spouse.Ther
efor
e,an
appl
i
cat
iont
odi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
ageshal
lnotbemadet
ofami
l
yar
bit
rat
ors.
Accor
dingt
oAr
icl
e670(
b)oft
heCi
vi
lCode,ont
heot
herhand,i
fthecour
t
decl
aresabsence,i
tbecomesaser
iouscausef
ordi
vor
ce.I
fthi
sist
hecase,
di
vor
ceshal
lbedecl
aredbyf
ami
l
yar
bit
rat
ors.Hencepur
suantt
oAr
t670(
b),
in
addi
ti
on t
o decl
arat
ion ofabsence,r
equestshal
lbe made t
othe f
ami
l
y
ar
bit
rat
orsf
ordi
ssol
uti
onwhi
chi
sfur
therf
ormal
i
ty.Ther
efor
e,t
her
eisacl
ear
conf
li
ctbet
weenAr
t163(
1)and670(
b)oft
heCi
vi
lCode.So,undert
heCi
vi
l
Codewhet
herdecl
arat
ionofabsenceaut
omat
ical
l
yresul
tst
hedi
ssol
uti
onof
mar
ri
agewascont
rov
ersi
al.
Soast
oav
oidt
hecont
rov
ersyundert
heCi
vi
lCode,t
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodes
hav
etakenacl
earst
andi
nthi
sregar
d.Ther
efor
eunderAr
t.75(
a)andAr
t.86(
1)
oft
heFeder
alandAmhar
aFami
l
ycodesr
espect
ivel
y,decl
arat
ionofabsence,
by
t
hecour
t,ofoneoft
hespousesi
stakenasacauseofdi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age.
Ther
ati
onal
eist
hat
,ev
ent
hought
her
eisanar
rowpr
obabi
l
ityofr
eappear
anceof
t
heabsent
ee,
theabsent
eei
smor
eorl
esssi
mil
art
othedeceased.
Thet
hir
dcauseofdi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
agei
svi
olat
ionoft
heessent
ialcondi
ti
ons
ofmar
ri
age.Aswehav
est
udi
edi
nchapt
ert
wo,mar
ri
agewi
l
lbev
ali
dpr
ovi
ded
t
hatt
hesubst
ant
iveandpr
ocedur
alr
equi
rement
sar
eful
fi
ll
ed.Wi
thr
egar
dto
subst
ant
iver
equi
rement
s,wehav
eseenconsent
,age,consangui
nalandaf
fi
nal
r
elat
ionshi
p,j
udi
ci
ali
nter
dict
ion and per
iod ofwi
dow hood.Ast
ofor
mal
i
ty
r
equi
rement
s,i
thasbeensai
dthemar
ri
ageshal
lbeconcl
udedi
nei
theroft
he
t
hreef
ormsofmar
ri
age.I
fthemar
ri
agei
sconcl
udedi
nvi
olat
ionsoft
hese
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egram channelvi
athi
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nk 139
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ps:
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oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
r
equi
rement
sofmar
ri
age,i
tshal
lber
ender
edi
nval
i
d.Suchv
oidabl
emar
ri
age
maybedi
ssol
vedbyt
heor
deroft
hecour
tifanappl
i
cat
ioni
smadet
othatef
fect
.
Fordet
ail
discussi
on,
youmayr
eferchapt
ert
hreeoft
hismodul
e.
Di
vor
cei
sthef
our
thgr
oundf
ordi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age.Si
ncei
trequi
resa
det
ail
eddi
scussi
on,
iti
sdi
scussedher
einunder
.
5.
2.Di
vor
ceasaCauseofDi
ssol
uti
onofMar
ri
age
Di
vor
ceasment
ionedunderAr
t.75(
b)i
sthef
our
thgr
oundf
ordi
ssol
uti
onof
mar
ri
age.Ev
eni
fourf
ami
l
ylawsdon’
tgi
veusacl
eardef
ini
ti
onofdi
vor
ce
accor
dingt
oBl
ack’
sLawDi
cti
onar
y,“
div
orcei
sthel
egalsepar
ati
onofmanand
wi
fe,ef
fect
edbyt
hej
udgmentordecr
eeofacour
t,andei
thert
otal
l
ydi
ssol
vi
ng
t
he mar
ri
age r
elat
ion,orsuspendi
ng i
ts ef
fect
s so f
aras concer
ns t
he
cohabi
tat
ionoft
hepar
ti
es.
”
Thi
sdef
ini
ti
onr
eveal
sthef
oll
owi
ngi
mpor
tantpoi
nts.One,
div
orcei
spr
onounced
byacour
tofl
aw.Consi
stentwi
tht
hisel
ement
,Ar
t.117oft
heRFCpr
ovi
dest
hat
onl
ythecour
tiscompet
entt
odeci
deondi
vor
ce.Thus,unl
i
keanyot
heror
dinar
y
cont
ract
s,par
ti
est
oamar
ri
agecan’
tter
minat
ether
elat
ionshi
patt
hei
rownf
ree
wi
l
lwi
thoutt
hedecl
arat
ionoft
hecour
t.Second,
div
orcei
soft
wot
ypesonet
ype
t
otal
l
yandabsol
utel
ydi
ssol
vest
hemar
ri
age,(
ourf
ami
l
ylawsadoptt
hist
ypeof
di
vor
ce)
.Theot
hert
ypesi
mpl
yor
der
sthel
egalsepar
ati
onoft
hehusbandand
wi
fe.Thel
att
eri
scommonl
yref
eredt
oassepar
ati
onf
rom bedandboar
d.
Thei
deaofsepar
ati
onf
rom bedandboar
dwasdev
elopedf
rom t
heconcept
ion
t
hatmar
ri
agei
sindi
ssol
ubl
einanywayot
hert
handeat
h.Thi
swaspr
omi
nent
ly
t
heCat
hol
i
cpr
eceptofmar
ri
age.I
nthi
sar
rangement
,apar
tyt
oamar
ri
agewas
absol
vedf
rom hi
sdut
ytol
i
vewi
tht
heot
herwi
thoutbei
ngf
reed,howev
er,f
rom
t
het
ieoft
hemar
ri
age.Thati
s,eachspousei
spr
event
edf
rom ar
emar
ri
age
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egram channelvi
athi
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
dur
ingt
hel
i
fet
imeoft
heot
herspouse.
Theol
denday
snot
iont
hatmar
ri
agei
snotsuscept
ibl
etodi
vor
ceonceconcl
uded
doesnothol
dtr
uet
odaybecausedi
vor
cei
sconsi
der
edt
obeaconst
it
uti
onal
r
ighti
nasmuchasmar
ri
agei
s.Thepoi
ntonwhi
chst
atesar
eatv
ari
ance,
howev
er,i
songr
oundsofdi
vor
ce.Thati
s,somecount
ri
esmaket
hegr
antof
di
vor
cesost
ri
ngentwhi
l
eot
her
smakei
tmor
eli
ber
al.I
not
herwor
ds,some
count
ri
esf
oll
owf
aul
tbaseddi
vor
cesy
stem whi
l
eot
her
sfol
l
owanof
aul
tdi
vor
ce
sy
stem.
TheCi
vi
lCodef
oll
owsaf
aul
tbaseddi
vor
cesy
stem Ar
t.665CCpr
ovi
dest
hat
di
vor
cebymut
ualconsenti
snotper
mit
tedbyl
aw.TheCodecl
assi
fi
edcausesof
di
vor
cei
ntoser
iousandot
hercauses.Theexi
stenceornon-
exi
stenceofser
ious
causei
srel
evanti
ndet
ermi
nat
ionoft
hecondi
ti
ononwhi
chdi
vor
cei
sor
der
ed
andef
fect
sofdi
vor
ce.
Whent
her
eisaser
iouscausef
ordi
vor
ce,i
tshal
lbepr
onouncedwi
thi
none
mont
hfr
om t
hepet
it
ion;howev
er,whendi
vor
cei
spr
onouncedf
orot
hercauses,
i
tshal
lbepr
onouncedwi
thi
noney
earf
rom t
hepet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
ce(
Art
.668cum.
678(
1)oft
heci
vi
lcode)
.Ar
elat
ivel
ylongerper
iodi
sgi
vent
odecl
aredi
vor
cef
or
non-
ser
iouscausesf
ort
hef
ami
l
yar
bit
rat
orshav
etodoal
lthebestt
oreconci
l
e
t
hespouses.
Mor
eov
er,t
he l
i
qui
dat
ion ofpecuni
aryr
elat
ions i
s hi
ghl
y af
fect
ed by t
he
exi
stenceornon–exi
stenceofaser
iouscase.I
ncasewher
edi
vor
cei
sdecl
ared
duet
oser
iouscauseofdi
vor
cei
mput
abl
etoaspouse,t
hespouseatf
aul
tmay
becondemnedt
otheext
entoff
orf
eit
ingt
hewhol
eoft
hecommonpr
oper
tyt
o
t
heot
her(
innocent
)spouse.(
Art693(
1)oft
heCC)
.Wher
e,ont
heot
herhand,
t
he di
vor
ce i
s notor
der
ed f
ora ser
ious cause,t
he penal
ti
es ment
ioned
her
inabov
eshal
lbei
mposedt
othespousewhohasmadet
hepet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
ce
(
Art
.694oft
heCC)
.Ther
easongi
vent
openal
i
zeaspousewhopet
it
ionsf
or
Joi
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
di
vor
ce on non-
ser
ious gr
ounds i
stoav
oid di
ssol
uti
on ofmar
ri
age f
or
i
nsi
gni
fi
cantcauses.
Thought
her
ati
onalbehi
ndcl
assi
fyi
ngcausesofdi
vor
cei
ntoser
iousandnon-
ser
iousandpuni
shi
ngt
hepar
tyatf
aul
tfr
om commonpr
oper
tyi
stosaf
e-guar
d
t
hei
nst
it
uti
onofmar
ri
age,dur
ingt
her
efor
m oft
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodei
thas
beenar
guedt
hatt
hei
nst
it
uti
onoff
ami
l
ycannotbepr
otect
edbypr
ohi
bit
ingt
he
spousest
ogetdi
vor
cedorpuni
shi
ngt
hem f
rom t
hecommonpr
oper
ty.I
fthe
par
ti
eshav
econcl
usi
vel
yar
ri
vedatt
hedeci
siont
ogetdi
vor
cepuni
shmentf
rom
commonpr
oper
tydoesnotsav
ethemar
ri
age;qui
tet
hecont
rar
y,i
ttr
igger
sthe
di
sagr
eementoft
hepar
ti
esi
nthepostdi
vor
cewhi
chhav
eal
soanadv
erseef
fect
ont
hechi
l
drenbor
nint
hemar
ri
age,
ifany
.
Consequent
lyr
ulesofdi
vor
ceundert
her
evi
sedf
ami
l
ycodear
eli
ber
ali
zed.As
wewi
l
lseel
ater
,undert
hecur
rentl
aw,
wit
houtcl
assi
fyi
ngcausesofdi
vor
ceas
ser
iousandot
her
s,i
tisabl
etogetdi
vor
ceev
enbymut
ualconsentoft
he
spouses.Ther
efor
e,t
her
eisamov
efr
om f
aul
tbaseddi
vor
cet
onon– f
aul
t
di
vor
ce.Her
ethequest
ioni
s:whyt
henew l
aw opt
edf
ort
hel
i
ber
ali
zat
ionof
di
vor
cer
ules?Doesn’
titgoagai
nstt
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyofst
atet
omai
ntai
nthe
st
abi
l
ity ofmar
ri
age? I
n ot
herwor
ds,whatar
ethe possi
bler
easons t
hat
war
rant
edf
ort
her
efor
mat
ionofdi
vor
cer
ules?Thepossi
bler
ati
onalbehi
ndt
he
r
efor
m ar
e:
a)Mar
ri
agei
sar
esul
tofconsensualr
elat
ionshi
poft
wopar
ti
essi
ncei
tshoul
d
beent
eredonl
ywi
tht
hef
reeandf
ullconsentoft
hei
ntendi
ngspouses.I
f
t
he consentofone oft
he par
ti
es compl
etel
ydi
sappearso does t
he
mar
ri
age.Nei
thernar
rowi
ngdownt
hegr
oundsofdi
ssol
uti
onnorpuni
shi
ng
t
hespouseswi
l
lbet
hesol
uti
onf
orsuchmar
ri
age.I
fthel
egi
slat
urenar
rows
downt
hegr
oundsorev
eni
fthel
egi
slat
urewant
sto hav
ecausesf
or
di
ssol
uti
on,i
tisi
nawayv
iol
ati
ngr
ightofaper
sont
omar
ry,si
ncebya
cont
rar
ior
eadi
ngi
ndi
vi
dual
shav
ear
ightt
owal
koutofr
elat
ionshi
pst
o
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 142
htt
ps:
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oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
meett
heper
sonofhi
schoi
ce.
b)Thebel
i
eft
hatt
het
estf
orsuccessf
ulmar
ri
agewasi
tsdur
abi
l
ityi
sfound
outt
obewr
ong.Becausei
naddi
ti
ont
odur
abi
l
ity
,ther
estofef
fect
ive
mar
ri
agear
econsentandl
ove.I
fthel
awst
ickf
ami
l
iest
oget
her
,despi
tet
he
f
actt
hatt
heyr
unoutofl
ove,i
twoul
dhav
eanegat
iveef
fectonf
utur
e
spousesf
ort
heymi
ghtnotbemot
ivat
ed orencour
aged t
o concl
ude
mar
ri
age.Ther
efor
e,i
nor
derf
ort
hel
awt
oachi
evei
tsgoal
,thati
s,t
ohav
e
st
abl
efami
l
yandsoci
ety
,thel
awshoul
dnoti
nanywaydet
erdi
vor
cei
fthe
spousescannotl
i
vet
oget
herwi
thhar
mony
.
c)When wesayt
hatgov
ernmentshoul
d pr
otectt
hef
ami
l
y,t
hepr
evi
ous
per
cept
ionwast
hati
tispossi
blet
oachi
evet
hispur
posebynar
rowi
ng
down gr
ounds of di
vor
ce or by or
der
ing puni
ti
ve di
vor
ce.But t
his
under
standi
ngi
snow changed.So,t
hegov
ernmentr
athert
hant
ryi
ngt
o
pr
otectabr
okenhomebymaki
ngdi
vor
cepr
oceedi
ngsr
igor
ous,i
tisbet
ter
t
opr
otectt
hef
ami
l
ythr
oughi
tspol
i
ciest
hati
nsur
eeconomi
candsoci
al
needsoft
hef
ami
l
y.
d)The ot
herar
ea t
hatpr
ovokes t
he l
egi
slat
ure’
s and t
he women’
sri
ght
act
ivi
stst
owar
dst
her
efor
mist
hei
ssueofchi
l
dren.Chi
l
drenoughtt
oli
ve
wi
thbot
hoft
hei
rpar
ent
sinor
dert
ogetf
ullcar
eandsuppor
ttot
hei
r
upbr
ingi
ng.I
fthel
awf
orcedt
hespousest
oli
vet
oget
herwher
ether
eisno
l
ove,r
espectt
oeachot
herandaf
fect
ion,t
hent
hechi
l
drenmayendupi
n
psy
chol
ogi
calt
raumaandunheal
thyst
ateofmi
nd.Thi
sinawayadv
ersel
y
af
fect
sthe soci
ety si
nce chi
l
dren ar
ethe next gener
ati
on.So t
he
amendmenti
snecessar
yfort
hewel
lbei
ng,upbr
ingi
ngandpr
otect
ionof
chi
l
dren.
Hav
ingsai
dthi
smuchaboutdi
vor
cei
ngener
al,nextweshal
lseeway
sby
whi
chdi
vor
ceshal
lbedecl
ared.Undert
heRev
isedFami
l
yCode,
div
orcecanbe
obt
ainedi
ntwoway
s.Thesear
edi
vor
cebymut
ualconsentanddi
vor
ceby
pet
it
ion.St
udyt
hef
oll
owi
ngar
ti
cle.
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nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Ar
ti
cle76–Condi
ti
onsofDeci
sionf
orDi
vor
ce
Mar
ri
ageshal
ldi
ssol
vebydi
vor
cewher
e:
a)t
hespouseshav
eagr
eedt
odi
vor
cebymut
ualconsentandsuch
agr
eementi
saccept
edbyt
hecour
t;or
b)t
hespousesoroneoft
hem madeapet
it
ion,f
ordi
vor
ce,t
othe
cour
t.
5.
2.1Di
vor
cebyMut
ualConsentofSpouses
UnderAr
t665oft
heCi
vi
lCode,
mar
ri
agebymut
ualconsentoft
hespouseswas
pr
ohi
bit
ed.Undert
heRev
isedFami
l
yCode,
howev
er,
mar
ri
agebymut
ualconsent
i
sal
l
owed.Buther
ewehav
etobeari
nourmi
ndt
hatev
eni
fthel
aw al
l
ows
di
vor
cebymut
alconsent
,accor
dingt
oAr
t.77(
1),
thespousescannotendt
hei
r
mar
ri
agewi
thoutt
heknowl
edgeandappr
ovalofacour
tofl
aw.Ast
hef
ormat
ion
oft
hemar
ri
agehasf
oll
owedacer
tai
npr
ocedur
e,i
tsdi
ssol
uti
onal
sor
equi
res
somepr
ocedur
es.Hence,t
hespouses,i
ftheyar
edet
ermi
nedt
odi
ssol
vet
hei
r
mar
ri
agebyt
hei
rmut
ualconsent
,theyshoul
dsubmi
tthei
ragr
eementi
nwr
it
ing
t
othecour
tandgeti
tsappr
oval
,thespousesar
enotal
l
owedt
osi
mpl
ydi
ssol
ve
t
hei
rmar
ri
ageont
hei
rownwi
thoutget
ti
ngt
heappr
ovaloft
hecour
t.Thi
sisan
addi
ti
onal
procedur
alr
equi
rementoft
hel
aw.
Mor
eov
er,
accor
dingt
othesamear
ti
cle,
spousesar
erequi
redbyl
awt
oregul
ate
t
heconsequencesorcondi
ti
onsofdi
vor
ce.Ther
ear
emanyconsequencesof
di
vor
ce.Li
qui
dat
ion ofpecuni
aryr
elat
ion bet
ween spouses i
s one oft
he
condi
ti
ons/consequencesofdi
vor
ce.Anot
heref
fecti
sdet
ermi
ningt
hecust
ody
ofchi
l
dren.Asar
esul
tofdi
vor
ce,t
hespousesar
egoi
ngt
oli
vesepar
atel
y,wi
th
whi
chpar
entshoul
dthecust
odyofchi
l
drenbe?Wi
tht
hef
atherorwi
tht
he
mot
her
?Whent
hespousessubmi
tthei
rmut
ualconsentofdi
vor
cet
othecour
t,
t
heyar
eal
soexpect
edt
oregul
atesuchconsequencesofdi
vor
ce.
Ar
t.77(
2)showst
hatdi
vor
cebymut
ualconsenti
snotper
mit
tedf
oral
lspouses.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Par
ti
cul
arl
y,spouseswhosemar
ri
agel
ast
edf
orl
esst
hansi
xmont
hsshal
lnotbe
per
mit
tedt
odi
vor
cebymut
ualconsent
.Ther
easonf
orsuchpr
ohi
bit
ioni
sthat
si
ncet
hesespousesst
ayedi
nmar
ri
agef
orshor
tper
iodoft
ime,t
hel
awdoesn’
t
pr
esumet
hatt
heyhav
eagr
eedt
odi
vor
ce.Ev
eni
fthespouseswhosemar
ri
age
l
ast
edf
orl
esst
hansi
xmont
hsar
enotper
mit
tedt
odi
vor
cebymut
ualconsent
,
t
heycanav
ailt
hem sel
vesofdi
vor
cebypet
it
ion.Hence,t
heyar
enott
otal
l
y
bar
redf
rom pet
it
ioni
ngf
ordi
vor
ce.
Pr
ovi
dedt
hatt
hecondi
ti
onsunderAr
t.77(
1)and(
2)ar
eful
fi
ll
ed,spouseswho
pet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
cebymut
ualconsentar
enotobl
i
gedt
ost
atet
her
easont
her
eof
(
Art
.77(
3))
.Thi
spr
ovi
sionr
eveal
sthatwhathasbeenadopt
edundert
her
evi
sed
f
ami
l
ycodei
sanof
aul
tdi
vor
ceandwi
thoutgi
vi
nganyr
easonwhat
soev
er.
Assumi
ngt
hatt
hespouseshav
eagr
eedt
odi
vor
cei
ncompl
i
ancewi
thAr
t.77(
1)
and(
2),doesi
tmeant
hatt
hecour
tshal
lgi
vei
mmedi
ateappr
ovalt
oev
ery
agr
eementpr
oposedbyt
hepar
ti
est
obedi
vor
ced?Theobv
iousansweri
sint
he
negat
ive.Ther
ear
esomepr
ocedur
almechani
smsandr
ules(
Art
s.78–80)t
hat
needt
obeobser
vedbyt
hecour
t,whi
char
econsi
der
edasmar
ri
agepr
eser
vat
ion
met
hods.Abal
ancehasbeensoughtt
obecr
eat
edbet
weeni
ndi
vi
dualf
reedom
andsoci
alcont
rol
.
The f
actt
hatt
he spouseshav
e agr
eed doesnotmean t
hatt
he cour
twi
l
l
aut
omat
ical
l
yappr
ovet
hei
ragr
eement
.Tr
ue,
thegov
ernmentdoesnotobl
i
get
he
spousest
oli
vet
oget
hernordoesi
tthr
eat
ensbypecuni
arypenal
tyt
oobl
i
get
he
spousest
oli
vet
oget
her
.But
,onceagai
n,i
tdoesnotmeant
hatt
hegov
ernment
wi
l
lnoti
nter
veneandexer
tal
lpossi
bleef
for
tst
oper
suadet
hespouset
oli
ve
t
oget
her
.Thegov
ernment
,repr
esent
edbycour
ts,shal
lassur
ewhet
hert
hose
spousesagr
eedt
odi
vor
cehav
efi
rml
ydeci
dedt
odi
vor
ceandacceptt
heef
fect
t
her
eof
.Bey
ondt
his,t
hegov
ernmentshal
ltr
ytocauset
hespousest
orenounce
t
hei
rint
ent
ion t
o di
vor
ce.The whol
e pur
pose ofal
lthese ef
for
ts oft
he
gov
ernmenti
sthemani
fest
ati
onoft
hef
actt
hatgov
ernmenti
shi
ghl
yint
erest
ed
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egram channelvi
athi
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
t
owar
dsmar
ri
agest
abi
l
ity
.Todi
schar
gei
tscommi
tmentofpr
otect
ionoff
ami
l
y
andensur
esust
ainabi
l
ityofmar
ri
age,t
hegov
ernmentt
hroughi
tscour
tsshal
l
notdecl
are di
vor
ce car
elessl
y.Cour
ts ar
e dut
ybound t
o adher
eto some
gui
del
i
nesbef
oredecl
ari
ngdi
vor
ce.Thesegui
del
i
nesar
eenshr
inedt
oav
oid
ar
bit
rar
ydecl
arat
ion ofdi
vor
ce.I
fthese gui
del
i
nes (
obst
acl
es)ar
e pr
oper
ly
i
mpl
ement
ed,i
tisbel
i
evedt
hati
twi
l
lbemor
eef
fect
ivei
npr
otect
ingmar
ri
age
whencompar
edwi
thmechani
sm ofpr
otect
ionofmar
ri
agebypr
ohi
bit
ingdi
vor
ce
bymut
ual
consent
.Her
einunderar
ethegui
del
i
nes(
from Ar
ts.78–80)
.
Fi
rst
,wher
eapet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
cei
smadeunderAr
t.77(
1),t
hecour
tmay
di
scusssepar
atel
yorj
oint
lyandcounselt
orenouncet
hei
rint
ent
iont
odi
vor
ce
(
Art
.78 (
1).Ther
eason f
orsuch di
scussi
on i
sto assi
stt
hespousesand
ev
ent
ual
l
ytor
enouncet
hei
rpet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
ceandt
ocont
inuet
oli
vet
oget
her
.If
t
hespouses,howev
erar
est
il
ldet
ermi
nedt
ogetdi
vor
cedi
nspi
teoft
heat
tempt
madebyt
hecour
ttor
econci
l
ethem,t
hecour
tmaydi
smi
sst
hespousest
o
comebackaf
teraper
iodofnotmor
ethant
hreemont
hs(
Art78(
2).Thi
sper
iodi
s
knownascool
i
ngper
iod.Her
eitmustbenot
edt
hatnei
thercool
i
ngt
hespouses
norgr
ant
ingcool
i
ngper
iodar
emandat
ory
.Whi
l
egi
vi
ngcool
i
ngper
iod,t
hecour
t
mustassur
ethatt
her
ewoul
dbeanoppor
tuni
tyf
orcoupl
est
oret
hinkt
hewhol
e
mat
ter
s and abandon t
hei
rint
ent
ion t
o di
vor
ce.Ther
efor
e,t
he r
ati
onal
e of
gr
ant
ingcl
oudi
ngper
iod i
stocauset
hespouset
oreconsi
dert
hei
ract
ionsand
gi
vet
hef
ami
l
ymember
ssuf
fi
cientt
imet
oper
suadet
hespousest
oli
ket
oget
her
.
I
fthecour
t,hav
ingr
egar
dtot
heci
rcumst
anceoft
hecase,bel
i
evest
hatt
he
spousewi
l
lnotr
enouncet
hei
rint
ent
iont
ogetdi
vor
ce,i
tmaynotgr
antcool
i
ng
per
iod.
Ther
ear
etwoconsequencest
ospouseswhoar
edi
smi
ssedbygi
vi
ngacool
i
ng
per
iod.One,wher
ethespousesdeci
dedt
orenouncet
hedi
vor
ceagr
eement
,
wi
thi
nthecool
i
ngper
iodt
heycancont
inuet
oli
vet
oget
herpeacef
ull
y.I
fthi
sis
t
hechoi
ceoft
hespouses,
iti
sencour
agedast
hecool
i
ngper
iodhasachi
evedi
ts
pur
pose,
andt
hecour
tshal
lcl
oset
hef
il
e.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 146
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ps:
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oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Second,wher
ethespousesdi
dnotchanget
hei
rint
ent
iont
odi
vor
cewi
thi
nthe
gi
vencool
i
ngper
iod,
theymayr
eappl
ytot
hecour
ttoappr
ovet
hei
ragr
eementt
o
di
vor
cewi
thi
nsi
xmont
hsf
rom t
hel
astdat
eofsuchcool
i
ngper
iod(
Art
.79(
1))
.
Ev
eni
fthespousesdi
dnotmakeanappl
i
cat
ionwi
thi
nsi
xmont
hsf
rom t
he
expi
ryoft
hecool
i
ngper
iod,t
heyar
enotpr
ecl
udedf
rom submi
tt
inganew
appl
i
cat
ionf
ordi
vor
ce(
Art
.79(
2).
Anot
herl
i
mit
ati
oni
mposedondi
vor
cebymut
ualconsenti
sthatt
hecour
tshal
l
appr
ovet
hedi
vor
ceagr
eementonl
ywheni
tbel
i
evest
hatt
heagr
eementi
sthe
t
rueexpr
essi
onoft
hei
ntent
ionandf
reeconsentoft
hespousesandi
snot
cont
rar
ytol
awandmar
ali
ty.(
Ar.80(
1))
.Fori
nst
ancei
fthedi
vor
ceagr
eementi
s
pr
ocur
ed as a r
esul
toff
raud orv
iol
ence,t
he cour
tshal
lnotappr
ovet
he
agr
eement
.Mor
eov
er,oneoft
hespousesmayi
ntendt
ogetdi
vor
cewhi
l
ethe
ot
herspousei
sser
iousl
ysi
ckori
not
herdi
ff
icul
tsi
tuat
ion,i
nthi
scaset
he
di
vor
ceagr
eementi
scont
rar
ytol
aw andmor
ali
tyandhence,i
tshal
lnotbe
appr
ovedbecauset
heagr
eementi
sdonet
oev
adet
hedut
iesoft
hespouset
o
hel
pandassi
steachot
her
.
Aswehav
est
udi
edi
nconnect
ionwi
thAr
t.77(
1),
iti
spr
ovi
dedt
hatt
hespouses
shal
lsubmi
ttot
hecour
tthei
ragr
eementwi
thr
espectt
oef
fect
sofdi
vor
cei
n
addi
ti
ont
othei
ragr
eementr
elat
ingt
hedi
vor
cei
tsel
f.Whent
hespousespet
it
ion
i
nthi
sway
,thecour
tshal
lappr
ovet
hecondi
ti
onsoref
fect
soft
hedi
vor
ce
agr
eedbet
weent
hespousest
oget
herwi
tht
hedi
vor
ceagr
eement(
Art
.80(
2)
Howev
er,
wher
etheagr
eementoft
hespousesont
hecondi
ti
onsofdi
vor
cedoes
notsuf
fi
cient
lypr
otectt
hei
nter
estandwel
lbei
ngoft
hei
rchi
l
dren,or
,wher
eit
adv
ersel
yaf
fect
sthei
nter
estofoneoft
hespouses,t
hecour
tmayappr
oveonl
y
t
hedi
vor
ceagr
eementandgi
vedeci
sionsi
tmaydeem appr
opr
iat
etocor
rectt
he
def
ect
sont
hecondi
ti
onsofdi
vor
ce.
Forexampl
e,At
oHandWr
oW,whi
l
edeci
dingoncondi
ti
onofdi
vor
ceagr
eeAt
o
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 147
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Hwi
l
lsur
renderal
lthecommonpr
oper
tyt
oW/
oW ont
hecondi
ti
ont
hatshewi
l
l
r
evokeev
eryr
ightshehason chi
l
dren cust
odyand v
isi
tat
ion.Thi
ssor
tof
agr
eementmaynotbeappr
ovedasi
tiscont
rar
ytoEqui
tyandr
ightofchi
l
dren.
Suchagr
eementofpar
ent
sout
rageousl
yaf
fect
sthei
nter
estoft
hepar
ent
sand
t
hei
rchi
l
dren.Wai
verofpar
ent
alr
ightshal
lnotbe bi
ndi
ng by t
he mer
e
agr
eementoft
hepar
ent
sbecauset
hel
aw i
sal
soi
nter
est
ed.Undert
hel
aw,
chi
l
drenhav
ether
ightt
oknow t
hei
rpar
ent
sandt
o hav
ethebenef
itofsuch
par
ent
all
oveandgui
dancet
hroughadequat
evi
sit
ati
on.Hence,t
hecour
tshal
l
notappr
ovesuchpr
oposal
ssi
ncemostel
ement
sofpar
ent
alpowerandr
ightar
e
non-
negot
iabl
e.Andt
hecour
tshal
lcor
rectsuchdef
ect
sinagr
eementr
elat
ingt
o
condi
ti
onofdi
vor
ce.
5.
2.2Di
vor
cebyPet
it
ion
Di
vor
cebypet
it
ioni
sthesecondwayt
houghwhi
chdi
vor
ceshal
lbedecl
ared.
Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngar
ti
clet
ounder
standt
hemai
ndi
ff
erencebet
weendi
vor
ceby
mut
ual
consentanddi
vor
cebypet
it
ion.
Ar
ti
cle81–(
1)Pet
it
ionf
orDi
vor
ce
1)Apet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
cemaybemadet
othecour
tei
therbyt
het
wospouses
conj
oint
lyorbyoneoft
hem.
2)Thespousesoroneoft
hem mayst
atei
nthepet
it
iont
her
easonsf
or
di
vor
ce.
Asdi
scussedabov
e,i
nthecaseofdi
vor
cebymut
ualconsent
,thespousesagr
ee
t
ogetdi
vor
cedbef
oret
heyt
aket
hei
rcaset
othecour
tonl
yforappr
oval
.What
makesdi
vor
cebypet
it
iondi
ff
erentf
rom di
vor
cebymut
ualconsenti
sthat
,ther
e
maynotbepr
iorknowl
edgeast
othei
ntent
ionofoneoft
hepar
tyt
oinst
it
ute
di
vor
ce.Ev
eni
fther
eis,t
her
emi
ghtnotbeconsensusast
othedi
ssol
uti
onof
t
he mar
ri
age by di
vor
ce and t
he ef
fectt
her
eoft
hisf
actcal
l
sforut
most
pr
otect
ionbyt
hecour
twhi
l
eent
ert
aini
ngsuchcases.I
ncaseofdi
vor
ceby
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 148
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
pet
it
ion,
ther
oleoft
hecour
tisnotl
i
mit
edt
oappr
ovaloft
hedi
vor
ceagr
eement
.
I
tshal
lal
soat
temptt
orect
if
ydef
ect
sint
hemar
ri
agebyt
heassi
stanceoft
he
spousesandar
bit
rat
ors.I
ftheat
temptoft
hecour
tfai
l
sint
hisr
egar
d,i
tshal
l
pr
oceedt
odeci
deondi
vor
ceandi
tsef
fect
s.Ther
efor
e,t
her
oleoft
hecour
tin
caseofdi
vor
cebypet
it
ioni
smul
ti
facet
ed.
Bef
oregoi
ngdeepi
ntoanal
yzi
ngt
her
oleoft
hecour
tincaseofdi
vor
ceby
pet
it
ion,
twopoi
ntsneedconsi
der
ati
on.Fi
rst
,asi
ndi
cat
edunderAr
t.81(
2),
when
spousesoroneoft
hem submi
tshi
spet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
ce,
theyar
enotmandat
ori
l
y
r
equi
redt
ost
atewhyt
heypet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
ce.I
ftheywantt
ost
atet
hei
rreason,
t
heycandoso.
Second,i
tneedsdi
scussi
onast
owhet
herdi
vor
cecanbeconduct
edt
hroughan
agentwi
thoutt
heper
sonal
appear
anceoft
hespouses.
Unl
i
ket
hechapt
ert
hatdeal
twi
thconcl
usi
onofmar
ri
age,(
seeAr
t.12)
,chapt
er
f
ouroft
heRFC,
deal
i
ngwi
thdi
ssol
uti
oni
ssi
l
entast
owhet
hermar
ri
agemaybe
di
ssol
vedt
hroughagentwhent
hecauseofdi
ssol
uti
oni
sdi
vor
ce.Thesi
l
ence,
t
her
efor
e,necessar
il
ytr
igger
squest
ionsl
i
ke:candi
vor
cepet
it
ionsbesubmi
tt
ed
andpr
ocessedbypr
oxi
es?
Asst
atedear
li
er,
theRFCdoesn’
taddr
esst
heabov
equer
ies.Nei
theri
sther
eany
pr
ovi
si
oni
ntheRFCt
hatexpl
i
cit
lypr
ohi
bit
srepr
esent
ati
oni
nmat
ter
sofdi
vor
ce.
I
tmayt
her
efor
e be ar
gued on t
he basi
sofcan one ofi
nter
pret
ati
on t
hat
what
everi
snotexpl
i
cit
lypr
ohi
bit
edshoul
dbedeemedt
ohav
ebeenper
mit
ted
andt
hataspousemaysubmi
ther
/hi
spet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
cet
hroughhi
sagent
.A
cl
osescr
uti
nyoft
her
elev
antpr
ovi
sionsoft
heRFC,
howev
er,
maypr
ovet
hatt
he
ar
gument“
what
evernotpr
ohi
bit
edshoul
dbedeemedt
ohav
ebeenper
mit
ted”
maybewr
ong.
Al
ookatAr
t.82(
1)oft
heRFC seemsnott
oal
l
ow r
epr
esent
ati
onwheni
t
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egram channelvi
athi
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ps:
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
pr
ovi
dedt
hatt
hecour
tshoul
dspeakt
othespousessepar
atel
yorj
oint
lywi
tht
he
v
iew t
oper
suadet
hem t
orenouncet
hei
rpet
it
ionf
oradi
vor
ceandsol
vet
hei
r
di
sput
esami
cabl
y.I
ttr
anspi
resf
rom t
hispr
ovi
siont
hatt
hecour
tshal
ltal
ktot
he
spousesper
sonal
l
yandnott
othei
rrepr
esent
ati
ves.PerAr
t.78(
1),t
hesamei
s
t
ruef
orcaseswher
ethespousessubmi
tthei
rpet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
cebymut
ual
consent
.Thus,
atl
easti
npr
inci
ple,
div
orcebyr
epr
esent
ati
onmaynotbeal
l
owed.
I
n caseofconcl
usi
on ofmar
ri
age,i
tissai
dthatsi
ncemar
ri
agei
sst
ri
ctl
y
per
sonal
,itcannotbeconcl
udedbyanagent
.Iti
sonl
yinr
areci
rcumst
ances
t
hatconcl
usi
onofmar
ri
agebyr
epr
esent
ati
oni
sal
l
owed.(
Art
.12(
2))
.Byt
he
same t
oken,di
vor
ce byr
epr
esent
ati
on shal
lbe al
l
owed onl
yin except
ional
si
tuat
ionwhent
hespousescannotappearper
sonal
l
y.Lastbutl
east
,ev
eni
fiti
s
al
l
owedt
oli
ti
gat
eci
vi
lcasesbyal
awy
er,
theper
sonalappear
anceoft
hepar
tyt
o
t
hedi
sput
emaybeor
der
edbyt
hecour
tifsuchappear
ancei
sindi
spensabl
eto
r
enderj
ust
ice.I
ndi
vor
cecases,
theper
sonalappear
anceoft
hespousest
oset
tl
e
t
hedi
sput
eisunquest
ionabl
e.
Aswehav
esl
i
ght
lyt
oucheduponear
li
er,
whenapet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
cei
ssubmi
tt
ed
t
othecour
t,i
tisexpect
edt
odi
schar
geanumberofdut
ies.Fi
rst
,wher
ethe
pet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
cei
smadeei
therbyt
het
wospousesconj
oint
lyorbyoneof
t
hem,t
hecour
tshal
lspeakt
othespousessepar
atel
yorj
oint
lywi
thav
iew of
per
suadi
ngt
hem t
orenouncet
hepet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
ceandsol
vet
hei
rdi
sput
es
ami
cabl
y.(
Art
.82(
1))Her
enot
ethat
,iti
smandat
oryt
othecour
ttoconsul
tthe
spousesei
thersepar
atel
yorj
oint
ly,
unl
i
ket
hecasei
ndi
vor
cebymut
ualconsent
,
wher
ethecour
tcoul
dconsul
tthespousesonl
yifi
tthi
nksf
it
.Thepur
poseoft
his
consul
tat
ioni
stoper
suadet
hespousest
orenouncet
hei
rpet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
ce
andsol
vet
hei
rpr
obl
emsi
naf
ri
endl
ymanner
.
Wher
ethe at
temptmadebyt
hecour
ttospeakt
hespousessepar
atel
yorj
oint
ly
hasbeenf
rui
tl
essori
sli
kel
ytobef
rui
tl
ess,t
hecour
tmaydi
rectt
hespousest
o
set
tl
ethei
rdi
sposet
hroughar
bit
rat
orsoft
hei
rownchoi
ce.Howev
ert
hisi
snota
mandat
orypr
ovi
si
on.Ther
efort
hecour
tisnotnecessar
il
yrequi
redt
oref
ert
he
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 150
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
spousest
oar
bit
rat
ors.Howev
er,i
fthecour
tbel
i
evest
hatt
hef
ami
l
yar
bit
rat
ors
wi
l
lsucceedi
nreconci
l
ingt
hespousesev
eni
fiti
snotsucceededbyi
tsel
f,i
t
coul
ddi
rectt
hecaset
oar
bit
rat
orswhoar
eel
ect
edbyt
hespousest
hemsel
ves.
(
Art
.82(
2))I
fthecasei
sref
err
edt
ofami
l
yar
bit
rat
ors,
itwi
l
lbet
hepoweroft
he
cour
ttoacceptt
her
epor
toft
hef
ami
l
yar
bit
rat
orsandt
ogi
vegui
del
i
nest
othe
sameasenv
isagedunderAr
ts.119–122oft
heRFC.
Wher
ethespousesdi
dnotagr
eet
oset
tl
ethei
rdi
sput
ethr
oughar
bit
rat
ion,t
he
cour
tmaydi
smi
sst
hepar
ti
esbygi
vi
ngt
hem aacool
i
ngper
iodofupt
othr
ee
mont
hs.(
Art
.82(
3))
.Thei
mpor
tanceoft
hispr
ocedur
eist
ogi
vechancef
ort
he
spousest
oret
hinkont
hemat
tersot
hatt
heycoul
drenouncet
hei
rpet
it
ionf
or
di
vor
ce.Howev
er,t
hecour
tisnotnecessar
il
yrequi
redt
odi
smi
sst
hespouseby
gi
vi
ng t
hem a cool
i
ng per
iod.I
fthe exi
sti
ng ci
rcumst
ances show t
hatt
he
spousescannomor
etol
erat
eeachot
herandcont
inuet
oli
vet
oget
her
,thecour
t
hast
oent
ert
aint
hei
rcaseandmakeadeci
sionont
hedi
vor
ce.I
f,f
ori
nst
ance,
t
hecasef
ordi
vor
cei
saser
iousquar
relbet
weent
hespouses,
ther
eisnoneedt
o
gi
vecool
i
ngper
iodf
ort
her
eisl
i
ttl
echanceofchangeofmi
ndoft
hespouses.I
f,
ont
heot
herhand,t
hecasef
orpet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
cei
sinci
dent
aldi
sagr
eement
bet
weent
hespouses,i
tishi
ghl
ypr
obabl
ethatt
hespousesmaychanget
hei
r
i
ntent
iont
odi
vor
cewi
thi
nthecool
i
ngper
iod.
Wher
eal
ltheef
for
tst
oreconci
l
ethespousesf
ail
,thecour
tshal
lpr
onounce
di
vor
cewi
thi
nonemont
hfr
om t
hedat
eofr
ecei
ptoft
her
epor
toft
hear
bit
rat
ors,
ort
heendoft
hecool
i
ngper
iodast
hecasemaybe(
Art
.84(
2))
.
Fr
om t
het
imepet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
cei
sbr
oughtbef
orei
t,t
her
ear
esomeor
der
sto
begi
venbyt
hecour
twhi
l
ethedi
vor
cepr
oceedi
ngi
sgoi
ng:on.Fr
om t
hedat
eof
appl
i
cat
ionf
ordi
vor
ceupt
othef
inaldat
eofdecl
arat
ionofdi
vor
ce,i
tmayt
ake
l
ongt
imet
oset
tl
ethedi
sput
ethr
oughar
bit
rat
orsandt
ocauset
hespousest
o
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 151
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
r
enounce t
hei
rint
ent
ion i
nthe coolper
iod.I
nthe mean t
ime,t
he cour
tis
expect
edt
ogi
vepr
ovi
sional/t
empor
aryi
nst
ruct
ionsr
egar
dingt
hemai
ntenance
oft
he spouses,t
he cust
ody and mai
ntenance oft
hei
rchi
l
dren and t
he
managementoft
hei
rpr
oper
ty(
Art
.82(
5).Par
ti
cul
arl
yift
hemani
sthebr
ead
wi
nneroft
hef
ami
l
yandi
fthewomani
sahousewi
fewi
thoutanyper
sonal
i
ncome,t
hecour
tmayor
dert
hemant
opayacer
tai
namountofmoneyt
othe
womanasamai
ntenance.Thi
sisbecause,i
tiscust
omar
ythataf
termaki
ng
pet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
ce,t
hespousesl
i
vesepar
atel
y.Thecour
tisal
soexpect
edt
o
gi
vet
empor
aryor
derwi
thr
egar
dtomanagementofpr
oper
ty.I
fthi
sisnotdone,
t
hecommonpr
oper
tyoft
hespousesmaybesubj
ectt
ovar
iousabusi
veact
ions.
Di
rect
ionsr
egar
dingcust
odyofchi
l
dreni
snotonl
yat
empor
aryonei
tal
so
r
equi
resdueat
tent
ionandwel
lconsi
der
eddeci
sionatt
het
imeofdi
vor
ce.I
n
deci
dingast
owhi
chspouseshal
lhav
ecust
odyofchi
l
dren,t
hecour
tshal
ltake
i
ntoaccountt
hei
ncome,age,heal
th,andcondi
ti
onofl
i
vingoft
hespousesas
wel
last
heageandi
nter
est
soft
hechi
l
dren.(
Art
.113)
.
Anot
heri
ssuet
hatr
equi
rest
het
empor
aryor
deroft
hecour
tisast
owhi
ch
spousemayl
eav
ethecommonabodeoft
hespousesunt
ildi
vor
cei
sfi
nal
l
y
pr
onounced.Ar
t.82(
6)pr
ovi
dest
hatwher
eci
rcumst
ancesabsol
utel
yrequi
re
t
hatoneoft
hespousesl
eav
ethei
rcommonabode,t
hecour
tshal
l
,whengi
ven
anor
derundersub-
art
icl
e(5)oft
hisar
ti
cle,t
akei
ntoconsi
der
ati
ont
hei
nter
est
ofchi
l
drenandt
hecondi
ti
onoft
hespousewhomaybeaf
fect
edmor
ebyl
eav
ing
t
hei
rcommonabode.Wher
ether
eisaser
iousf
uedbet
weent
hespouses,
itmay
notbepossi
blef
ort
hespousest
oli
vet
oget
heri
nthei
rcommonabode.I
nthi
s
par
ti
cul
arci
rcumst
ance,t
hecour
tisexpect
edt
ogi
vet
empor
aryor
derast
o
whi
chspouseshal
lleav
ethei
rcommonabode.Thecour
tshal
lgi
veor
dert
aki
ng
i
ntoaccountt
hei
nter
estoft
hef
ami
l
y.
Wher
ethe cour
t decl
ares di
vor
ce af
ter passi
ng t
hrough t
he pr
ocedur
es
ment
ionedher
einabov
e,i
tshal
lrequestt
hespousest
oagr
eeont
hecondi
ti
ons
Joi
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egram channelvi
athi
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oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
ofdi
vor
ce.(
Art
.83(
1))
.Ift
hespousesar
enotwi
l
li
ngt
oagr
eeorhav
efai
l
edt
o
agr
eeont
hecondi
ti
onsofdi
vor
ce,
thecour
tshal
l
,byi
tsel
f,ort
hroughar
bit
rat
ors,
orexper
tsappoi
ntedbyi
t,orbyanyot
hermeansi
tthi
nksappr
opr
iat
e,deci
deon
t
hecondi
ti
onsofdi
vor
ce.(
Art
.83(
2))
.Thecondi
ti
onsofdi
vor
ceagr
eeduponby
t
hespousesordeci
dedbyar
bit
rat
orsorexper
tsshal
lbesubmi
tt
edt
othecour
t
f
orappr
oval
.(Ar
t.83(
3))
.Af
terdeci
dingt
hedi
vor
ce,
thecour
tmaypostponet
he
j
udgmentoncondi
ti
onsofdi
vor
cef
ornotmor
ethansi
xmont
hs.(
Art
.83(
4))
.
Undert
heCi
vi
lCode,
ashasbeenment
ionedabov
e,apar
tywhor
equest
sdi
vor
ce
maybepuni
shed.Thepuni
shmentmaybeef
fect
edatt
het
imeofpar
ti
ti
onof
pr
oper
tybet
weent
hespouses.Asi
ndi
cat
edunderAr
t.694(
1)oft
heCi
vi
lCode,
a
spousewhopet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
ceonnon ser
iouscausesmaybepenal
i
zedt
othe
ext
entofl
osi
ngt
hewhol
eoft
hecommonpr
oper
tyt
otheot
herspouse.Under
t
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodet
oot
heconceptofi
ndemni
tyi
sincl
uded.Butunl
i
ket
he
Ci
vi
lCode,
thespousewhomayber
equi
redt
oindemni
fyt
heot
herspousei
sthe
onewhocommi
tsami
sconductwhi
chi
sthecauseoft
hedi
vor
ceasopposedt
o
t
hespousewhopet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
ce.
Ar
ti
cle84–I
ndemni
ti
es
Wher
ethecauseoft
hedi
vor
cei
simput
abl
etooneoft
hespousesand
j
ust
icesor
equi
res,
thecour
tmayor
dersuchspouset
omakegoodt
he
damagesust
ainedbyt
heot
herspouse.
Thought
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodepr
ovi
dest
hatt
hepar
ti
esi
ncaseofdi
vor
ceby
pet
it
ionmaynotbeobl
i
gedt
ost
atet
her
easonf
ordi
vor
ce,apar
tywhocl
aims
i
ndemni
tyshoul
ddi
scl
oset
her
easonorcauseoft
hedi
vor
ce.Ther
efor
e,ev
eni
f
st
ati
ngr
easoni
sir
rel
evanti
npet
it
ioni
ngf
ordi
vor
ce,t
hesamei
srel
evantwhen
wecomet
opar
ti
ti
onofcommonpr
oper
ty.Fori
nst
ance,
ift
hecauseofdi
vor
cei
s
t
hecommi
ssi
onoft
heactofadul
ter
ybyoneoft
hespouses,t
hepar
ti
ti
onof
commonpr
oper
tyshal
lbeconduct
edhav
ingr
egar
dtot
hispar
ti
cul
arsi
tuat
ion.
Si
ncet
hepar
tyatf
aul
tmayber
equi
redt
opaycompensat
iont
otheot
herspouse,
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egram channelvi
athi
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ps:
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oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
commonpr
oper
tymaynotbepar
ti
ti
onedequal
l
y.
Thus,Ar
t.84canbet
akenasanexcept
iont
otheequalappor
ti
onmentcommon
pr
oper
tyasenv
isagedunderAr
t90.Asanexcept
ion,Ar
t.84shal
lbei
nter
pret
ed
nar
rowl
y.Thephr
ase“
…wher
ejust
icer
equi
res…”i
sthemani
fest
ati
onoft
hef
act
l
i
ber
ali
nter
pret
ati
onshal
lnotbeappl
i
edf
orAr
t.84.
Fr
om t
hecl
oser
eadi
ngofAr
t.84,onecanseet
hatwher
ethecauseoft
he
di
vor
cei
simput
abl
etooneoft
hespouses,t
hecour
tmayor
dersuchspouset
o
compensat
etheot
herspouses.Att
hispoi
nt,i
tisl
ogi
calt
oaskonequest
ion,
whatwi
l
lbet
het
ypeandt
heamountofcompensat
iont
obepai
dbysuchspouse?
Thel
awsi
mpl
ysay
s“…t
omakegoodt
hedamage…”I
nthef
aceoft
hisgener
ali
ty,
t
hedamaget
obemadegoodmaybemor
alormat
eri
aldamageorbot
h.So,t
he
compensat
iont
obepai
dunderAr
t.84i
snotl
i
mit
edt
omor
aldamage.I
tal
so
i
ncl
udesmat
eri
aldamagei
fthespousei
nwhosef
avor
sthecompensat
iont
obe
pai
disabl
etopr
ovet
hathehassust
ainedmat
eri
aldamageasar
esul
toft
he
mi
sconductoft
heot
herwhi
chl
edt
odi
vor
ce.
Wi
thr
egar
dtot
heext
entofcompensat
ion,
too,
theRev
isedFami
l
yCodei
ssi
l
ent
.
I
fthi
sisso,t
hedi
sput
eshal
lber
esol
vedhav
ingr
egar
dtol
aw ofext
ra–
cont
ract
uall
i
abi
l
ity
.Aspert
hesepr
ovi
sions,exceptt
hecaseofmor
aldamage,
t
hedamageshal
lbemadegoodbyawar
dingt
hev
ict
im anequi
val
entamounti
n
damage.I
tis al
so pr
ovi
ded under t
hisl
aw t
hatt
he par
ty who cl
aims
compensat
ioni
srequi
redt
opr
ovet
heamountofdamagehesust
ained.Howev
er,
i
fthej
udgeassur
est
heexi
stenceoft
hedamage,
andwher
etheexactamountof
damagecannotbecal
cul
ated,
thecour
tshal
lfi
xitequi
tabl
y,t
aki
ngi
ntoaccount
t
heor
dinar
ycour
seofev
ent
s(Ar
t2102(
1)oft
eheCC)
.
Pr
ovi
sionsofi
ndemni
ti
es(
Art84)i
slocat
edundert
hesect
iondeal
i
ngwi
th
di
vor
cebypet
it
ion.Doesn’
titmeani
ssuesofi
ndemni
tymaynotar
isei
ncase
wher
edi
vor
cei
srequest
edbymut
ualconsent
?Asi
tsv
erynamei
mpl
i
es,
div
orce
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 154
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
bymut
ualconsentoft
hespousesi
sanagr
eementt
odi
sagr
ee.Thesour
ceof
di
sagr
eementmayal
sobet
hef
aul
tormi
sconductofoneoft
hespouses.So
l
ongast
heot
herspousei
sabl
etopr
ovet
heexi
stenceofdamage,not
hingwi
l
l
pr
ohi
bithi
mfr
om demandi
ngcompensat
ion.
Oncedi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
agei
sdecl
aredbyt
hecour
t,bei
tincaseofdi
vor
ceby
mut
alconsentordi
vor
cebypet
it
ion,
noappealshal
ll
iesol
elyont
hej
udgmentof
t
hecour
tdeci
dingdi
vor
ce.(
Art
.112)Thi
sisbecausewher
ethesubor
dinat
e
cour
tdeci
desondi
vor
ce,i
tisassumedt
hatatl
eastoneoft
hespousesi
snot
wi
l
li
ngt
othecont
inui
tyoft
hemar
ri
age.Theappealat
ecour
tshal
lnotal
so
obl
i
get
hespousest
oli
vet
oget
herwi
thoutt
hei
rjoi
ntconsent
.Itt
hisi
sso,
appeal
wil
lnotachi
eveanypur
pose.
Bef
orecl
osi
ngourdi
scussi
onper
tai
ningt
odi
vor
ceasonegr
oundofdi
ssol
uti
on
ofmar
ri
age,
letusr
aisesomepoi
ntswi
thr
egar
dtot
her
olesoff
ami
l
yar
bit
rat
ors
undert
heRev
isedFami
l
yCode.Undert
heCi
vi
lCode(
Art
s.677–679)
,fami
l
y
ar
bit
rat
orswer
egi
venanumberofpower
sincl
udi
ngpassi
ngdeci
sionondi
vor
ce.
Ev
en undert
he cur
rent
ly Rev
ised Feder
aland r
egi
onalf
ami
l
y codes,t
he
i
nst
it
uti
on off
ami
l
y ar
bit
rat
orsi
s gr
ant
ed some l
i
mit
ed r
oles.Ofcour
se,
cont
radi
ctor
yvi
ewshav
ebeenf
orwar
deddur
ingdi
scussi
ngt
hedr
aftRev
ised
Fami
l
yCode.Ont
heonehand,i
thasbeenar
guedt
hatt
hei
nst
it
uti
onoff
ami
l
y
ar
bit
rat
orshast
obeaccor
dedl
egal
recogni
ti
onont
hef
oll
owi
nggr
ounds.
 I
tshoul
dbeaccor
dedl
egalpr
otect
ionbecausesi
ncemember
soft
he
f
ami
l
yar
bit
rat
orsar
ecl
oser
elat
ivesoft
hespouses,t
heywi
l
lex
ertal
l
possi
bleef
for
tst
oreconci
l
ethespouses.So,i
nvi
ewoft
hegov
ernment
’s
pol
i
cyt
omai
ntai
nmar
ri
age,
thi
str
adi
ti
onali
nst
it
uti
onoff
ami
l
yar
bit
rat
ors
shoul
dbebackedbyt
hel
aw.
 Si
nce member
soft
he ar
bit
rat
orsar
ethe spousescl
ose r
elat
ivesor
nei
ghbor
s,t
hepar
ti
eswoul
dnotbeashamedofdi
scl
osi
ngt
hef
act
swhi
ch
t
heymaynotex
plai
nto cour
t,butwhi
ch i
fdi
scl
osed maysav
ethe
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egram channelvi
athi
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ps:
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oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
mar
ri
agef
rom di
vor
ce.
 Si
nce adj
udi
cat
ion off
ami
l
y mat
ter
s by ar
bit
rat
ors doesn’
trequi
re
r
epr
esent
ati
onofl
awy
er,t
hespousescanset
tl
ethei
rdi
spot
ewi
thl
ow
cost
.
 I
tis a deep r
oot
ed Et
hiopi
an cul
tur
eto adj
udi
cat
e cases t
hrough
ar
bit
rat
orsandt
hispr
act
iceshoul
dbeencour
aged.
 I
nvi
ewoft
hecongest
ionofcasesi
nregul
arcour
ts,
aut
hor
izi
ngt
hef
ami
l
y
ar
bit
rat
orst
ohandl
e f
ami
l
ycaseswoul
dhel
pregul
arcour
tsdi
spense
j
ust
icedul
y.
Ont
heot
herhand,
agai
nstr
ecogni
ti
onoft
hei
nst
it
uti
on,
ithasbeenar
guedt
hat
:
 Fami
l
yar
bit
rat
orsi
ntent
ional
l
ydel
aycasesf
ort
hesakeofal
l
owance
whi
chcl
ear
lyj
eopar
dizest
hei
nter
estoft
hespouses.
 Si
nce t
hey hav
e no l
egalknowl
edge r
equi
red by l
aw,l
eav
ing such
i
nst
it
uti
onasmar
ri
ageatt
hehandoft
hesel
aymenwoul
dadv
ersel
y
af
fectt
hepar
ti
est
oitandi
sagai
nstt
heconst
it
uti
onalpr
otect
ionoft
he
i
nst
it
uti
onofmar
ri
age.
 Si
ncet
hei
nst
it
uti
onoff
ami
l
yar
bit
rat
orst
akest
hepoweroft
hecour
tsi
ts
const
it
uti
onal
i
tyi
squest
ionabl
e.
Undert
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodedi
sput
esar
edi
vi
dedi
ntot
wocat
egor
ies;namel
y,
di
sput
esar
isi
ngdur
ingmar
ri
ageanddi
vor
ce.AsperAr
t.117,onl
ythecour
tis
compet
entt
odeci
deondi
vor
ce,deci
deorappr
ovet
heef
fect
sofdi
vor
cei
n
accor
dancewi
thAr
t83 oft
hisCode.Di
sput
esar
isi
ng dur
ing mar
ri
age,i
.e.
,
di
sput
eshor
tofdi
vor
ceandt
heef
fectt
her
eofshal
lbedeci
dedbyar
bit
rat
ors
chosenbyt
hespouses(
Art
.118(
1).
I
naddi
ti
ont
otheabov
ement
ioneddepar
tur
e,t
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodei
sal
so
depar
ted f
rom t
he ci
vi
lcode as r
egar
ds t
he numberand composi
ti
ons of
ar
bit
rat
ors.Undert
heCi
vi
lCode,f
ami
l
yar
bit
rat
orsar
eappoi
ntedt
wof
rom t
he
si
deoft
hehusbandandt
wof
rom t
hesi
deoft
hewoman.Butsuchcomposi
ti
on
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 156
htt
ps:
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oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
i
sfoundoutt
obet
hesour
ceofcompl
exi
tyofmanycasesasar
bit
rat
orsf
rom t
he
husbandsi
def
arourt
hehusbandandar
bit
rat
orsf
rom t
hewomansi
def
avour
t
hewoman.Toav
oidt
hispr
obl
em,undert
heRFC,al
lthear
bit
rat
orsshal
lbe
appoi
ntedbyt
hemut
ualconsentoft
hespouses.Thei
rnumbermayal
sobel
ess
orgr
eat
ert
hanf
ouri
nsof
arast
hespousesagr
eeont
hispoi
nt.
Dearst
udent
,thef
actt
hatcour
tsar
eonl
ycompet
entt
o deci
deondi
vor
ce
doesnotmeant
hatf
ami
l
yar
bit
rat
orshav
enor
oleundert
heRev
isedFami
l
yCode
(
lookAr
t.118abov
e).Theyst
il
lpl
ayav
italr
olei
nreconci
l
ingt
hespousesbutnot
deci
dingondi
vor
ce.Ar
bit
rat
ors,undert
heRev
isedFami
l
yCode,ar
eresponsi
ble
t
oreconci
l
espouseswhopet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
ce.
Buther
eitshoul
dbenot
edt
hatev
eni
ffami
l
yar
bit
rat
orspl
ayagr
eatr
olei
n
r
econci
l
ingt
hespouses,t
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyoft
hear
bit
rat
orsi
ssubj
ectt
othe
cl
osescr
uti
nyoft
hecour
t.Toputi
not
herwor
ds,t
hisi
sacour
tsuper
vised
ar
bit
rat
ion.Thi
sismani
fest
edi
nvar
iousway
s.Assoonast
hear
bit
rat
ioni
s
commenced,t
hecour
tshal
lgi
vedi
rect
ionast
ohow t
her
econci
l
iat
ionhast
o
pr
oceed and t
o submi
tthe r
esul
tof t
he ar
bit
rat
ion or t
he at
temptof
r
econci
l
iat
ionwi
thi
nthr
eemont
hs(
Art
.119(
2).Wher
eitdeemsnecessar
y,t
he
cour
tmayal
soexami
net
hepr
ogr
essoft
hear
bit
rat
ionandmakeor
der
sfor
submi
ssi
onofper
iodi
calr
epor
tst
her
eon(
Art
.119(
3)suchcour
tsuper
vised
ar
bit
rat
ion hel
ps t
o mi
nimi
ze unnecessar
ydel
ayofdi
sput
e adj
udi
cat
ion by
ar
bit
rat
ors.
Ar
bit
rat
orsal
sopl
ayununder
minedr
olei
nassi
sti
ngt
hecour
ttodeci
deon
ef
fect
sofdi
vor
ceonceamar
ri
agei
sdi
ssol
ved.(
Art
.83(
21)
.Toputi
nanutshel
l
,
ev
enundert
heRev
isedFami
l
yCode,t
hesi
tuat
ionofar
bit
rat
orsi
srecogni
zedi
n
spi
teoft
hef
actt
hatt
hei
rcomposi
ti
onandr
olei
schanged.Thel
aw opt
edf
or
suchst
andmai
nlybecauseal
ter
nat
ivedi
sput
eresol
uti
oni
smor
eusef
ult
othe
di
sput
antpar
ti
es,
thesoci
etyandt
hest
ate.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 157
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
5.
3.Li
qui
dat
ionofPecuni
aryRel
ati
onsBet
weenSpouses
Dearst
udent
,int
he pr
ecedi
ng t
wo sect
ions,we hav
e st
udi
ed causes of
di
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
agei
ngener
alanddi
vor
cei
npar
ti
cul
ar.Undert
hissect
ion,
weshal
lst
udyt
hemai
nef
fectofdi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age,namel
y,l
i
qui
dat
ionof
pecuni
aryr
elat
ionsbet
weent
hespouses.Thus,t
hepur
poseoft
hissect
ioni
sto
di
scusst
hemanneri
nwhi
chl
i
qui
dat
ionoft
hepecuni
aryr
elat
ionsoft
hespouses
i
smade.
St
udyt
hef
oll
owi
ngar
ti
clef
rom t
heRFC.
Ar
ti
cle85–Li
qui
dat
ionbyAgr
eement
1)Wi
thoutpr
ejudi
cet
othepr
ovi
sionsoft
hiscoder
elat
ingt
ocompensat
ion,
wher
emar
ri
agei
sdi
ssol
vedi
naccor
dancewi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hiscode,
t
hepecuni
aryr
elat
ionbet
weenspousesshal
lbel
i
qui
dat
edi
naccor
dance
wi
tht
heagr
eementent
eredi
ntobyt
hespousesort
hecont
ractoft
hei
r
mar
ri
age.
2)I
ndef
aul
tofacont
ractofmar
ri
ageoranagr
eement
,ori
fthesear
enot
v
ali
dundert
hel
aw,t
hepecuni
aryr
elat
ionsbet
weenspousesshal
lbe
l
i
qui
dat
edi
naccor
dancewi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
ovi
sions.
Upon di
ssol
uti
on ofmar
ri
age,al
lrel
ati
onshi
ps t
hatmayexi
stbet
ween t
he
spousesaut
omat
ical
l
ycomest
oanend.Andi
ntheev
entofdi
ssol
uti
onof
mar
ri
agebydeat
h,decl
arat
ionofabsence,di
vor
ce,f
ail
uret
oful
fi
llessent
ial
condi
ti
onst
omar
ri
agepr
oper
tyoft
hespousesi
ssubj
ectt
oli
qui
dat
ion,ei
theri
n
accor
dancewi
tht
heagr
eementoft
hespousesort
hel
aw.Her
einbel
owi
sgi
ven
asepar
atedi
scussi
onoft
het
woway
sbywhi
cht
hepecuni
aryr
elat
ionshi
poft
he
spousesi
sli
qui
dat
ed.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 158
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
5.
3.1.Li
qui
dat
ionbyAgr
eement
One way by whi
ch t
he cour
tresol
ves di
sput
es ov
ert
he di
vi
sions oft
he
mat
ri
moni
alest
ate upon t
he t
ermi
nat
ion ofmar
ri
age i
s by appl
yi
ng t
he
agr
eementoft
hespousest
othatef
fect
.Int
hepr
ecedi
ngchapt
eroft
hismodul
e,
wehav
est
udi
edt
hatt
hespousesmayr
egul
atet
hepecuni
aryef
fect
soft
hei
r
uni
onbyacont
ractofmar
ri
age.Suchcont
ractmaybedr
awnupbef
oret
he
cel
ebr
ati
on ofmar
ri
age and i
tis al
so possi
blef
ort
hem t
o ent
eri
nto an
agr
eementoft
hissor
taf
tert
hei
rweddi
ng,
prov
idedt
hatt
heyobt
aint
heappr
oval
oft
hecour
t.Ther
eisal
soapossi
bil
i
tyf
ort
hespousest
oagr
eehow t
hei
r
pecuni
aryr
elat
ions shal
lbe l
i
qui
dat
ed af
terdi
vor
ce upon t
he r
equestand
appr
oval
oft
hecour
t.(
Art
.83(
1)&(
3).
Wher
ethespouseshav
eav
ali
dagr
eementont
hepecuni
aryef
fect
soft
hei
r
mar
ri
age,i
tshal
lgov
ernt
hei
rpr
oper
tyr
ight
s.Wher
ethei
rmar
ri
agei
sdi
ssol
ved,
t
hemat
ri
moni
alasset
sand l
i
abi
l
iti
esshal
lbedi
vi
ded bet
weent
hef
ormer
ly
mar
ri
edcoupl
einaccor
dancewi
thwhatt
heyhav
eval
i
dlyagr
eed.I
fdi
sput
es
ar
isebet
weent
hem,t
heyshal
lber
esol
vedbygi
vi
ngef
fectt
othet
ermsoft
hei
r
agr
eement
.
Ther
efor
ethe spouses ar
e atl
i
ber
tyt
o agr
ee as t
o how t
hei
rpecuni
ary
r
elat
ionshi
p shal
lbe l
i
qui
dat
ed.Howev
er,t
her
eisar
est
ri
cti
on t
o such
cont
ract
ualr
ight
,thati
s,t
hespouses,
byt
hei
ragr
eementcannotsetasi
de
i
ndemni
typr
ovi
si
ons.Thi
scanbedi
scer
nedf
rom Ar
t.85(
1)wheni
tsay
s“wi
th
outpr
ejudi
cet
othepr
ovi
sionsoft
hisCoder
elat
ingt
ocompensat
ion…“Thus,
compensat
ionpr
ovi
si
onsoft
hisCodear
emandat
orypr
ovi
sionswhi
chcannot
ber
ender
ed i
nappl
i
cabl
ebyt
heagr
eementoft
hespousesgov
erni
ng t
hei
r
pecuni
aryr
elat
ionshi
p.
Att
hisj
unct
ure,a quest
ion wor
th posi
ng i
s,whatar
ethosecompensat
ion
pr
ovi
si
onswhi
chcannotbeder
ogat
edbyt
heagr
eementoft
hespouses?
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 159
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Oneoft
hesepr
ovi
si
oni
sAr
t84whi
chwehav
edi
scussedi
nthepr
evi
oussect
ion
(
Sect
ion5.
2)AsperAr
t.84,i
foneoft
hespousescommi
tsami
sconductt
hat
causesdi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
agebydi
vor
ce,t
hecour
t,mayor
dert
hisspouset
o
paycompensat
iont
otheot
herspouse,
wher
ejust
icesor
equi
res.Toexpl
aint
his
si
tuat
ionbywayofexampl
e,l
etusassumet
hatmar
ri
agebet
weent
hespouses
hasbeendi
ssol
vedbydi
vor
ce.Thecauseofdi
vor
cei
sthecommi
ssi
onof
adul
ter
y byt
he husband.These spouses hav
e agr
eed t
hatt
hei
rcommon
pr
oper
tyshal
lbeappor
ti
onedequal
l
y.I
ntheexampl
eunderconsi
der
ati
onsi
nce
t
hehusbandcommi
tedadul
ter
ythecour
tmaydeci
det
hesamet
ocompensat
e
hi
swi
fe.Suchcompensat
ionshal
lbepai
dbyt
aki
ngf
rom t
heshar
eoft
he
husband dur
ing par
ti
ti
on ofcommon pr
oper
ty.Thus t
he agr
eementoft
he
spouseswi
thav
iew t
o equalappor
ti
oni
ng t
hei
rcommonpr
oper
tyshal
lbe
modi
fi
edsoast
omakei
tinl
i
newi
tht
hedeci
sionoft
hecour
toncompensat
ion
cont
rar
ytowhathasbeenagr
eedupon.Thehusbandshal
lnotr
ecei
veequal
shar
efr
om t
hecommonpr
oper
ty.
Thesecondnon–der
ogabl
eindemni
typr
ovi
sioni
sAr
t87oft
heRFC.
Ar
ti
cle87–I
ndemni
ti
es
1)Wher
e one oft
he spouseswho hasbeen v
est
ed wi
tht
he powert
o
admi
nist
ert
hecommonpr
oper
tyort
heper
sonalpr
oper
tyoft
heot
her
spousei
naccor
dancewi
tht
hisl
aw,hasper
for
medact
swhi
chadv
ersel
y
af
fectsuchspouse,orwher
ethespousewhohasper
for
medsuchact
s
di
dnothav
ethemandat
e,orwher
esuchact
sconst
it
uteact
sofbad
admi
nist
rat
ion,
orhav
ebeenper
for
medi
nfr
audoft
her
ightoft
hespouse
maki
ngt
hecl
aim,t
hecour
tmay
,att
her
equestoft
heaggr
iev
edspouse,
awar
ddamaget
osuchspouse.
2)Nocl
aimf
ori
ndemni
tybasedonsub–ar
ti
cle(
1)oft
hisar
ti
clemaybe
madebyr
easonofact
swhi
chhav
ebeenper
for
medf
ivey
ear
sbef
oret
he
di
ssol
uti
onoft
hemar
ri
age.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 160
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
5.
3.2.Li
qui
dat
ioni
nAccor
dancewi
tht
heLaw
Ashasbeenment
ionedabov
e,i
fthespousesagr
eedast
othemannerof
l
i
qui
dat
ionoft
hei
rpecuni
aryr
elat
ionshi
p,t
hecour
tshal
lappl
ysuchagr
eementi
n
r
esol
vi
ngt
hedi
sput
e.I
ndef
aul
tofacont
ractofmar
ri
ageoranagr
eement
,ori
f
t
hesear
enotv
ali
dundert
hel
aw,t
hepecuni
aryr
elat
ionsbet
weenspousesshal
l
bel
i
qui
dat
edi
naccor
dancewi
thl
aw,
i.
e.,
Art
s86–93
Pur
suantt
othesear
ti
cl
est
hef
ir
stst
epi
nli
qui
dat
ingpecuni
aryr
elat
ionsbet
ween
t
hef
ormerspousesi
sret
aki
ngper
sonalpr
oper
tyi
fthatper
sonalpr
oper
tyi
s
f
oundi
nki
nd.(
Art
.86(
1).Thati
s,upont
ermi
nat
ionofmar
ri
age,
eachspousei
s
ent
it
ledt
oret
akei
nki
ndt
hepr
oper
tyownedbyhi
m orherper
sonal
l
y.Ther
ighti
s,
howev
er,hi
ngedupont
her
equi
rementt
oadduceappr
opr
iat
eev
idencet
othat
ef
fect
.Int
heabsenceofsuchev
idence,
itr
emai
nsunenf
orceabl
e.
Wher
eret
aki
ng ofper
sonalpr
oper
tyi
n ki
nd i
sdi
ff
icul
t,i
.e.wher
eper
sonal
pr
oper
tyhasbeenal
i
enat
edandt
hatt
hepr
icet
her
eofhasf
all
eni
nthecommon
pr
oper
ty,
thespousewhopr
ovessuchanal
l
egat
ionshal
l
,upont
hedi
ssol
uti
onof
t
hemar
ri
age,beent
it
ledt
owi
thdr
aw,t
her
efor
m bef
orehand,moneyort
hingsof
v
aluecor
respondi
ngt
osuchpr
ice.(
Art
.86(
2).Wher
ebot
hspouseshav
esuch
r
ight
,eachoft
hem shal
ltaket
hei
rrespect
iveshar
efr
om t
hecommonpr
oper
tyi
n
pr
opor
ti
ont
othei
rcont
ri
but
ion(
Art
.86(
3).Her
eagai
n,oneneednotl
osesi
ghtof
t
he f
actt
hatt
he pr
oduct
ion ofappr
opr
iat
e ev
idence i
sar
equi
sit
etot
he
enf
orcementoft
her
ight
.
As expl
ained i
nthe pr
evi
ous par
agr
aph,wher
e per
sonalpr
oper
tyhas been
al
i
enat
edandt
hepr
icet
her
eofhasf
all
eni
nthecommonpr
oper
ty,eachspouse
i
s gi
ven t
he r
ight t
o wi
thdr
awalt
her
efor
m money or t
hings of v
alue
cor
respondi
ngt
osuchpr
ice.I
ndoi
ngso,t
heCi
vi
lCodehasgi
venpr
ior
it
ytot
he
wi
fe.Thati
s,t
hewi
feshal
lmakeherwi
thdr
awlbef
oret
hehusband.(
Art
.685)
.
Suchpr
ior
it
yri
ght
,howev
er,i
snotst
ipul
atedunderAr
t.86(
3)oft
heRFC.The
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 161
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
quest
ioni
s,whyt
her
evi
sedf
ami
l
ycodef
ail
stopr
ovi
desuchpr
ior
it
yri
ghtt
othe
wi
fe?
I
tisar
guedt
hatt
heCi
vi
lCodepr
ovi
depr
ior
it
yri
ghtofwi
thdr
awalt
othewoman
becauseundert
heCi
vi
lCode,onl
ythehusbandwasaut
hor
izedt
oadmi
nist
er
t
hei
rcommonpr
oper
ty.Thewi
fei
sdepr
ivedofsuchpower
.Tocompensat
ethe
wi
fe,
shehasbeengi
vent
hepr
ior
it
yri
ghtofwi
thdr
awalundert
heRev
isedFami
l
y
Code.The si
tuat
ion i
s di
ff
erenti
nthatbot
h spouses hav
e equalr
ightt
o
admi
nist
ert
hei
rcommonpr
oper
ty.I
nthef
aceoft
hisequal
i
ty,i
tisar
guedt
hat
t
hewomanshal
lnotbegi
vent
hepr
ior
it
yindoi
ngso.I
ftheot
her
wisewer
e
st
ipul
ated,i
twoul
d hav
evi
olat
ed t
he const
it
uti
onalpr
ovi
sion t
hatensur
es
equal
i
tyofspousesdur
ingdi
vor
ce.
Bef
orepar
ti
ti
onofcommonpr
oper
ty,t
hesecondst
epi
nli
qui
dat
ingpecuni
ary
sol
uti
onsbet
weent
hef
ormerspousesi
spay
mentofdebt
.Tot
hatef
fect
,wher
e
t
her
eisadebti
ncur
redbyei
therspouseorbot
hspousesconj
oint
ly,andsuch
debti
sconf
ir
medbyj
udi
cialdeci
sion,oracknowl
edgedbyt
hespouses,such
debtshal
lbepai
dbef
orepar
ti
ti
onofpr
oper
ty.Si
ncecommondebt
sar
eincur
red
i
nthei
nter
estoft
hehousehol
d,i
tisapl
anef
actt
hatt
heyshal
lbepai
dfr
om
commonpr
oper
tybef
orepar
ti
ti
on(
Art
.70(
2)cum Ar
t.71)
.Thepr
obl
em i
sast
o
whet
herper
sonaldebt
sshal
lbepai
dfr
om commonpr
oper
tywi
thi
nthemeani
ng
ofAr
t89 wher
esuchdebti
sdueaf
terdi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
ageandbef
ore
par
ti
ti
onofcommonpr
oper
ty.Her
e,wehav
etwol
i
nesofar
gument
s.
Thef
ir
star
gumenti
sthatev
eni
fper
sonaldebti
sdueaf
tert
hedi
ssol
uti
on
mar
ri
age,i
tshal
lbepai
dfr
om commonpr
oper
tywher
ethei
ndebt
edspouse
doesn’
thav
eper
sonalpr
oper
tyorhi
sper
sonalpr
oper
tyi
snotsuf
fi
cientt
ocov
er
hi
sdebt
.(Ar
t.70(
1)I
tisal
soar
guedt
hatAr
t.89si
mpl
ysay
s“…suchdebtshal
l
bepai
dbef
orepar
ti
ti
onofpr
oper
ty.
”(Emphasi
sadded)
.Si
ncei
tref
erst
oal
l
debt
s,bei
tcommonorper
sonal
,i
tshal
lbepai
dfr
om commonpr
oper
ty.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 162
htt
ps:
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oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Thesecondar
gumenti
sthatAr
t.89shoul
dn’
tbei
nter
pret
edt
oincl
udedt
he
pay
mentofper
sonaldebtf
rom common pr
oper
ty.I
tis ar
gued t
hataf
ter
di
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age,
iti
sonl
ycommondebtt
hathast
obepai
dfr
om common
pr
oper
ty.Wi
thr
egar
dtoper
sonaldebt
,ev
eni
fAr
t70(
1)pr
ovi
dest
hepossi
bil
i
ty
f
orpay
mentofper
sonaldebtf
rom commonpr
oper
tyi
tshal
lbei
nter
pret
edt
obe
appl
i
cabl
ewher
ethemat
uri
tydat
eoft
heper
sonaldebti
sbef
oredi
ssol
uti
onof
t
hemar
ri
age.Af
terdi
ssol
uti
on,per
sonaldebthad t
o becl
aimed onl
yfr
om
per
sonalpr
oper
ty.Ther
easonf
orwar
dedt
osuppor
tthi
sar
gumenti
sthatonce
t
hemar
ri
agei
sdi
ssol
ved,
thef
ormerspousesar
enotdut
yboundt
osuppor
tand
assi
steachot
her
.Int
heabsenceofsuchl
egalobl
i
gat
ion,i
twi
l
lbepr
ejudi
cialt
o
t
heot
herspousei
fper
sonaldebtofhi
sspousei
stobepai
dfr
om common
pr
oper
ty.Dearst
udent
.Whi
char
gumentseemst
obemor
etenabl
e?Why
/Why
not
?
Whati
sindi
cat
edunderAr
t.89i
spay
mentofdebtbef
orepar
ti
ti
onofcommon
pr
oper
tybutaf
terdi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age.Howt
hel
awpr
otect
scr
edi
tor
swher
e
t
hemat
uri
tydat
eofei
therper
sonalorcommondebti
saf
terdi
ssol
uti
onof
mar
ri
ageandpar
ti
ti
onofcommonpr
oper
ty?Ar
t.93hasanexpl
i
citanswerf
or
t
hisquest
ion.
Ar
ti
cle93–Debt
sofSpousesaf
terDi
ssol
uti
onoft
heMar
ri
age.
1)I
fadebtwhi
chwast
opai
dfr
om t
hecommonpr
oper
tybecomesdueaf
ter
t
hedi
ssol
uti
onoft
hemar
ri
ageandaf
tert
hepar
ti
ti
onoft
hepr
oper
ty,
each
spouseshal
lbel
i
abl
einpr
opor
ti
ont
ohi
sshar
e.
2)I
fthedebtconcer
nsoneoft
hespouses,
onl
ysuchspouseshal
lpayi
t.
Af
tert
hepay
mentofmat
ureddebt
s,t
het
hir
dandt
hel
astst
epi
spar
ti
ti
onof
common pr
oper
ty.Ar
t.90 pr
ovi
dest
hatcommon pr
oper
tyshal
lbe di
vi
ded
equal
l
ybet
weent
hespouses.Thi
spr
ovi
sioni
sthepr
inci
pleandexcept
ional
l
y
commonpr
oper
tymaynotbepar
ti
onedequal
l
ywher
ethespousesagr
eedt
o
t
hatef
fectandwher
ethecour
tawar
dscompensat
iont
ooneoft
hespousesas
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egram channelvi
athi
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
perAr
ts.84and87.Asar
ule,par
ti
ti
onshal
lbemadei
nki
ndi
nsuchawayt
hat
eachspouser
ecei
vessomepr
oper
tyf
rom t
hecommonpr
oper
ty.(
Art
.91(
2))I
n
doi
ngso,t
heut
mostcar
eshal
lbet
akent
ogi
veeachspouset
hingswhi
char
e
mostusef
ult
ohi
m.(
Art
.91(
3))
.Wher
eiti
snotpossi
blet
odi
vi
desuchcommon
pr
oper
tyequal
l
yundersub-
art
icl
e(1)oft
hisar
ti
cle,t
hei
nequal
i
tyofshar
esi
n
ki
ndshal
lbesetof
fbyt
hepay
mentofsumsofmoney
.(Ar
t.91(
2))
.
Dur
ingpar
ti
ti
onofcommonpr
oper
ty,i
fther
eisacer
tai
npr
oper
tywhi
chi
s
di
ff
icul
tori
mpossi
blet
obedi
vi
dedandi
fthespousesdonotagr
eeast
owho
shal
lhav
ethatpr
oper
tyi
n hi
s shar
e,such pr
oper
tyshal
lbe sol
d and t
he
pr
oceedst
her
eofshal
lbedi
vi
dedbet
weent
hem (
Art
.92(
1))
.Ift
hespousesdo
notagr
eeont
hecondi
ti
onofsal
eandi
foneoft
hem sor
equi
res,t
hesal
eshal
l
bemadebyauct
ion(
Art
.91(
2).
Exer
cise
1.Whatar
ecausesofdi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age?
2.Canspousesdi
ssol
vet
hei
rmar
ri
age(
say
,byphy
sical
l
ydest
roy
ingt
hei
r
cer
ti
fi
cat
eofmar
ri
age)
,wi
thoutf
oll
owi
nganyaddi
ti
onalpr
ocedur
e?Why
/
whynot
?
3.W/
oManasboshandAt
oBi
setconsummat
edt
hei
rthr
eey
ear
sol
dlov
e
af
fai
rbyconcl
udi
ngmar
ri
agebef
oret
heconcer
neddepar
tmenti
nthe
Addi
sAbabaCi
tyCuni
cipal
i
tyonTi
r15,1990E.
C.Andsi
ncet
hent
hey
hav
eli
kedaj
oyf
ull
i
fe.Asof1992,howev
er,t
hepeacef
ulr
elat
ionst
hat
exi
sted bet
weent
hesecoupl
esbegant
oexper
iencer
ows.I
nduecour
se,
t
he conf
li
ctbet
ween t
hem r
eached a poi
ntofno r
etur
n and W/
o
Manasboshdeci
dedt
oleav
ethecommonabodeandaccor
dingl
yshe
begant
oli
keal
onei
ntheapar
tmentsher
ent
edf
rom t
her
ent
edhouse
admi
nist
rat
ionagency
.Int
hemeant
ime,nei
therManasbi
shnorBi
set
i
nit
iat
edadi
vor
cepr
oceedi
ng.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
For
tunat
ely
,W/
oManasboshwassoonappr
oachedbyAt
oSebsbef
rom
Di
reDawaandshewasokt
oconcl
udemar
ri
agewi
thhi
m andl
i
vet
oget
her
.
Accor
dingl
y,t
heper
soni
nchar
geofbi
rt
handmar
ri
ager
egi
str
ati
onuni
tof
t
heDi
reDawaMuni
cipal
i
ty,whowasnotawar
eoft
hepr
evi
ousmar
ri
age
ofW/
roManasboshpr
onouncedt
hem uni
tedi
nmar
ri
ageandi
ssuedt
o
t
hem amar
ri
agecer
ti
fi
cat
eonMesker
em 10,1993.W/
oManasboshwas
al
so f
ort
unat
eto secur
eint
he same y
ear225,
000 bi
rrf
rom ‘
Edi
get
Behi
bir
etI
qub’f
orwhi
chshewaspay
ingf
rom hermont
hlysal
arysi
nce
Nehassi
e1991E.
C.Shedi
dnotspar
edt
imet
otakel
andbyl
easef
ormt
he
Addi
sAbabaci
tyAdmi
nist
rat
ionandbui
l
daG+1houseont
hesout
her
n
out
ski
rt
s of Addi
s Ababa Unf
ort
unat
ely
,on Tahi
sas 3,1997 W/
o
Manasboshdi
edduet
oaf
atal
caracci
dent
.
I
ntheensui
ngaf
fai
rfort
hepar
ti
ti
onofpr
oper
tyAt
oBi
set
,At
osebsi
be
andt
hehei
rs–at–l
awoft
hel
ateW/
oManasboshhav
ecl
aimedt
heG
+1housebui
l
tbyW/
oManasboshont
heSout
her
noutski
rtofAddi
s
Ababa.I
fyouwer
eoneoft
hepr
esi
dingj
udgesoft
hecour
tthathas
j
uri
sdi
cti
ont
oseet
hecase,how woul
dyour
esol
vet
her
ow amongt
he
t
hreepar
ti
es?
4.Whati
sthedi
ff
erenceandsi
mil
ari
tybet
weendi
vor
cebymut
ualconsent
anddi
vor
cebypet
it
ion?
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 165
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ps:
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oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
5.Expl
ainAr
t88oft
heRFCi
nyourownwor
ds.
CHAPTERSI
X
PROOFOFMARRI
AGE
I
nmanysi
tuat
ions,t
heexi
stenceornon– ex
ist
enceofmar
ri
agebecomesa
causeofdi
sput
e.Of
teny
ouf
indonepar
tycl
aimi
ngt
heexi
stenceofmar
ri
age
whi
l
etheot
herdeni
est
heexi
stenceofsuchamar
ri
age.Thepar
tywhoal
l
eges
t
hatt
her
eismar
ri
agei
sex
pect
edt
opr
ovei
tsexi
stence.Undert
hischapt
er,we
wi
l
lst
udyt
hoseadmi
ssi
bleev
idencest
opr
ovet
heexi
stenceofmar
ri
age.Thus,
att
heendoft
hischapt
er,
thest
udenti
sexpect
edt
o:
 Enumer
atet
hemechani
smsbywhi
chamar
ri
agei
spr
oved;
 Knowt
hatcer
ti
fi
cat
eofmar
ri
agei
sthepr
imar
yev
idencet
obeadducedt
o
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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ps:
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oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
pr
ovet
heexi
stenceofmar
ri
age;
 Def
ineast
owhati
smeantbypossessi
onofst
atus.
I
ncasesar
isi
ngf
rom mar
ri
agesuchasact
iont
oexer
ciseorenj
oyt
heci
vi
l
ef
fect
sofmar
ri
ageoranact
ionf
ort
hedi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
agebydi
vor
ce…et
c,
t
hecl
aimantmust
,fi
rstofal
l
,pr
ooft
hef
actoft
heexi
stenceofmar
ri
ageby
showi
ngt
hecel
ebr
ati
onoft
hemar
ri
agewhoseef
fect
shei
scl
aimi
ngorwhose
di
ssol
uti
onhei
srequest
ing.Ther
efor
e,pr
oofofmar
ri
age,
insuchcases,
play
san
i
mpor
tantr
ole,si
nceacl
aimant
,whoi
sunabl
etoest
abl
i
sht
heexi
stenceoft
he
mar
ri
agebyt
hemodesandt
hemannerr
equi
redbyt
hel
aw,
hecannotder
iveany
l
egal
consequencef
rom t
heal
l
egedmar
ri
age.
Howev
er,
thi
sisonl
ytheconsequenceoft
hegener
alr
uleofev
idencet
hatapar
ty
who al
l
egessomet
hing i
n cour
tmustpr
ove,byappr
opr
iat
e ev
idence,such
al
l
egat
ions,andal
sot
her
esul
toft
heabsenceofapr
esumpt
ioni
ncasesof
mar
ri
aget
hatt
heal
l
egedmar
ri
ageexi
stsandt
heper
sonsar
emar
ri
edwhi
ch
woul
dhav
erel
i
evedt
hecl
aimantofsuchbur
denofpr
oof
.Toputi
nshor
t,a
per
sonwhoal
l
egest
heexi
stenceofmar
ri
ageshal
lpr
oofi
t.Mar
ri
agecanbe
pr
ovedei
therbyadduci
ngacer
ti
fi
cat
eofmar
ri
age,ori
ndef
aul
tofi
t,bypr
ovi
ng
possessi
onofst
atus.
6.
1.Cer
ti
fi
cat
eofMar
ri
age
Cer
ti
fi
cat
eofmar
ri
agei
sthepr
imar
yandt
hekeyev
idencet
opr
oofmar
ri
age.
Accor
dingt
oAr
t94oft
heRFC,
mar
ri
agei
spr
ovedbypr
oduci
ngt
hecer
ti
fi
cat
eof
mar
ri
age dr
awn up att
he t
ime oraf
tert
he cel
ebr
ati
on oft
he mar
ri
age i
n
accor
dancewi
tht
hel
aw.
“
Mar
ri
agecer
ti
fi
cat
e”i
sawr
it
tendocumentdr
awnupbyt
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atus
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nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 167
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oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
i
naccor
dancewi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsofAr
ts.28– 30.Wehav
eal
sosai
dthat
mar
ri
age cer
ti
fi
cat
e and cont
ract of mar
ri
age ar
e ent
ir
elyt
wo di
ff
erent
document
sinnat
ure,pur
poseand cont
ent
.Cont
ractofmar
ri
agewi
thi
nthe
meani
ng oft
hel
aw i
sconcl
uded wi
thav
iew t
oregul
atet
heper
sonaland
pecuni
aryr
elat
ionshi
poft
hespousesi
naccor
dancewi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsofAr
ts.
42–48andt
hiscont
racthasnot
hingt
odowi
thpr
oofofmar
ri
age.Becausei
t
maynotshow t
hef
actoft
hecel
ebr
ati
onoft
hemar
ri
age,f
ort
hespousesmay
concl
udesuchcont
ract
sev
enpr
iort
oent
eri
ngi
ntomar
ri
ageaspr
ovi
dedunder
Ar
t.42(
1)oft
heRFC.Whi
l
ecer
ti
fi
cat
esofmar
ri
agear
edr
awnupwi
tht
hesol
e
pur
poseofser
vingasaper
manentev
idenceoft
hef
act
scont
ainedt
her
einandi
t
hasnot
hingt
odowi
tht
her
egul
ati
onoft
hepecuni
aryandper
sonalr
elat
ionsof
t
hespouses.
Thecer
ti
fi
cat
eofmar
ri
age,i
nteral
i
aindi
cat
est
hef
orm ofmar
ri
age,i
.e.
,under
whi
chf
orm outoft
het
hreef
ormsofmar
ri
aget
hecel
ebr
ati
onwascar
ri
edout
.
(
Art
.30)I
not
herwor
ds,t
hecer
ti
fi
cat
eofmar
ri
agepr
ovest
het
ypeoft
he
cel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
age.Wher
ethemar
ri
agei
scel
ebr
atedbef
oreanof
fi
cerof
ci
vi
lst
atus,cer
ti
fi
cat
eofmar
ri
agei
sadocumenti
ssuedbyt
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
l
st
atuspur
suantt
oAr
t.25(
6)ont
hedat
eofcel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
age.Si
ncef
ail
ure
t
oissuecer
ti
fi
cat
eofmar
ri
ageatt
het
imeofcel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
agei
snot
sanct
ionedasi
ndi
cat
edunderAr
t.39,i
tispossi
blet
osayt
hati
tmaybei
ssued
af
tert
hecel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
ageasperAr
t.28.
Wher
ethemar
ri
agei
scel
ebr
atedei
theri
naccor
dancewi
thr
eli
gionorcust
om,
mar
ri
agecer
ti
fi
cat
eshal
lbei
ssuedi
sbyt
heof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atusaf
teri
trecor
ds
t
he cel
ebr
ati
on ofmar
ri
age i
n accor
dance wi
th Ar
t.28.Mar
ri
age shal
lbe
r
egi
ster
edr
egar
dlessoft
hef
orm ofcel
ebr
ati
on.Andassoonast
hemar
ri
agei
s
r
egi
ster
ed,
thespousesshal
lbegi
vencer
ti
fi
cat
eofmar
ri
age.
6.
2.Possessi
onofSt
atus
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egram channelvi
athi
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
A gi
venmanandwomanmi
ghthav
econcl
udedmar
ri
ageandl
i
vet
oget
her
.
Howev
er,t
heymayhav
efai
l
edt
oregi
stersuchmar
ri
agewi
tht
hecompet
ent
of
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atus.Al
ter
nat
ivel
y,t
heymayhav
elostt
he r
egi
steroft
he
mar
ri
age.I
nthesecases,i
tispossi
blet
opr
ovemar
ri
agebypr
oduci
nganyki
nd
ofev
idence,whi
chshowst
heexi
stenceofpossessi
onofst
atusoft
hespouses.
Tot
hatef
fect
, Ar
t.95oft
heRFC pr
ovi
dest
hatwheni
tisdi
ff
icul
ttopr
ove
mar
ri
age bypr
oduci
ng t
he cer
ti
fi
cat
e ofmar
ri
age due t
othe f
actt
hatt
he
mar
ri
agehasnotbeenr
egi
ster
edorsuchr
egi
sterhasbeenl
ost
,itshal
lbe
pr
ovedbyt
hepossessi
onofst
atusofspouses.
Thequest
iont
hatmustber
aisedher
eis,
whati
smeanbypossessi
onofst
atus?
Per
suantt
oAr
t.96,amanandawomanar
edeemedt
ohav
ethepossessi
onof
st
atusofspouseswhent
heymut
ual
l
yconsi
dert
hemsel
vesandl
i
veasspouses
andwhent
heyar
econsi
der
edandt
reat
edassuchbyt
hei
rfami
l
yandt
he
communi
ty.Thus,t
o pr
ove mar
ri
age by possessi
on ofst
atus,par
ti
es ar
e
expect
edt
opr
ovet
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
s:
1.Thet
woper
sonsar
ebehav
ingasbei
ngmar
ri
ed;
and
2.Thet
woper
sonsar
econsi
der
edbyt
hei
rfami
l
iesandcommuni
tyl
i
vingas
mar
ri
edcoupl
e.
Hence,anyev
idenceadducedt
opr
ovemar
ri
ageaccor
dingt
oAr
t.96shoul
d
show t
hef
actt
hatt
het
woper
sonsmut
ual
l
yconsi
dert
hemsel
vesandl
i
veas
spouses.Her
ewemaynot
ethatuni
l
ater
alconsi
der
ati
onoft
hest
atusi
snot
enough.Theconsi
der
ati
onoft
hest
atusmustbef
rom bot
hsi
des.Theev
idence
pr
oducedmustal
soshow t
hatt
hef
ami
l
iesoft
hespousesandt
hecommuni
ty
consi
derandt
reatt
hem asmar
ri
edcoupl
es.
Somel
awy
ersar
guet
hatAr
t.96shal
lbei
nter
pret
edasi
mpl
i
edl
yst
ipul
ati
ng
“
prov
ingcel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
age”i
naddi
ti
ont
otheexpr
essl
yst
atedf
act
sther
ein,
t
hati
s,whent
hespouse(
s)i
ntendt
opr
ovemar
ri
agebypossessi
onofst
atus,
t
heev
idencesmustal
soshowt
hatmar
ri
agehasbeencel
ebr
ated.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 169
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
The j
ust
if
icat
ion f
ort
hisv
iew i
s,accor
ding t
othe pr
oponent
s,t
hatt
he
possessi
onofst
atusofspousesi
sdi
sti
ngui
shedf
rom t
hepossessi
onofst
atus
ofper
sonsl
i
vingi
nani
rr
egul
aruni
onbyt
hef
actt
hati
ncaseoft
hef
ormert
he
par
ti
eshav
eact
ual
l
ycel
ebr
atedt
hei
rmar
ri
age,
whi
l
eint
hel
att
ert
hepar
ti
eshav
e
nev
erent
eredi
ntomar
ri
age.
Theyal
soar
guet
hati
ntheabsenceoft
hisaddi
ti
onalf
actt
obepr
ovedby
wi
tnessesorot
herev
idences,
possessi
onofst
atuswoul
dleadust
ohol
dingt
hat
t
her
eisamar
ri
agewhi
l
ethepar
ti
eshav
enev
erconcl
udedoneandt
hev
icev
ersa.
Someofourcour
tsal
soar
guet
hatamar
ri
agei
sdeemedconcl
udedonl
ywher
e
t
hepar
ti
eshav
ecel
ebr
atedt
hemar
ri
agei
nei
theroft
het
hreef
orms,
andapar
ty
whowant
stopr
ovemar
ri
agebypossessi
onofst
atusofspousesmustshowby
t
heev
idencest
hatt
hemar
ri
agei
sact
ual
l
ycel
ebr
atedandshowi
ngt
hemer
efact
ofl
i
vingt
oget
herashusbandandwi
fei
snotsuf
fi
cient
.
Not
ethatt
hesepr
obl
emsar
enotonl
ythepr
obl
emsoft
heRev
isedFami
l
yCode;
t
heywer
eal
sopr
obl
emsoft
heCi
vi
lCode.Howev
er,hav
ingappr
eci
atedt
his
pr
obl
em undert
heCi
vi
lCode,t
hesupr
emecour
thadmadeadi
rect
ive(
Dir
ect
ive
No.Jul
y5,1989;Et
hiopi
anSupr
emeCour
tonPr
oofofMar
ri
age)byv
irt
ueofi
ts
powerunderpr
ocl
amat
ionNo.9/
1987.
TheDi
rect
ivehadmadei
tcl
eart
hatpr
oofofmar
ri
agei
stheactofpr
ovi
ngt
he
cel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
age,andt
her
ewoul
dnotbeanydi
sti
nct
ionont
hemodesof
pr
oofdependi
ngont
hef
ormsoft
hemar
ri
age.Thepet
it
ionerwhoal
l
egest
he
exi
stenceofmar
ri
ageandwant
stopr
ovei
tbypossessi
onofst
atusshal
lpr
ove
underwhi
choft
het
hreef
ormsofmar
ri
agehasbeencel
ebr
ated.
The Di
rect
ivef
urt
herel
abor
ates t
he f
actt
hatst
atus shoul
d be used as a
pr
ocedur
etoest
abl
i
shorconcl
udemar
ri
age.Ther
efor
e,car
emustbet
akenby
t
hecour
tnott
ocr
eat
eamar
ri
age,whi
chwasi
nexi
stencebet
weent
hepar
ti
es
pr
iort
otheal
l
egat
ion.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 170
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Hav
ingal
lthesej
ust
if
icat
iosi
nmi
nd,t
hisar
gumentseemst
obemor
etenabl
e.
Ther
eisal
soanot
herl
i
neofar
gument
,whi
chst
atest
hatsi
nceAr
t.96i
scl
ear
,
t
her
eisnoneedofi
nter
pret
ati
onandweshoul
dappl
ythel
aw asi
tis.The
adv
ocat
esoft
hisar
gumentl
ayt
hei
rfoundat
ion on t
hef
actt
hatwhen t
he
l
egi
slat
ureenact
edt
hel
aw i
thadt
akeni
nto consi
der
ati
ont
hepr
obl
emsof
get
ti
ng ey
ewi
tnesseswho cant
est
if
ythecel
ebr
ati
onoft
hemar
ri
age.The
spousesmayf
orv
ari
ousr
easonschanget
hei
rpl
aceofr
esi
dencewher
etheyhad
concl
udedt
hei
rmar
ri
age,ort
heymi
ghthav
econcl
udedt
hei
rmar
ri
agel
ongt
ime
agoort
heymi
ghtnothav
erel
ati
ves,whoknow aboutt
hecel
ebr
ati
on.Duet
o
t
heseandot
herr
easons,t
hespousesmaynotbeabl
etogetey
ewi
tnessest
o
pr
ovet
hecel
ebr
ati
onoft
hemar
ri
age.Ther
efor
e,t
heyar
gue,i
tisenoughf
ort
he
pet
it
ionert
opr
oveonl
ythet
wof
act
sunderAr
t.96.
Tosum up,cour
tsshoul
dtakecar
einpr
ovi
ngmar
ri
agebypossessi
onofst
atus
nei
thert
oest
abl
i
sht
henewmar
ri
age,whi
chwasal
readyi
nexi
sten,nort
otake
ani
rr
egul
aruni
onasamar
ri
age.
I
naddi
ti
ont
othatwedonothav
etof
orgett
hatpr
oofofmar
ri
agebypossessi
on
ofst
atusi
sanexcept
iont
othebasi
crul
ethat“
mar
ri
ageshal
lbepr
ovedby
pr
oduci
ng t
he cer
ti
fi
cat
e ofmar
ri
age dr
awn byt
he of
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atus.
”
Ther
efor
e,i
tshoul
dbeconst
ruednar
rowl
ypar
ti
cul
arl
yfort
wor
easons.Fi
rstt
o
av
oidt
hedangerofconf
usi
ngot
herr
elat
ionswi
tht
her
elat
ionofmar
ri
age.
Secondnott
odef
eatt
hewhol
epur
poseofr
egi
str
ati
onofmar
ri
age.
Att
hisj
unct
ure,t
hest
udentshoul
dnotl
osesi
ghtoft
hef
actt
hatt
heRev
ised
Fami
l
yCodehasmadedepar
tur
efr
om t
heCi
vi
lCodeonsomepoi
nts.For
i
nst
ance,r
egar
dingt
hemodeofpr
oofofmar
ri
agebypossessi
onofst
atus,t
he
t
wol
awsar
edi
ff
erentf
rom eachot
her
.Undert
heCi
vi
lCode,
fourwi
tnesseswer
e
r
equi
redt
opr
ovemar
ri
agebypossessi
onofst
atus(
Art
.700(
1).Howev
er,t
he
RFC makesacl
earshi
ftf
rom t
heCi
vi
lCodewheni
tcomest
otheki
ndof
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 171
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
ev
idenceandt
henumberofwi
tnessesr
equi
red.Ther
efor
e,undert
heRFCone
canpr
ovepossessi
onofst
atusnotonl
ybywi
tnessesbutal
sobyanyki
ndof
ev
idenceasl
ongasi
tcanpr
ovet
heexi
stenceofsuchf
act(
Art
.96cum 97)I
n
addi
ti
ont
othat
,thenumberofwi
tnessesr
equi
redt
opr
ovepossessi
onofst
atus
i
snotr
est
ri
ctedundert
heRFCandhencei
tcanbepr
ovedbypr
oduci
ngany
numberofwi
tnesses.
Possessi
onofst
atusundert
heCi
vi
lCodecanbecont
est
edonl
ybypr
oduci
ng
f
ourwi
tnesses.(
Art700(
2))
.Howev
er,pr
oduci
nganyki
ndofr
eli
abl
eev
idence
undert
heRFCmayr
ebutt
hepr
esumpt
ionoft
heexi
stenceofmar
ri
agebyt
he
possessi
onofst
atus(
Art
.97(
2).
When wecompar
ethet
wo codes,wi
thr
egar
dtot
het
ypeand numberof
ev
idences,
whi
chshal
lbebr
oughtt
opr
ovemar
ri
agebypossessi
onofst
atus,
the
RFCseemsadv
ancedt
hant
heCi
vi
lCode.Si
ncet
heRFCmakesi
tfl
exi
bleast
o
t
het
ypeandnumberofev
idences,par
ti
esar
eent
it
ledt
obr
inganyki
ndof
ev
idencest
hatar
eav
ail
abl
etot
hem andt
hatcanpr
ovepossessi
onofst
atus.As
ar
esul
t,undert
heRFCpar
ti
escanbeal
l
owedt
opr
ovemar
ri
agenotonl
yby
wi
tnessesbutal
sobyanyr
eli
abl
edocument
aryev
idenceasl
ongasi
tcanshow
t
hef
actt
hatt
het
woper
sonsmut
ual
l
yconsi
dert
hemsel
vesandl
i
veasspouses,
andt
hei
rfami
l
yandcommuni
tyconsi
derandt
reatt
hem assuchcont
ractof
mar
ri
agecanbeci
tedast
hebestexampl
eofdocument
aryev
idencet
hatcan
showt
hepossessi
onofst
atusofamanandwomanasmar
ri
edper
sons.
Undert
heCi
vi
lCode,pr
oofofmar
ri
agebypossessi
onofst
atusi
spossi
bleonl
y
bypr
oduci
ngf
ourwi
tnesses.Hence,t
het
ypeoft
heev
idencei
srest
ri
ctedt
obe
or
alev
idenceandt
henumberofwi
tnessest
obef
ourduet
othesef
act
s,t
heCi
vi
l
Codecanbesai
dtober
igi
dascompar
edt
otheRFC.I
tisnotf
lexi
blesoast
o
accommodat
echangi
ngci
rcumst
ances.Att
imes,par
ti
esmaynotbeabl
eto
pr
oduceor
alev
idencesandwi
thsuchnumber
.Ther
efor
e,t
heywi
l
lloset
hei
rcase.
I
naddi
ti
ont
othat
,whenwecompar
ethet
wocodesf
rom t
heper
spect
iveof
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 172
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
cost
s,pr
ovi
ngmar
ri
agebypossessi
onofst
atusundert
heCi
vi
lCodei
scost
y
t
hanundert
heRFC.Hear
ingoff
ourwi
tnessesandexami
ningt
hei
rwor
dst
ogi
ve
deci
si
ondemandsal
argeamountofener
gyandt
imef
ort
hej
udgesundert
he
Ci
vi
lCode.Howev
er,undert
heRFC,asl
ongast
heycanpr
ovet
heexi
stenceof
mar
ri
age by possessi
on of st
atus one,t
wo or t
hree wi
tnesses or any
document
aryev
idencesar
esuf
fi
cient
.Thecost
,whi
chi
sincur
redbyt
hepar
ti
es
t
obr
ingf
ourwi
tnesses,
isal
soanot
herpr
obl
em undert
heCi
vi
lCode.
Wher
eapar
tyal
l
egi
ngt
heexi
stenceofmar
ri
agepr
ovespossessi
onofst
atusof
spousest
hatt
hepar
ti
eshav
eli
vedashusbandandwi
fer
ecogni
zi
ngandt
reat
ing
eachot
herassuchandal
sobei
ngsor
ecogni
zedandt
reat
edbyt
hei
rfami
l
ies
andt
hecommuni
ty,t
hel
awpr
esumest
hatt
heyar
eact
ual
l
ymar
ri
ed(
Art
.97(
1)
Butsuchpr
esumpt
iononl
yshi
ft
sbur
denofpr
ooft
otheot
herpar
ty.Andi
fthe
ot
herpar
tyr
ebut
ssuchpr
esumpt
ionbypr
oduci
nganyki
ndofr
eli
abl
eev
idence,
possessi
onofst
atusshal
lnotpr
ovemar
ri
age(
Art
.97(
2).
Bef
orecl
osi
ngourdi
scussi
onundert
hischapt
er,
letusseet
heposi
ti
ont
akenby
t
heTi
graiFami
l
yCodewi
thr
egar
dto pr
oofofmar
ri
age.When wecl
osel
y
exami
neAr
t.123oft
hiscode,i
ttookadi
ff
erentst
and.Amongot
hert
hings,t
his
codedoesn’
tincl
udepossessi
onofst
atusasasecondmodal
i
tyofmar
ri
age.
Accor
dingt
oAr
t.123oft
hiscode,t
hemodeofpr
oofi
scat
egor
izedi
ntot
wo
pr
oofofmar
ri
agef
ort
hosemar
ri
agest
hatar
econcl
udedbef
orecomi
ngi
nto
f
orceoft
heCodeandpr
oofmar
ri
agef
oramar
ri
aget
hathasbeencel
ebr
ated
af
tert
heenact
mentoft
heCode.I
fthemar
ri
agei
sconcl
udedbef
orecomi
ngi
nto
f
orceoft
heTi
graiFami
l
yCode,t
hej
udgeshal
lappl
yrul
esofpr
oofofmar
ri
age
undert
heCi
vi
lCode.I
f,ont
heot
herhand,t
hemar
ri
agei
scel
ebr
atedaf
ter
comi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
hesamet
hecour
tshal
lappl
yAr
t.123(
2)oft
hesame.As
i
ndi
cat
edunderAr
t.123(
2)(
a)oft
hesame,t
hekeyev
idencet
hatmustbe
adducedt
opr
oofmar
ri
agei
srecor
dofmar
ri
age.Howev
er,i
fther
ecor
dof
mar
ri
agei
slostduet
oar
easonbey
ondt
hecont
roloft
hepar
ti
es,
Art
.123(
2)(
b)
al
l
owspr
oofofmar
ri
agebypr
oduci
ngt
hreewi
tnessesoft
hecel
ebr
ati
onof
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 173
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
mar
ri
ageorof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atuswhor
egi
ster
edt
hatpar
ti
cul
armar
ri
age.
Exer
cise
1.Whati
smeantbypossessi
onofst
atus?
2.Shal
lthecour
tal
l
ow pr
oofofmar
ri
agebypossessi
onofst
atusi
nal
l
caseswher
ethemar
ri
agecer
ti
fi
cat
eisl
ost
?Why
/whynot
?
3.Compar
eandcont
rastpr
ovi
sionsoft
heFeder
alandTi
graif
ami
l
ycodes
r
elat
ingt
opr
oofofmar
ri
age.
4.Whati
smeantbypr
oofofmar
ri
ageundert
her
evi
sedf
ami
l
ycode?I
sitt
o
meanpr
ovi
ngt
hecel
ebr
ati
on?Ori
sitt
omeanpr
ovi
ngnotcel
ebr
ati
onbut
t
heagr
eementbet
weent
hepar
ti
est
omut
ual
l
yconsi
derandt
reatt
hem
sel
vest
obehusbandandwi
fe?St
atet
her
easonf
ort
heposi
ti
ony
ou
sel
ect
ed.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 174
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
CHAPTERSEVEN
I
RREGULARUNI
ON
Dearst
udent
,asy
oumayr
ecal
l
,ourdi
scussi
onsi
nthepr
ecedi
ngchapt
ersar
e
t
argedt
owar
dsanal
yzi
ngt
hel
eadi
ngl
egal
l
yrecogni
zedcohabi
tat
ionnamel
y
mar
ri
age.Asweshal
lst
udyi
nthi
schapt
ert
hel
aw al
sogi
venr
ecogni
ti
ont
o
anot
heruni
oncommonl
yref
err
edt
o asi
rr
egul
aruni
on.Thi
scohabi
tat
ioni
s
known byv
ari
ousnamesunderv
ari
ousj
uri
sdi
cti
onsi
ncl
udi
ng common l
aw
mar
ri
age,def
act
orel
ati
onshi
p,non – mar
it
alr
elat
ion shi
p,cohabi
tat
ion and
concubi
ne.I
nthi
smodul
e,t
het
ermi
rr
egul
aruni
oni
spr
efer
redasi
sthecasei
n
ourf
ami
l
ycodes.I
ngener
al,t
hemai
nconcer
noft
hischapt
eri
saddr
essi
ng
i
ssuesr
elat
ingt
oir
regul
aruni
on.
Thus,
att
heendoft
hischapt
er,
thest
udentwi
l
lbeabl
eto:
 Def
inei
rr
egul
aruni
on;
 Expl
aint
hej
ust
if
icat
ionsgi
vent
oincl
udei
rr
egul
aruni
onundert
heRFC;
 Compar
eandcont
rastmar
ri
ageandi
rr
egul
aruni
on;
 Li
stt
heef
fect
sofi
rr
egul
aruni
on;
 I
dent
it
ythemodal
i
tyofpr
oofofi
rr
egul
aruni
on;
and
 Under
standast
ohowi
rr
egul
aruni
onmaybet
ermi
nat
ed.
7.
1.Def
ini
ti
on
Aspoi
ntedoutear
li
er,t
hei
nst
it
uti
onofi
rr
egul
aruni
onhasbeenr
ecogni
zedand
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 175
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
accor
ded pr
otect
ionbyt
heRFC.UnderAr
t.98oft
heRFC,i
rr
egul
aruni
oni
s
def
inedast
hest
ateoff
actwhi
chi
scr
eat
edwhenamanandawomanl
i
ve
t
oget
herashusbandandwi
fewi
thouthav
ingconcl
udedav
ali
dmar
ri
age.
Themosti
mpor
tantel
ement
sundert
hisdef
ini
ti
onar
e:
 Themanandt
hewomanmustl
i
vet
oget
herashusbandandwi
fe.
 Themanandt
hewomanhav
enev
erconcl
udedav
ali
dmar
ri
age.Ascanbe
under
stoodf
rom t
hedef
ini
ti
on,i
rr
egul
aruni
oni
sauni
onbet
weenaman
andwoman.Nei
thert
heuni
onofamanandamannort
heuni
onofa
womanandawomani
sconsi
der
edasi
rr
egul
aruni
on.Undert
heRFC,
same
sexcohabi
tat
ioni
snotr
ecogni
zed.
Mor
eimpor
tant
ly,i
rr
egul
aruni
oni
scr
eat
edwhent
hemanandt
hewomanl
i
ve
t
oget
herashusbandandwi
fe.Thepar
ti
est
otheuni
onhav
etol
i
vet
oget
herona
day–t
o-daybasi
s shar
ing t
he same r
oofi
nthe same house consi
der
ing
t
hemsel
vesasmar
ri
ed.
Aspoi
ntedher
einabov
e,l
i
vingt
oget
heri
sani
mpor
tantel
ementi
ndef
ini
ng
i
rr
egul
aruni
on.Thepoi
ntt
hatdeser
vesconsi
der
ati
onher
eist
hatf
orhow l
ong
shoul
dthemanandt
hewomanl
i
ket
oget
hersot
hatonecansaf
elysayt
hat
t
her
eisani
rr
egul
aruni
on?Dot
hemanandt
hewomanl
i
vet
oget
herf
orone
mont
h,t
hreemont
hsorsi
xmont
hst
opr
oduceani
rr
egul
aruni
on?TheRFC
doesnotanswert
hisquest
ionunl
i
ket
hel
aw ofot
hercount
ri
es.I
nSpai
nfor
i
nst
ance,t
hemanandt
hewomanshal
lli
vet
oget
herf
oratl
eastt
woy
ear
sin
or
dert
hatav
ali
dir
regul
aruni
onshal
lexsi
st.
Thought
heRFCi
ssi
l
entast
othedur
ati
onoft
hecohabi
tat
ion,
iti
sbel
i
evedt
hat
l
i
vingt
oget
herofamanandawomanf
orav
eryshor
tper
iodoft
imesuchas
t
hreeweeks,
amont
h,t
hreemont
hsorsi
xmont
hsdoesnotpr
oduceani
rr
egul
ar
uni
onundert
heRFC.Thel
i
vingt
oget
heroft
hemanandt
hewomanshoul
dlast
f
oral
ongt
imei
nsuchawayt
hati
tcangi
veani
mpr
essi
ont
othecommuni
tyi
n
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 176
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
whi
cht
heyl
i
vet
hatt
hemanandt
hewomanhav
epl
edgedt
hemsel
vest
oli
ve
t
oget
herashusbandandwi
fe.I
tist
ruet
hatt
heexi
stenceofani
rr
egul
aruni
oni
s
pr
ovedwhent
hemanandt
hewomanbehav
easmar
ri
edpeopl
eandwhent
hei
r
f
ami
l
iesaswel
last
hecommuni
tyi
nwhi
cht
hepar
tner
sli
veconsi
dert
hem as
mar
ri
edcoupl
e.(
Art
.106(
2)Ev
ident
ly,t
hecommuni
tyort
hei
rfami
l
iesdonot
ar
ri
veatt
heconcl
usi
ont
hatt
hemanandt
hewomanl
i
keashusbandandwi
fe
j
ustbecauset
hecoupl
esl
i
vedt
oget
herf
oramont
hort
wo.Theyneedal
ong
t
imet
oent
erai
nthei
deat
hatt
hemanandt
hewomanar
ereal
l
yli
vi
ngt
oget
heras
husbandandwi
fe.I
tisi
nconsi
der
ati
onoft
hei
rconductorbehav
iort
hrought
ime
t
hatt
hecommuni
tyr
ecogni
zet
hepar
tner
sasmar
ri
edpeopl
e.Ther
efor
e,under
t
heRFCt
hel
i
vingt
oget
herofamanandwomanf
orav
eryshor
tper
iodoft
ime
doesnotconst
it
utei
rr
egul
aruni
on.Thepar
ti
eshav
etol
i
vet
oget
herf
orsuch
r
easonabl
eti
met
hatcr
eat
esani
mpr
essi
ont
othecommuni
tyaswel
last
he
f
ami
l
iesoft
hepar
tner
sthatt
heyl
i
veashusbandandwi
fe.
Anot
heri
mpor
tantel
ementi
nthedef
ini
ti
oni
sthati
rr
egul
aruni
oni
sast
ateof
f
actcr
eat
edwi
thoutconcl
udi
ngav
ali
dmar
ri
age.Thi
sist
omeant
hatt
heuni
on
i
s one t
hatwhi
ch i
s cr
eat
ed wi
thoutany cel
ebr
ati
on,sol
emni
zat
ion and
r
egi
str
ati
onwhatsoev
er.I
tisasi
mpl
euni
onofamanandawomanwi
thout
undergoi
ngt
hef
ormal
i
tiesr
equi
redbyt
hel
awi
nthecaseofl
awf
ulmar
ri
age.
Fort
heexi
stenceofi
rr
egul
aruni
on,t
hebehav
ioroft
hemanandt
hewoman
shoul
dbeanal
ogoust
omar
ri
edcoupl
est
hought
hepar
ti
esneednotr
epr
esent
t
hemsel
vest
othi
rdpar
ti
esasbei
ngmar
ri
ed.(
Art
.99(
1)and(
2).I
tmeanst
hat
t
hepar
ti
esneednoti
ntr
oducet
hemsel
vest
othei
rrel
ati
vesort
hecommuni
tyas
hav
ingconcl
udedaf
ormalmar
ri
age;r
atheri
tist
hel
att
erwhoshoul
dconsi
der
t
hepar
ti
esasbei
ngmar
ri
edf
rom t
hei
rconduct
.Howev
er,
themor
efactt
hatt
he
par
ti
eskeepupsexualr
elat
ionsbet
weent
hem ev
eni
frepeat
edl
yandnot
ori
ousl
y
doesnotbyi
tsel
fconst
it
utei
rr
egul
aruni
on(
Art
.99(
3).
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 177
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
7.
2.WhyDoPeopl
eCohabi
t?
I
tisamat
terofcommonknowl
edget
hatf
ormalmar
ri
agei
sthei
nst
rument
t
hroughwhi
chcoupl
esusual
l
yent
eri
ntoal
i
fel
ongcommi
tmentoft
aki
ngeach
ot
herashusbandandwi
fe.Howev
er,
thi
sty
peofcommi
tmentmaybeent
eredi
n
ani
nfor
malwayl
i
keani
rr
egul
aruni
on.But
,whydopeopl
epr
eferi
rr
egul
aruni
on
t
omar
ri
age?Ther
ear
eanumberofr
easonswhycoupl
eschooset
oli
veas
husbandandwi
fewi
thoutgoi
ngt
hroughal
egal
l
yrecogni
zedmar
ri
edcer
emony
.
Peopl
ecohabi
toroptt
oli
vei
nir
regul
aruni
ongener
all
yfort
hef
oll
owi
ngr
easons.
Scar
cit
yofr
esour
cesandeconomi
cint
erdependenceofi
ndi
vi
dual
sincl
i
nat
ionof
oneoft
hepar
ti
esnott
oshar
ehi
spr
oper
tyf
ort
heot
her
,unexpect
edpr
egnancy
whi
chobl
i
gest
hepar
ti
est
oli
vet
oget
herf
orapr
olongedper
iodoft
ime,
tendency
t
oisol
ate per
sonalr
elat
ionshi
p of t
he par
ti
es f
rom pecuni
aryr
elat
ions
par
ti
cul
arl
yindev
elopednat
ionswher
ewomenar
elesseconomi
cal
l
ydependent
onmen,suspi
cionbyt
hepar
ti
esast
othepossi
bil
i
tyofest
abl
i
shi
ngav
ali
d
mar
ri
ageaccept
abl
etot
hesoci
etyduet
oimpedi
ment
ssuchasr
aceorr
eli
gion,
bel
i
efofpar
ti
est
hatt
heyar
etooagedt
oconcl
udemar
ri
age,
financi
alconst
rai
nt
t
ocel
ebr
atemar
ri
agewhi
chent
ail
spay
mentf
orbr
idepr
ice,
present
sandf
east
s.
Somet
imesal
sopeopl
emayengagei
nir
regul
aruni
ont
hinki
ngt
hatt
heyhav
e
concl
udedmar
ri
agewhi
l
einf
actt
heyhav
en’
tmai
nlyduet
olackofknowl
edget
o
dr
awadi
sti
nct
ionbet
weent
het
wo.
Theot
heri
mpor
tantat
tract
ionofanon-mar
it
aluni
oni
sthatnocost
ylegal
pr
ocedur
es ar
erequi
red t
oter
minat
ethe r
elat
ionshi
p,and t
he f
inanci
al
consequencesofdi
vor
cear
eabsent
.Ter
minat
ionofunmar
ri
edcohabi
tat
ionofa
man and a woman i
s ex
tremel
yeasi
ercompar
ed t
othe t
ermi
nat
ion ofa
cer
emoni
almar
ri
age.Thecohabi
tant
smaybebymut
ualconsentoruni
l
ater
all
y
endt
hei
rrel
ati
onshi
pwi
thoutr
esor
ti
ngt
odi
vor
cepr
oceedi
ng.I
tisal
soj
ust
if
iabl
e
onsomeot
hereconomi
creasons.Fori
nst
ance,t
hepensi
onorot
herbenef
it
s
t
hatawi
dowmaygetwoul
dbet
ermi
nat
eduponherr
emar
ri
age.So,i
nor
dert
o
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 178
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
av
oidt
het
ermi
nat
ionofsuchbenef
it
s,sher
esor
tst
ounmar
ri
edcohabi
tat
ion.
7.
3IsI
tJust
if
iedt
oRecogni
zeI
rr
egul
arUni
onUndert
heRFC?
I
rr
egul
aruni
onwasoneoft
hecont
rov
ersi
ali
ssuesdur
ingdi
scussi
onsont
he
dr
aftRFCi
nthev
ari
ouspubl
i
cdi
scussi
onconduct
edi
ndi
ff
erentf
ora.Ont
heone
hand,i
thasbeenar
guedt
hatt
hel
awshoul
dnotr
ecogni
zet
heuni
onbecausei
t
under
minest
hei
nst
it
uti
onofmar
ri
agewhi
chhasaconst
it
uti
onalpr
otect
ionand
hencer
ecogni
zi
ngi
tamount
stocont
rav
eni
ngt
heconst
it
uti
on.Mor
eov
er,si
nce
i
rr
egul
aruni
oni
scondemnedbyr
eli
gion,t
hel
aw shoul
dnotencour
agesucha
pr
act
ice.I
nst
ead,i
tshoul
ddenyr
ecogni
ti
ont
otheuni
onsoast
oref
lectt
he
t
radi
ti
onalandr
eli
gionsv
aluesoft
hepeopl
e.Ont
heot
herhand,i
thasbeen
ar
guedt
hatt
heconst
it
uti
onnei
therexpr
essl
yrecogni
zednorpr
ohi
bit
edi
rr
egul
ar
uni
onandhencer
ecogni
zi
ngi
rr
egul
aruni
ondoesnoti
nanywaycont
rav
enet
he
const
it
uti
ons.Nei
therdoesi
treducest
hesanct
it
yofmar
ri
ageast
hel
aw does
nott
reatt
het
woonequalf
oot
ing.Mor
eov
er,t
hought
hepr
act
icemi
ghtbe
agai
nstt
hecul
tur
alandr
eli
gionsnor
msoft
hesoci
ety
,anumberofpeopl
ein
Et
hiopi
a hav
elong been engaged i
n such t
ype ofuni
on and deny
ing l
egal
r
esi
gnat
iont
otheuni
onwoul
dadv
ersel
yaf
fectt
hei
nter
estofpar
ti
cul
arl
ywomen
andchi
l
drenbor
noutofsuchuni
on.
I
tist
he second l
i
ne ofar
gumentwhi
ch gott
he bl
essi
ng oft
he Feder
al
Legi
sl
atur
e.Thewr
it
eral
sobel
i
evest
hatext
endi
ngl
egalr
ecogni
ti
ont
otheuni
on
cannotbeagai
nstt
heConst
it
uti
on.Onepoi
ntt
hatneedsdueat
tent
ioni
sthat
mar
ri
agei
snotanecessar
ypr
econdi
ti
onf
orhav
ingaf
ami
l
y;andt
heConst
it
uti
on
ext
endsl
egalr
ecogni
ti
ont
othef
ami
l
yir
respect
iveoft
hemanneri
nwhi
chi
tis
f
ormed.(
Art
.34(
1)oft
heFDRCEconst
it
uti
on)andi
tisabr
utef
actt
hati
rr
egul
ar
uni
on i
sone i
n such mannerwhi
ch gi
vesr
ise t
oaf
ami
l
ywhi
ch deser
ves
pr
otect
ion.Hence,
themer
efactt
hatt
heConst
it
uti
ondoesnotexpr
essl
yref
ert
o
i
rr
egul
aruni
ondoesnotwar
rantt
heasser
ti
ont
hatext
endi
ngr
ecogni
ti
ont
othe
uni
oni
sunconst
it
uti
onalt
houghasamat
terofpol
i
cyt
heconst
it
uti
onseemst
o
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 179
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
di
scour
aget
heuni
on.
Mor
eov
er,i
nspi
teoft
hecul
tur
alandr
eli
giouscondemnat
ions,anumberof
peopl
ear
eengagi
ngi
nthi
sli
fest
ylei
nthecount
ryowi
ngpar
ti
cul
arl
ytof
inanci
al
const
rai
ntsf
orbr
idepr
iceandcel
ebr
ati
onofbet
rot
halandmar
ri
agewhi
l
esome
al
sot
aket
heuni
onasmar
ri
ageasar
esul
toff
ail
uret
odr
awdi
sti
nct
ionbet
ween
t
hel
egalef
fect
soft
het
wo.I
tisi
nev
itabl
ethatpeopl
einsuchuni
onengagei
n
di
ff
erentt
ransact
ions,gi
vebi
rt
htochi
l
dandt
hel
i
kewhi
chi
ntur
nmayl
eadt
o
conf
li
cts.Thel
awshoul
d,t
her
efor
e,r
espondt
osuchconf
li
cts.I
nfact
,ithasbeen
hel
dthatsi
ncei
rr
espect
iveofwhet
herr
ecogni
zedbyt
hel
awt
hepeopl
econt
inue
t
oli
vei
nsuchuni
on.Todenyi
tlegal
recogni
ti
oni
stodenyt
heobj
ect
iver
eal
i
ty.
Par
ti
cul
arl
y,ext
endi
ngl
egalr
ecogni
ti
ont
oir
regul
aruni
oni
saqui
teappr
eci
ated
f
rom t
hev
iewpoi
ntoft
hei
nter
estoft
hewomanandchi
l
drenbor
noutofsuch
uni
on.Supposet
hatamanandawomanl
i
vedi
nani
rr
egul
aruni
onf
oral
ong
t
imei
fthemanendst
her
elat
ionshi
pdeny
ingt
hewomananyshar
efr
om t
he
commonpr
oper
tyt
heybot
haccumul
ateddur
ingt
hei
rcohabi
tat
ion,t
hewoman
seeksj
ust
icef
rom t
hel
aw andi
fthel
aw r
efusest
orecogni
zeherr
elat
ionshi
p
wi
tht
heman,shedoesnotgetanyr
emedy
.Thi
snon-
recogni
ti
onbyt
hel
awi
sa
cl
eari
nst
anceofal
aw t
hatoppr
esseswomanf
ori
thasf
avor
edt
hemanby
decl
i
ningt
ogi
ver
emedyt
othewoman.Ther
efor
e,t
henon–r
ecogni
ti
onbyt
he
l
awi
sunconst
it
uti
onalbecausear
ti
cle35(
4)oft
heFFREConst
it
uti
onpr
ovi
ded
t
hat“
[l
aws]
,cust
omsandpr
act
icest
hatoppr
ess…womenar
epr
ohi
bit
ed.
”Int
he
abov
ecase,t
hel
aw bydecl
i
ningt
orecogni
zet
hei
nst
it
uti
onanddeny
ingt
he
womananyr
emedycl
ear
lyoppr
essest
hewomanandhenceunconst
it
uti
onal
.
Besi
des,f
ail
uret
orecogni
zei
rr
egul
aruni
on i
ntheRFC i
sal
so agai
nstt
he
const
it
uti
onalr
ightofchi
l
drenbor
noutofsuchuni
ont
oknow t
hei
rfat
her
.
Because i
fthe uni
on i
s notr
ecogni
zed undert
he l
aw,t
he mai
n way of
ascer
tai
ning pat
erni
ty can notbe appl
i
cabl
e,t
hus,t
he chi
l
d may r
emai
n
f
ather
less.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 180
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Bywayofconcl
usi
on,
itcanbesai
dthatt
houghi
tmi
ghtnotsoundwel
ltoar
gue
t
hatt
hel
aw shoul
dtr
eatt
hei
nst
it
uti
onofmar
ri
ageandi
rr
egul
ari
nthesame
manner
,itcoul
d be sai
dthatat
tachi
ng cer
tai
n ef
fect
stot
he uni
on i
sa
necessar
il
yev
il
.
7.
4.Ef
fect
sofI
rr
egul
arUni
on
Dearst
udent
,ithasbeendi
scussedi
nourpr
evi
ousdi
scussi
ont
hatt
hel
aw
at
tachessomel
egalef
fect
stoi
rr
egul
aruni
ont
houghnotasmuchasmar
ri
age.
Thesel
egal
eff
ect
sthatemanat
efr
om i
rr
egul
aruni
onwi
l
lbedeal
twi
thbel
ow.
7.
4.1.AbsenceofBondofAf
fi
nit
y
Ashasbeenseeni
nchapt
eroneandt
wo,av
ali
dmar
ri
agecr
eat
esabondof
af
fi
nit
ybet
weent
hemanandt
her
elat
ivesoft
hewomanandt
hev
icev
ersa.Asa
r
esul
toft
hisbondofaf
fi
nit
y,mar
ri
agebet
weenper
sonsr
elat
edbyaf
fi
nit
yint
he
di
rectl
i
ne,bet
weenawomanandt
hebr
otherofherhusbandorbet
weenaman
andt
hesi
sterofhi
swi
fei
sfor
bidden.Mor
eov
er,ot
herconsequencest
hatar
ise
f
rom bondofaf
fi
nit
ysuchast
heobl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
ymai
ntenanceshal
lbe
ef
fect
ivebet
weent
heaf
fi
nal
rel
ati
ves.
Unl
i
kemar
ri
age,ani
rr
egul
aruni
onshal
lnotcr
eat
eanybondofaf
fi
nit
ybet
ween
t
hemanandt
her
elat
ivesoft
hewoman,andbet
weent
hewomanandt
he
r
elat
ivesoft
heman(
Art
.100(
1).Fr
om t
hisi
tfol
l
owst
hatal
ll
egalconsequences
t
hatemanat
efr
om bondofaf
fi
nit
yar
enotappl
i
cabl
etoi
rr
egul
aruni
on.
Ev
eni
fir
regul
aruni
onshal
lnotcr
eat
ebondofaf
fi
nit
y,t
hepr
ovi
sionsconcer
ning
i
mpedi
ment
stomar
ri
agei
ncaseofaf
fi
nit
yshal
lappl
yther
eto(
Art
.100(
2).I
t
meanst
hatt
hewomancannotmar
ryt
heascendant
,descendant
sandt
he
br
otheroft
hemanwi
thwhom shehasbeenengagedi
nsuchuni
on;
byt
hesame
t
oken,t
hemanmaynotmar
ryt
heascendant
s,descendant
sandsi
steroft
he
womanwi
thwhom hehasbeenengagedi
nsuchuni
on(
Art
.9(
2))
.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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ps:
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oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
But
,itshoul
dbenot
edt
hatt
her
eisacl
earcont
radi
cti
onbet
weenAr
t.100sub
ar
ti
cle(
1)and(
2).Ont
heonehandt
hel
aw say
sthati
rr
egul
aruni
onmaynot
cr
eat
ebondofaf
fi
nit
y.Ont
heot
herhand,
itpr
ohi
bit
smar
ri
agebet
weent
heman
andt
her
elat
ivesoft
hewomanandv
icev
ersa.Despi
tet
hiscont
radi
cti
on,t
he
pr
ohi
bit
ioni
sjust
if
iedonpol
i
cyconsi
der
ati
ons.Thepr
ohi
bit
ioni
sjust
if
iedso
l
ongasi
tisdonei
nthei
nter
estofpr
otect
ingandmai
ntai
ningt
hegoodr
elat
ions
bet
weenr
elat
ivesandal
somai
ntai
ningpeaceandor
deri
nsoci
ety
.Onecan
i
magi
net
heat
tendantchaosi
famani
sal
l
owedbyt
hel
awt
omar
ryt
hesi
sterof
t
hewomanwi
thwhom hehadbeenpr
evi
ousl
yengagedi
nir
regul
aruni
onl
eav
ing
herasi
deandv
icev
ersa.
Ev
ent
houghi
thasnotbeenspeci
fi
cal
l
ydeal
twi
thbyt
heRFC,r
elat
ivesby
consangui
nit
ycannotengagei
nani
rr
egul
aruni
onf
ori
tamount
stot
hecr
imeof
i
ncestunderAr
t.654oft
heFDREPenalCode.AsperAr
t.654oft
hePenalCode,
per
for
manceofsexualactbet
weenbl
oodr
elat
ivewhosemar
ri
agei
spr
ohi
bit
ed
byt
hel
aw i
spuni
shabl
e.I
famanawomanwhoar
erel
atedbyconsangui
nit
y
engagei
nani
rr
egul
aruni
on,i
tisamustt
hatt
heyper
for
m sexualactf
ort
he
uni
onbyi
tsnat
urei
sar
elat
ionshi
panal
ogoust
omar
ri
agepeopl
ewhoev
ident
ly
keep up sexualr
elat
ion bet
ween t
hem.Ther
efor
e,si
nce an i
rr
egul
aruni
on
i
nvol
vessexualactbet
weent
hepar
tner
s,r
elat
ivesbyconsangui
nit
ycannot
engagei
nani
rr
egul
aruni
onf
ori
tisanof
fencepuni
shabl
eunderAr
t654oft
he
Penal
Code.
7.
4.2.Dut
ytoCont
ri
but
etheCommonExpense
Coupl
esi
nmar
ri
agear
edut
yboundt
ocont
ri
but
etot
hehousehol
dexpensesi
n
pr
opor
ti
ont
othei
rabi
l
ityandr
espect
ivemeans,(
Art
.72)
.Si
mil
arl
y,t
hemanand
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 182
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
t
hewomanengagedi
nir
regul
aruni
onar
eobl
i
gedt
ocont
ri
but
etot
hecommon
expenset
heymayi
ncurdur
ingt
hei
runi
oni
npr
opor
ti
ont
othei
rrespect
ivemeans.
(
Art
.101)
.Thi
sdut
ytocont
ri
but
etot
hecommonexpensei
smeasur
edbyt
hei
r
capabi
l
iti
es.I
fbot
hthemanandt
hewomanhav
esi
mil
armeans,t
hecommon
expensei
sshoul
der
edequal
l
ybybot
hpar
ti
es.I
f,howev
er,oneoft
hepar
ti
esi
s
unempl
oyedandwi
thoutmeans,
he/
shei
snotr
equi
redt
ocont
ri
but
eequal
l
ywi
th
t
heot
her
.Int
hiscase,t
hedut
yimpact
sonl
yont
heot
her
.Expensesi
ncur
redf
or
t
hebenef
itofei
theroft
hepar
ti
esar
enotconsi
der
edascommonexpensesev
en
i
fiti
sdonedur
ingt
heuni
oncommonexpensesi
sonewhi
chi
sdonef
ort
he
i
nter
estoft
hepar
tner
sint
heuni
on.
7.
4.3Communi
tyofPr
oper
ty
Undert
heCi
vi
lCodei
rr
egul
aruni
ondoesnotcr
eat
ecommuni
tyofpr
oper
tyas
bet
weent
hepar
ti
est
her
etonomat
terhowl
ongt
her
elat
ionshi
plast
s(Ar
t.712)
.
TheCodef
ail
edt
oat
tacht
heef
fectofcommuni
tyofpr
oper
tyt
otheuni
on
becauset
hei
nst
it
uti
oni
snotl
ongl
ast
ingassomesayormor
elogi
cal
l
y,because
t
hel
egi
slat
urewant
edt
osuppr
esst
heuni
onf
orat
tachi
ngt
hisef
fectt
othel
att
er
mayat
tractanumberofpeopl
etot
heuni
onasopposedt
omar
ri
agewhi
chi
s
r
egul
atedbyst
ri
ngentpr
ovi
sions.Ofcour
se,
evenundert
heCi
vi
lCode,
upont
he
t
ermi
nat
ionoft
heuni
ont
hemanmaybeor
der
edt
opayt
othewomanan
i
ndemni
tycor
respondi
ngt
onotmor
ethansi
xmont
hsmai
ntenance(
Art
.717(
2)
Thi
sisdonebecausesi
ncet
her
elat
iondoesnotcr
eat
ecommonpr
oper
ty,
iti
sto
assi
stt
hewomanwhoi
sbel
i
evedt
ohav
ebeeneconomi
cal
l
yweak.
Unl
i
ket
heCi
vi
lCode,t
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodeoft
heFeder
alGov
ernmentand
Regi
onshav
emadei
rr
egul
aruni
oncr
eat
ecommuni
tyofpr
oper
ty.Forbet
ter
under
standi
ng,
readt
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
ovi
sionsf
rom t
heRFC.
Joi
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egram channelvi
athi
sli
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htt
ps:
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oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Ar
ti
cle102–Communi
tyofPr
oper
ty
1)Wi
thoutpr
ejudi
cet
oagr
eement
sent
eredi
ntobet
weent
hemanandt
he
womanengagedi
nani
rr
egul
aruni
onconcer
ningt
headmi
nist
rat
ionof
t
hei
rpr
oper
ty,pr
oper
tyacqui
reddur
ingsuchr
elat
ionshal
lbecommon
pr
oper
typr
ovi
dedt
hatt
her
elat
ionhasl
ast
edf
ornotl
esst
hant
hreey
ear
s.
2)Unl
ess pr
ovi
ded t
othe cont
rar
y,pr
oper
ti
es t
hey hav
e dur
ing t
hei
r
cohabi
tat
ion shal
lbe consi
der
ed t
o hav
e been acqui
red wi
thi
n such
r
elat
ion.
3)Themanandt
hewomanengagedi
nani
rr
egul
aruni
onshal
lbej
oint
lyand
sev
eral
l
yli
abl
eforal
ldebt
sincur
redf
ort
hei
rmai
ntenance,orf
ort
he
mai
ntenanceoft
hei
rchi
l
drenbor
nofsuchuni
on
Ar
ti
cle103–Ef
fect
sofCommuni
tyofPr
oper
ty.
Wher
ecommuni
tyofpr
oper
tyi
scr
eal
edi
naccor
dancewi
thsub–ar
ti
cle
(
1)ofar
ti
cl
e102,mat
ter
sper
tai
ningt
otheadmi
nist
rat
ionofpr
oper
ty,
pay
mentofdebt
s,andl
i
qui
dat
ionofpr
oper
tyshal
lbedeal
twi
thi
n
accor
dancewi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hiscoder
elat
ingt
oli
qui
dat
ionof
pecuni
aryr
elat
ionsofspouses.(
Art
.85–93)
Thusundert
heRFC,i
rr
egul
aruni
onhasbeenmadet
ogi
ver
iset
ocommuni
tyof
pr
oper
tybet
weent
hecohabi
ter
spr
ovi
dedt
hatt
her
elat
ionshi
plast
edf
ort
hree
y
ear
sormor
e.Auni
onl
ast
ingl
esst
hant
hreey
ear
s,t
her
efor
e,doesnotcr
eat
e
commonpr
oper
tyandt
hepar
ti
escant
ermi
nat
etheuni
onwi
thoutanydi
sput
e
r
elat
ing t
o common pr
oper
ty.The l
aw si
ngl
ed t
hree y
ear
sforcr
eat
ion of
commonpr
oper
tybecausei
twi
l
lbedi
ff
icul
ttoascer
tai
nthev
eryexi
stenceof
i
rr
egul
aruni
onunl
esst
hepar
tnessl
i
veatl
eastf
ort
hreey
ear
s.I
nthi
sconnect
ion,
i
tshoul
dal
sobebor
nei
nmi
ndt
hatt
houghcommonpr
oper
tyi
snotcr
eat
edf
or
f
ail
uret
o meett
het
hreey
ear
srequi
rement
,ther
emi
ghtbeapossi
bil
i
tyof
f
ormat
ionofj
ointowner
shi
p.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 184
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Oncei
tispr
ovedt
hatt
hepar
ti
esl
i
vedt
oget
herf
ort
hreey
ear
sint
her
elat
ionshi
p,
t
heef
fectofcommonpr
oper
tyappl
i
esr
etr
oact
ivel
yandpr
oper
ti
est
heyacqui
red
ev
eni
nthef
ir
sty
earoft
her
elat
ionshi
par
econsi
der
edt
obecommonpr
oper
ty
(
Art
.102(
2))
.Ifoneoft
hepar
tner
s,howev
er,pr
ovest
othecont
rar
yacer
tai
n
pr
oper
tymaynotbeconsi
der
edascommonpr
oper
tyev
eni
fiti
sacqui
reddur
ing
t
hei
rcohabi
tat
ion.
Cr
eat
ionofcommonpr
oper
tyi
sonear
eawher
ethel
aw makesdi
sti
nct
ion
bet
weenmar
ri
ageand i
rr
egul
aruni
on.Mar
ri
agegi
vesr
iset
o communi
tyof
pr
oper
tyasoft
hedat
eofconcl
usi
onoft
hesame.Buti
rr
egul
aruni
onr
equi
resat
l
eastt
hreey
ear
sfort
hecr
eat
ionofcommuni
tyofpr
oper
ty.Fr
om suchdi
ff
erence,
i
tispossi
blet
osayt
hati
rr
egul
aruni
oni
sal
ooset
ypeofuni
onwhencompar
ed
wi
thmar
ri
age.
TheFami
l
yCodeofTi
grait
ookadi
ff
erentposi
ti
onwi
thr
egar
dthet
imebey
ond
whi
chani
rr
egul
arshal
lcr
eat
ecommonpr
oper
ty.AsperAr
t.130oft
hesame,
pr
oper
tyacqui
reddur
ingsuchr
elat
ionshal
lbecommonpr
oper
typr
ovi
dedt
hat
t
her
elat
ionhasl
ast
edf
ornotl
esst
hant
eny
ear
s.Ther
efor
e,i
famananda
womenhav
eli
vedf
orl
esst
hant
eny
ear
s,communi
tyofpr
oper
tywi
l
lnotbe
cr
eat
ed.I
foneoft
hepar
ti
es,
howev
er,
prov
est
hatapr
oper
tyi
sacqui
redt
hrough
j
ointef
for
t,suchpr
oper
tyshal
lbepar
ti
ti
onedequal
l
yont
hebasi
soft
heev
idence
pr
oduced.Twoj
ust
if
icat
ionsar
egi
venbyt
heRegi
onalCounci
last
owhyi
topt
ed
f
ort
hemi
nimum t
eny
ear
srequi
rement
.Fi
rst
ly,ont
hebasi
soft
her
egi
ons
cur
rentsi
tuat
ion,
itt
akesal
ongt
imet
oacqui
repr
oper
ty.Secondl
y,i
tisai
medat
di
scour
agi
ng i
rr
egul
ar uni
on and t
o cause t
he cohabi
tant
s change t
hei
r
r
elat
ionshi
ptomar
ri
agef
orf
eart
hatcommonpr
oper
tywi
l
lnotbecr
eat
edunl
ess
ami
nimum oft
eny
ear
sel
apsedasoft
hef
ormat
ionoft
her
elat
ion.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 185
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Anot
herpoi
ntt
hatneedsdi
scussi
oni
nconnect
ionwi
thcommonpr
oper
tyi
s
commondebt
sofamanandawomanengagedi
nir
regul
aruni
on.Li
ket
hecase
ofmar
ri
age,
thecohabi
teesmayi
ncurcommondebt
s.Wi
thi
nthemeani
ngofAr
t.
102(
3),
commondebt
sar
edebt
sincur
redf
ort
hemai
ntenanceoft
hecohabi
tees,
orf
ort
hemai
ntenanceoft
hei
rchi
l
drenbor
nofsuchuni
on.Thesamepr
ovi
sion
f
urt
herpr
ovi
dest
hatt
hecohabi
ter
sshal
lbej
oint
lyandsev
eral
l
yli
abl
etopay
commondebt
s.Fr
om t
heper
ti
nentpr
ovi
sionsoft
heci
vi
lcode,i
tispossi
blet
o
under
standt
hatt
hecr
edi
tofj
ointandsev
eraldebt
rshav
edi
ff
erentopt
ions.That
i
shecandemandpay
mentei
therf
rom t
hemanort
hewomani
ndi
vi
dual
l
yor
col
l
ect
ivel
y.Thusi
fthecr
edi
torbr
ingsanact
ionwi
thav
iew t
odemandi
ng
pay
mentf
rom t
hemani
ndi
vi
dual
l
y,t
hel
att
ercannotl
egal
l
yref
usepay
ment
.
Fr
om t
hesamepr
ovi
si
on,i
tisal
sounder
stoodt
hati
fthedebti
sincur
redbya
manorwomanf
orhi
s/herownper
sonalaf
fai
r,t
heot
hercohabi
terwi
l
lnotbe
boundt
opaysuchper
sonal
debt
Themodeofpay
mentofadebti
ndi
cat
edunderAr
t.102(
3)i
sappl
i
cabl
ewher
e
t
hecohabi
teesdi
dnotl
i
veatl
eastf
ort
hreey
ear
s.I
fthemanandt
hewoman
engagedi
nani
rr
egul
aruni
onhav
eli
vedf
ornotl
esst
hant
hreey
ear
s,pay
ment
ei
thercommonorper
sonaldebtshal
lbegov
ernedbyAr
t.103,
notbeAr
t102(
3).
Tot
hatef
fectAr
t103pr
ovi
dest
hatwher
ecommuni
tyofpr
oper
tyi
scr
eat
edi
n
accor
dancewi
thsub-
art
icl
e(1)ofAr
t102,
pay
mentofdebtshal
lbegov
ernedby
t
her
elev
antpr
ovi
si
onsofmar
ri
age.Thus,cr
eat
ionofcommonpr
oper
tyi
ntur
n
hasef
fectonpay
mentofdebt
s.Thepr
ovi
sionsoft
heRFCgov
erni
ngmar
ri
age
hav
ingt
odowi
thpay
mentofdebtar
ear
t70and71,(
seechapt
erf
orbet
ter
under
standi
ng)
Thecr
eat
ionofcommonpr
oper
tyunderAr
t.102(
1),i
naddi
ti
ont
opay
mentof
debt
s,hasef
fectonadmi
nist
rat
ionandl
i
qui
dat
ionofpr
oper
ty.I
nthi
sregar
d,t
he
RFC underAr
t.103pr
ovi
dedt
hatmat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
otheadmi
nist
rat
ionand
l
i
qui
dat
ionaswel
laspay
mentofdebt
sincaseofi
rr
egul
aruni
onar
etobe
gov
erned i
n accor
dance wi
tht
he pr
ovi
sions of t
he Code t
hatdealwi
th
Joi
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egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 186
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
communi
tyofpr
oper
tyand l
i
qui
dat
ion ofpecuni
aryr
elat
ionsofspousesi
n
mar
ri
age.Wi
thr
espectt
othi
spr
ovi
sion,t
hewr
it
eroft
hemodul
ewoul
dli
ket
o
makei
tcl
eart
hatt
hef
ormul
ati
onoft
heEngl
i
shv
ersi
oncr
eat
esconf
usi
onand
suggest
sthati
tshoul
dbeunder
stoodasexpl
ainedabov
ewhi
chi
sconsi
stent
wi
tht
heAmhar
icv
ersi
on.
7.
4.4.Fi
li
ati
onsofChi
ldr
en
Not
wit
hst
andi
ngt
hedi
ff
erencesbet
weenmar
ri
ageandi
rr
egul
aruni
ont
hatwe
hav
ement
ionedabov
e,t
her
ear
epoi
ntsofsi
mil
ari
ty.Ar
t.104i
nshowi
ngoneof
t
hei
rsi
mil
ari
ti
espr
ovi
dest
hatt
hef
il
iat
ionsofchi
l
drenbor
nofani
rr
egul
aruni
on
shal
lbeest
abl
i
shedi
naccor
dancewi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hechapt
eroft
hisl
aw
r
elat
ingt
ofi
l
iat
ions.Thati
s,i
nasmuchasachi
l
dconcei
vedorbor
ninwedl
ock
hast
hehusbandasf
ather
,achi
l
dconcei
vedorbor
ndur
ingani
rr
egul
aruni
onhas
asf
athert
hemanengagedi
nsuchuni
on.Thi
sisdonet
opr
otectt
hei
nter
estof
t
hechi
l
dbor
nint
heuni
onandi
snott
otr
eatt
heuni
ononequalf
oot
ingas
mar
ri
age.
7.
5.Ter
minat
ionoft
heUni
on
Thoughunderbot
hcodes,
thepar
ti
escant
ermi
nat
etheuni
onatanyt
imewi
thno
pr
econdi
ti
onunl
i
kei
ncaseofmar
ri
age,t
heef
fectoft
ermi
nat
ingi
rr
egul
aruni
on
di
ff
ersundert
het
wocodes.Undert
heCi
vi
lCode,
ift
hemant
ermi
nat
est
heuni
on,
hei
sli
abl
eforpay
ingani
ndemni
tycor
respondi
ngt
otheexpenseofmai
ntenance
oft
hewomanf
ornotmor
ethant
hreemont
hs,wher
east
hewomani
snot
r
equi
redt
opaysame.Thest
andoft
hel
aw i
sfai
rl
ycl
ear
;itpr
esupposest
he
economi
cdependenceofwomenonmenwhi
chi
sgener
all
ytr
ueev
ent
oday
.
Undert
heRFC,howev
er,nei
therpar
tywhot
ermi
nat
est
heuni
oni
sli
abl
etopay
i
ndemni
tyunl
esshe/
shecommi
tsf
aul
tapar
tfr
om par
ti
ti
oni
ngt
hecommon
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 187
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
pr
oper
ty,i
fany(
Art
.105 (
2).Butnei
thert
he basi
s ofassessmentoft
he
i
ndemni
tynori
tsext
enthasbeeni
ndi
cat
edundert
heRFC(
youmayr
eferour
di
scussi
ononAr
t.84)
.
Att
hisj
unct
ure,i
tmustbebor
nei
nmi
ndt
hatunl
essf
aul
toft
hepar
tywho
t
ermi
nat
est
heuni
oni
spr
oved,t
heot
herpar
tyi
snotent
it
ledt
opay
mentof
i
ndemni
tyexceptt
heshar
eoft
hecommonpr
oper
tywi
thi
nthemeani
ngofAr
t.
102.
7.
6.Pr
oofofI
rr
egul
arUni
on
I
tissai
dthatt
her
eisnotpr
esumpt
iont
hatper
sonsar
emar
ri
edandhencea
par
tyasser
ti
ngt
heexi
stenceofmar
ri
agei
srequi
redt
o adducepr
ooft
oit
.
Si
mil
arl
y,apar
tydesi
ri
ngt
odr
awl
egalconsequencesf
rom ani
rr
egul
aruni
oni
s
al
sor
equi
redt
opr
ovet
hef
actoft
heexi
stenceofi
rr
egul
aruni
on.Uponpr
oofof
t
heexi
stenceofsuchuni
on,
thel
awpr
esumest
hatv
ali
dir
regul
aruni
onhadbeen
pr
evi
ousl
yengagedandal
l
owst
hel
egal
eff
ect
sthatnat
ural
l
yfl
owf
rom t
heuni
on
t
obecomeoper
ati
ve.
Aswehav
eseeni
nchapt
ersi
x,t
heexi
stenceofmar
ri
agecanbepr
ovedei
therby
cer
ti
fi
cat
eofmar
ri
ageorpossessi
onofst
atus.Butamanandawomanengaged
i
nani
rr
egul
aruni
oncannotpr
ovet
hei
rrel
ati
onbyt
hehel
pofmar
ri
agecer
ti
fi
cat
e
f
orl
ack ofcel
ebr
ati
on and r
egi
str
ati
on.Thus,t
he onl
ymeans ofpr
oofi
s
possessi
onofst
atus.Tot
hatef
fectAr
t.106(
1)pr
ovi
dest
hatani
rr
egul
aruni
on
maybepr
ovedbyt
hepossessi
onofsuchst
atus.Andamanandawomanmay
hav
ethepossessi
onofst
atusofper
sonsl
i
vingi
nani
rr
egul
aruni
onwhen,a
t
hought
heyar
enotmar
ri
ed,t
heybehav
eassuch,andwhent
hei
rfami
l
iesand
t
hecommuni
tyconsi
dert
hem l
i
vingasmar
ri
edcoupl
e(Ar
t.106(
2).
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 188
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Thus,
topr
oveani
rr
egul
aruni
ont
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
sshal
lbepr
oved:
1.Thet
woper
sonsar
ebehav
ingasbei
ngmar
ri
ed;
and
2.Thet
woper
sonsar
econsi
der
edbyt
hei
rfami
l
iesandcommuni
tyl
i
vingas
mar
ri
edcoupl
e.
I
foneoft
hepar
ti
esi
scapabl
eofpr
ovi
ngt
heexi
stenceoft
heset
wost
ateof
f
act
s,t
hecour
tshal
lpr
esumet
hatt
heyl
i
vei
nani
rr
egul
aruni
on.(
Art
.106(
3).Of
cour
se,
thi
spr
esumpt
ionmayber
ebut
tedbypr
oduci
nganyki
ndofr
eli
abl
epr
oof
.
(
Art
.106(
41)
.
Her
e,wehav
etomakeadi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenpr
oofofmar
ri
ageandi
rr
egul
ar
uni
onbypossessi
onofst
atus.I
npr
ovi
ngmar
ri
agebypossessi
onofst
atus,t
he
t
woper
sonsshoul
dmut
ual
l
yconsi
dert
hemsel
vesasspouses.I
tisal
soar
gued
t
hati
ncaseofmar
ri
agebypossessi
onofst
atus,t
heev
idencet
obepr
esent
ed
shoul
dshow t
hatt
hepar
ti
eshav
econcl
udedmar
ri
agei
nanyoneoft
het
hree
f
orms.Aswehav
edi
scussed i
tpr
evi
ousl
y,t
hecohabi
teesdo notmut
ual
l
y
consi
dert
hem asspouses.Theyonl
ybehav
easmar
ri
edcoupl
eandper
for
m
suchact
s,whi
char
ecommonamongmar
ri
edpeopl
e.
Ther
efor
e,t
hewi
tnessescal
l
eduponandot
herev
idencespr
oducedt
opr
ove
mar
ri
ageaccor
dingt
oAr
t.96shoul
dknowt
hef
actt
hatt
het
woper
sonsmut
ual
l
y
consi
dert
hemsel
vesandl
i
veasspouses,
andt
heyal
soconsi
derandt
reatt
hese
per
sonsasspouses.Howev
er,i
npr
ovi
ng i
rr
egul
aruni
on,t
hewi
tnessesar
e
expect
edt
opr
ovet
hef
actt
hatt
het
woper
sons,t
houghnotmar
ri
ed,behav
eli
ke
mar
ri
edper
sons.
Aswehav
eel
abor
atel
ydi
scussed,t
het
wol
egal
l
yrecogni
zeduni
onbet
weena
manandawomanar
emar
ri
ageandi
rr
egul
aruni
ont
hought
heyar
enott
reat
ed
onequalf
oot
ing.Ot
herr
elat
ionsshor
tofmar
ri
ageandi
rr
egul
arsuchasboy
f
ri
end–gi
rlf
ri
endr
elat
ionar
enotgi
venl
egalr
ecogni
ti
on.Asar
esul
t,nol
egal
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 189
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
ef
fecti
sat
tachedt
othem.
I
nconnect
ionwi
tht
hepoi
ntunderconsi
der
ati
on,Ar
t.107(
1)pr
ovi
dest
hat
r
elat
ionsest
abl
i
shedbet
weenamanandawomanoutofwedl
ockoroutofan
i
rr
egul
aruni
onshal
lhav
enoj
uri
dicalef
fectat
tachedt
othem.Wi
thoutpr
ejudi
ce
t
othepr
ovi
sionsoft
hiscoder
elat
ing t
o acknowl
edgementofpat
erni
tyor
adopt
ion,chi
l
drenbor
noutofsuchr
elat
ionshi
psshal
lhav
eaj
uri
dicalbondonl
y
wi
tht
hei
rmot
her
.(Ar
t.107(
2)Ar
t.107(
2)shal
lber
eadi
nconj
unct
ionwi
thAr
ts.
143 – 145 whi
ch gi
ve,an addi
ti
onalmeansofascer
tai
ning orest
abl
i
shi
ng
pat
erni
tyi
naddi
ti
ont
oacknowl
edgementandadopt
ion)
.
Exer
cise
1.I
fthemancannotmar
ryt
hesi
steroft
hewomanwi
thwhom hei
sengaged
i
nir
regul
aruni
on(
thesamei
str
uef
ort
hewoman)
,howdoy
out
hinkcan
t
hatwesayi
rr
egul
aruni
ondoesnotcr
eat
ebondofaf
fi
nit
y?
2.Compar
eandcont
rastmar
ri
ageandi
rr
egul
aruni
on.
3.Whatdoy
out
hinki
sthej
ust
if
icat
ionf
ori
ncor
por
ati
ngt
hei
nst
it
uti
onof
i
rr
egul
aruni
onundert
heRFC?
4.At
oNegedeandW/
roFi
kredi
dnotconcl
udemar
ri
ageasr
equi
redbyt
he
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 190
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
l
aw.Howev
er,t
heybehav
eashusbandandwi
fe.Andt
heyar
econsi
der
ed
byt
hei
rfami
l
iesandt
hecommuni
tyasmar
ri
edcoupl
e.Af
tert
heyhav
e
l
i
vedf
ort
woy
ear
sinsuchwayt
hei
rrel
ati
onshi
pist
ermi
nat
edupont
he
i
nsi
stenceofAt
oNegede.Ont
hedi
scont
inuanceoft
heuni
on.
a.W/
roFi
krewant
stobr
ingal
egalact
ioncl
aimi
ngcompensat
ionf
or
t
hedamageshesust
ainedasar
esul
toft
het
ermi
nat
ionoft
he
uni
on.Wi
l
lshesucceed?Why
/whynot
?
b.W/
roFi
krer
equi
respar
ti
ti
onofcommonpr
oper
ty.Wi
l
lhercl
aim be
accept
abl
ebyt
hecour
t?Why
/whynot
?
c.Whatt
hel
aw st
ipul
ateswi
thr
egar
dtot
hepat
erni
tyoft
hechi
l
d
bor
noutofsuchuni
on?
5.Whatr
olesar
epl
ayedbypr
ovi
sionsoft
heRFCdev
otedt
oir
regul
aruni
on
i
npr
otect
ingt
her
ightofwoman?
6.Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenpr
oofofmar
ri
agebypossessi
onofst
atus
andpr
oofofi
rr
egul
aruni
onbypossessi
onofst
atus?
CHAPTEREI
GHT
FI
LIATI
ON
Legal
l
yspeaki
ng,f
il
iat
ionext
endsexcl
usi
vel
ytot
hei
mmedi
ater
elat
ionshi
pof
f
atherandmot
herwi
tht
hei
rchi
l
d.Undoubt
edl
y,ascer
tai
nmentoff
il
iat
ionsi
s
essent
ialf
ort
hef
ather
,mot
herort
hei
rchi
l
drent
oav
ailonesel
foft
hel
egal
ef
fect
soff
il
iat
ionssuchassuccessi
onandmai
ntenance.
Att
heendoft
hischapt
er,
thedi
stancel
ear
neri
sexpect
edt
o:
 Knowhowmat
ernal
fil
i
ati
onsi
sascer
tai
ned;
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 191
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
 Enumer
atet
hemodesofest
abl
i
shmentofpat
erni
ty;
 Expl
ainast
ohowt
oresol
veconf
li
ctsi
nregul
ati
ngpat
erni
ty;
 Li
stev
idencest
hatcanbepr
oducedt
opr
ooff
il
iat
ion;
and
 Di
scusswhenandhowshoul
danact
iont
odi
sownachi
l
dbei
nst
it
utedby
aman.
8.
1.Ascer
tai
nmentofPat
erni
tyandMat
erni
ty
Bef
oregoi
ngdeepi
ntoanal
ysi
singway
sbywhi
chmat
erni
tyorpat
erni
tycoul
dbe
ascer
tai
ned,t
hepoi
ntwor
thment
ioni
ngi
sthat
,atl
easti
npr
inci
ple,t
hel
egal
r
ulesconcer
ning t
he ascer
tai
nmentofpat
erni
tyand mat
erni
tyshal
lnotbe
der
ogat
edbyagr
eement(
Art
.123)
.Thati
s,r
ulesunderf
il
iat
ionsar
emandat
ory
pr
ovi
si
ons.Ther
efor
e,peopl
e can notby t
hei
ragr
eement
s setasi
de t
he
pr
ovi
si
onsoft
hissect
ionunl
essandot
herwi
sei
tisaut
hor
izedt
odoso.Thel
aw
mayaut
hor
izeanagr
eementbet
weent
woormor
eper
sonsast
ohow t
heyar
e
goi
ngt
oregul
atet
hepat
erni
tyoft
hechi
l
d(seeAr
ts.146and149)
.
I
ntheabsenceofsuchaut
hor
izat
ion,no agr
eementcanbemadebet
ween
per
sonst
omakeal
egalr
ulei
nef
fect
ive.Agr
eementi
spr
ohi
bit
edi
npr
inci
ple
becausei
fsuchagr
eementi
sal
l
owed,
asi
tuat
ionmayar
isewher
ebyachi
l
dmay
notknowhi
s/herl
egal/bi
ologi
calf
atherormot
her
.Inascer
tai
ningmat
erni
tyor
pat
erni
tybyagr
eement
,indi
vi
dual
smayabuset
hei
rcont
ract
ual
rightwhi
chi
ntur
n
mayaf
fectt
her
ightoft
hechi
l
dtoknowhi
s/herpar
ent
s.
8.
1.1.Mat
ernalFi
li
ati
ons
Themat
ernalf
il
iat
ionsi
sthebasi
sfort
hewhol
econsangui
nalr
elat
ionshi
p.The
r
elat
ionshi
pofki
nshi
pbybl
oodemanat
esf
rom t
hisv
eryr
elat
ionshi
p.Mor
eov
er,
i
fachi
l
dist
ohav
eaf
ather
,hemustnecessar
il
yhav
eaknownmot
her
.Achi
l
d
whodoesnothav
eaknownmot
herwi
l
lnothav
eaf
atherei
ther
.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 192
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Thi
sbasi
cfor
mul
aisi
ncor
por
atedi
nal
lthemeansf
ort
heest
abl
i
shmentof
pat
erni
ty.Thepr
esumpt
ionofpat
erni
tyf
lowsf
rom mat
erni
ty.(
Art
.125(
1))
.The
est
abl
i
shment of t
he mat
ernal f
il
iat
ions i
s a si
n qua non al
so i
n
acknowl
edgement
. The ef
fi
cacy of acknowl
edgment pr
esupposes t
he
acknowl
edgementoft
hemot
hert
otheef
fectt
hatt
hedecl
arat
ionoft
heper
son
i
swel
l–f
ounded(
Art
.136)Mat
ernalf
il
iat
ionsi
snotanyl
essi
mpor
tanti
ncases
ofest
abl
i
shmentofpat
erni
tyt
hroughj
udi
cialdecl
arat
ion(
seeAr
t.143)
.The
cour
tdecl
aresadef
endantt
obet
hef
atherofachi
l
d,f
ori
nst
ance,
ifher
apedor
abduct
edt
hemot
heratt
het
imewhent
hechi
l
dcoul
dpossi
blyconcer
ned.I
n
suchcasesi
tispar
toft
hedef
ini
ti
onalel
ement
sofr
apeorabduct
iont
hatt
her
e
exi
stsadef
ini
teandknownwoman.
I
fmat
erni
ty pl
ay r
oles ment
ioned her
ein abov
e,how i
s mat
erni
tyt
o be
est
abl
i
shed? I
nthi
sregar
d,Ar
t 124 pr
ovi
des t
hat mat
ernalf
il
iat
ions i
s
ascer
tai
nedf
rom t
hesol
efactt
hatt
hewomanhasgi
venbi
rt
htot
hechi
l
d.Fr
om
t
hispr
ovi
sion,i
tiscl
eart
hatt
heest
abl
i
shmentofmat
ernalf
il
iat
ionr
equi
resno
mor
ethant
heascer
tai
nmentoft
hef
actt
hatt
hewomanhasgi
venbi
rt
htoachi
l
d.
I
tis sol
elyt
hisf
actt
he l
aw r
ecogni
zes f
ort
he est
abl
i
shmentofmat
ernal
f
il
iat
ions.Thus,awomanwhoi
snoti
naposi
ti
onofpr
ovi
ngt
hatshedi
dgi
ve
bi
rt
hto a cer
tai
n chi
l
d wi
l
lnotbe abl
eto do i
tbyacknowl
edgment
.The
i
mpossi
bil
i
tyt
oest
abl
i
shmat
erni
tybyacknowl
edgmentcoul
dbei
nfer
redf
rom
t
he pr
ovi
sions acknowl
edgment i
nthat t
he whol
e pr
ovi
sions dealwi
th
acknowl
edgmentbyt
hef
ather
.Mor
eov
er,
acknowl
edgementbyi
tsnat
ureseems
t
obeav
ali
dmet
hodonl
yforpat
erni
ty.Theneedf
ort
hev
olunt
arydecl
arat
ionof
pat
erni
tyr
est
sont
heobj
ect
ivepr
obl
em ofascer
tai
ningonesact
ualbi
ologi
cal
f
ather
.
Thequest
ioni
sast
owhatel
ement
smustbef
ulf
il
ledt
osayt
hat
,ther
eexi
stst
he
f
actofbi
rt
hfort
heest
abl
i
shmentofmat
ernalf
il
iat
ion.Themat
ernalf
il
iat
ion
coul
dbesai
dtohav
ebeenest
abl
i
shedi
fiti
spr
ovedt
hat(
1)t
heal
l
egedmot
her
hasgi
venbi
rt
htoachi
l
dwhent
hechi
l
dinquest
ionwasbor
nand(
2)i
tist
his
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 193
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
par
ti
cul
archi
l
dwhom t
hemot
herhasdel
i
ver
edt
oatt
hatt
ime.Att
hispoi
nt,i
t
shoul
d be bor
ne i
n mi
nd t
hatt
hese ev
idences ar
e pr
oduced t
o est
abl
i
sh
mat
erni
tyandnott
opr
oofmat
ernalf
il
iat
ion.Ther
eisadi
ff
erencebet
ween
est
abl
i
shmentandpr
oofofmat
ernalf
il
iat
ion.Theest
abl
i
shmentofmat
erni
tyi
s
t
hecr
eat
ionoft
hel
egalbondasar
esul
tofbi
rt
h.Wher
easpr
oofofmat
ernal
f
il
iat
ion,ast
henamei
ndi
cat
esi
sameansbywhi
chaper
sonpur
por
tst
opr
ove
anal
readyest
abl
i
shedf
il
iat
ion.
I
nconnect
ionwi
tht
heest
abl
i
shmentofmat
erni
ty,i
tiswor
thconsi
der
ingt
he
l
egalpr
obl
ems i
nvol
ved i
n ar
ti
fi
ciali
nsemi
nat
ion cal
l
ed i
nvi
tr
ofer
ti
li
zat
ion.
Thr
ought
hismechani
sm,i
thasnowbecomepossi
blet
ofer
ti
li
zet
heov
um and
sper
m out
sideat
hebodyandt
ranspl
antt
heembr
yoi
ntot
heut
erusofat
hir
d
par
tyort
he“
host
ess”whocar
ri
est
hechi
l
dfort
hedur
ati
onofpr
egnancyand
t
hengi
vebi
rt
htoi
t.Ther
esul
ti
ngi
nfanti
ssai
dtobebi
ologi
cal
l
ytheof
fspr
ingof
t
hewomanwhocont
ri
but
edt
heov
um andgest
ati
onal
l
ytheof
fspr
ingoft
he
“
host
ess”whobor
eit
.Thequest
ioni
nvol
vedi
swhot
hel
egalmot
herofsuch
chi
l
dist
aki
ngi
ntoaccount
abl
eAr
t.124.Ar
t.124consi
der
sasamot
hert
heone
t
hatgav
ebi
rt
htot
hechi
l
d.Thei
ssuet
her
efor
eiswhi
choft
het
wowomanhas
gi
venbi
rt
htot
hechi
l
d.I
sitt
heonef
rom whom t
heov
um wast
akenort
heoneof
whom t
hechi
l
dwasdel
i
ver
edt
hatt
hechi
l
dcoul
dbesai
dtohav
ebeenf
rom?
TheRFCnowher
edef
inesbi
rt
h.Thus,i
ntheabsenceofanycl
eardef
ini
ti
onof
t
het
erm,wehav
etoseeast
owhatbi
rt
hor
dinar
ymeans.Lexi
cal
l
ybi
rt
hmeans
t
heemer
genceofanewi
ndi
vi
dualf
rom t
hebodyofsomeper
son.I
tconst
it
utes
t
heext
rusi
onoft
hechi
l
dfr
om t
hemot
her
’swombwhet
heri
nanat
uralwayorby
anoper
ati
onl
i
ket
hecaeser
iansect
ion.Bi
rt
h,t
hus,pr
esupposest
hecar
ri
ageof
t
hef
etusi
nawombf
oral
ongerorshor
terper
iodoft
ime.I
tisanev
entwhi
ch
or
dinar
il
yfol
l
owspr
egnancy
.Wemayaccor
dingl
ysayt
hati
ntheRFCi
tist
heone
whobor
ethechi
l
d(host
ess)t
hatmaybeconsi
der
edt
obet
hemot
her
.The
cont
ri
but
oroft
heov
um i
snotundert
heRFCconsi
der
edt
ohav
egi
venbi
rt
htoa
chi
l
dint
heabsenceoft
hef
actofbi
rt
h.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 194
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Theagr
eementt
hatmaybemadebet
weent
hei
nter
est
edpar
ti
est
oconsi
dert
he
cont
ri
but
oroft
heov
um ast
hemot
heri
sanagr
eementi
nvai
n.Ther
ulesont
he
est
abl
i
shmentoff
il
iat
ionsar
enotsubj
ectt
o agr
eementunl
esst
her
eisan
expr
ess pr
ovi
si
on aut
hor
izi
ng such an agr
eement(
Art
.123)
.Ther
eis no
pr
ovi
si
ont
hatper
mit
sanagr
eementi
nder
ogat
iont
othepr
ovi
sionsont
he
est
abl
i
shmentofmat
ernal
fil
i
ati
on.
8.
1.2.Pat
ernalFi
li
ati
on
Logi
cal
l
y,pat
erni
tyoughtt
oresul
tfr
om t
hephy
sicalbeget
ti
ngofachi
l
dbya
cer
tai
nman.Butt
her
eisapr
obl
em i
nthedet
ermi
nat
ionofbi
ologi
calpat
erni
ty.I
t
i
snotpossi
blet
oident
if
ytheact
ualbi
ologi
calf
atherofachi
l
d.Sci
encehasnow
comewi
thi
nnov
ati
onsofbl
oodt
ypi
ngscr
uti
ny,butt
hishassucceededonl
yin
bei
ng an excl
usi
onar
ytest
.Thr
ough t
his mechani
sm,i
thas now be come
possi
blet
oknowwhot
hebi
ologi
calf
atheri
snot
,buti
tisnoty
etpossi
blet
osi
ft
outt
heact
ual
biol
ogi
cal
fat
her
.
Toav
oidt
hepr
obl
em i
ndet
ermi
ningpat
erni
ty,t
hel
awopt
edf
orenumer
ati
ngal
l
possi
bleway
sbywhi
chpat
erni
tymaybeknown.Accor
dingl
y,Ar
t.125pr
ovi
des
t
hreeway
sbywhi
chpat
erni
tymaybeest
abl
i
shedasf
oll
ows.
Ar
ti
cle125–Pat
ernalf
il
iat
ion
1)Pat
ernalf
il
iat
ion r
esul
tsf
rom t
he mat
ernalf
il
iat
ion when a r
elat
ion
pr
ovi
dedbyt
hel
awhasexi
stedbet
weent
hemot
herandacer
tai
nmanat
t
het
imeofconcept
ionort
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
d.
2)I
tmayr
esul
tfr
om anacknowl
edgementofpat
erni
tymadebyt
hef
atherof
t
hechi
l
d.
3)I
tmayal
sor
esul
tfr
om aj
uri
dical
decl
arat
ion.
4)Weshal
ldi
scusseachoft
hem separ
atel
y.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 195
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
8.
1.2.
1.Pr
esumpt
ionofpat
erni
ty
Aswehav
ement
ionedabov
e,t
hef
ir
stmodeofest
abl
i
shi
ngpat
erni
tyi
slegal
pr
esumpt
ion.Thati
s,when a r
elat
ion pr
ovi
ded f
orbyt
he l
aw has exi
sted
bet
weent
hemot
herandacer
tai
nmanatt
het
imeoft
heconcept
ionort
hebi
rt
h
oft
hechi
l
d,pat
ernalf
il
iat
ionsspr
ingsf
rom mat
ernalf
il
iat
ion.Pr
ovi
sionsoft
he
RFC(
Art
s.126–130)ar
ethecont
inuat
ionsofAr
t.125(
1).Dearst
udent
,read
t
hesepr
ovi
sionsasi
ndi
cat
edher
einunderbef
orer
ushi
ngt
otheexpl
anat
ion.
Ar
ti
cle126–Pr
esumpt
ionofPat
erni
tyoft
heHusband
Achi
l
dconcei
vedorbor
ninwedl
ockhashusbandasf
ather
.
Ar
t.127–Gener
ali
tyofPr
esumpt
ion
1)Achi
l
dshal
lbedeemedt
ohav
ebeenconcei
vedi
nwedl
ocki
fhei
sbor
n
mor
ethan180day
saf
tert
hecel
ebr
ati
onoft
hemar
ri
ageandwi
thi
n300
day
saf
teri
tsdi
ssol
uti
on.
2)Theyshal
lal
soappl
ywhent
her
ecor
dofbi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
ddoesnot
i
ndi
cat
ethehusbandast
hef
atheroft
hechi
l
dorwheni
tindi
cat
est
hat
anot
hermani
sthef
atheroft
hechi
l
d.
3)I
nsuchcases,
ther
ecor
dofbi
rt
hshal
lmer
elybecor
rect
ed.
Ar
ti
cle128–Dur
ati
onofpr
egnancy
1)Achi
l
dshal
lbedeemedt
ohav
ebeenconcei
vedi
nwedl
ocki
fhei
sbor
ne
mor
ethan180day
saf
tert
hecel
ebr
ati
onoft
hemar
ri
ageandwi
thi
n300
day
saf
teri
tsdi
ssol
uti
on.
2)Nopr
ooft
othecont
rar
yshal
lbeadmi
tt
ed.
Ar
ti
cle129–Absenceoft
heHusband
Thepr
ovi
si
onsoft
hiscodeconcer
ningpr
esumpt
ionofpat
erni
tyshal
l
notappl
ytoachi
l
dbor
n300day
saf
tert
hedayi
ndi
cat
ed,
ast
hedat
eof
l
astnews,i
nthe j
udgementdecl
ari
ng t
he absence,oft
he per
son
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 196
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
pr
esumedbyl
awast
hef
ather
.
Ar
ti
cle130–I
rr
egul
aruni
on
1)Achi
l
dconcei
vedorbor
ndur
ingani
rr
egul
aruni
onhasasf
athert
heman
engagedi
nsuchuni
on.
2)The pr
ovi
sions ofar
ti
cles 127 and 128 concer
ning t
he gener
ali
tyof
pr
esumpt
ions and t
he dur
ati
on of pr
egnancy shal
l appl
yto t
he
pr
esumpt
ionpr
ovi
dedi
nthi
sar
ti
cle.
Fr
om t
hecumul
ati
ver
eadi
ngofAr
ts.126and130,i
tcanbeunder
stoodt
hata
chi
l
dconcei
vedorbor
ninwedl
ockori
rr
egul
aruni
onhast
hehusbandort
heman
engagedi
nsuchuni
onr
espect
ivel
yasaf
ather
.Thus,achi
l
dinor
dert
obe
pr
otect
edbyt
hel
egal
presumpt
ionmustmeetei
theroft
het
wor
equi
rement
s.He
mustei
therbebor
n orconcei
ved i
n wedl
ock.Her
ein underi
sa separ
ate
di
scussi
onoft
heseal
ter
nat
ives.
A)Thef
ir
stal
ter
nat
ivef
ort
heoper
ati
onoft
hepr
esumpt
ionofpat
erni
tyi
s
t
hatofbei
ngbor
ninal
egal
l
yrecogni
zeduni
on(
wedl
ockori
rr
egul
ar
uni
on)
.TheCodeunderAr
t.128pr
ovi
desast
owhenachi
l
disconsi
der
ed
t
ohav
ebeenconcei
vedi
nwedl
ockbutnotast
othatofbei
ngbor
nin
wedl
ock.Butobv
iousl
ythi
sref
erst
othet
imewi
thi
nwhi
cht
hespouses
wer
eint
he st
atus ofbei
ng mar
ri
ed.Thi
s begi
ns f
rom t
he t
ime of
cel
ebr
ati
onandendswhent
hemar
ri
agei
sdi
ssol
vedEt
hiopi
anl
aw of
f
il
iat
iont
her
efor
eat
tri
but
espat
erni
tyt
othehusbandoft
hewi
fei
fthechi
l
d
i
sbor
nfr
om herwi
thi
nthi
sper
iod.Achi
l
dbor
nadayaf
tert
hecel
ebr
ati
on
oft
hemar
ri
agei
sequal
l
ythechi
l
doft
hemot
her
shusbandasachi
l
dbor
n
adaybef
orei
tsdi
ssol
uti
on.
I
nor
dert
oappl
ythepr
esumpt
ionofpat
erni
ty,
nomor
ethanbi
rt
haf
tert
he
cel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
agei
srequi
redconcept
ioni
nwedl
ocki
snotessent
ial
t
othepr
esumpt
ionandt
her
efor
epr
oofofpr
e-mar
it
alconcept
ionnei
ther
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 197
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
dest
roy
snorweakent
hepr
esumpt
ion.Thus,achi
l
ddoesnotneedt
obe
bor
naf
ter180day
sfr
om t
hecel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
agei
nor
dert
obenef
it
f
rom t
hepr
esumpt
ion.Thepr
otect
ionofchi
l
drenbor
nwi
thi
n180day
s
af
tert
hecel
ebr
ati
onofmar
ri
ageseemst
ohav
ebeendoneont
hegr
ound
t
hataper
sonmar
ri
esapr
egnantwoman,
ifi
tishet
hati
mpr
egnat
edher
.
B.Thesecondal
ter
nat
ivef
ort
heoper
ati
onoft
hepr
esumpt
ionofpat
erni
tyi
s
t
hatofbei
ngconcei
vedi
nal
egal
l
yrecogni
zeduni
on.Par
ti
cul
arl
y,i
fachi
l
d
i
snotbor
ninwedl
ock,t
hepr
esumpt
ionofpat
erni
tycoul
dappl
yforhi
m
onl
yifhei
sconcei
vedi
nwedl
ock.Pur
suantt
oAr
t.128(
1),achi
l
dis
deemedt
ohav
econcei
vedi
nwedl
ocki
fhei
sbor
nmor
ethan180day
s
af
tert
he cel
ebr
ati
on oft
he mar
ri
age and wi
thi
n 300 day af
teri
ts
di
ssol
uti
on.
Ar
t128(
1)i
sact
ual
l
yacl
ari
fi
cat
ionont
hedur
ati
onofpr
egnancyandi
snot
meantt
odenyt
heappl
i
cat
ionoft
hepr
esumpt
ionf
orchi
l
drenbor
nbef
ore180
day
saf
teri
tscel
ebr
ati
on.Thi
spr
ovi
sionsi
mpl
ydef
inest
heshor
testandt
he
l
ongestper
iodofpr
egnancywhi
chmaybeusef
uli
ncasewher
epat
erni
tyi
stobe
ascer
tai
nedbyj
udi
cial
decl
arat
ionandi
ncaseofdi
sowni
ng.Howev
er,
itdoesnot
i
nanywayt
ellt
hatchi
l
drennotconcei
vedi
nwedl
ockwoul
dnotbepr
otect
edby
t
hepr
esumpt
ionofpat
erni
ty.Thus,i
fthechi
l
disbor
nwi
thi
n180day
saf
ter
cel
ebr
ati
onoft
hemar
ri
age,hewi
l
lbepr
otect
edbyt
hepr
esumpt
ionbecausehe
i
sbor
ninwedl
ock.
A chi
l
dbor
nmor
ethan180day
saf
tert
heconcl
usi
onofmar
ri
agei
saswel
l
concei
vedi
nwedl
ock.Suchachi
l
dcani
nvokeei
theroft
het
woel
ement
sinhi
s
f
avour
.The pr
esumpt
ion ofpat
erni
ty based on concept
ion i
s par
amount
i
mpor
tantf
ort
hosebor
naf
tert
hedi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age.A chi
l
dbor
naf
ter
di
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
agecannotav
ail
himsel
foft
hef
ir
stel
ement
.Thei
mpor
tance
i
nwedl
ockcomesi
nconnect
iont
osuchchi
l
dren.Amongstsuchchi
l
drenonl
y
t
heonesbor
ninl
esst
han300day
saf
terdi
ssol
uti
onwi
l
lbenef
itf
rom t
he
pr
esumpt
ionbecauset
heyar
edeemedt
ohav
ebeenconcei
vedi
nwedl
ock.I
n
t
hisconnect
ion,
onepoi
ntt
hatmustbenot
edi
sthatanyev
idencecont
rar
ytot
he
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 198
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
l
egal
l
yst
ipul
ateddur
ati
onofpr
egnancyi
snotadmi
ssi
ble(
Art
.128(
2))
.Thati
s,
t
heper
iodofpr
egnancycannotber
ebut
tedsay
ingt
hati
tisshor
terorgr
eat
er
t
hant
hel
egal
l
yst
ipul
atedone.
Thepr
esumpt
ionofpat
erni
tyl
aiddownunderAr
ts.126and130i
sgener
al.Thi
s
i
sel
abor
atedbyAr
t127whi
chpr
ovi
dest
heappl
i
cat
ionoft
hepr
esumpt
ionwhat
ev
ert
hemanneri
nwhi
cht
hemat
ernalf
il
iat
ionoft
hechi
l
dmayhav
ebeen
est
abl
i
shed(
prov
ed,
i.
eAr
t.154–162)
.Thepr
esumpt
ioni
sal
soappl
i
cabl
ewhen
t
her
ecor
dofbi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
ddoesnoti
ndi
cat
ethehusbandast
hef
atheroft
he
chi
l
dorwheni
tindi
cat
est
hatanot
hermani
sthef
atheroft
hechi
l
d.I
nsuchcase,
t
her
ecor
dofbi
rt
hshal
lmer
elybecor
rect
ed.
Ashasbeenment
ioned,
achi
l
dconcei
vedorbor
ninwedl
ockhast
hehusbandas
af
ather
.Butwhati
sthej
ust
if
icat
iont
opr
esumet
hehusbandt
obet
hef
atherof
t
hechi
l
d?
Ther
ear
est
rongr
easonst
ojust
if
ythepr
esumpt
ionofpat
erni
tyofachi
l
dbor
nor
concei
vedi
nwedl
ock.Thi
sisj
ust
if
iedont
hedut
iesofcohabi
tat
ionandf
idel
i
tyof
spouses.Mor
eof
tent
hannotachi
l
dbor
ninmar
ri
agei
sthechi
l
doft
hehusband.
Butt
hepr
esumpt
ion,
inourcase,
equal
l
yappl
i
est
oir
regul
aruni
on.Thi
sdoesnot
,
howev
er,meant
hatt
hej
ust
if
icat
iont
osuchpr
esumpt
ioni
sthesameast
hatof
mar
ri
agebecauseev
eni
fmar
ri
ageandi
rr
egul
aruni
onar
etr
eat
edonequal
f
oot
ingwi
thr
egar
dtof
il
iat
ion,t
her
ear
eanumberofdi
ff
erences.Amongot
her
t
hings,t
hel
aw doesnoti
mposet
hedut
yofcohabi
tat
ionandf
idel
i
tyonaman
andawomanengagedi
nani
rr
egul
aruni
on.Becauseoft
hist
hepr
esumpt
ionof
pat
erni
tyf
orchi
l
drenbor
norconcei
vedi
nir
regul
aruni
oni
snotbasedont
he
assumpt
ionofanydut
yofcohabi
tat
ionorf
idel
i
ty.I
fthi
sisso,
suchpr
esumpt
ion
mustbet
racedt
oot
hercause.Theappl
i
cat
ionoft
hepr
esumpt
ionofpat
erni
tyt
o
i
rr
egul
aruni
oni
sbasedont
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatt
hechi
l
disbegot
tenf
rom t
heman
i
nsuchuni
on.Toputi
ndi
ff
erentwor
ds,t
her
ati
onal
ebehi
ndt
hepr
esumpt
ioni
s
t
heassumpt
iont
hatt
hemani
ntheuni
oni
smostpr
obabl
ythei
mpr
egnat
orof
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 199
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ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
t
hewoman.
Thepr
esumpt
ionofpat
erni
tyi
sthusappl
i
cabl
eforchi
l
drenbor
ninwedl
ockor
l
esst
han300day
saf
terdi
ssol
uti
onexcepti
ncasewher
ethechi
l
disbor
n300
day
saf
tert
hedayi
ndi
cat
ed,ast
hedat
eofl
astnews,i
nthej
udgmentdecl
ari
ng
t
heabsenceoft
heper
sonpr
esumedbyl
aw ast
hef
ather
.Thati
s,ev
eni
fthe
chi
l
disconcei
vedorbor
ninal
egal
l
yrecogni
zeduni
on,t
hehusbandmaynotbe
pr
esumedasaf
atheri
fthesamei
sdecl
aredabsentwi
thi
nthemeani
ngofAr
t.
129.
I
fthechi
l
disbor
n300day
saf
tert
hedayi
ndi
cat
ed,
ast
hedat
eoft
hel
astnews,
i
nthej
udgmentdecl
ari
ngt
heabsence,oft
heper
sonpr
esumedbyl
aw ast
he
f
ather
,hewi
l
lnothav
ethehusbandoft
hemot
herasaf
ather
,ev
ent
hought
he
chi
l
dcoul
dpossi
blybeconcei
vedorbor
ninwedl
ock.I
ndi
scussi
ngdi
ssol
uti
onof
mar
ri
age,wehav
esai
dthatdecl
arat
ionofabsencei
sonecaseofdi
ssol
uti
on.I
t
i
sal
sosai
dthatont
hedat
eofdecl
arat
ionofabsenceoft
hehusband,hi
s
mar
ri
ageshal
lbeaut
omat
ical
l
ydi
ssol
ved.Ont
heot
herhandi
thasbeenpr
ovi
ded
t
hatt
hechi
l
dconcei
vedorbor
ninwedl
ockhast
hehusbandasaf
ather
.Fr
om
t
heper
ti
nentpr
ovi
si
onoft
heCi
vi
lCode,
thedecl
arat
ionofabsencecoul
dnotbe
obt
ainedunl
essami
nimum oft
woy
ear
slapsedf
rom t
hedat
ewhent
heper
son
hasdi
sappear
edandgav
enonewsofhi
msel
f.I
fwest
ickt
oAr
t.126,t
hechi
l
d
bor
naf
teray
earandni
nemot
hsasoft
hedat
eofdi
sappear
anceoft
hehusband
wi
l
lhav
ethesameasaf
atherev
eni
fhewasnotar
ound.Butt
hiscannotbet
rue
bi
ologi
cal
l
y.I
fahusbandwhodi
sappear
edf
oratl
eastt
wo y
ear
sispr
esumedt
o
beasahusband,i
tist
ant
amountt
osayt
hatt
hewi
feoft
heabsent
eewas
pr
egnantf
ort
woy
ear
s.Speci
all
y,t
hisdoesnotgowi
tht
he300day
smaxi
mum
per
iodofpr
egnancyst
ipul
atedunderAr
t.128(
1).Thel
astdayonwhi
cht
he
absent
eemayper
for
m sexuali
nter
cour
sewi
thhi
swi
fei
sont
hedat
eofhi
s
di
sappear
ance.Ther
efor
e,i
fthechi
l
disbor
nwi
thi
n300day
sasoft
hedat
eofhi
s
di
sappear
ance,hewi
l
lbepr
esumedasaf
ather
.Ift
hechi
l
disbor
naf
tert
he300
day
s,t
heabsent
eecannotbet
hef
ather
.Thi
siswhati
sindi
cat
edunderAr
t.129.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 200
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Bef
orecl
osi
ngourdi
scussi
oni
nrel
ati
ont
oascer
tai
nmentofpat
erni
tybywayof
l
egalpr
esumpt
ion,i
tmustbenot
edt
hatt
her
emi
ghtbeadi
scr
epancybet
ween
act
ualbi
ologi
calf
atherandal
egal
l
ypr
esumedf
ather
.Thati
s,aper
sonwhoi
s
nott
hebi
ologi
calf
atherofachi
l
dmaybepr
esumedl
egal
l
yasaf
ather
.Such
pr
esumpt
ioni
sst
rongwhi
chmayber
ebut
tedonl
ybyanact
ionofdi
sowni
ng.We
wi
l
ldi
scusst
hisi
nthef
inal
sect
ionoft
hischapt
er.
8.
1.2.
2.Acknowl
edgementofPat
erni
ty
Acknowl
edgementi
sthesecond met
hod f
ort
heest
abl
i
shmentofpat
erni
ty
acknowl
edgementi
simpor
tantf
orchi
l
drenbor
norconcei
vedoutsi
deofa
l
egal
l
yrecogni
zeduni
on.Thi
svol
unt
arydecl
arat
ionofpat
erni
tycannotbeused
t
oest
abl
i
shpat
ernalf
il
iat
ionsi
fthechi
l
dcanbenef
itbyt
hepr
ovi
sionsont
he
pr
esumpt
ionofpat
erni
ty.
Acknowl
edgementi
spossi
blet
ouset
hewor
dsoft
hel
egi
slat
ure“
whent
he
f
atheroft
hechi
l
disnotdet
ermi
nedbyappl
yi
ngt
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hepr
ecedi
ng
ar
ti
cles.
”Thi
sseemst
o gi
veacknowl
edgementofpat
erni
tyar
athernar
row
scope.Thi
sref
erst
ochi
l
drennei
therconcei
vednorbor
ninwedl
ock.I
fthef
ather
oft
hechi
l
disest
abl
i
shedbyl
egalpr
esumpt
ionacknowl
edgementi
snotal
l
owed.
Thi
sist
oav
oidt
hepossi
bil
i
tyofhav
ingt
wof
ather
sforachi
l
d.Toachi
evet
he
samepur
pose,t
hel
awunderAr
t.142pr
ovi
dest
hatwher
eanacknowl
edgement
ofpat
erni
tyhasbeenmadei
nregar
dtoachi
l
d,noot
heracknowl
edgementoft
he
chi
l
dbyanot
hermanshal
lbeper
mit
tedunl
esst
hef
ir
stacknowl
edgementhas
beenannul
l
ed.
Ashav
ebeensai
dabov
e,acknowl
edgementi
spossi
blef
orachi
l
dwhodoesn’
t
hav
eal
egal
l
ypr
esumedf
atherbutwhati
fthel
egal
l
ypr
esumedf
atherdi
sowns
t
hechi
l
dasperAr
t.167andt
hef
oll
owi
ng?I
sacknowl
edgementofadi
sowned
chi
l
dpr
ohi
bit
edundert
heRFC?Thel
i
ter
ali
nter
pret
ati
onofAr
t.131seemst
o
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 201
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
answeri
nposi
ti
ve.I
tseemst
oexcl
udechi
l
drent
hatwer
econcei
vedorbor
nin
wedl
ockbutwer
edi
sowned.Appar
ent
ly,di
sownedchi
l
drenseem t
ohav
ebeen
pr
ecl
udedf
rom t
hev
olunt
arydecl
arat
ionofpat
erni
tyast
he t
hispr
ovi
sionr
efer
s
onl
ytot
hosechi
l
drenwhodonothav
eal
egal
l
ypr
esumedf
ather
.Howev
eri
tis
mor
etenabl
etoar
guet
hatwher
eachi
l
disdi
sowned,
acknowl
edgementmustbe
possi
blei
nasf
arast
hel
awai
mst
oav
oidf
ather
lessness.Adi
sowned,
eveni
fhe
or
igi
nal
l
yhadapr
esumedf
ather
,isnow f
atherl
esschi
l
d.I
fanot
heri
ndi
vi
dual
comescl
aimi
ngpat
erni
ty,
heshal
lbewelcomed.
Now i
tiscl
eart
hatacknowl
edgementi
sthesecondwayofascer
tai
nmentof
pat
erni
ty.Deart
he di
stance l
ear
ner
,when do we say t
hata cer
tai
n man
acknowl
edgesagi
venchi
l
d?I
nrespondi
ngt
othi
squest
ion,Ar
t.132pr
ovi
des
t
hatanacknowl
edgementi
sdeemedt
obemadewhenacer
tai
nmanmadea
decl
arat
ion t
hathe consi
der
s hi
msel
fthe f
atherofa cer
tai
n chi
l
d mer
ely
concei
vedorbor
n.Suchv
olunt
arydecl
arat
ionasaf
athershal
lbemadei
n
speci
fi
edf
orm sot
hati
twi
l
lpr
oducet
her
equi
redl
egalef
fect
.Readt
hef
oll
owi
ng
ar
ti
clef
rom t
heRFC.
Ar
ti
cle133–(
3)f
orm
Anacknowl
edgementofpat
erni
tyr
esul
tsf
rom t
hedecl
arat
ionmadebyaman
bef
oreanof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atusorbyawi
l
lhemadei
nwr
it
ingorbyadocument
at
test
edbyanycompet
entaut
hor
it
ythathei
sthef
atheroft
hechi
l
d.
Ascanbeunder
stoodf
rom t
hispr
ovi
sion,acknowl
edgementmaybemadei
n
ei
theroft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
hreef
orms;
1.adecl
arat
ionmadebyamanbef
oreonof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atus:
2.awi
l
lhemadei
nwr
it
ing;
or
3.adocumentat
test
edbyanycompet
entaut
hor
it
ythathei
tthe
f
atheroft
hechi
l
d.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 202
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Al
thoughbot
htheCi
vi
lCodeandt
heRFCpr
ovi
def
ort
hef
ormr
equi
rementt
her
e
i
sdi
ff
erencebet
weent
het
wol
aws.Tobemor
especi
fi
c,t
heRFChasr
educed
t
hedi
scr
eti
onofcour
tsont
hef
orm ofacknowl
edgement
.Thati
s,undert
heCi
vi
l
Codeacknowl
edgementofpat
erni
tyshal
lbeofnoef
fectunl
essmadei
nwr
it
ing.
Thus,
themor
efactt
hatamandecl
areshi
sint
ent
iont
obet
hef
atheroft
hechi
l
d,
ev
eni
fmadei
nthepr
esenceofwhatev
eraut
hor
it
yofi
ndi
vi
dual
s,doesnot
amountt
oacknowl
edgementunl
essr
educedt
owr
it
ing.
Howev
er,
whatsor
tofwr
it
tenf
orm const
it
utesacknowl
edgementundert
heCi
vi
l
Codei
snotf
air
lycl
ear
.Undert
heRFCont
heot
herhand,
Art
.133expl
i
cit
lyst
ates
t
hev
ari
ousf
ormst
hroughwhi
chanacknowl
edgementi
stobemade.Cont
rar
yto
t
heCi
vi
lCode,
undert
heRFC,
thef
actofdecl
arat
ionoft
hemanbef
oreof
fi
cerof
ci
vi
lst
atust
hathei
sthef
atheroft
hechi
l
damount
stoacknowl
edgementseems
t
oimpl
ythe possi
bil
i
ty of or
alacknowl
edgement
.Howev
er,si
nce such
decl
arat
ion,t
houghnotwr
it
tenbyt
hemani
sreducedt
owr
it
ingbyt
hesai
d
of
fi
cer
,iti
snotmeantt
oenshr
ineor
alacknowl
edgement
.Ther
estel
ement
s
cl
ear
lyr
efer
stot
hewr
it
tenf
orm.Thus,underbot
hcodes,acknowl
edgementi
s
ef
fect
edi
nwr
it
tenf
orm.Howev
er,
theRFChasatl
eastr
educed,
ifnotel
i
minat
ed,
t
heambi
gui
tyoft
heCi
vi
lCodewhi
chr
efermer
elyt
owr
it
tenf
orm.Becauset
he
RFCel
abor
atessomeoft
hecomponent
sofwr
it
tenf
orm as“
inst
rumentofwi
l
l”
and“
documentat
test
edbycompet
entaut
hor
it
y.”Thi
sel
abor
ati
onseemsof
mi
norsi
gni
fi
cancewhenseenf
rom outf
ace.Howev
er,i
nvi
ewoft
hel
egalbond
t
hatacknowl
edgementcr
eat
esbet
weenamanandt
hechi
l
dandt
heconsequent
r
ight
sandobl
i
gat
ionsi
tcr
eat
essuchel
abor
ati
oni
sofut
mosti
mpor
tance.
Whatconst
it
utes“
adocumentat
test
edbyacompet
entaut
hor
it
y”underAr
t.133
oft
heRFC i
s,howev
er,st
il
llesscl
ear
.Theexpl
anat
orymat
eri
aloft
heRFC
cat
egor
izesdocument
srel
ati
ngt
oempl
oymentcont
ractandpensi
ondocument
s
at
test
edbycompet
entaut
hor
it
ythought
hel
i
sti
snotexhaust
ive.Owi
ngt
othi
s
openendedpr
ovi
si
on,
feder
alcour
tsar
erecogni
zi
ngdocument
sregi
ster
edi
nthe
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 203
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
act
sanddocument
sof
fi
ce,i
nsur
ancepol
i
cymadebyt
heal
l
egedf
atheri
nfav
or
oft
hechi
l
det
casdocument
sat
test
edbycompet
entaut
hor
it
y.
Ot
hert
hant
hosement
ionedabov
e,ot
herper
sonaldocument
ssuchasl
ett
ers
andcor
respondenceswr
it
tenbyt
heman,suppl
yi
ngmai
ntai
nancet
othechi
l
d
and i
ntr
oduci
ng t
othe chi
l
dforot
her
sashi
sown chi
l
d do notconst
it
ute
acknowl
edgement
.Butsuchsi
tuat
ions,ev
eni
ftheyar
enotsuf
fi
cientt
oshow
acknowl
edgementmayser
veasagr
oundf
orj
udi
cial
decl
arat
ionofpat
erni
ty.
Acknowl
edgementmustbemadeper
sonal
l
ybyt
hef
atheroft
hechi
l
dev
en
t
houghhei
sami
nor
.(Ar
t.134(
1)Except
ional
l
y,howev
er,
itmaybemadebyway
ofr
epr
esent
ati
onbutt
hemandat
etomakesuchadecl
arat
ionshal
lonl
ybegi
ven
byaspeci
alpowerofat
tor
neyappr
ovedbyt
hecour
t(Ar
t.134(
2)I
ncaseofa
j
udi
cial
l
yint
erdi
cted per
son,t
her
e ar
etwo opt
ionsi
nthati
tmaybe made
per
sonal
l
ybyaper
sonsubj
ectt
ojudi
ciali
nter
dict
ionori
nhi
snamebyal
egal
r
epr
esent
ati
ve,
wit
htheper
missi
onoft
hecour
t(Ar
t.134(
3))
.
I
fthef
atheroft
hechi
l
disdeadori
snoti
naposi
ti
onofmani
fest
inghi
swi
l
lthe
acknowl
edgementofpat
erni
tymaybemadei
nhi
sname,byoneofhi
spar
ent
s
(
Art
.139)
Theef
fi
cacyofacknowl
edgementpr
esupposest
headmi
ssi
onbyt
hemot
herof
t
hechi
l
d.Tot
hatef
fect
,Ar
t.136(
1)pr
ovi
dest
hatt
heacknowl
edgementof
pat
erni
tyshal
lbeofnoef
fectunl
essi
thasbeenacknowl
edged,t
obewel
l
f
ounded,
byt
hemot
heroft
hechi
l
d.I
nef
fectt
hemot
heri
srequi
redt
oat
testt
hat
suchamancoul
dpossi
blybet
hef
atherofachi
l
dandaper
soncoul
dpossi
blybe
af
atheri
fhehadsexual
int
ercour
sewi
tht
hemot
heroft
hechi
l
datt
het
imewhen
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 204
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
t
hechi
l
dcoul
dhav
epossi
blybeenconcei
ved,i
.
e. ween300th and180th day
,bet s
bef
oret
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
d.
I
fthemot
heroft
hechi
l
disdeadori
snoti
naposi
ti
onofmani
fest
ingherwi
l
l,t
he
acknowl
edgementofpat
erni
tymaybeaccept
edbyt
hemat
ernalgr
andf
atheror
gr
andmot
heroft
hechi
l
d(Ar
t.136(
2))
.Indef
aul
tofmat
ernalgr
andpar
ent
s,i
t
maybeaccept
edbyanot
hermat
ernalascendantorbyt
heguar
dianoft
he
j
udi
cial
l
yint
erdi
ctedper
son(
Art
.136(
3))
.
Wi
thr
egar
dtot
heageoft
hechi
l
dthatwi
l
lbeacknowl
edged,t
hel
awdoesnot
enshr
ineanyl
i
mit
ati
on.
Hemaybeamer
elyconcei
ved,oneami
nororamaj
or
acknowl
edgementofamer
elyconcei
vedchi
l
dorami
norshal
lbev
ali
dpr
ovi
ded
t
hati
tisaccept
edbyt
hemot
heroft
hechi
l
d.Nev
ert
hel
ess,
anacknowl
edgement
ofpat
erni
tyshal
lbeofnoef
fectunl
essi
thasbeenaccept
edbyt
hechi
l
dhi
msel
f
wheni
tismadeaf
tert
hel
att
erhasat
tai
nedmaj
ori
ty.(
Art
.137)Achi
l
dwhohas
at
tai
nedmaj
ori
tyi
sagr
ownupchi
l
dandhemaynotneedsomeonewhocar
es
f
orhi
m.Par
ti
cul
arl
y,amanwhodi
dnotpar
ti
cipat
einhi
supbr
ingi
ngupt
onow
mayacknowl
edgehi
mforhi
sownadv
ant
age.Fori
nst
ance,
suchmanmaycl
aim
mai
ntenancef
rom t
hechi
l
d.Thechi
l
dwhodi
dnotacceptacknowl
edgement
shoul
dn’
tbei
mposedofsuchanobl
i
gat
ion.
Dearst
udent
,att
hisj
unct
ure,
onepoi
ntt
hatdeser
veswor
thconsi
der
ati
oni
sthat
t
heaccept
anceofacknowl
edgementbyt
hemot
herort
hemaj
orchi
l
dmustnot
necessar
il
ybemadeei
theror
all
yori
nwr
it
ing.Asi
ndi
cat
edunderAr
t.138,t
he
acknowl
edgementofpat
erni
tyshal
lbe deemed t
o be accept
ed wher
ethe
per
sonsment
ionedi
nAr
ti
cles136(
themot
her
,mat
ernalgr
andf
atherormot
her
,
et
c)and 137 (
the maj
orchi
l
d)hav
e notr
aised any pr
otestagai
nstsuch
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 205
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
acknowl
edgementwi
thi
nonemont
haf
tert
heycamet
oknowofi
t.Thati
s,t
he
si
l
enceoft
hesei
ndi
vi
dual
sshal
lbet
akenasaccept
ance.
Ar
t.139st
atest
hatt
heacknowl
edgementofpat
erni
tymaynotbemadeaf
tert
he
deat
hoft
hechi
l
dunl
esst
hel
att
erhasl
eftdescendant
s.Whydoy
out
hinkt
he
l
egi
slat
urepr
ohi
bit
ed t
heacknowl
edgementofdead chi
l
d?Acknowl
edgi
ng a
chi
l
dwi
l
lhav
elegalconsequences.Fori
nst
ance,t
hemanwhoacknowl
edgesa
chi
l
dmakeshi
msel
fresponsi
blef
ort
heupbr
ingi
ngoft
hechi
l
d.Af
terat
tai
ning
maj
ori
ty,t
hechi
l
dmayal
sober
esponsi
blef
ort
hemai
ntenanceoft
heman,i
f
needar
rases.Acknowl
edgi
nganal
readydeadchi
l
dwi
l
lhav
enoanysi
gni
fi
cance
f
ort
hedeadchi
l
d.I
fthel
awal
l
owssuchacknowl
edgement
,per
sonsmayt
ryt
o
undul
yacknowl
edge dead chi
l
dren i
n pur
sui
toft
hei
rown adv
ant
ages (
for
exampl
e,t
ogetbenef
it
sfr
om t
hesuccessi
onoft
hechi
l
d).Acknowl
edgementof
adead chi
l
dispossi
bleonl
ywhent
hel
att
erhasl
eftdescendant
s.Thi
sis
j
ust
if
iabl
eexcept
ionbecauset
hedescendant
soft
hedeadchi
l
dwi
l
lbenef
itf
rom
t
heacknowl
edgementast
her
ightoft
hei
rdeceasedf
athershal
lbet
ransf
err
edt
o
t
hem.
Onceanacknowl
edgementi
smade,t
hemanwhodecl
aredhi
msel
ffat
heroft
he
chi
l
dcannotr
evokehi
sdecl
arat
ion.Formor
edef
ail
s,r
eadAr
t140oft
heRFC.
Ar
ti
cle40–Rev
ocat
ion
1)Theacknowl
edgementofpat
erni
tymaynotber
evoked.
2)A mi
nor who has acknowl
edged a chi
l
d may r
evoke such
acknowl
edgementf
orsol
ongashei
sincapabl
eandwi
thi
noney
ear
f
oll
owi
ngt
hecessat
ionofhi
sincapaci
ty,
unl
esshi
sguar
dianconsent
edt
o
t
heacknowl
edgement
.
3)Thi
sri
ghtofr
evocat
ionmaybeexer
cisedbyt
hemi
noronl
y.I
tmaynotbe
exer
cisedbyhi
slegal
repr
esent
ati
vesnorbyhi
shei
rs.
Ev
eni
frev
ocat
ionoft
heacknowl
edgementofpat
erni
tyi
spr
ohi
bit
edbyl
aw,a
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 206
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
mi
nori
sal
l
owedt
orev
oket
heacknowl
edgementhemade.Whatdoy
out
hinki
s
t
her
ati
onal
eoft
hisexcept
ion?Asi
tisgener
all
yknown,ami
nori
sincapabl
eof
per
for
mingj
uri
dical
act
s.Acknowl
edgi
ngachi
l
disaj
uri
dical
act
.Themi
nor
,ev
en
i
fal
l
owedbyl
aw t
oacknowl
edgeachi
l
d,i
sinexper
iencedandmaybeputata
di
svent
ageousposi
ti
onas ar
esul
tofhi
sinexper
ience.So,
thel
awal
l
owsonl
ya
mi
nort
orev
oket
heacknowl
edgementmadebyhi
m wi
thi
nacer
tai
nper
iodof
t
ime.
Ar
ti
cle141–Annul
ment
1)Acknowl
edgementofpat
erni
tymaybeannul
l
edont
hegr
oundofdi
vor
ce.
2)I
tmaynotbe annul
l
ed on t
he gr
ound ofer
rororf
raud unl
essi
tis
deci
siv
elypr
ovedt
hatt
hechi
l
dcoul
dnothav
ebeenconcei
vedoft
he
per
sonwhomadeacknowl
edgement
.
Asy
oucanr
eadf
rom Ar
t141,
thel
awal
l
owsannul
mentoft
heacknowl
edgement
ofpat
erni
ty.
Dearst
udent
,whati
sthe di
ff
erence bet
ween r
evocat
ion and annul
ment
?
Rev
ocat
ion i
sthe per
sonaldecl
arat
ion nott
o be bound bywhatone has
commi
tt
edhi
msel
f.Annul
menti
sadecl
arat
ionmadebyt
hecour
tofl
aw when
someoneappl
i
est
othecour
ttogett
hecancel
l
ati
onofhi
sobl
i
gat
ions.Thecour
t
annul
sori
nval
i
dat
esacer
tai
nobl
i
gat
ioni
fsuchobl
i
gat
ioni
sent
eredi
nan
unl
awf
ulmanner
.
8.
1.2.
3.Judi
cialDecl
arat
ionofPat
erni
ty
As i
ndi
cat
ed underAr
t.125 (
3),j
udi
cialdecl
arat
ion i
sthe t
hir
d way of
ascer
tai
ningpat
erni
ty.Forpat
erni
tyt
o beest
abl
i
shedbysuchmodal
i
ty,t
he
f
oll
owi
ngt
wocondi
ti
onsmustbef
ulf
il
ledcommul
ati
vel
y:
1.I
fthechi
l
dhasnopr
esumpt
ivef
ather
,di
sownedbysuchf
atherandnot
acknowl
edged.
2.Ei
theroneoft
hef
ivecondi
ti
onsunderAr
t.143ar
eful
fi
ll
ed.Asi
ndi
cat
ed
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 207
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
underAr
t145,j
udi
cialdecl
arat
ionofpat
erni
tyshal
lnobedemandedor
madeexcepti
nspeci
fi
edunderAr
t143oft
hiscode.Thegr
oundsf
or
j
udi
cialdecl
arat
ionofpat
erni
tyar
epr
escr
ibedunderAr
t143oft
heRFCas
f
oll
ows.
Ar
ti
cle143–(
1)Judi
cial
decl
arat
ionofpat
erni
ty
wher
e,af
terappl
yi
ng t
he pr
ecedi
ng ar
ti
cles,t
he f
atheroft
he chi
l
dis not
ascer
tai
ned,a j
udi
ci
aldecl
arat
ion ofpat
erni
ty may be obt
ained undert
he
f
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
ons:
a)i
nthecasewher
ethemot
herhasbeent
hev
ict
im ofabduct
ionorr
apeat
t
het
imeofconcept
ionoft
hechi
l
d;
b)i
nthecasewher
e,att
het
imeofconcept
ionoft
hechi
l
d,t
hemot
herhas
beent
hev
ict
im ofseduct
ionaccompani
edbyabuseofaut
hor
it
y,pr
omi
se
ofmar
ri
age,
oranyot
hersi
mil
aractofi
ntent
ional
decept
ion;
c)i
n case wher
ether
e exi
stl
ett
ers orot
herdocument
s wr
it
ten byt
he
cl
aimedf
atherwhi
chunequi
vocal
l
ypr
ovepat
erni
ty;
d)i
ncasewher
ethecl
aimedf
atherandt
hemot
heroft
hechi
l
dhav
eli
ved
t
oget
heri
ncont
inuoussexual
rel
ati
on,
wit
houthav
ingal
egal
l
yrecogni
zed
r
elat
ion,
int
heper
iodr
egar
dedbyl
awast
heper
iodofpr
egnancy
;
e)i
n casewher
etheper
son cl
aimed t
o bet
hef
atheroft
hechi
l
d has
par
ti
cipat
edi
nthemai
ntenance,car
eandeducat
ionoft
hechi
l
dint
he
capaci
tyofaf
ather
.
TheRFCdepar
tedf
rom t
heCi
vi
lCodewi
thr
espectt
ogr
oundst
hatent
ailj
udi
cial
decl
arat
ionofpat
erni
ty.UnderAr
t.758oft
heCi
vi
lCode,j
udi
cialdecl
arat
ionof
pat
erni
tymaybeobt
ainedwher
ethemot
heroft
hechi
l
dhasbeent
hev
ict
im of
t
heabduct
ionorr
apeatt
het
imewhent
heconcept
ionoft
hechi
l
disconsi
der
ed
t
ohav
ebeent
akenpl
ace.TheCodecl
ear
lypr
ohi
bit
stheadmi
ssi
bil
i
tyofact
ion
f
orj
udi
cialdecl
arat
ionofpat
erni
tyonot
hergr
ounds.Mor
eov
er,asi
ndi
cat
ed
underAr
t.759,
iti
sonl
ybyt
hemot
heroft
hechi
l
dori
fshei
snoti
naposi
ti
ont
o
mani
festherwi
l
l,byt
heguar
dianoft
hechi
l
dthatsuchcasei
sinst
it
uted.The
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 208
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
act
ioncannotbei
nst
it
utedt
woy
earaf
tert
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
doraf
tert
he
sent
enceofacr
imi
nalcour
tinr
elat
iont
otheabduct
ionorr
ape.Howev
er,
conv
ict
ionf
ort
hesecr
imei
snotanecessar
ycondi
ti
onf
ori
nst
it
uti
onofanact
ion
f
ordecl
arat
ionofpat
erni
tyf
ort
hepur
poseandst
andar
dofpr
oofoft
het
wo
act
ionsar
edi
ff
erent
.
Ont
heot
herhand,t
heRFC hascomeupwi
thaddi
ti
onalgr
oundsf
orj
udi
cial
decl
arat
ionofpat
erni
ty.Asment
ionedher
einabov
e,apar
tfr
om t
hecaseofr
ape
oradduct
ion,t
hel
aw i
ncl
udesot
hergr
oundsofdecl
arat
ionpat
erni
ty.doi
ngso,
t
heRFCnar
rowst
hepossi
bil
i
tyoff
atherl
essness.Mor
eov
er,t
heRFCdoesn’
t
enshr
ineaper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
onwi
thi
nwhi
chanact
ionf
orj
udi
cialdecl
arat
ionof
pat
erni
tymaybebr
ought
.Nordoesi
tspeci
fyaper
sonent
it
ledt
obr
inganact
ion.
I
ntheabsenceofcl
earst
ipul
ati
on,onecanpossi
blyar
guet
hatt
heact
ionf
or
decl
arat
ionofpat
erni
tymaybebr
oughtatanyt
imeandbyanyi
nter
est
edper
son.
Nowl
etusel
abor
ateeachgr
oundf
orj
udi
cial
decl
arat
ionofpat
erni
tysepar
atel
y.
Thef
ir
stcondi
ti
ont
hati
stakenasagr
oundf
ort
heest
abl
i
shmentofpat
erni
tyby
j
udi
cialdecl
arat
ioni
swher
ethemot
herhasbeent
hev
ict
im ofabduct
ionorr
ape
att
het
imeofconcept
ionoft
hechi
l
d(Ar
t143(
a))Acour
tshal
ldecl
arepat
erni
ty
i
fthepl
aint
if
fpr
ovesr
apeorabduct
ionunl
esst
hedef
endantpr
ovest
hathei
s
noti
nfactt
hebi
ologi
calf
atheroft
hechi
l
doft
heabduct
edorr
apedmot
her
.
Ther
eisnoconsensusamongl
awy
ersast
othet
ypeofev
idencet
hatshal
lbe
adduced t
o pr
ovet
he actofabduct
ion orr
ape.Some ar
gue t
hatt
he onl
y
admi
ssi
bleev
idencet
odecl
arepat
erni
tyi
sthej
udgmentoft
hecour
tshowi
ng
t
hatt
he al
l
eged def
endanthascommi
tt
ed t
he cr
ime ofabduct
ion orr
ape.
Accor
dingt
othi
sposi
ti
on,
cri
minal
conv
ict
ioni
sapr
econdi
ti
onf
ort
heci
vi
lbench
t
odecl
aret
hatt
heaccusedi
sthef
atheroft
hesai
dchi
l
d.
Ot
her
s,on t
he ot
herhand,ar
gue t
hatconv
ict
ion f
ort
he cr
ime ofr
ape or
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 209
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
abduct
ioni
snotanecessar
ycondi
ti
onf
ori
nst
it
uti
onofanact
ionf
ordecl
arat
ion
ofpat
erni
tyf
ort
hepur
poseandst
andar
dofpr
oofofev
idenceoft
het
woact
ions
ar
edi
ff
erent
.Whatt
hepl
aint
if
fisr
equi
redt
opr
ovei
sonl
ythef
act
sandnotany
mor
e.I
fthef
act
sar
epr
oved,i
tisar
guedt
hatt
hepl
aint
if
fwi
l
lnotber
equi
redt
o
adducemor
eev
idencet
oshowt
hatt
hedef
endantdi
dtheact
sinsuchasi
tuat
ion
ast
obecr
imi
nal
l
yconv
ict
ed.Thus,t
hecour
tmustdecl
aret
hepat
erni
tyaf
ter
pr
oofoft
hef
act
sev
eni
fthedef
endantwasacqui
tt
edbyacr
imi
nalcour
tfor
char
geoft
her
apeorabduct
ion,
ast
hecasemaybe,
oft
hesamewoman(
e.gf
or
r
easonsofi
rr
esponsi
bil
i
ty)
.Assai
dabov
ethebasi
soft
hear
gumenti
sthe
di
ff
erenceofpur
poseoft
hecr
imi
nal
andt
heci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngs.
Thepat
erni
tyact
ionhasasi
tspur
poset
heascer
tai
nmentofpat
erni
ty.Thev
ery
ai
mjust
if
iest
heexcl
usi
onoft
hedef
encesort
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyr
equi
rement
s
pr
escr
ibedi
nthePenalCode.Thei
ssueunderconsi
der
ati
oni
swhet
heraper
son
whohadsexuali
nter
cour
sewi
thawomanundersuchci
rcumst
ancesast
omake
i
trapeorabduct
ioncoul
dpossi
blybet
hef
atherofachi
l
dandt
hisi
ssol
vedby
t
hel
egi
slat
urei
ntheaf
fi
rmat
ive.I
tist
hef
ail
ureoft
hel
egi
slat
uret
odef
inet
he
t
ermsi
ntheRFCt
hatf
orcesust
oresor
ttot
hepenalcodeandnott
hei
rcr
imi
nal
nat
ureassuch.I
tisf
urt
herar
guedt
hatt
hest
andar
dofpr
ooff
orci
vi
land
cr
imi
nalpr
oceedi
ngsi
sdi
ff
erent
.Aper
sonwhoi
sacqui
tt
edundert
hecr
imi
nal
cour
tmayst
il
lbehel
dli
abl
eundert
heci
vi
lbenchast
hef
ormerr
equi
resa
st
ri
ngent“
bey
ondr
easonabl
edoubt“st
andar
dofpr
oofandt
hel
att
erdoesnot
empl
oysuchst
andar
d.
Anot
herpoi
ntt
hatdeser
vesconsi
der
ati
oni
nrel
ati
ont
othef
ir
stcondi
ti
oni
sthat
ev
eni
famancommi
tsanactofr
apeorabduct
ion,hemaynotbedecl
aredby
t
hecour
ttobet
hef
atheroft
hechi
l
difsuchact
sar
edoneagai
nstamar
ri
ed
womanbecauset
hechi
l
dwi
l
lhav
eal
egal
l
ypr
esumedf
atherwi
thi
nthemeani
ng
ofAr
t.126.Wher
ethechi
l
dhasaf
atherbywayofl
egalpr
esumpt
ion,j
udi
cial
decl
arat
ionofanot
herpat
erni
tyi
spr
ohi
bit
edunderAr
t143.Howev
er,i
fthe
pr
esumedf
atherdeni
est
hischi
l
d,j
udi
cial
decl
arat
ionofpat
erni
tyi
spossi
ble.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 210
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Themer
efactofpr
ovi
ngt
hatacer
tai
nwomani
sthev
ict
im ofabduct
ionorr
ape
doesnotbyi
tsel
fsuf
fi
cientt
oest
abl
i
shpat
erni
tybyj
udi
cialdecl
arat
ion.Bey
ond
t
his,
thepl
aint
if
fhast
oshowt
hatt
heal
l
egedaccusedhascommi
tt
edt
heactof
r
apeorabduct
ionatt
het
imeofconcept
ionoft
hechi
l
d.Thati
s,t
het
imeof
concept
ionoft
hechi
l
dshal
lconci
dewi
tht
hedayonwhi
chanactofr
apeor
abduct
ionhasbeencommi
tt
ed.
Thequest
ioni
s,howcoul
dwecal
cul
atet
het
imeofconcept
ion?I
ntheabsence
ofcl
earanswerunderAr
t143(
a),wemayr
esor
ttoAr
t168pur
suantt
oAr
t168,
per
iodofconcept
ioni
stheper
iodbet he300th and180th daybef
weent oret
he
bi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
d.Thus,
itmustbepr
ovedt
hatt
hemanhasabduct
edorr
apedt
he
womanwi
t n300thand180thdaybef
hi oret
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
d.
Fori
nst
ance,l
etusassumet
hatt
hechi
l
disbor
nonHaml
e10,1997E.
C.I
nthi
s
exampl
e,he180thand300thday
t spr
ecedi
ngt
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
dar
eTi
r10,
1997
E.
C.andMesker
em 10,1997E.
C.I
fthepl
aint
if
fpr
ovest
hatanactofr
apei
s
commi
tt
edonTahi
sas18,1997E.
C,hi
s/hercl
aim wi
l
lbeaccept
abl
ebecause
t
hisdat
eisbet he300th and180th dat
weent epr
ecedi
ngt
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
d.
Lookatt
hef
oll
owi
ngdi
agr
am t
ohav
eabet
terunder
standi
ng.
Thedat
eonwhi
chanactofr
apei
scommi
tt
ed
(
Tahi
sas18,
1997)
Per
iodofconcept
ion
(
4mont
hs)
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 211
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Mesker
em 10,
1997 Ti
r10, he180th
1997t dat
e Haml
e
10,
1997
The300thdat
epr
ecedi
ngbi
rt
h pr
ecedi
ngbi
rt
h dat
eofbi
rt
hof
t
he
Chi
l
d
Seduct
ion oft
he mot
heraccompani
ed by abuse ofaut
hor
it
y,pr
omi
se of
mar
ri
ageoranyot
hersi
mil
aractofi
ntent
ionaldecept
ioni
sasecondgr
oundf
or
j
udi
cialdecl
arat
ionofpat
erni
tyunderAr
t.143(
b).Webst
ersDi
cti
onar
ydef
ine,
seduct
ionast
heactofper
suadi
ngorent
ici
ngi
ntopar
tner
shi
pinsexuali
nter
cour
se.Amer
eseduct
iondoesnotsuf
fi
cef
ordecl
arat
ionofpat
erni
ty.I
nst
ead,
t
heseduct
ionmustbeaccompani
edbyt
hoseact
sment
ionedher
einabov
e.
Howev
er,whatconst
it
utest
heact
saccompany
ingseduct
ioni
sst
il
lambi
guous
t
osomeext
ent
.Fori
nst
ance,whatconst
it
utesaut
hor
it
yandabuseofaut
hor
it
y?
I
tseemst
hatt
hemanneednotbeat
opof
fi
cialt
obeanaut
hor
it
y.I
tsuf
fi
cesi
f
t
her
eishi
erar
chyofaut
hor
it
ybet
weenhi
m andt
hemot
heroft
hechi
l
dwhi
ch
mayamongot
hert
hings,
emanat
efr
om empl
oymentcont
ract
.Ev
enseduct
ionby
aper
sonwhom t
hewomanowesr
ever
ent
ialf
earcoul
dfal
lundert
hiscat
egor
yin
asl
ongast
heact
ionf
orj
udi
cial
decl
arat
ioni
stosear
chf
orf
atheroft
hechi
l
d.
Theactofseduct
ioncoul
dal
sobeaccompani
edbypr
omi
set
omar
ry.I
fthe
womancanadduceev
idencet
othi
sef
fect
,amer
esuchpr
omi
sesuf
fi
cesf
ort
he
pur
poseofj
udi
ci
aldecl
arat
ionofpat
erni
ty.TheCode,
howev
er,
isnotexhaust
ive
ont
hispoi
ntasi
templ
oyst
hephr
ase“
anyot
hersi
mil
aractofi
ntent
ional
decept
ion.
”Thi
sphr
asemayl
eadt
oaconcl
usi
ont
hatal
lact
saccompany
ing
seduct
ionshoul
dbeoutofdecei
t.Nonet
hel
ess,t
hement
alel
ementf
ort
he
pur
poseofj
udi
ci
aldecl
arat
ionofpat
erni
tyseemst
obeofl
i
ttl
eornosi
gni
fi
cance.
Because,whet
hert
heseduct
ioni
scommi
tt
edbydecei
vi
ngt
hewomanorby
decl
ari
ngt
het
ruei
ntent
ion,sayconcl
usi
onofmar
ri
age,t
hel
aw i
sint
erest
edi
n
sear
chi
ngt
hemanbywhom t
hechi
l
disconcei
ved.Thus,t
hel
aw gi
veswi
der
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 212
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
r
oom f
orj
udi
ci
aldecl
arat
ionofpat
erni
tyongr
oundofseduct
ion.
UnderAr
t143(
c),l
ett
ersorot
herdocument
swr
it
tenbyt
hecl
aimedf
ather
,
whi
ch unequi
vocal
l
ypr
oves pat
erni
ty,coul
d al
so be t
he gr
ound f
orj
udi
cial
decl
arat
ionofpat
erni
ty.Howev
er,whatshoul
dthenat
ureandcont
entoft
hese
document
sbesoast
owar
rantdecl
arat
ionofpat
erni
ty?I
tcoul
dbehel
dthat
suchl
ett
ersanddocument
sneednotcont
ainexpr
essdecl
arat
ionoft
heman
t
hatt
hechi
l
dishi
s.I
tisnotal
sonecessar
ythatt
hel
ett
ersar
edi
rect
lyaddr
essed
t
othemot
her
.Whati
simpor
tantf
ort
hepur
poseoft
hispr
ovi
sioni
sthatt
hese
l
ett
ersandot
herdocument
sshoul
dshow t
her
elat
ionshi
poft
hemot
herandt
he
f
atherorofhi
m andt
hechi
l
dwhi
chl
eadst
oaconcl
usi
ont
hatt
hechi
l
dis
f
ather
edbysuchman.
The ot
hersi
tuat
ion f
igur
ing outunderAr
t.143 (
d)oft
he RFC f
orj
udi
cial
decl
arat
ionofpat
erni
tyi
swher
ethecl
aimedf
atherandt
hemot
heroft
hechi
l
d
hav
eli
vedt
oget
heri
nacont
inuoussexualr
elat
ioni
ntheper
iodr
egar
dedbyl
aw
ast
heper
iodofpr
egnancywi
thouthav
ingal
egal
l
yrecogni
zedr
elat
ionshi
p.
Ther
efor
e,i
fiti
spr
ovedt
hatt
hepar
ti
eshav
ehadcont
inuoussexualr
elat
ion,i
t
war
rant
sjudi
ci
aldecl
arat
ionofpat
erni
ty.Howev
er,
themer
efactt
hatt
hepar
ti
es
hadsuchr
elat
iondoesnotwar
rantt
heassumpt
iont
hatt
hemanf
ather
sthechi
l
d
bor
n.Rat
her
,thesexualr
elat
ionshoul
dbewi
thi
ntheper
iodr
egar
dedbyl
awasa
per
iodofpr
egnancy
.Ashasbeenexpl
ainedunderAr
t143(
a),
thechi
l
dissai
dto
hav
ebeenbor
nfr
om suchcont
inuoussexual
rel
ati
oni
fthechi
l
disbor
n180day
s
af
tert
hecommencementoft
her
elat
ionand300day
saf
teri
tst
ermi
nat
ion.
Thequest
ion,howev
er,i
sforhow l
ongshoul
dthepar
ti
esl
i
vei
nsucht
ypeof
r
elat
ionshi
psot
hati
tamount
sto“
cont
inuoussexualr
elat
ionshi
p”?I
nvi
ewoft
he
f
actt
hatconcept
ioni
samat
terofsecondsormi
nut
es,
itappear
sthatt
heper
iod
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 213
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
shoul
dnotnecessar
il
ybecount
edi
nter
msofmont
hs,weeksorday
sfort
hat
mat
ter
.Howev
er,si
ncet
hel
aw ai
msati
dent
if
yingt
hebi
ologi
calf
atheroft
he
chi
l
d,t
he cont
inui
ty el
ement i
simpor
tant
.If
,howev
er,t
he woman can
concl
usi
vel
ypr
ovet
hatshedi
dn’
thav
esexuali
nter
cour
sewi
thanyot
herper
son
wi
thi
nsuchper
iod,l
i
vingi
nasexualr
elat
ionshi
pofev
enday
ssuf
fi
cesf
ort
he
pur
poseofAr
t143(
a)oft
heRFC.
Fi
nal
l
y,par
ti
cipat
ioni
nthemai
ntenance,car
eandeducat
ionoft
hechi
l
dbyt
he
al
l
eged f
athermaybe a gr
ound f
orj
udi
cialdecl
arat
ion ofpat
erni
ty.Si
nce
mai
ntenancei
ncl
udescar
eandeducat
ion,r
efer
encet
o‘car
e’and‘
educat
ion’i
n
t
hepr
esenceofmai
ntenancei
satmostf
oremphasi
spur
pose.Att
imesi
tmay
happent
hatt
heal
l
egedf
athercont
ri
but
esf
ort
hemai
ntenanceoft
hechi
l
dbut
decl
i
nest
oacknowl
edget
hechi
l
dei
therbecausehebel
i
evest
hatt
hechi
l
dishi
s
andhencet
her
eisnof
urt
herpr
ocedur
erequi
redt
ofat
hert
hechi
l
dint
heey
esof
t
hel
aworf
orf
earofconsequencesofest
abl
i
shi
ngpat
erni
tywhi
ch,
amongot
her
t
hings,gi
vesr
iset
other
ightofi
nhent
anceandt
hepossi
bleopposi
ti
onbyhi
s
wi
fe,i
fany
.Howev
er,si
ncei
nanyact
ionorpr
oceedi
ngt
hei
nter
estoft
hechi
l
d
shoul
dpr
evai
l
,cour
tsmakear
easonabl
einf
erencef
rom t
heactoft
hemanast
o
whet
herhef
ather
sthechi
l
d.
I
tmaybeasked,shoul
dthemancov
ert
hewhol
emai
ntenanceexpenseoft
he
chi
l
dsoast
ohol
dhi
mfat
heroft
hechi
l
d?Heshoul
dnot
,becausef
rom t
he
wor
dingoft
hepr
ovi
si
oni
tsel
f“par
ti
cipat
ioni
nthemai
ntenanceoft
hechi
l
d”
doesnotnecessar
il
ymeancov
eri
ngt
hewhol
emai
ntenanceexpenseoft
hechi
l
d.
Thel
egi
slat
ureempl
oyedt
het
erm“
par
ti
cipat
ion”t
oav
oidt
hepossi
blenar
row
i
nter
pret
ati
ont
hatmaybegi
vent
omai
ntai
ningt
hechi
l
d.
Anot
herpoi
ntwor
thnot
ingher
eist
hatamer
epar
ti
cipat
ioni
nthemai
ntenance
oft
hechi
l
dshoul
dnotber
egar
dedasi
mpl
yi
ngt
hatt
hechi
l
disf
ather
edbysuch
man.Thati
s,ev
erypar
ti
cipat
ioni
nthemai
ntenanceoft
hechi
l
dbybenev
olent
manoutofaf
fect
iont
othemot
herdoesnotwar
rantt
heassumpt
iont
hathei
s
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 214
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
t
hef
atheroft
hechi
l
d.I
nst
ead,
iti
snecessar
ythatt
heper
sonpar
ti
cipat
edi
nthe
mai
ntenanceoft
hechi
l
disi
nthecapaci
tyoft
hef
ather
.Gener
all
y,i
fthewoman
coul
dpr
ovet
heexi
stenceofanyoneoral
loft
hegr
oundsment
ionedear
li
er,
j
udi
cial
decl
arat
ionofpat
erni
tymaybeobt
ained.
Thecodewhi
l
ebr
oadeni
ngt
hegr
oundsf
orj
udi
cialdecl
arat
ionofpat
erni
tywi
tha
v
iew t
opr
otectt
hei
nter
estoft
hechi
l
dal
sopr
otect
stheal
l
egedf
atherf
rom
unduel
i
tigat
ionofpat
erni
ty.Thus,ev
eni
fthegr
oundsment
ionedear
li
erexi
st,
decl
arat
ionofpat
erni
tyshal
lnotbemadeont
hegr
oundsment
ionedunderAr
t.
144.To t
his ef
fect
,thi
s ar
ti
cle pr
ovi
des t
htan act
ion br
oughtf
orj
udi
cial
decl
arat
ionofpat
erni
ty,
basedont
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hepr
ecedi
ngar
ti
clesshal
lbe
ofnoef
fectundert
hef
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
ons:
a)I
ncasewher
ethemot
heroft
hechi
l
dhassexualr
elat
ionswi
thanot
her
mani
ntheper
iodr
egar
dedbyl
awast
heper
iodofpr
egnancyunl
essi
tis
pr
ovedbymedi
calorot
herr
eli
abl
eev
idencet
hatsuchmani
snott
he
f
atheroft
hechi
l
d.
Theonusofpr
ovi
ngt
heexi
stenceofanyoft
hecondi
ti
onsment
ionedear
li
er
r
est
sont
hewoman.Theni
tisupt
otheal
l
egedf
athert
opr
ovet
hatt
hewoman
hadsexualr
elat
ionshi
pwi
thanot
herman.But
,shoul
dthecour
tabsol
vesuch
manf
rom f
ather
ingt
hechi
l
dfort
hemer
efactt
hatt
hemot
herhadsexual
r
elat
ionwi
thanot
hermanal
so?Whati
sthef
ateofpat
ernalf
il
iat
ionsoft
hechi
l
d
i
nsuchcases?I
nasl
ongast
heobj
ect
iveoft
heact
ioni
stosear
chf
ort
hef
ather
oft
hechi
l
d,i
ftheal
l
egedf
atherav
ail
shi
msel
foft
hedef
ensespr
ovi
dedear
li
er,
it
shoul
dbei
nter
pret
edasshi
ft
ingt
hebur
denofpr
ooft
hathei
sthef
atheroft
he
chi
l
d.I
nsuchcases,
bot
horal
lmenshoul
dbepar
ti
est
othesui
tandonewhoi
s
pr
ovedt
obest
eri
l
eorcannotgi
vebi
rt
hwoul
dbeoutoft
hesui
t.I
fbot
horal
l
coul
dgi
vebi
rt
htoachi
l
d,DNAt
estmi
ghtbeusedt
oident
if
ythebi
ologi
calf
ather
oft
hechi
l
dthought
het
echnol
ogyi
sfarf
rom t
heaccessi
bil
i
tyofmostpeopl
e.
b)I
ncasewher
ethecl
aimedper
soncoul
dnotbet
hef
atheroft
hechi
l
dfor
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 215
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
hewasabsentorhasbeenav
ict
im ofacci
dentdur
ingt
heper
iodr
egar
ded
byl
awast
heper
iodofpr
egnancy
.
c)I
ncasewher
etheper
soncl
aimedt
obet
hef
atheroft
hechi
l
ddeci
siv
ely
pr
ovesbybl
oodexami
nat
ionorot
herr
eli
abl
emedi
calev
idencet
hathe
coul
dnotbet
hef
atheroft
hechi
l
d.
8.
2.LegalConf
li
ctsi
nRegul
ati
ngPat
erni
ty
Si
nceest
abl
i
shmentofpat
erni
tybyl
egalpr
esumpt
ioni
soper
ati
vewher
ethe
chi
l
disei
therconcei
vedorbor
ninwedl
ockori
rr
egul
aruni
on,
ast
hecasemaybe,
i
tmaygi
ver
iset
othepossi
bil
i
tyofat
tri
but
ingonechi
l
dtot
woormor
efat
her
s.
Bef
oreconsi
der
ing how t
hiscoul
d happen,i
tisi
mpor
tantt
o not
ethatt
he
pr
obl
em ofat
tri
but
ingt
hesamechi
l
dtodi
ff
erentf
ather
scancomeaboutonl
yin
r
elat
iont
oonemodeofest
abl
i
shmentofpat
erni
ty.Thewor
dingofAr
t.146i
s
somehowmi
sl
eadi
ng.I
trunsas“
whenonappl
yi
ngt
hepr
ecedi
ngar
ti
cles,
achi
l
d
mustbe at
tri
but
ed t
o sev
eralf
ather
s …”(
emphasi
s added)Thi
s seems t
o
i
ndi
cat
ethepossi
bil
i
tyofconf
li
ctofpat
erni
tybyappl
i
cat
ionofoneormor
e
modesofest
abl
i
shmentofpat
erni
tyas,f
orexampl
e,achi
l
dhav
ingaf
atherby
pr
esumpt
ion ofpat
erni
tyand byacknowl
edgementatt
he same t
ime.The
r
egul
ati
onofpat
erni
tyi
sappl
i
cabl
eonl
ywhenachi
l
disat
tr
ibut
edt
otwoormor
e
per
sonsbyt
hepr
esumpt
ionofpat
erni
ty.Thi
scoul
dbeunder
stoodf
rom t
he
nat
ureoft
hemodesofest
abl
i
shmentofpat
erni
ty.
Thenat
ureoft
heappl
i
cat
ionoft
hemodesofest
abl
i
shmentofpat
erni
tyi
tsel
f
excl
udest
hepossi
bil
i
tyofonechi
l
dhav
ingt
wof
ather
sbydi
ff
erentmodesof
est
abl
i
shi
ngpat
erni
ty.Thet
hreemodesar
emut
ual
l
yexcl
usi
ve.Ei
theroft
he
t
hreeoper
atest
otheexcl
usi
onoft
heot
hert
wo.Thus,
ifachi
l
dhashi
smot
her
’s
husband as a f
ather
,he can not hav
e anot
her f
ather ei
ther t
hrough
acknowl
edgementorj
udi
cialdecl
arat
ion.Si
mil
arl
y,achi
l
dcannothav
eaf
ather
by j
udi
cialdecl
arat
ion,i
fhe has f
atherei
therby oper
ati
on ofl
aw orby
acknowl
edgement
.Ther
efor
e,t
her
eisnopossi
bil
i
tywher
eachi
l
dcanhav
etwo
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 216
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
f
ather
sbyoper
ati
onoft
het
womodesofest
abl
i
shi
ngpat
erni
tyi
ndi
ff
erent
hi
erar
chi
es.Nei
thercanachi
l
dhav
etwof
ather
sbyacknowl
edgement
,orj
udi
cial
decl
arat
ionofpat
erni
ty.Achi
l
dcannotbev
ali
dlyacknowl
edgedbymor
ethan
oneper
sonatt
hesamet
ime(
Art
.142)Norcoul
dthecour
tdecl
aret
woper
sons
t
obet
hef
atheroft
hechi
l
d.
Theconf
li
ctar
iseswhent
hemot
herhasar
elat
ionpr
ovi
dedbyl
aw wi
tht
woor
mor
eper
sonsandt
hechi
l
dcoul
dsi
mul
taneousl
ybeat
tr
ibut
edt
otheper
soni
n
eachr
elat
ion.Theat
tri
but
ioncant
akeei
theroft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
hreef
orms.
1.Thechi
l
dcoul
dbeat
tri
but
edt
oeachr
elat
ionshi
pbecausehei
sbor
n
wi
thi
nsuchr
elat
ionshi
ps,
or
2.Theat
tri
but
ioncoul
dbebecauseofhi
sconcept
ioni
nbot
hrel
ati
onshi
ps;
or
3.Thechi
l
dcanbeat
tri
but
edt
oeachr
elat
ionshi
pbecausehei
sbor
ninone
r
elat
ionandconcei
vedi
ntheot
her
.
Thef
ir
stonepr
esupposesasi
mul
taneousl
yex
ist
ingl
egal
l
ypr
ovi
deduni
onsat
t
het
imeofbi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
d.Thi
scoul
dhappeni
fthemot
herwasmar
ri
edt
otwo
per
sonsorhadmar
ri
ageandi
rr
egul
aruni
onatt
hesamet
ime.
Achi
l
dcoul
dbeat
tri
but
edt
omor
ethanoneper
soni
nthesecondwayi
fhewas
concei
vedwher
ethemot
herhadmor
ethanonel
egal
l
ypr
ovi
deduni
onswi
thout
anyonel
i
vingwi
thheratt
het
imeofbi
rt
h.Thi
smayar
isei
nei
theroft
wo
si
tuat
ions.Fi
rst
,themot
hercanhav
etwoormor
euni
onssi
mul
taneousl
ybut
t
hey coul
d be t
ermi
nat
ed bef
oret
he chi
l
dis bor
n.Second t
he per
iod of
concept
ionofachi
l
dcant
ranscendt
woormor
econsecut
iver
elat
ionsofhi
s
mot
her
.Themot
hercoul
dhav
etwoconsecut
ivemar
ri
agewi
thi
nthe300day
s
bef
oret
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
d,hav
ingnor
elat
ionwi
thanyoneatt
het
imeofbi
rt
h.
Thet
hir
dsi
tuat
ionar
iseswhenachi
l
dconcei
vedi
noneuni
oni
sbor
ninanot
her
uni
on.Thus,
achi
l
dwi
l
lhav
etwof
ather
sifhewasbor
nwi
thi
n300day
saf
tert
he
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 217
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
di
ssol
uti
onofherf
ir
stmar
ri
age.Hewi
l
lhav
ethef
ir
sthusbandasf
atherbecause
ofconcept
ioni
nwedl
ockandt
hesecondonebecauseofbi
rt
hinwedl
ock.I
nfact
,
t
hel
awpr
escr
ibesaper
iodofwi
dowhoodunderAr
t.16(
1)oft
heRFCt
oav
oid
conf
li
ctofpat
erni
ty.Butt
hepr
obl
em i
sthatev
eni
fthewi
dowobser
vedt
he180
dayper
iodofwi
dowhoodaf
tert
hedi
ssol
uti
onoft
hef
ormermar
ri
age,t
hisbyi
t
sel
fdoesn’
ttot
all
yexcl
udeconf
li
ctsi
nest
abl
i
shi
ngpat
erni
ty.
Undert
he exi
sti
ng r
uleson t
he l
aw off
il
iat
ions,a chi
l
d coul
d possi
blybe
at
tr
ibut
edt
omor
ethanonef
atheri
nspi
teoft
heobser
vanceoft
heper
iodof
wi
dowhood.I
tisenoughf
ort
heconf
li
ctofpat
erni
tyt
oar
isei
fthechi
l
disbor
nin
l
esst
han300day
saf
terdi
ssol
uti
onoft
hef
ir
stuni
onbutatanyt
imeaf
tert
he
begi
nni
ngoft
heseconduni
on.Assumeawomanr
emar
ri he190th day
esont
af
tert
hedi
ssol
uti
onofherf
ir
stmar
ri
ageandgav
ebi
rt
htoachi
l he30thday
dont
af
tert
heconcl
usi
onoft
hesecondmar
ri
age.I
sther
enoaconf
li
ctofpat
erni
tyi
n
such casesi
n spi
teoft
heobser
vanceoft
heper
iod ofwi
dowhood?Ther
e
obv
iousl
ydoes.Thechi
l
dwi
l
lhav
ethef
ir
sthusbandasaf
atherbyconcept
ion
andt
hesecondonebybi
rt
h.
Thought
her
uleont
heper
iodofwi
dowhoodwasi
ntr
oducedt
oav
oidconf
usi
on
ofpat
erni
ty,i
tinact
ualf
actf
ail
edt
oachi
evei
tsend.I
twasl
aiddownper
haps
undert
heassumpt
iont
hatonl
ychi
l
drenbor
nmor
ethan180day
saf
tert
he
begi
nni
ngoft
heuni
onwoul
dbeat
tri
but
edt
othemant
her
ein.Thi
scondi
ti
onf
or
i
tsoper
ati
on,
howev
er,
isnotenshr
inedbyt
hepr
ovi
sionsofpat
erni
ty.I
nsof
aras
t
hel
awconsi
der
sthechi
l
dbor
nlesst
han181day
saf
tert
hebegi
nni
ngofuni
on
t
o be t
he chi
l
d oft
he per
son i
n such uni
on,obser
vance oft
he per
iod of
wi
dowhoodassuchdoesnotwhol
l
yav
oidt
hepossi
bleconf
li
ctsofpat
erni
ty
unl
esst
heper
iodofwi
dowhoodi
s300day
s’asi
sthecasei
nFr
ance.I
fthe300
day
sper
iodofwi
dowhoodi
srespect
ed,
ther
eisnopossi
bil
i
tyf
ort
heconf
li
ctof
pat
erni
tyt
oar
ise,f
ort
hisconf
ormswi
tht
hemaxi
mum per
iodofpr
egnancy
,i.
e.
300day
sindi
cat
edunderAr
t128(
1)oft
heRFC.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 218
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Theconf
li
ctofpat
erni
tyar
isi
ngi
nei
theroft
heaf
orement
ionedt
hreesi
tuat
ions
hast
wopossi
blesol
uti
ons.
Thef
ir
stsol
uti
oni
sagr
eementbet
weenoramongt
hepr
esumedf
ather
s.I
nthi
s
r
egar
dAr
t.146oft
heRFC pr
ovi
dest
hatwhenachi
l
dmustbeat
tr
ibut
edt
o
sev
eralf
ather
,ar
egul
ati
onofpat
erni
tymaybemadebyagr
eementbet
weent
he
per
sonst
owhom t
hepat
erni
tyoft
hechi
l
dist
husat
tr
ibut
edbyt
hel
aw.So,t
he
per
sonst
owhom pat
erni
tyoft
hesamechi
l
disat
tr
ibut
edmaycont
ract
ual
l
y
agr
eet
ocancel
thepat
erni
tyofei
theroft
hem t
othebenef
itoft
heot
her
.Suchan
agr
eementshal
lbeat
test
edbyt
hreewi
tnessesandappr
ovedbyt
hecour
t.(
Art
.
147(
1))
.Andexcepti
ncaseoff
orcemaj
eur
e,t
hemot
heroft
hechi
l
dshal
lbe
hear
dinper
son(
Art147(
2))
.
I
fthel
egal
l
ypr
esumedf
ather
sfai
ltor
egul
atet
heconf
li
ctofpat
erni
ty,t
hel
aw
t
akesov
er.Thef
ir
stquest
iont
hatcomest
oone’
smi
ndi
nthi
sconnect
ioni
sas
r
egar
dst
hepoi
nti
nti
meaf
terwhi
cht
hepr
esumedf
ather
sar
econsi
der
edt
o
hav
efai
l
edt
oregul
atet
heconf
li
ctofpat
erni
ty.Ther
eisnot
imel
i
mitaf
terwhi
ch
t
hef
ather
sar
epr
ecl
udedf
rom r
egul
ati
ngt
heconf
li
ctofpat
erni
ty.Theycan
concl
udet
heagr
eementatanyt
ime.Thi
sisnotmeanthowev
er,
tocar
ryt
hrough
t
hedualpat
erni
tyoft
hechi
l
dti
l
lthepar
ent
smaket
heagr
eement
.Ther
efor
e,t
he
wr
it
eroft
hemodul
eisoft
heopi
niont
hatt
hepr
esumpt
ioni
sappl
i
cabl
est
art
ing
f
rom t
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
dti
l
lthef
ather
sregul
atet
hemat
terbyagr
eement
.Thi
s
wi
l
lensur
ethatt
hechi
l
dwi
l
lnothav
emor
ethanonef
atheratanypoi
nti
nti
me.
Thusf
ail
i
ngr
egul
ati
onofpat
erni
ty,t
hef
oll
owi
ngt
wopr
esumpt
ions,poi
ntedout
underAr
t,148,
shal
lbeappl
i
edsuccessf
ull
y,wher
eappr
opr
iat
e:
a)t
hechi
l
dshal
lbeat
tri
but
edt
othehusbandoft
hemot
heri
npr
efer
encet
o
t
hemanwhohav
eani
rr
egul
aruni
onwi
tht
hemot
her
;
b)t
hechi
l
dshal
lbeat
tri
but
edt
othehusbandoft
hemanwi
thwhom t
he
mot
heri
sli
vi
ngatt
het
imeoft
hebi
rt
h,i
npr
efer
encet
othehusbandort
he
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 219
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
manwi
thwhom shewasl
i
vingatt
het
imeoft
heconcept
ion.
Thef
ir
stpr
esumpt
ionpur
por
tst
osol
vet
heconf
li
ctofpat
erni
tyi
fthemot
herhad
amar
ri
ageandi
rr
egul
aruni
onatt
hesamet
ime.I
tpr
efer
sthehusbandt
othe
mani
nir
regul
aruni
onev
eni
fthemot
herwasl
i
vingwi
tht
hel
att
eratt
het
imeof
t
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
d.Butt
hel
awdoesn’
tgi
veusasol
uti
onwher
ethemot
herhas
concei
vedorbor
nthechi
l
dwhi
l
esheconcl
udedt
womar
ri
agesorengagedi
n
t
woi
rr
egul
aruni
onsatt
hesamet
ime.Di
scuss.
Thesecondpr
esumpt
ionwi
l
lappl
yonl
yift
heconf
li
ctcannotgetasol
uti
on
undert
hef
ir
stpr
esumpt
ion.Thet
erm“
successf
ull
y”underAr
t148makesbot
h
pr
esumpt
ionsmut
ual
l
yexcl
usi
ve.Hadi
tnotbeenf
ori
t,t
her
ecoul
dhav
eexi
sted
si
tuat
ionswher
ebot
hpr
esumpt
ionscompet
etogov
erni
ngt
hesameconf
li
ct.
Thi
sist
hecase,f
orexampl
e,i
fwet
akeachi
l
dbor
nwhent
hemot
herwasi
nan
i
rr
egul
aruni
onwi
th“
A”butbef
or he300thdayaf
et terdi
ssol
uti
onofhi
smot
her
s
f
ir
stmar
ri
aget
o“B”
.Thef
ir
stpr
esumpt
ionpr
efer
sthehusband.Thust
hechi
l
d
wi
l
lhav
e B as a f
ather
.The r
ever
se wi
l
lbe t
rue i
fwe appl
ythe second
pr
esumpt
ion.Thust
hechi
l
dwi
l
lhav
eA asaf
atheri
npr
efer
encet
oB.The
mut
ual
l
yexcl
usi
venat
ureoft
hepr
esumpt
ionhasav
oided suchundesi
rabl
e
r
esul
ts.Now t
he chi
l
d wi
l
lhav
e A as a f
atherbecause i
tist
he second
pr
esumpt
ion t
hati
s gi
ven pr
ior
it
y.Ther
efor
e,t
he second pr
esumpt
ion i
s
appl
i
cabl
ewher
ethemot
hert
ermi
nat
edherf
ir
stl
egal
l
yrecogni
zeduni
onand
engagei
nanot
hert
her
eaf
ter
.Thati
s,t
het
wouni
onsunl
i
kecaseofpr
esumpt
ion
one,donotexi
statt
hesamet
ime.Thehusbandort
hemanwi
thwhom t
he
mot
heri
sli
vi
ngatt
het
imeofbi
rt
hispr
efer
redasaf
athert
othehusbandort
he
manwi
thwhom shewasl
i
vingatt
het
imeoft
heconcept
ion.Thi
sisdonet
o
secur
ethei
nter
estoft
hechi
l
dandmai
ntai
nthesust
ainabi
l
ityoft
hesecond
uni
on.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
8.
3.Assi
gnmentofPat
erni
tybyAgr
eement
Assi
gnmentofpat
erni
tyi
sameansbywhi
cht
heper
sont
owhom t
hechi
l
dis
at
tr
ibut
edbyt
hel
aw(
inaccor
dancewi
thAr
ts.126–130)agr
eest
oassi
gnhi
s
pat
erni
tyunderspeci
fi
edcondi
ti
ons.I
tisanagr
eementbywhi
chonel
egalf
ather
(t
hepr
esumedf
ather
)tr
ansf
ershi
spat
erni
tyt
oanot
herper
sonwhohashadno
j
uri
dicalbond wi
tht
he chi
l
d bef
oret
he agr
eement(
probabl
efat
her
).Such
t
ransf
erofr
ightofpat
erni
tyi
sal
l
owedwhent
hel
egalpr
esumpt
ionl
eadst
oa
mani
fest
lyoddconcl
usi
onwhenv
iewedi
nli
ghtofbi
ologi
calr
eal
i
ty.Thus,t
he
pur
poseoft
heagr
eementi
snott
odet
ermi
newhoamongstt
woormor
elegal
f
ather
s shoul
d be t
he sol
efat
hert
othe excl
usi
on oft
he ot
her
s.Though
assi
gnmentofpat
erni
tyi
sfoundundert
hesect
ionofconf
li
ctofpat
erni
ty,i
tis
noti
nreal
i
tyamechani
sm f
orsol
vi
ngconf
li
ctofpat
erni
tyi
nthest
ri
ctsense.The
chi
l
disat
tr
ibut
edt
oonef
atherbutsuchaf
atheragr
eest
ogi
veuphi
spat
erni
tyi
n
f
avourofat
hir
dper
sonwhodecl
arest
obet
hef
atherbuti
snotl
egal
l
ythef
ather
oft
hechi
l
d.
Asenv
isagedunderAr
t.149,assi
gnmentofpat
erni
tyi
spossi
bleonl
yint
he
f
oll
owi
ngt
wosi
tuat
ions:
1)wher
ethe chi
l
disbor
n wi
thi
n 210 day
sfr
om t
he concl
usi
on oft
he
mar
ri
ageort
hecommencementoft
hei
rr
egul
aruni
on,
thehusbandort
he
manwhoi
sli
vi
ngwi
tht
hewomanmay
,byagr
eement
,assi
gnt
hepat
erni
ty
oft
hechi
l
dtoanot
herper
sonwhodecl
arest
hathei
sthef
atheroft
he
chi
l
d.
2)Wher
ethechi
l
disbor
nmor
ethan210day
saf
tert
hedi
ssol
uti
onoft
he
mar
ri
ageort
hecessat
ionoft
hei
rr
egul
aruni
on,t
hehusbandort
heman
whol
i
vedwi
tht
hemot
hershal
lhav
ether
ightpr
ovi
dedi
nthepr
ecedi
ng
sub-
sect
ion.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 221
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Ast
owhyt
hel
awt
ookt
he210day
saspoi
ntofr
efer
ence,cl
osel
yexami
net
he
f
oll
owi
ngexampl
es.
I
fwet
akeachi
l
dbor he208th dayaf
nont tert
hebegi
nni
ngoft
heuni
on,i
tis
deemedt
ohav
ebeenconcei
vedatl he28thaf
eastont teri
tbeganandut
mostt
he
91th daybef
orei
tscommencement
,thepr
obabi
l
ityofconcept
ionout
sideof
uni
ont
owi
thi
ntheuni
oni
sal
most3:
1.Thepr
obabi
l
ityofconcept
ionout
sidet
he
uni
ongoesonbecomi
nghi
gherast
hedat
eofbi
rt
hisnear
ert
othebegi
nni
ngof
t
heuni
ont
il
litr he180th wher
eachest ethepr
obabi
l
ityofconcept
ionwi
thi
n
wedl
ocki
sni
l
l.Achi
l
dbor
nwi
thi
n180day
saf
tert
hebegi
nni
ngoft
heuni
oni
s
concei
ved outsi
de i
tthough i
twi
l
lhav
eaf
atherby oper
ati
on oft
he
pr
esumpt
ionsbecausehewasbor
nther
ein.Thi
sist
her
easonwhyt
hepr
esumed
f
atheri
sal
l
owedt
oassi
gnhi
spat
erni
tyunderAr
t.149(
1).
Li
kewi
se,
thel
awal
l
owst
heassi
gnmentofpat
erni
tyf
orchi
l
drenbor
nmor
ethan
210day
saf
tert
heendoft
heuni
ont
aki
ngt
hepossi
bil
i
tyt
hatt
hechi
l
dcoul
dhav
e
beenconcei
vedaf
tert
heendoft
heuni
on.Thef
orceoft
hepr
esumpt
ionext
ends
upt
othe299th dayaf
tert
heendoft
heuni
on.Butachi
l
dbor
naf
ter210day
s
f
rom t
heendcoul
dhav
epossi
blybeenconcei
vedaf
tert
heendofsuchuni
on.
Thus,i
fwet
akeachi
l
dbor he280th dayaf
nont tert
hedi
ssol
uti
onofamar
ri
age,
i
tsst
atut
oryper
iodofgest
ati
oncov
ers99day
saf
tert
hedi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age
butonl
y19day
sbef
oredi
ssol
uti
on.Taki
ngi
ntoaccountt
hel
ongestper
iodof
pr
egnancy(
299day
s)andt
heshor
testone(
180day
s)i
tishi
ghl
ypr
obabl
efor
t
hischi
l
dtobeconcei
vedwi
thi
nthese99day
saf
terdi
ssol
uti
onwhencompar
ed
wi
tht
he19day
sbef
oret
het
ermi
nat
ionoft
heuni
on.
Ther
efor
etheassi
gnmentofpat
erni
tyi
sthepossi
blewaywher
ebyt
hef
ather
shor
toft
hef
act
ssuf
fi
cientf
ordi
sowni
ngachi
l
dhet
hinksi
sbor
nfr
om anot
her
man,assi
gnshi
spat
ernalst
atust
otheper
sondecl
ari
ngt
obet
hef
ather
,whoi
s
noti
naposi
ti
onofaf
fect
ingacknowl
edgementbecauset
hechi
l
dhasav
ali
d
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nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 222
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
pat
ernal
fil
i
ati
onbypr
esumpt
ionofpat
erni
ty.
Such agr
eementon t
he assi
gnmentofpat
erni
tyshal
lbe at
test
ed byt
hree
wi
tnessesandappr
ovedbyt
hecour
t.(
Art
.150(
1))
.Mor
eov
er,
themot
heroft
he
chi
l
dshal
lbehear
dinper
son(
Art
.150(
2))
.
Assi
gnmentofpat
erni
tybyagr
eementcannotbeconcl
udedbyr
epr
esent
ati
on.I
t
mustbedonebyt
hei
nter
est
edpar
ti
est
hemsel
veswher
etheyhav
eat
tai
nedt
he
ageofmaj
ori
tyandar
enotj
udi
cial
l
yint
erdi
cted(
Art
.151(
1))
.Amandat
eto
concl
udei
tmayonl
ybegi
venbyaspeci
alpowerofat
tor
neyappr
ovedbyt
he
cour
t(Ar
t151(
2))
.
Onceent
ered,
theagr
eementont
heassi
gnmentofpat
erni
tyshal
lnotber
evoked
(
Art
.152)
.Itmay
,howev
er,beannul
l
edont
hegr
oundofv
iol
ence(
Art153(
1))
.
Nev
ert
hel
ess,i
tmaynotbeannul
l
edont
hegr
oundofer
rororf
raudunl
essi
tis
deci
si
vel
ypr
ovedt
hatt
hechi
l
dcoul
dnothav
ebeenconcei
vedoft
heper
sonwho
hasdecl
aredt
obet
hef
ather(
Art
.153(
2))
.
8.
4.Pr
oofofFi
li
ati
on
Dearst
udent
,ourpr
ecedi
ngdi
scussi
onswer
etar
get
edt
owar
dsanal
yzi
ngt
he
waymat
ernalandpat
ernalf
il
iat
ioncoul
dbeest
abl
i
shed.I
nthi
ssect
ion,
weshal
l
st
udyast
ohow anal
readyest
abl
i
shedf
il
iat
ionscanbepr
oved.Ofcour
se,a
per
soni
srequi
redt
opr
ooff
il
iat
ionswhent
hesamei
schal
l
enged.
Pr
oofoff
il
iat
ionsi
simpor
tantt
oacqui
rer
ight
sandt
oimposeobl
i
gat
ionsar
isi
ng
f
rom f
il
iat
ions;suchast
her
ightt
osuccessi
onandt
heobl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
y
mai
ntenance,et
c.I
fpr
oofoff
il
iat
ionsi
sacondi
ti
ont
oexer
ciser
ight
sandt
o
shoul
derobl
i
gat
ion emanat
ing f
rom a cer
tai
nfat
herchi
l
d ormot
herchi
l
d
r
elat
ionshi
p,howcoul
ditbepr
oved?
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 223
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ps:
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Undert
heRFC,
wehav
ethr
eeway
sofpr
ovi
ngf
il
iat
ion.
Thesear
e:
1.Recor
dofbi
rt
h
2.Possessi
onofst
atus
3.Act
iont
ocl
aimf
il
iat
ion
8.
4.1.Recor
dofBi
rt
h
Ther
ecor
dofbi
rt
hist
hepr
imar
ydocumentt
obeadducedt
opr
ovef
il
iat
ion.To
t
hatef
fect
,Ar
t.154oft
heRFCpr
ovi
dest
hatbot
hthepat
ernalandmat
ernal
f
il
iat
ionsofaper
sonar
epr
ovedbyhi
srecor
dofbi
rt
h.
Whatki
ndofdocumenti
sref
err
edt
oasr
ecor
dofbi
rt
h?
Thi
sisadocumenti
ssuedbyanof
fi
cerofci
vi
lst
atusf
oll
owi
ngr
egi
str
ati
onof
bi
rt
hasperAr
t.99oft
heCi
vi
lCode.Accor
dingt
othesamear
ti
cle,
recor
dofbi
rt
h
shal
lindi
cat
e:t
heday
,mont
handy
earoft
hebi
rt
h;t
hesexoft
hechi
l
d;t
hef
ir
st
name;whi
char
egi
vent
ohi
m;t
henames,f
ir
stnames,dat
esandpl
acesofbi
rt
h
ofhi
sfat
herandmot
her
;wher
eappr
opr
iat
e,t
henames,f
ir
stnames,dat
eand
pl
aceofbi
rt
h oft
heper
son maki
ng t
hedecl
arat
ion.Si
ncesuch document
,
i
nter
ali
a,consi
stst
henamesoft
hef
atherand mot
heroft
hechi
l
d,i
tisa
pr
efer
abl
edocumentt
opr
ovef
il
iat
ion.Cur
rent
ly,t
her
eisnoof
fi
ceofci
vi
lst
atus
i
nEt
hiopi
aandt
empor
ari
l
y,r
ecor
dofbi
rt
hisi
ssuedbymuni
cipal
i
ties.
Canachi
l
dconcei
vedorbor
nout
sideofal
egal
l
yrecogni
zeduni
onuser
ecor
dof
bi
rt
htopr
ovewhohi
s/herf
atheri
s?Achi
l
dbor
noutsi
demar
ri
ageorout
side
i
rr
egul
aruni
oncannothav
ear
ecor
dofbi
rt
hthati
ndi
cat
essomemanashi
s
f
ather
,unl
esssuchmanacknowl
edgest
hechi
l
dorj
udi
cial
l
ydecl
aredt
obet
he
f
atheroft
hechi
l
d.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 224
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ps:
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
8.
4.2.Possessi
onofSt
atus
Asi
ndi
cat
edunderAr
t155,
indef
aul
tofacer
ti
fi
cat
eofbi
rt
h,f
il
iat
ioni
spr
ovedby
t
hepossessi
onofst
atusofchi
l
d.Butt
hequest
ioni
s,underwhatci
rcumst
ances
canwespeakoft
her
ecor
dofbi
rt
hdef
aul
ti
ng?Thet
erm“
indef
aul
t”underAr
t
155shal
lbei
nter
pret
edsoast
oincl
udet
henon-
issuanceofr
ecor
dofbi
rt
hatal
l
oranal
readyi
ssuedr
ecor
dofbi
rt
hhasbeenl
ostf
orv
ari
ousr
easons.
Whendowesayt
hatachi
l
dhaspossessi
onofst
atus?AsperAr
t156,aper
son
hast
hepossessi
onofst
atusofchi
l
dwhenhei
str
eat
edbyt
hecommuni
tyas
bei
ngt
hechi
l
dofsuchmanorwoman.So,whati
srequi
redt
opr
oducei
s
wi
tnesseswhot
est
if
ythef
actt
hathei
str
eat
edbyt
hecommuni
tyasbei
ngt
he
chi
l
dofsuchmanorwoman.Si
nceAr
t.156doesn’
texpr
essl
yputacer
tai
n
numberofwi
tnesses,
onecansayt
hatpossessi
onofst
atuscanbepr
ovedev
en
bypr
oduci
ngt
hreeort
wowi
tnessespr
ovi
dedt
hatt
heyt
est
if
ythef
act
sunderAr
t.
156.
Wher
eaper
soni
nter
est
edt
opr
ovef
il
iat
ionhaspr
ovedt
hef
act
sst
atedunderAr
t
156t
hecour
tshal
ltakepr
esumpt
iont
hatt
hechi
l
disbor
nofsuchmanor
woman.(
Art
.157(
1))suchpr
esumpt
ion,howev
er,mayber
ebut
tedbypr
ovi
ding
t
hatt
hechi
l
dcoul
dnotbebor
nofsuchmanorwoman.(
Art157(
2))
.
8.
4.3.Act
iont
oCl
aim Fi
li
ati
on
Wheni
tisnotpossi
blet
opr
ooff
il
iat
ionbyr
ecor
dofbi
rt
horpossessi
onofst
atus,
i
tcoul
dbepr
ovedbyanact
iont
ocl
aimf
il
iat
ion.Formor
edet
ail
s,r
eadt
he
f
oll
owi
ngpr
ovi
si
on.
Ar
ti
cle158–Act
iont
ocl
aimf
il
iat
ion
1.I
ndef
aul
tofpossessi
onofst
atusofchi
l
d,f
il
iat
ionsmaybepr
ovedby
wi
tnessesorbyanyot
herev
idence.
2.The act
ion t
o cl
aim f
il
iat
ion may notbe i
nst
it
uted exceptwi
tht
he
Joi
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egram channelvi
athi
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Loyj
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የስለ-
ህግ*
per
missi
onoft
hecour
t.
3.Suchper
missi
onshal
lnotbegr
ant
edunl
esst
her
ear
epr
esumpt
ionsor
i
ndi
cat
ions r
esul
ti
ng f
rom concr
etef
act
s enabl
i
ng t
he cour
tto gr
ant
per
missi
on.
Asy
oumayunder
standf
rom t
hecont
ent
sofAr
t158,
act
iont
ocl
aimf
il
iat
ioncan
notbei
nst
it
utedbyt
hewi
l
loft
hechi
l
dal
one.Thecour
tmustal
l
owsomeonet
o
i
nst
it
uteanact
iont
ocl
aimf
il
iat
ion.
Deart
hedi
stancel
ear
ner
,whydoy
out
hinkt
hel
awr
equi
ret
heper
missi
onbyt
he
cour
ttoi
nst
it
uteanact
iont
ocl
aimf
il
iat
ion?I
ncaseofact
iont
ocl
aimf
il
iat
ion,
f
il
iat
ioncoul
dbepr
ovedbywi
tnessesorbyanyot
herev
idence.Ther
efor
e,i
fsuch
anact
ioni
sal
l
owedwi
thoutanyscr
uti
nybyt
hecour
t,peopl
emayabuset
hisr
ule
andmayi
ntr
oducef
alseev
idence.
Asi
sindi
cat
edunderAr
t.158(
3),t
hecour
tshal
lgr
anti
tsper
missi
ont
othe
per
sonwhoi
ntendst
oinst
it
uteanact
iont
ocl
aimf
il
iat
ionsonl
yaf
terexami
ning
t
heexi
stenceofci
rcumst
ant
ialev
idencer
esul
ti
ngf
rom f
act
swhi
char
econst
ant
andsuf
fi
ci
ent
lyser
ioust
oenabl
eitt
ogr
antt
heper
missi
on.Suchci
rcumst
ant
ial
ev
idencecoul
dbeagr
eatr
esembl
ancebet
weent
hechi
l
dandt
heal
l
egedmot
her
orf
ather
s.Her
eitshoul
dbenot
edt
hatper
missi
ont
oinst
it
uteanact
iont
ocl
aim
f
il
iat
ionsi
snott
heendoft
hegame.Theper
sonal
l
owedt
odososhal
lpr
oduce
ev
idencest
oconv
incet
hecour
tthathei
sthechi
l
doft
hemot
herorf
atherhe
cl
aims.
I
ngi
vi
ngper
missi
ont
oinst
it
uteanact
iont
ocl
aimf
il
iat
ion,cour
tsshal
ltake
ut
mostcar
e.Speci
fi
cal
l
y,noper
missi
ont
oinst
it
utet
heact
iont
ocl
aimf
il
iat
ion
shal
lbegr
ant
edwher
etheper
sonwhosef
il
iat
ionsi
stobeest
abl
i
shedhas
al
readyanot
herf
il
iat
ionr
esul
ti
ngf
rom hi
sbi
rt
hcer
ti
fi
cat
eandcor
robor
atedby
possessi
onofst
atusi
nconf
ormi
tywi
thsuchcer
ti
fi
cat
e.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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Loyj
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የስለ-
ህግ*
Theact
iont
ocl
aimf
il
iat
ionmaybei
nst
it
utedbyt
hechi
l
d,byhi
sguar
dianorby
hi
shei
rs(
Art
.160(
1))
.Itmayal
sobei
nst
it
utedbyt
hosewhocl
aimt
obet
he
f
atherormot
heroft
hechi
l
d(Ar
t.160(
2))
.Theper
sonwhocl
aimst
obet
he
f
atherormot
heroft
hechi
l
disal
l
owedt
oinst
it
uteanact
iononhi
s/herbehal
f,
notbyr
epr
esent
ingt
hechi
l
d.
Ast
othet
imewi
thi
nanact
ionmaybei
nst
it
uted,Ar
t161(
1)pr
ovi
dest
hatt
he
chi
l
dmayi
nst
it
utet
heact
iont
ocl
aimf
il
iat
ionsatanyt
imedur
inghi
sli
fe.The
par
ent
sorguar
diansofachi
l
dmay
,howev
er,
inst
it
utei
tonl
ydur
ingt
hemi
nor
it
y
oft
hechi
l
d.(
Art
.161(
2))
.Mor
eov
er,
thehei
rsmaynoti
nst
it
utei
tunl
esst
hechi
l
d
di
edbef
oret
heageoft
went
yyear
sandwi
thi
noney
earaf
terhi
sdeat
h(Ar
t.161
(
5))
.Ther
ightoft
hechi
l
dtoi
nst
it
uteanact
iont
ocl
aimf
il
iat
ionsi
sther
ightt
hat
af
fect
shi
sver
yper
sonal
i
ty.Thus,
ther
ightcanbeexer
cisedbyt
hechi
l
dunt
ilt
he
t
imeofhi
sdeat
h.Toputi
ndi
ff
erentwor
ds,
suchr
ightwi
l
lnotbebar
redbyper
iod
ofl
i
mit
ati
onbutot
heri
ndi
vi
dual
sar
eal
l
owedt
oinst
it
uteanact
iont
ocl
aim
f
il
iat
ionssol
ongast
hechi
l
disami
nor
.Ther
efor
eaf
tert
heat
tai
nmentof
maj
ori
ty,
thi
sisamat
tert
obedeci
dedbyt
hechi
l
dhi
msel
f.
Thel
astpoi
ntwor
thment
ioni
ngi
stheper
sonagai
nstwhom anact
iont
ocl
aim
f
il
iat
ionsshal
lbei
nst
it
uted.Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
ovi
sionf
rom t
heRFCi
nthi
s
r
egar
d.
Ar
ti
cle162–Per
sonAgai
nstWhom Act
ionI
nst
it
uted
1)Wher
etheact
iont
ocl
aimf
il
iat
ioni
sinst
it
utedbyt
hemot
her
,itshal
lbe
madeagai
nstt
hechi
l
d.
2)I
not
hercases,
itshal
lbei
nst
it
utedagai
nstt
hemot
herorherhei
rs.
8.
5.Cont
est
ati
onofFi
li
ati
onandDi
sowni
ng
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egram channelvi
athi
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Dearst
udent
,as y
ou mayr
ecal
l
,ourpr
ecedi
ng di
scussi
ons wer
etar
get
ed
t
owar
ds t
wo gener
alpoi
nts;namel
y,as t
o how t
o est
abl
i
sh mat
erni
tyand
pat
erni
tyandt
hemodal
i
tiesofpr
oofofanal
readyest
abl
i
shedf
il
iat
ion.I
nthi
s
sect
ion,
weshal
lst
udyt
hepossi
bil
i
tyofcont
est
inganal
readyest
abl
i
shmat
ernal
orpat
ernal
fil
i
ati
on.Bot
hthemat
ernal
aswel
last
hepat
ernal
fil
i
ati
onoft
hechi
l
d
maybecont
est
ed.Themat
ernalf
il
iat
ionsi
scont
est
edbyt
hecont
est
ati
onof
f
il
iat
ionsandt
hepat
ernalf
il
iat
ionsi
scont
est
edbydi
sowni
ng.Her
einunderi
s
pr
ovi
dedasepar
atet
reat
mentofbot
hoft
hem.
8.
5.1.Cont
est
ati
onofFi
li
ati
ons
Asenshr
inedunderAr
t163,
themat
ernalf
il
iat
ionsoft
hechi
l
dmaybecont
est
ed
atanyt
imebyi
nter
est
edper
son.Thati
stosay
,ther
ightt
ocont
estt
hemat
ernal
f
il
iat
ioni
snotr
eser
vedt
oanyspeci
fi
edper
sonsasi
sthecasei
ncont
est
ati
onof
pat
ernalf
il
iat
ion.Nei
therdoest
her
eexi
staper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
onwi
thi
nwhi
cht
he
act
iont
ocont
estt
hest
atusmustbei
nst
it
uted.Thus,t
heact
ionmaybebr
ought
byt
hemot
her
,thef
ather
,thechi
l
doranyot
herper
sont
hatcanshowi
nter
estand
i
tcanbedoneatanyt
ime.
Ther
efor
e,t
heonl
yval
i
dli
mit
ati
oni
sthatt
heact
iont
ocont
estf
il
iat
ionmaynot
bei
nst
it
utedexceptwi
tht
heper
missi
onoft
hecour
t(Ar
t.164(
1))
.Butwhyt
he
l
awr
equi
resper
missi
onoft
hecour
ttoi
nst
it
utet
heact
iont
ocl
aimf
il
iat
ion?We
canci
tet
hef
oll
owi
ngt
wor
easons.
1.Ont
hebasi
sofanact
iont
ocont
estf
il
iat
ions,
thecour
tmaydenyt
hatt
he
sai
dwomani
snott
hemot
heroft
hechi
l
d.I
fthi
sisso,i
tmayal
sor
ender
t
hechi
l
dfat
herl
ess.Because,aswehav
eseen,mat
ernalf
il
iat
ioni
sthe
basef
orpat
ernalf
il
iat
ion.Thus,
ift
hechi
l
disdeni
edhi
smat
erni
ty,
itgi
ves
r
iset
odeni
alofpat
erni
typar
ti
cul
arl
ywher
ethechi
l
disbor
norconcei
ved
outofal
egal
l
yrecogni
zedr
elat
ionshi
p.Toav
oidt
hear
bit
rar
yoccur
rence
off
ather
lessness,
thescr
uti
nybyt
hecour
tisundoubt
lyi
mpor
tant
.
2.Thi
ski
ndofact
ioni
sbr
oughtt
ocancelanal
readyest
abl
i
shedf
il
iat
ion.I
f
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 228
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ps:
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
suchanact
ioni
sal
l
owedt
obei
nst
it
utedwi
thoutt
heper
missi
onoft
he
cour
t,i
ndi
vi
dual
sinbadf
ait
hwoul
dbegi
venanoppor
tuni
tyt
odi
stur
b
st
abl
emot
herchi
l
drel
ati
onshi
p.
Ashasbeendi
scussedabov
e,t
heact
iont
ocont
estf
il
iat
ionmaynotbei
nst
it
uted
exceptwi
tht
hepr
ioraut
hor
izat
ionoft
hecour
t.Deardi
stancel
ear
ner
!onwhat
gr
ounddoy
out
hinkt
hecour
twoul
dgr
antper
missi
ont
oinst
it
uteanact
iont
o
cont
estt
hemat
ernalf
il
iat
ion?Ont
hebasi heacont
soft rar
ireadi
ngofAr
t.164
(
2),such per
missi
on shal
lbe gr
ant
ed wher
ether
e ar
e pr
esumpt
ions or
i
ndi
cat
ionsr
esul
ti
ngf
rom concr
etef
act
senabl
i
ngt
hecour
ttogr
antper
missi
on.
Tost
atei
tot
herwi
se,t
hecour
tper
mit
ssomebodyt
oinst
it
uteanact
iont
o
cont
estt
hemat
ernalf
il
iat
iononl
ywher
ether
ear
eindi
cat
ionsr
esul
ti
ngf
rom
concr
etef
act
sthatenabl
ethecour
ttopr
esumeacer
tai
nwomani
snott
he
mot
herofacer
tai
n(chi
l
d).Thesei
ndi
cat
ionscoul
dbeatt
het
imeofbi
rt
hoft
he
chi
l
d,t
hewomanmaynotbeav
ail
abl
eatt
hepl
aceoft
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
d.Ort
he
womancoul
dnotbet
hemot
heroft
hechi
l
dduet
oinf
ert
il
it
y,et
c.
Oncet
heper
soni
sal
l
owedt
oinst
it
uteanact
iont
ocont
estmat
ernalf
il
iat
ion,he
shal
lpr
oducewi
tnessest
oobt
aincour
tdecl
arat
ion.I
ngener
al,hehast
opr
ove
t
hatei
theroft
heel
ement
snecessar
yfort
heest
abl
i
shmentofmat
ernalf
il
iat
ion
ar
emi
ssi
ng.Thust
heper
soni
nst
it
utedanact
ionhast
oshowt
othecour
tei
ther
1)t
hatt
hewomanwasnotconf
inedatt
het
imewhent
hechi
l
dwasbor
nand/or
2)ev
eni
fthewomanwasconf
inedatt
het
imewhent
hechi
l
dwasbor
n,t
hechi
l
d
whom,shedel
i
ver
edi
snott
heonewhosest
atusi
sinquest
ion.Ther
efor
e,t
he
f
actt
hatt
hecour
tal
l
owst
oinst
it
uteanact
iont
ocont
estmat
ernalf
il
iat
ioni
snot
suf
fi
cientbyi
tsel
ftoef
faceal
ldoubtandconv
incet
hecour
t.Thepr
ooft
hus
commencedmaybecompl
etedbyt
hehear
ingofwi
tnesses.
Thecour
t,underAr
t.164(
2)haswi
dedi
scr
eti
onf
orgr
ant
ingt
heact
ionhav
ing
r
egar
dtot
hef
act
spr
esent
edbyt
hepet
it
ioner
.Butt
hecour
tcanbynomeans
gi
veper
missi
onf
ort
hei
nst
it
uti
onoft
heact
ioni
fthechi
l
dwhosest
atusi
s
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 229
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
cont
est
edhasaf
il
iat
ionr
esul
ti
ngf
rom t
her
ecor
dofbi
rt
handi
scor
robor
atedby
apossessi
onofst
atuscor
respondi
ngwi
thsuchr
ecor
dofbi
rt
h(Ar
t.165)What
j
ust
if
iest
hepr
ohi
bit
ioni
stheci
rcumst
ancet
hatt
heset
wocondi
ti
onst
aken
t
oget
hermaket
het
rut
hoft
hef
actaspr
obabl
easpossi
ble.
Fi
nal
l
y,t
heact
iont
ocont
estf
il
iat
ionshal
lbei
nst
it
utedagai
nstt
heper
sonwhose
f
il
iat
ioni
scont
est
edoragai
nsthi
shei
rs.(
Art
.166(
1).Themot
herand,wher
e
necessar
y,t
hef
atheroft
hechi
l
dshal
lbej
oinedaspar
ti
esi
nthepr
oceedi
ngs
(
Art
.166(
2).
8.
5.2.Di
sowni
ng
Seei
ngt
her
elev
antpr
ovi
sionsper
tai
ningt
odi
sowni
ngwecandef
inedi
sowni
ng
asanact
ionbywhi
cht
hehusbandort
hemani
nir
regul
aruni
ont
ri
est
odi
scl
aim
t
hepr
esumpt
ionofpat
erni
tyest
abl
i
shedagai
nsthi
m,i
nci
rcumst
ancesi
nwhi
ch
hecannotbet
hef
ather
.Inshor
t,di
sowni
ngi
sthemeansbywhi
chapat
ernal
f
il
iat
ioni
scont
est
ed.
Aswehav
eseenunderAr
t.126andAr
t.130,achi
l
dconcei
vedorbor
nin
wedl
ockori
rr
egul
aruni
onhast
hehusbandort
hemanengagedi
nir
regul
aruni
on
aspr
esumedf
ather
.Suchpr
esumpt
ivef
athershal
lrebutt
hispr
esumpt
ionbyan
act
iont
odi
sown.Tot
hatef
fect
,Ar
t.167pr
ovi
dest
hatt
hepat
ernalf
il
iat
ionofa
chi
l
dmaybecont
est
edonl
ybymeansofanact
iont
odi
sown.Anact
iont
o
di
sowni
srel
evantwhenpat
erni
tyi
sest
abl
i
shedbywayofl
egalpr
esumpt
ion.
Wher
epat
erni
tyi
sest
abl
i
shedbyacknowl
edgementorj
udi
cialdecl
arat
ionoft
he
cour
t,t
hecour
tmaynotal
l
ow anact
iont
odi
sownt
obebr
ought
.Ashasbeen
expl
i
cit
lypr
ovi
dedunderAr
t.140,
(1)
,onceaper
sonv
olunt
ari
l
yaccept
sachi
l
das
hi
sown,t
heacknowl
edgementofpat
erni
tymaynotber
evoked.Mor
eov
er,a
j
udi
cialdecl
aredf
atherwhof
ail
stor
aiset
hedef
ensesunderAr
t.144shal
lnotbe
al
l
owedt
orebuthi
spat
erni
ty.
Joi
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egram channelvi
athi
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Ther
ear
etwogr
ounds,
fort
hemanwhoi
sat
tri
but
edpat
erni
ty,
todi
sownachi
l
d
Thesear
e:
1.Nosexual
int
ercour
sewi
tht
hemot
her
2.Whenpat
erni
tyi
simpossi
ble
Asment
ionedher
einabov
e,oneoft
hegr
oundst
odi
sownachi
l
dist
henon-
exi
stenceofr
elat
ionwi
tht
hemot
her
.Int
hisr
espect
,Ar
t168pr
ovi
dest
hatt
he
per
sont
owhom t
hel
awat
tri
but
est
hepat
erni
tyofachi
l
dmaydi
sownsuchchi
l
d
bypr
ovi
ngdeci
siv
elyt
hathecoul
dnothav
ehadsexuali
ntercour
sewi
tht
he
mot
herdur
ingt
heper
iodbet he300th and180th daybef
weent oret
hebi
rt
hoft
he
chi
l
d.The120day
sper
iodi
.e,t
heper
iodbet he300th and180th pr
weent ecedi
ng
hi
sbi
rt
hist
hepossi
bleper
iodconsi
der
edbyl
awt
hatt
hechi
l
dcanbet
hef
rui
tof
i
nter
cour
sebet
weent
hepr
esumpt
ivef
atherandt
hemot
her
.Si
ncepr
esumpt
ion
ofpat
erni
tyoper
atesi
nfav
orofchi
l
drenconcei
vedorbor
ninwedl
ockori
nan
i
rr
egul
aruni
on,i
tispossi
blet
hatt
hepr
esumpt
ivef
atherpr
oducesev
idencet
hat
i
ndi
cat
ethenon-
exi
stenceofsexualr
elat
ionwi
tht
hemot
herwi
thi
ntheper
iod
t
hati
stobepr
esumedasper
iodofconcept
ionsot
hathecandi
sown.The
pr
esumpt
ivef
athermayshowt
henon-
exi
stenceofsexuali
nter
cour
sewi
thi
nthe
per
iodofpr
egnancybyadduci
ngev
idencest
otheef
fectt
hathewasi
mpr
isoned,
conf
inedt
ohospi
talorment
ali
nst
it
uti
on,mobi
l
izedt
othewarf
rontandsoon.
Hemayal
soshowt
hathei
simpot
ent
,i.
e,hei
sunabl
etohav
esexual
int
ercour
se.
I
naddi
ti
ont
oexampl
esment
ionedabov
e,t
hespousesshal
lbedeemedt
ohav
e
hadnosexuali
nter
cour
sewi
thanot
herdur
ingt
het
imewhent
heyact
ual
l
yli
ved
separ
atel
yfol
l
owi
ng a pet
it
ion f
ordi
vor
ce made by one oft
hem ori
n
consequenceofanagr
eementconcl
udedbet
weent
hem (
Art
.169(
1).Ofcour
se,
pr
ooft
othecont
rar
ybyanymeansi
sadmi
ssi
ble(
Art
.169(
2))
.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
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Loyj
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የስለ-
ህግ*
Ev
eni
fthepr
esumpt
ivef
atherandmot
herdohav
esexual
rel
ati
onwi
tht
heper
iod
i
nwhi
cht
hechi
l
dmusthav
ebeenconcei
ved,t
her
eisst
il
lasecondgr
oundt
o
di
sown a chi
l
d.To di
sown a chi
l
d on t
hisgr
ound,i
tsuf
fi
cest
o show t
he
i
mpossi
bil
i
tyofpat
erni
ty.Thus,t
heper
son t
o whom t
hel
aw at
tr
ibut
est
he
pat
erni
tyofa chi
l
d maydi
sown such chi
l
d bypr
ovi
ng deci
siv
elyt
hati
tis
absol
utel
yimpossi
blet
hathecoul
dbet
hef
atheroft
hechi
l
d(Ar
t.170)
.
Asopposedt
othef
ir
stgr
ound,
theact
iont
odi
sownbasedont
hesecondgr
ound
maynotbei
nst
it
utedexceptwi
tht
heper
missi
onoft
hecour
t(Ar
t.171)
.The
scr
uti
nyoft
hecour
tisr
equi
redt
onar
rowt
hepossi
bil
i
tyoff
ather
lessness.The
cour
tgi
vesi
tsper
missi
onwhent
her
ear
epr
esumpt
ionsorser
iousi
ndi
cat
ions
r
esul
ti
ngf
rom suf
fi
ci
entandr
eli
abl
efact
senabl
i
ngt
hecour
ttoacceptt
heact
ion
(
Art
.171(
2).Thepr
esumpt
ionsandser
iousi
ndi
cat
ionsar
ethosei
ndi
cat
edunder
Ar
t172.
Ar
ti
cle172–(
3)Pr
esumpt
ionsandSer
iousI
ndi
cat
ions
1.The pr
esumpt
ions and ser
ious i
ndi
cat
ions may consi
stofphy
sical
char
act
eri
sti
csoft
hechi
l
drecogni
zedbysci
encet
obei
ncompat
ibl
ewi
th
t
hoseoft
hef
ather
.
2.Theymayal
sor
esul
tfr
om t
hef
actt
hatt
hewomanhasconceal
edt
he
bi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
dorherpr
egnancyt
othemanunderci
rcumst
ancewhi
ch
ar
eoptt
ocr
eat
edoubt
sasr
egar
dshi
spat
erni
ty.
One i
nst
ance wher
ethe l
aw r
ecogni
zes as a pr
esumpt
ion and ser
ious
ci
rcumst
ant
ialev
idencef
ort
hepur
poseofgr
ant
ingper
missi
onofact
ion,as
pr
ovi
dedunderAr
t.172(
1),i
swher
ether
eexi
stsaphy
sicali
ncompat
ibi
l
ity
bet
weent
hebi
ologi
calchar
act
eri
sti
csoft
hef
atherwi
tht
hechi
l
dasr
ecogni
zed
bysci
ence.Exampl
esofphy
sicalchar
act
eri
sti
csoft
hechi
l
dincompat
ibl
ewi
th
t
hoseoft
hef
athercoul
dbe:
- i
fawhi
techi
l
dwi
thbl
ondehai
randbl
ueey
esi
sbor
nofEt
hiopi
a
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 232
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ps:
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oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
par
ent
s;or
- i
fthebl
oodt
estoft
hechi
l
dgi
vesanegat
iver
esul
t.
Ar
t172(
2)consi
der
sthemot
her
’sconceal
mentofbi
rt
horofmer
epr
egnancyof
t
he chi
l
d as a second ser
ious and ci
rcumst
ant
ialev
idence wher
ethe
conceal
mentoft
hebi
rt
hort
hepr
egnancyt
endst
ocr
eat
edoubt
sast
othe
pat
erni
tyoft
hepr
esumpt
ivef
ather
.Whent
hemot
herconceal
sthebi
rt
hoft
he
chi
l
d orofherpr
egnancy f
rom t
he pr
esumpt
ivef
ather
,ther
eis a st
rong
pr
esumpt
iont
hatshehadsexualr
elat
ionwi
thanot
herper
sonandal
sot
hatt
he
chi
l
disnott
hatoft
hehusbandort
hatoft
hemani
nani
rr
egul
aruni
onwi
thher
.
Thi
sfactal
onewi
l
lcr
eat
eadoubtasr
egar
dshi
spat
erni
ty.Becauset
her
eisno
r
easonf
ort
hemot
hert
oconcealt
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
dorofpr
egnancyf
ormt
he
pr
esumpt
ivef
ather
.
Theadul
ter
yoft
hemot
herorheradmi
ssi
ont
hatt
hechi
l
dhasanot
herf
atherar
e
notsuf
fi
cient
,byt
hemsel
ves,t
oconst
it
uteser
iousci
rcumst
ant
ialev
idence.(
Art
.
173)
.Howev
ert
hecommi
ssi
onofadul
ter
yort
headmi
ssi
onoft
hemot
heri
f
f
oll
owed by ot
hercor
robor
ati
ng f
act
s whi
ch can putt
he pat
erni
ty oft
he
pr
esumpt
ivef
atheri
nquest
ion,
thecour
twi
l
lal
l
owt
hel
att
ert
oinst
it
uteact
iont
o
di
sown.Forexampl
e,i
fthemot
her
’sadul
ter
yiscor
robor
atedbyt
hef
actt
hatt
he
pr
esumedf
atherusescont
racept
ionort
hecondi
ti
onsunderAr
t.172,
thi
scanbe
consi
der
ed as a pr
esumpt
ion and ser
ious ci
rcumst
ant
ialev
idence t
o gr
ant
per
missi
on.
Ar
ewet
osayt
hatt
heabov
edi
scussedci
rcumst
ancesar
etheonl
yonest
ogr
ant
per
missi
onoft
hecour
t?Ther
eisnopr
ovi
sionexpr
essl
yexcl
udi
ngot
hergr
ounds
t
hant
heexpr
essl
ygi
venones.I
ntheabsenceofpr
ovi
sionwhi
chdemandst
he
excl
usi
vei
nter
pret
ati
on,wecanconsi
dert
hegr
oundswehav
edeal
twi
thas
i
l
lust
rat
ive.Ev
ent
hewor
dingofAr
t.172(
1)wheni
tsay
s“t
hepr
esumpt
ionsand
ser
iousi
ndi
cat
ionsmayconsi
stsof…”seemst
obei
l
lust
rat
ive.Asar
esul
t,ot
her
ev
idencessol
ongast
heyputt
hepat
erni
tyoft
hepr
esumpt
ivef
atheri
ndoubt
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 233
htt
ps:
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oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
can be t
aken a ser
iousand ci
rcumst
ant
ialev
idence f
ort
he cour
tto gr
ant
per
missi
on.Anexampl
eoft
hiski
ndcoul
dbet
hepr
esumpt
ivef
ather
’sst
eri
l
ity
.
Att
hisj
unct
ure,i
tmustbenot
edt
hatadmi
ssi
onofact
iondoesnotnecessar
il
y
compl
etet
heact
ion.I
tisonl
yaf
teradmi
ssi
ont
hatt
hepr
esumpt
ivef
atherwi
l
lbe
al
l
owedt
oadducepr
oofofhi
sbei
ngnott
hef
atheroft
hechi
l
d.I
nthi
smodeof
di
sowni
ng,
asAr
t.170r
equi
res,
thepr
esumpt
ivef
athermustdeci
siv
elyshowt
hat
hei
snott
hef
atheroft
hechi
l
dint
hepar
ti
cul
arcase.I
fhei
sexpect
edt
oshow
deci
si
vel
yhi
sbei
ngnott
hef
ather
,mer
edoubtasr
egar
dshi
spat
erni
tywon’
t
suf
fi
cet
ocompl
etet
heact
ion.Ther
efor
e,af
teradmi
ssi
onofact
ion,hehast
o
showwi
thoutdoubtt
hathei
snott
hef
ather
.Inshor
t,mustoft
hegr
oundst
hat
ent
it
let
hepr
esumpt
ivef
atheri
nst
it
uteact
iont
odi
sownonl
ycr
eat
edoubtast
o
t
hepat
erni
tyoft
hepr
esumpt
ivef
ather
.Butwhent
hesef
act
sorgr
oundsar
e
suppor
tedbyot
herev
idencewhi
chi
ndi
cat
ethatt
hepr
esumpt
ivef
atheri
snot
f
ather
,af
orm ofcer
tai
ntywi
l
lbear
ri
vedandt
hepr
esumpt
ivef
atherwi
l
lbe
al
l
owedt
odi
sownt
hechi
l
dbasedonAr
t.170.Forexampl
e,t
heexcl
usi
onar
y
bl
oodt
ypi
ngmechani
smsar
einsomej
uri
sdi
cti
onst
akent
obeconcl
usi
vet
o
di
sownachi
l
d.Soaf
teradmi
ssi
on,t
hepr
esumpt
ivef
athermustconv
incet
he
cour
twi
thoutar
easonabl
edoubtashei
snott
hef
atherbyanyev
idenceathi
s
di
sposal
.
Si
ncedi
sowni
ngi
sst
ri
ctl
yper
sonalt
othepr
esumpt
ivef
ather
,onl
ytheper
sont
o
whom t
hepat
erni
tyoft
hechi
l
disat
tri
but
edbyl
egalpr
esumpt
ionmayi
nst
it
ute
anact
iont
odi
sown.(
Art
.174(
1))
.Noact
iont
othi
sef
fectmaybemadebyt
he
mot
herorbyamanwhocl
aimst
hepat
erni
tyofchi
l
dorbyt
hepubl
i
cpr
esocut
or
orbyt
hechi
l
dhi
msel
f.(
Art174(
2))
.Anact
iont
odi
sownmay
,howev
er,
wit
hthe
per
missi
onoft
hecour
t,bei
nst
it
utedbyt
hej
udi
ci
all
yint
erdi
ctedper
sonhi
msel
f.
(
Art
.175(
1)Theact
ionmay
,wi
tht
hesameper
missi
on,
bei
nst
it
utedi
nthename
oft
hei
nter
dict
edper
sonbyhi
sgubi
dian.(
Art
.175(
2))
.
Mor
eov
er,wher
etheper
sont
owhom t
hepat
erni
tyoft
hechi
l
disat
tr
ibut
edby
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 234
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
l
awdi
esorbecomesi
ncapaci
tat
edwi
thi
nthet
imef
ixedbyl
awf
ori
nst
it
uti
ngt
he
act
iont
odi
sown,
oneofhi
sdescendant
s,i
nhi
sst
ead,
mayi
nst
it
uteanact
iont
o
di
sown.(
Art
.177(
1))
.Indef
aul
tofdescendant
s,t
her
ightt
odi
sownmaybe
exer
cisedbyhi
sfat
her
,ormot
her
,ori
nthei
rdef
aul
t,byoneofhi
sascendant
s
(
Art177(
2))
.Indef
aul
tofascendant
s,i
tmaybeexer
cisedbyoneofhi
sbr
other
s
orsi
ster
s,t
otheexcl
usi
onofanyot
herhei
rorr
epr
esent
ati
ve.
Needl
esst
osay
,iti
sthei
nter
estofal
lconcer
nedt
hatanact
ionf
ordi
sowni
ng
shal
lbebr
oughtwi
thoutdel
ay.Wi
tht
hisunder
standi
ngt
hel
aw pr
escr
ibesa
per
iod ofl
i
mit
ati
on wi
thi
n whi
ch an act
ion f
ordi
sowni
ng shal
lbe br
ought
.
Pur
suantt
oAr
t.176(
1),anact
iont
odi
sownshal
lbei
nst
it
utedbyt
hemant
o
whom t
hepat
erni
tyoft
hechi
l
disat
tri
but
ed byl
aw wi
thi
n 180 day
saf
ter
f
oll
owi
ngt
hedayhekneworheshoul
dhav
eknownt
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
d.So,i
f
t
hepr
esumpt
ivef
atherwasar
oundatt
het
imeofbi
rt
hofachi
l
d,heshal
lbr
ingan
act
ionwi
thi
nsi
xmont
hsasoft
hedat
eofbi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
d.I
f,ont
heot
herhand,
t
hepr
esumpt
ivef
athercamet
oknowt
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
dsomet
imesaf
tert
he
bi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
dforhewasnotar
oundatt
het
imeofbi
rt
h,t
he6mont
hsper
iod
shal
lbecal
cul
atedasoft
hedat
eofhi
sknowl
edge.
Dearst
udent
,whatdoy
out
hinki
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenAr
t792(
1)oft
heCi
vi
l
Codeand176(
1)oft
heRFC?Whi
char
ti
clet
akesabet
terposi
ti
oni
nreconci
l
ing
t
hei
nter
estoft
hechi
l
dandt
hepr
esumpt
ivef
ather
?
Wher
e,ont
heot
herhand,t
hemat
ernalf
il
iat
ioni
sest
abl
i
shedbyanact
iont
o
cl
aim ast
atus,t
heact
iont
odi
sownshal
lbei
nst
it
utedwi
thi
n180day
sfr
om t
he
j
udgmentdeci
dingont
heact
iont
ocl
aim ast
atushav
ingbecomef
inal
.(Ar
t.176
(
2).Thi
sis because t
o est
abl
i
sh pat
erni
ty,mat
ernalf
il
iat
ion shal
lfi
rstbe
est
abl
i
shedbecauseaper
sonshal
lbepr
esumedasaf
atherwhenheengagesi
n
al
egal
l
yrecogni
zeduni
onwi
tht
hemot
her
.Thus,wi
thoutest
abl
i
shi
ngmat
erni
ty,
t
hef
atheroft
hechi
l
dwi
l
lnotbeknown.Butoncemat
erni
tyi
spr
ovedbyan
act
iont
ocl
aimf
il
iat
ion,
iti
spossi
blet
oinst
it
uteanact
ionofdi
sowni
ngpr
ovi
ded
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 235
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
t
hati
tismadewi
thi
nsi
xmont
hsf
rom t
hej
udgmentdeci
dingont
heact
iont
o
cl
aim ast
atushav
ingbecomef
inal
.
Onceal
lthepr
ocedur
alr
equi
rement
soft
hel
awar
emett
hepr
esumpt
ivef
ather
wi
l
lbeal
l
owedt
odi
sownt
hechi
l
difheest
abl
i
shest
hef
act
snecessar
yto
sust
aint
heact
iont
odi
sown.Ther
eis,howev
er,onei
nst
ancei
nwhi
chcasesui
t
f
ordi
sowni
ng wi
l
lnotbe per
mit
ted ev
en i
fthe pr
ocedur
alas wel
las t
he
subst
ant
iver
equi
rement
soft
hel
aw ar
emet
.Thi
sinst
ancei
sAr
t.178whi
ch
pr
ovi
des“
disowni
ngshal
lnotbeal
l
owedwher
eiti
spr
ovedt
hatt
hechi
l
dhas
beenconcei
vedbymeansofar
ti
fi
ciali
nsemi
nat
ionwi
tht
hewr
it
tenconsentof
t
hehusband.
”
Ther
ear
etwocommonl
yusedt
ypesofar
ti
fi
cial
insemi
nat
ionThesear
e:
1.Ar
ti
fi
ciali
nsemi
nat
ionwi
tht
hehusband’
ssemen,commonl
yter
medas
AI
H(Ar
ti
fi
cialI
nsemi
nat
ion Husband)
.Thi
smet
hod i
susual
l
yappl
i
ed
whent
hepr
esumpt
ivef
atheri
simpot
entorunabl
etoengagei
nsexual
act
.
2.Ar
ti
fi
ciali
nsemi
nat
ionwi
tht
hesemenofat
hir
dpar
tydonor
,commonl
y
t
ermedasAI
D(Ar
ti
fi
cialI
nsemi
nat
ionDonor
).Thi
smet
hodi
sper
for
med
pr
obabl
yduet
othepr
esumpt
ivef
ather
’sst
eri
l
ity
.Al
thoughast
ri
lei
sabl
e
t
oengagei
nsexual
acthecannoti
mpr
egnat
eawoman.
Ar
ti
cle178i
spar
ti
cul
arl
yref
err
ingt
otheAI
Dty
pesbecausei
nthef
ir
stsi
tuat
ion
(
AIH)t
hehusbandcannotdi
sownt
hechi
l
dfort
her
ewoul
dbeacompat
ibi
l
ity
bet
weent
hepr
esumpt
ionandt
hebi
ologi
calf
act
.Thef
atherwi
l
lnotbei
na
posi
ti
ont
odeci
siv
elypr
ovet
heabsol
utei
mpossi
bil
i
tyofhi
spat
erni
ty.
ThuswhenAI
Disappl
i
edt
hesemenusedi
sthesemenoft
hir
dpar
tydonor
.In
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 236
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
t
hiscase,i
tmayar
iseaquest
ionofpat
erni
ty.Ar
t.178r
esol
vest
hisi
ssueby
at
tr
ibut
ing t
he pat
erni
ty of t
his chi
l
d concei
ved as a r
esul
tof ar
ti
fi
cial
i
nsemi
nat
iont
othepr
esumpt
ivef
atherwhohasconsent
edi
nawr
it
tenf
ormf
or
t
hecar
ryi
ngoutoft
hisi
nsemi
nat
ion.
Bef
orewi
ndi
ngupt
hedi
scussi
onoft
hischapt
er,
iti
simpor
tantt
opoi
ntoutast
o
whoshal
lbet
hedef
endanti
nthesui
tinst
it
utedf
ordi
sowni
ng.I
nrespondi
ngt
o
t
hisi
ssue,Ar
t.179(
1)pr
ovi
dest
hatt
heact
iont
odi
sownshal
lbei
nst
it
uted
agai
nstt
hechi
l
dor
,wher
ehei
sdead,agai
nsthi
shei
rs.Besi
des,t
hemot
herof
t
hechi
l
dshal
lbej
oinedi
nthesui
t,(
Art
.179(
2))wher
ethechi
l
dismi
nor
,heshal
l
ber
epr
esent
ed byat
utoradhocappoi
ntedbyt
hecour
tfort
hispur
pose(
Art
.
179(
3))
.
Exer
cise
1.Why do y
ou t
hink t
he l
aw has r
equi
red t
he admi
ssi
on of t
he
acknowl
edgementbyt
hemot
heroft
hechi
l
d?Whydoy
ousayso?
2.Fr
om t
hreemodesofest
abl
i
shmentofpat
erni
ty,whi
chone(
s)i
s/ar
e
easi
erf
ort
hechi
l
dtogetal
egal
fat
her
?Whydoy
ousayso?
3.I
fthechi
l
disbor
nj he160th dayf
ustont rom t
hear
ri
valof“
A”(
mindy
ou
“
A”st
ayed315day
satt
hewarf
ront
).Can“
A”di
sownt
hechi
l
d?Why/why
not
?
4.W/
oManasboshandAt
oBi
setconsummat
edt
hei
rthr
eey
ear
sol
dlov
e
af
fai
rbyconcl
udi
ngav
ali
dmar
ri
ageonTi
r15,1990E.
C.Andsi
ncet
hen
t
heyhav
eli
vedaj
oyf
ull
i
fe.Asof1992,howev
er,W/
oManasboshbegan
t
oli
vesepar
atel
yinDi
redawawi
thoutpassi
ngdi
vor
cepr
oceedi
ngs.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 237
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
For
tunat
ely
,W/
oManasboshwassoonappr
oachedbyAt
oSebi
sibei
nDi
re
Dawa.Af
teral
ongnegot
iat
ing,
theyconcl
udedt
hei
rmar
ri
ageonMsker
em 10,
1993.OnMegabi
t15,1993W/
oManasboshgav
ebi
rt
htot
wins,named
Mi
kur
abandMast
ewal
.Int
hishy
pot
het
icalcase,whoi
sthef
atheroft
he
t
wins,
Mikur
abandMast
ewal
undert
hel
aw?(
AtoBi
setorAt
oSebsi
be)Why
?
5.Whatcondi
ti
onsmustbef
ulf
il
ledf
orj
udi
cial
decl
arat
ionofpat
erni
ty?
6.Enumer
atet
het
hreeway
sbywhi
chf
il
iat
ionmaybepr
oved?
7.Whati
sthesi
mil
ari
tyordi
ff
erencebet
weencont
est
ati
onoff
il
iat
ionand
di
sowni
ng?
8.Al
emay
ehui
say
oungci
vi
lser
vantl
i
vingi
nBahi
rDar
,Kebel
e13.OnTi
r18,
1996E.
Checoncl
udedav
ali
dmar
ri
agewi
thAmsal
einaccor
dancewi
th
t
hemar
ri
agecel
ebr
ati
onr
uleofEt
hiopi
anOr
thodoxChur
ch.Amsal
egav
e
bi
rt
htoachi
l
donNehasi
e30,1996.CanAl
emay
ehuagr
eet
oassi
gnt
he
pat
erni
tyoft
hischi
l
d?Why
/whynot
?
9.Achi
l
dconcei
vedorbor
ninwedl
ockhast
hehusbandasf
ather
.Butt
his
r
uledoesn’
twor
ktot
hehusbandwhoseabsencehasbeendecl
aredby
cour
t.Why
?
CHAPTERNI
NE
ADOPTI
ON
Undert
heCi
vi
lCodeandt
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodes,t
her
ear
ethr
eesour
cesof
f
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
p.Thef
ir
stonei
sconsangui
nalr
elat
ionshi
pwhi
chessent
ial
l
y
or
igi
nat
esf
rom bl
oodt
ie.Secondl
y,wehav
eaf
fi
nal
rel
ati
onshi
pthatspr
ingsf
rom
mar
ri
age.Thet
hir
dsour
ceoff
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
pthatweshal
ldeepl
yconsi
der
undert
hischapt
eri
sadopt
ion.Thus,
themai
nfocusoft
hischapt
eri
saddr
essi
ng
i
ssuesr
elat
ingt
othet
hir
dsour
ceoff
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
p,namel
y,adopt
ion.
Toputt
heobj
ect
ivesoft
hisuni
tinanutshel
l
,ast
udentwhosuccessf
ull
y
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 238
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
st
udi
est
hischapt
erwi
l
lbeabl
eto:
 Def
ineadopt
ion;
 Expl
aint
hepur
poseoft
hei
nst
it
uti
onofadopt
ion;
 Enumer
ateessent
ial
element
sthatt
headopt
ionagr
eementshal
lsat
isf
y;
 Di
scusst
hel
egal
consequencesofadopt
ion;and
 Di
sti
ngui
shgr
oundsont
hebasi
sofwhi
chadopt
ionagr
eementcanbe
r
evoked.
9.
1.Def
ini
ti
onandPur
poseofAdopt
ion
Ther
eseemst
obeagener
alagr
eementconcer
ningt
hedef
ini
ti
onofadopt
ion.
Whenwer
efert
othev
ari
ousdef
ini
ti
onsgi
venbydi
ff
erentl
egalschol
ars,t
her
e
ar
ecommonf
eat
ureswhi
chunder
li
etheconceptofadopt
ion.Thati
sa,
“fi
cti
ous
cr
eat
ionofbl
oodr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenper
sonswhoar
enotsor
elat
ed.
” To
expl
ainusi
ngdi
ff
erentwor
ds,
iti
sameansbywhi
chachi
l
disassi
mil
atedt
othe
f
ami
l
iesoft
headopt
er,
andt
hati
tisaj
uri
dical
actbywhi
chaper
manentar
ti
fi
cial
par
ent–chi
l
drel
ati
onshi
piscr
eat
ed.
I
nourCi
vi
lCode,
too,
adopt
ioni
sanar
ti
fi
cialbondcr
eat
edbyacont
ractbet
ween
t
headopt
erandt
headopt
edchi
l
d(Ar
t.796(
1))
.Wi
thsl
i
ghtmodi
fi
cat
ion,t
he
Rev
isedFami
l
yCodeunderAr
t.180def
inesadopt
ionasanagr
eementbywhi
ch
aper
sonandachi
l
dcr
eat
ear
ti
fi
cialf
il
iat
ion.I
tisanagr
eementwhi
chconf
ers
l
egal
stat
usofpar
entandchi
l
donaper
sonandachi
l
dwhoar
enosor
elat
ed.
Regar
dingt
hepur
poseofadopt
ion,i
thasser
vedmanypr
oposesdependi
ngup
ont
hesoci
o-economi
ccondi
ti
onofasoci
ety
.Inear
li
ert
imes,adopt
ionwas
empl
oyedt
osecur
etot
headopt
ersuppor
tinhi
sol
dage,ort
opr
ovi
dehi
m wi
th
anhei
r,ort
opr
eventt
heex
tinct
ionofhi
srace,
ort
oper
pet
uat
etheper
for
mance
oft
hef
ami
l
ycul
ts.I
tal
so ser
vedt
o gi
vesonst
o househol
dswhi
chhav
e
daught
ersonl
y,ordaught
erst
ohousehol
dswhi
chhav
eson.I
nsomesoci
eti
es,
i
tspur
posewast
ofi
l
lupv
acanci
escausedbydeat
hsot
hatt
heper
sonadopt
ed
Joi
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egram channelvi
athi
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nk 239
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ps:
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oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
shal
ltaket
hedeceasedper
son’
spl
ace;
toconf
erhonourandcementf
ri
endhi
p;t
o
br
ingpr
ofi
ttot
headopt
iveornat
uralpar
ent
,orbot
h;t
orecr
uitt
her
anksofa
f
ail
i
nggenest
otr
ibe;
andt
oav
erti
l
l–l
uckort
ori
ckev
ilspi
ri
ts.
Thepur
posesi
tser
vedwer
esomanyt
hatonecannotpossi
blyl
i
stt
hem al
l
.It
mayhowev
er,gener
all
ybesai
dthatt
hepr
inci
palpur
poseofadopt
ioni
near
ly
soci
eti
eswast
obenef
itt
headopt
erandwasnotv
iewedasanal
ter
nat
ivemeans
t
othewel
far
eoft
headopt
ee.
Thepur
posesadopt
ionusedt
oser
vechanged,howev
er,wi
tht
henat
uraland
manmadehappeni
ngswhi
chst
ruckt
hewor
ldatl
arge.Thef
ir
sthal he20th
foft
cent
urywi
tnessedmassdi
spl
acementofpeopl
eandmanyor
phane chi
l
dren.
Wi
tht
his soci
alchanges and r
ami
fi
cat
ion ofsci
ent
if
ic knowl
edge ofchi
l
d
dev
elopment
,adopt
ionbegant
obev
iewedasi
nst
rumentofpr
otect
ionoft
he
or
phan,t
hedest
it
uteandf
ugi
ti
ve.I
thassi
ncet
henbecomeat
rul
yfami
l
y
i
nst
it
uti
onandr
escuedmanyor
phanedandabandonedchi
l
dren.
9.
2.Essent
ialCondi
ti
onsofAdopt
ion
I
nthepr
ecedi
ngsect
ion,
wehav
eseent
hepur
poseanddef
ini
ti
onofadopt
ion.I
n
t
hissect
ion,weshal
lconsi
dercommonessent
ialel
ement
swhi
cht
headopt
er
andt
headopt
eemustsat
isf
yfort
hev
ali
dit
yoft
heagr
eementofadopt
ion.
9.
2.1.TheRequi
rementofConsent
Deardi
stancel
ear
ner
!fr
om y
ouri
ntr
oduct
iont
olawcour
se,y
oumayr
ecal
lthat
consenti
soneoft
hepr
erequi
sit
esofj
uri
dical
act
s.Adopt
ion,
bei
ngaj
uri
dical
act
,
shal
lbef
ormedonl
yupont
heconsent(
agr
eement
)oft
heper
sonsi
nvol
ved
t
her
ein.Tot
hatef
fectAr
t.180oft
heRFCpr
ovi
dest
hatadopt
ivef
il
iat
ionmaybe
cr
eat
edbyanagr
eementbet
weenaper
sonandachi
l
d.Thi
sAr
ti
clemayl
eady
ou
t
obel
i
evet
hatt
hepar
ti
est
otheagr
eementofadopt
ionar
etheadopt
ivepar
ent
andt
headopt
ivechi
l
d.How ev
er,aspr
ovi
dedunderAr
t.190,par
ti
est
othe
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
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htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
cont
ractofadopt
ionar
etheadopt
ivepar
entandt
heguar
dianoft
hechi
l
d.Ar
t.
180si
mpl
yshowst
hatanadopt
ivef
il
iat
ionshal
lbecr
eat
edbet
weent
headopt
ive
par
entandt
hechi
l
dasar
esul
tofanagr
eementofadopt
ion.
Wher
etheadopt
eri
smar
ri
ed,
anagr
eementofadopt
ionmaynotbemadeunl
ess
t
het
wospousesconj
oint
lyadoptt
hechi
l
d(Ar
t.186)
.Fr
om t
his,i
tiscl
eart
hata
v
ali
dadopt
ionshal
lbef
ormedi
fandonl
yift
hemar
ri
edspousesgi
vet
hei
rjoi
nt
consentsust
ainabl
eatl
aw.I
ftheconsentofoneoft
hespousesi
slacki
ng,t
he
adopt
ionshal
lbeofnoef
fect
.Itmayhappen,
forexampl
e,t
hatt
hewi
fewant
sto
adoptachi
l
d.Theef
fectofadopt
ioni
s,asdi
scussedbel
ow,t
hatt
hechi
l
dshal
l
ber
elat
edt
otheadopt
erandherr
elat
ives.Thehusband,ont
heot
herhand,
al
thoughhei
swi
l
li
ngandabl
etot
akecar
eoft
hechi
l
dint
hemostcomf
ort
abl
e
mannerdoesnotl
i
ket
obeadopt
ivef
atherandt
heef
fect
sofadopt
ion.I
shi
s
wi
l
li
ngnessandappr
ovaloft
headopt
ionbyhi
sspouseofachi
l
dsat
isf
yAr
t.186
(
1)?Theansweri
sdef
ini
tel
yno.Mer
eappr
ovaloft
headopt
ioni
snotsuf
fi
cient
.
Heshal
lal
sobeanadopt
eroft
hechi
l
d.
Asanexcept
iont
othepr
inci
plel
aid downunderAr
t.186 (
1),anadopt
ion
agr
eementmadebyonespousewi
thoutt
heot
hershal
lbev
ali
dint
hef
oll
owi
ng
t
wosi
tuat
ions.Thef
ir
stexcept
ioni
soper
ati
vewher
eaper
sonadopt
sthechi
l
d
ofhi
s orherspouse (
Art
.186 (
2))
.Letus t
ake an exampl
eformor
e
under
standi
ng,At
oMesf
inandW/
roGenetar
ehusbandandwi
fe.Ay
alew i
sa
chi
l
dofAt
oMesf
inwhom hehadbef
oret
hemar
ri
age.I
fW/
oGenetwant
sto
adoptAy
alew,t
heagr
eementshal
lbev
ali
d wi
thoutt
hei
nvol
vementofAt
o
Mesf
in as a par
tyt
othe agr
eement
.Thi
sis because t
her
e al
readyexi
sts
consangui
nalr
elat
ionbet
weenAt
oMesf
inandhi
schi
l
dAy
alew.Al
sowher
eone
spousei
snoti
naposi
ti
ont
omani
festhi
swi
l
l,adopt
ionagr
eementmadebyt
he
ot
herspouseshal
lbev
ali
d(Ar
t.186(
3))
.
Ashasbeendi
scussedabov
e,t
headopt
eri
sonepar
tyt
oadopt
ionagr
eement
.
Theot
herpar
tyt
otheagr
eementi
stheguar
dianoft
headopt
edchi
l
d(Ar
t.190)
.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 241
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Si
ncet
headopt
edchi
l
disr
equi
redt
obeami
nor
,heshal
lber
epr
esent
edbyhi
s
guar
dianf
orami
norcannotper
for
mjur
idi
calacti
ncl
udi
ngadopt
ion.Asy
oumay
hav
elear
ntf
rom y
ourl
aw ofper
sonscour
se,t
hef
atherandt
hemot
heroft
he
chi
l
dar
ejoi
ntguar
diansoft
hei
rmi
norchi
l
dren,dur
ingt
hei
rmar
ri
age.Ther
efor
e,
i
fthechi
l
d’sf
atherandmot
herar
eal
i
veandknown,t
heagr
eementofadopt
ion
wi
l
lbemadebet
weent
headopt
ivepar
entont
heonehandandt
hef
atherand
mot
heroft
hechi
l
dont
heot
her
.Somet
imes,t
hechi
l
dmayhav
eaguar
dian
di
ff
erentf
rom hi
sfat
herormot
her
.Insuchacaseal
sot
hef
atherandmot
herof
t
hechi
l
dar
erequi
redt
ogi
vet
hei
rconsentt
otheadopt
ionagr
eement
,al
though
t
heyar
enotpar
tyt
otheagr
eement
.Ar
t.191wi
l
lgi
vey
oumor
einf
ormat
ionon
t
hispoi
nt.
Ar
ti
cle191–ConsentofPar
ent
soft
heAdopt
edChi
ld
1)Bot
hthef
atherandt
hemot
heroft
headopt
edchi
l
dmustgi
vet
hei
r
consentt
otheadopt
ionwher
etheyar
eal
i
veandknown.
2)Wher
e one oft
hem i
sdead;absent
,unknown ori
ncapabl
eto
mani
festhi
swi
l
l,t
heot
herpar
entshal
lgi
vehi
sconsent
.
3)Not
wit
hst
andi
ngt
hepr
ovi
sionsofsub–ar
t(1)oft
hisar
ti
cle,
wher
e
oneoft
hepar
ent
sisnotwi
l
li
ngt
ogi
vehi
sconsentandt
hechi
l
dis
t
enandabov
eyear
sofage,t
hecour
tmayappr
ovet
headopt
ion
uponhear
ingt
heopi
nionoft
heot
herpar
entandoft
hechi
l
d.
4)Wher
ethechi
l
dhasnoascendantcapabl
eofgi
vi
nghi
sconsent
,
t
hecour
tmayappr
ovet
headopt
ionagr
eementt
aki
ngi
ntoaccount
t
hei
nter
estoft
hechi
l
d.
Theai
m oft
hel
aw i
ntaki
ngt
heposi
ti
onunderAr
t.191(
1)i
sfai
rl
ycl
ear
.
Adopt
ioni
sanagr
eementwher
ebyt
hepar
ent
soft
hechi
l
dandt
headopt
eragr
ee
t
ocr
eat
ear
ti
fi
ci
alpar
entchi
l
drel
ati
onshi
pbet
weent
headopt
edchi
l
dandt
he
adopt
er.Ast
heagr
eementofadopt
ionr
equi
rest
henat
uralpar
ent
stosur
render
al
lpar
ent
alr
ight
sanddut
iest
heyhav
eov
ert
hechi
l
d,i
tfol
l
owst
hatt
headopt
ion
mayonl
ybe v
ali
d wher
ethe nat
uralpat
ent
s,hav
ing f
ullknowl
edge oft
he
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 242
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
consequences,hav
egi
vent
hei
rfr
eeandf
ullconsent
.Thepar
ent
sshoul
dnotbe
depr
ivedoft
her
ightt
othei
rchi
l
dsoci
ety
,ser
vices,andear
ningswi
thoutt
hei
r
consent
.
Nev
ert
hel
ess,al
thought
hel
aw pr
otect
sthei
nter
estoft
henat
uralpar
ent
sin
adopt
ionpr
oceedi
ngs,t
her
ear
eci
rcumst
anceswher
ethei
rconsentmaybe
di
spensedwi
th.Thecour
tmay
,forexampl
e,appr
ovet
headopt
ionagr
eement
wher
ethenat
uralpar
ent
sar
enotal
i
veorunknownandwher
ethechi
l
dhasnoan
ascendantcapabl
eofgi
vi
nghi
sconsent(
Art
.191(
1)cum.(
4).Sub-
art
icl
e3of
Ar
t191pr
ovi
desal
sot
hatwher
eoneoft
hepar
ent
sisnotwi
l
li
ngt
ogi
vehi
s/her
consentandt
hechi
l
dist
enandabov
eyear
sofage,t
hecour
tmayappr
ovet
he
adopt
ionuponhear
ingt
heopi
nionoft
heot
herpar
entandoft
hechi
l
d.Thi
ssub-
ar
ti
clei
sjust
if
iedwher
ethepar
enthasunr
easonabl
ysuspendedhi
s/herconsent
.
I
tsappl
i
cat
ioni
s,howev
er,
doubt
fulwher
ether
efusi
ngpar
enti
scapabl
e,i
nev
ery
aspect
,ofupbr
ingi
nghi
schi
l
d.Ther
eisnor
easont
odepr
ivehi
m ofhi
s/her
par
ent
alr
ight
sanddut
iesi
nsof
arast
hechi
l
dissaf
ewi
tht
her
efusi
ngpar
ent
.
I
not
herj
uri
sdi
cti
ons,
ther
ear
eal
soot
herci
rcumst
anceswhi
chenabl
ethecour
ts
t
odi
spensewi
tht
heconsentofnat
uralpar
ent
s.Fori
nst
ance,consentoft
he
nat
uralpar
ent
sisnotr
equi
redwher
etheyf
orf
eitt
hei
rpar
ent
alr
ight
sbyt
hei
r
negl
ectoft
hechi
l
dorbyt
hei
rmi
sconductt
owar
dst
hei
rchi
l
d.Whet
hersi
mil
ar
concl
usi
onmaybear
ri
vedati
ntheRev
isedFami
l
yCodei
squest
ionabl
e.Ar
t191
(
1)mer
elysay
sthati
nsof
arast
hef
atherandt
hemot
heroft
hechi
l
dar
eal
i
ve
andknownt
hei
rconsentmustbeobt
ained.Sub-
art
icl
e3and4whi
chseem t
obe
except
ionst
osub-
art
icl
e1donotent
ert
ainsuchsi
tuat
ion.Per
hapst
hecour
t
may
,inpur
sui
toft
hepr
inci
pleoft
hebesti
nter
estoft
hechi
l
d,di
spenset
he
consentoft
henat
ural
par
entandappr
ovet
headopt
ion.
Whathasbeenconsi
der
edi
nthepr
ecedi
ngdi
scussi
onsi
saki
ndofadopt
iont
hat
wi
l
lbeconcl
udedbet
weent
hepar
ent
soft
hechi
l
dandt
headopt
er.I
naddi
ti
ont
o
t
his,t
he Rev
ised Fami
l
yCode underAr
t.192 (
1)expr
essl
yst
ipul
ates t
hat
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 243
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
gov
ernmentorpr
ivat
eor
phanagesmaygi
veanychi
l
dundert
hei
rcust
odyt
o
adopt
ers.Butt
hispr
ovi
sioni
snotcl
earast
owhoseconsentshal
lbegi
venwher
e
t
hechi
l
dtobeadopt
edi
sint
heor
phanage.I
tsi
mpl
ysay
sthator
phanagesmay
gi
veanychi
l
dundert
hei
rcust
odyt
oadopt
ers.I
nrel
ati
ont
other
equi
rementof
consent
,thequest
ionofguar
dianshi
pmayar
ise.Ar
t.190st
ipul
atest
hatt
he
agr
eementofadopt
ionmaybemadebet
weent
headopt
erandt
heguar
dianof
t
hechi
l
d.I
ndef
aul
tofper
sonwhoar
edeemedbyl
aw t
obeguar
diansofan
or
phanasperAr
t.227oft
heRFC,
howcanweappl
yAr
t190Vi
s-a-
Visar
ti
cle192?
Canwesayt
hatt
heor
phanagei
stheguar
dianoft
heor
phanedchi
l
d?I
tseems
t
hatunl
essent
rust
edbycour
ttof
unct
ionasguar
dian,
theor
phanagecannotbe
consi
der
edassuchandent
ers,ont
hechi
l
d’sbehal
f,i
ntot
heagr
eementof
adopt
ionwi
tht
headopt
er.I
tmay
,howev
er,
bear
guedt
hatt
heor
phanagehas,
by
v
irt
ueofar
ti
cle192(
1),gott
hecapaci
tyt
oent
eri
ntoadopt
ionagr
eementon
behal
foft
heor
phanedchi
l
dunderi
tscust
ody
.
Al
thoughgov
ernmentorpr
ivat
eor
phanagesar
elegal
l
yal
l
owed t
o concl
ude
agr
eementofadopt
iononbehal
ftheor
phanedchi
l
d,t
heyar
edut
ybound,
bef
ore
gi
vi
ngt
hechi
l
dforadopt
ion,t
opr
ovi
desuf
fi
cienti
nfor
mat
iont
othegov
ernment
or
ganhav
ingaut
hor
it
ytof
oll
owupt
hewel
lbei
ngofchi
l
drenast
othei
dent
it
yof
t
hechi
l
d,how t
heor
phanager
ecei
vedhi
m,andaboutt
heper
sonal
,soci
aland
economi
cposi
ti
onoft
headopt
er(
Art192(
2).Cur
rent
ly,t
hegov
ernmentor
gan
t
hathast
hepowert
ofol
l
ow upt
hewel
lbei
ngofchi
l
dreni
sMi
nist
ryofLabour
andSoci
alAf
fai
r.
Whi
l
eundert
heCi
vi
lCodeandot
herf
ami
l
ycodesoft
hecount
ry,adopt
ive
f
il
iat
ioni
scr
eat
edbyanagr
eementbet
weenaper
sonandachi
l
d,t
heOr
omi
a
Fami
l
yCodehascomeupwi
thapecul
i
arf
eat
ureofadopt
ioni
nthati
tmayal
so
be cr
eat
ed bycust
om oft
he peopl
e.Adopt
ion (
Godi
facha)has l
ong been
pr
act
iced among t
he Or
omos.Ref
erence t
o cust
om i
s per
haps t
o gi
ve
r
ecogni
ti
ont
othecer
emoni
alnat
ureofadopt
ionwhi
cht
het
wopar
ti
es,t
he
adopt
erandt
hef
ami
l
yoft
headopt
edchi
l
dunder
take.Cust
omar
il
y,apr
egnant
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 244
htt
ps:
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oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
womanmaygot
oacer
tai
nfami
l
yanddecl
areheri
ntent
iont
otheef
fectt
hatt
he
chi
l
dbor
nist
hei
rsandsuchf
ami
l
yext
endst
hebestcar
etot
hemot
her
;andt
he
chi
l
dbor
nisconsi
der
edt
ohav
ebeenadopt
edbyt
hef
ormer
.So,t
heCodeai
ms
ati
ncor
por
ati
ngsucht
ypeofadopt
ion.Ref
erencet
ocust
om,
howev
er,
seemsof
l
i
ttl
esi
gni
fi
cancewhenseeni
nli
ghtoft
hef
actt
hatadopt
ion,
whet
hercr
eat
edby
cust
om oft
hepeopl
eorbyanagr
eement
,shal
lbeofnoef
fectunl
essi
tis
appr
ovedbyt
hecour
t.
9.
2.2.WhomayAdopt
?
9.
2.2.
1.Ageoft
heAdopt
er
Undert
heCi
vi
lCode,anyper
sonofage(
18y
ear
s ol
d)mayadopt
;andwher
e
adopt
ioni
smadebyspouses,i
tsuf
fi
cesi
fei
theroft
hem beofage(
Art797)
.
Undert
heRev
isedFami
l
yCode,ont
heot
herhand,anyper
sonwhoseagei
snot
l
esst
hant
went
yfi
vey
ear
smayadopt
;andt
hesamel
ogi
casi
ntheCi
vi
lCode
hol
dst
ruef
oradopt
ionbymar
ri
edper
sons.Thati
s,i
tsuf
fi
cesi
foneoft
he
supposesat
tai
nedt
hef
ull
ageoft
went
yfi
vey
ear
s.(
Art
.194)
.
Att
hisj
unct
ure,onecannotf
ailt
oinqui
rewhyt
hel
egi
slat
urer
aisedt
heageof
t
headopt
ert
otwent
y–f
ivey
ear
s.Thei
ncr
easei
nagecoul
dbej
ust
if
iedi
nthr
ee
way
s.Thef
ir
str
easonf
orpi
tchi
ngt
heagel
i
mitmaybet
he“
besti
nter
estoft
he
chi
l
d.”Thel
egi
slat
uredebat
eshowst
hataper
sonbel
owt
heageoft
went
y–f
ive
y
ear
sisnotf
ull
ycompet
entt
obeart
her
esponsi
bil
i
tiesadopt
ionagr
eement
cr
eat
es;
thathei
snotmat
eri
all
y,soci
all
y,andment
all
yreadyt
orearachi
l
d.I
fthe
r
easonf
orr
aisi
ngt
heagel
i
mitoft
headopt
eri
stheadopt
er’
suneasi
nessor
i
ncompet
encet
obeart
her
esponsi
bil
i
tiesofnur
tur
ingt
hechi
l
d,onemaydoubt
i
tsv
ali
dit
y.Because,f
ir
tl
y,t
her
ear
ecer
tai
nlymanypeopl
ewhoar
ecompet
ent
andcapabl
etor
aiseachi
l
dandi
nfactsuccessf
ull
yexer
cisi
ngpar
ent
alr
ight
sand
dut
iest
hought
heyar
ebel
ow t
went
y–f
ivey
ear
sofage.Ofcour
se,whenone
al
l
udet
otheobj
ect
ivesoci
alcondi
ti
onpr
eval
enti
nourcount
ryt
her
easongi
ven
byt
hel
egi
slat
uremaybe,t
osomeext
ent
,pl
ausi
ble.Tr
uet
her
ear
emanyadul
t
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nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 245
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
per
sonswhost
il
ldependont
hei
rpar
ent
sforshel
ter
,foodandot
hert
hings.But
t
hisshoul
dnoti
nanywayl
eadust
oasweepi
nggener
ali
zat
iont
hataper
son
bel
owt
heageoft
went
y–f
ivey
ear
sisnoti
naposi
ti
ont
opr
omot
ethewel
far
e
andbesti
nter
estoft
hechi
l
d.Secondl
y,t
her
easont
hatl
edt
hel
egi
slat
uret
o
r
aiset
hemi
nimum agel
i
mitt
otwent
y– f
ivei
sinconsi
stentwi
tht
hebasi
c
pr
inci
pleunder
lyi
ngt
hemi
nimum ager
equi
rementsetf
orconcl
udi
ngmar
ri
age.
Ther
ati
onalbehi
ndar
ti
cle7oft
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodei
sthataper
sonwho
at
tai
nst
hef
ullageofei
ght
eeny
ear
sshal
lbedeemedt
obecapabl
etobeart
he
st
ressandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiest
hatmayr
esul
tfr
om mar
ri
age.Onesuchr
esponsi
bil
i
ty
i
s,t
houghi
tmaynotbei
mmedi
ateandnecessar
y,t
orai
seandr
earchi
l
dren
begot
tenf
rom t
hemar
ri
age.We,t
hus,cansayt
hatmar
ri
edper
sonsbel
ow
t
went
y–f
ivear
edeemedt
obecompet
entandabl
etor
aiseandupbr
ingt
hei
r
nat
uralchi
l
dren.I
fwesayt
hatt
heyar
esoabl
etonur
tur
ethei
rnat
uralchi
l
dren,
t
her
eshoul
dnotbeanyspeci
alr
easont
osayt
hatt
heyar
eunabl
etor
aise
adopt
edchi
l
d.
Thus,
rai
singt
hemi
nimum agel
i
mitoft
headopt
er,
int
heopi
nionoft
hewr
it
erof
t
hismodul
e,cannotbej
ust
if
iedont
hegr
oundt
hataper
sonbel
ow t
heageof
t
went
y–f
ivei
snotf
ull
ycompet
entt
obeart
her
esponsi
bil
i
tieswhi
chadopt
ion
agr
eementcr
eat
e.Thi
sdoesn’
t,howev
er,mean t
hatsuch i
ncr
ementoft
he
mi
nimum agel
i
mitoft
headopt
eri
swi
thoutanyr
eason.Wehav
etwoaddi
ti
onal
r
easons.
Thesecondr
easoni
sfor
war
dedasf
oll
ows.I
nthecont
extofEt
hiopi
a,t
he
pr
inci
palr
easonf
orr
esor
ti
ngt
oadopt
ioni
slackofchi
l
drenf
rom wedl
ockt
hough
t
hismaynotbet
hecasewhenconsi
der
edi
nter
msoft
hebesti
nter
estoft
he
chi
l
d.Hence,ast
hemi
nimum mar
ri
ageabl
eagei
s18y
ear
sforbot
hsexes,
al
l
owi
ngpeopl
etoadoptat18mayaf
fectt
her
ati
onaldeci
sionoft
hespouses.
Thati
s,t
heymaygetdespai
redwi
thi
nfewmont
hsoft
hei
rmar
ri
ageandr
esor
tto
adopt
ionwi
thouti
dent
if
yingt
hecausef
ori
nfer
ti
li
tyespeci
all
yint
hecount
rysi
de
wher
emedi
calexami
nat
ioni
slessav
ail
abl
e.I
ftheybyadi
ntofchancegi
vebi
rt
h
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 246
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
af
tert
headopt
ion,i
twoul
dbeunl
i
kel
ythatt
heyext
endt
otheadopt
edchi
l
dthe
samel
oveandaf
fect
iont
heyusedt
oext
endbef
oret
hebi
rt
hoft
henat
uralchi
l
d
whi
chi
ntur
nadv
ersel
yaf
fect
sthei
nter
estoft
headopt
edchi
l
d.Thi
rd,si
nce
adopt
ioni
sdesi
gnedt
ocr
eat
eti
esofr
elat
ionshi
panal
ogoust
othosewhi
ch
spr
ingf
rom f
il
iat
ioni
nthedi
rectl
i
ne,i
twoul
dbel
ogi
calt
ohol
dthatt
headopt
er
t
obeofacer
tai
nnumberofy
ear
sol
dert
hant
heper
sonwhoaccor
dingt
othe
l
awbecomeshi
schi
l
d.
Theot
herpoi
ntt
hatshoul
dbenot
icedi
nrel
ati
ont
otheageoft
headopt
eri
sthe
maxi
mum age.Somet
imesanadopt
ermaybet
oool
dtopr
oper
lycar
efort
he
chi
l
d.Ast
hel
aw i
sconcer
nedwi
tht
hemi
nimum agel
i
miti
tshoul
ddosowi
th
t
hemaxi
mum age.Butt
hel
awdoesnotsayany
thi
ngaboutt
his.I
tseemst
hatt
he
cour
tswi
l
ldet
ermi
net
hemaxi
mum ageoft
headopt
erhav
ingr
egar
dingt
othe
ci
rcumst
ancesoft
hecase.
9.
2.2.
2.Ment
alandPhy
sicalCapaci
tyoft
heAdopt
er
TheRev
ised Fami
l
yCodehasnowher
eexpr
essl
yst
ated t
her
equi
rementof
ment
alandphy
sicalcapaci
tyoft
headopt
er.Butf
rom t
hecl
oser
eadi
ngoft
he
pr
ovi
si
onsdeal
i
ngwi
thadopt
ion,wecansayt
hatt
heyar
eimpl
i
cit
lysetas
r
equi
rement
s.Ar
t.194(
3)(
C)r
equi
rest
hecour
ttot
akei
ntoconsi
der
ati
ont
he
capaci
tyoft
headopt
ert
orai
seandt
akecar
eoft
hechi
l
d.Capaci
tyoft
he
adopt
ershoul
d bedet
ermi
ned i
nli
ghtoft
hement
al,phy
sicaland f
inanci
al
condi
ti
onoft
headopt
er.
Thus,
thecour
tshoul
d,bef
oreappr
ovi
ngt
headopt
ionagr
eement
,makesur
ethat
t
he adopt
eri
s ofsound mi
nd;t
hathe i
s noti
nsane,j
udi
cial
l
yand l
egal
l
y
i
nter
dict
ed.
9.
2.2.
3.Adopt
ionbet
weenBl
oodRel
ati
ves
Canaper
sonadopthi
sgr
andchi
l
d,hi
snephew orni
eceorot
herr
elat
ives?
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 247
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Nowher
eint
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodeort
heCi
vi
lCodehast
hisbeenanswer
ed.
Onemayar
guet
hatt
heconceptofadopt
ionpr
esupposest
ranspl
ant
ingachi
l
dto
af
ami
l
ytowhom hedoesnotbel
ong.Thi
scanbei
nfer
redf
rom t
hedef
ini
ti
onwe
hav
e gi
ven her
ein abov
e whi
ch say “
iti
s an ar
ti
fi
cialcr
eat
ion ofbl
ood
r
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenper
sonswhoar
enotsor
elat
ed.
”(Emphasi
ssuppl
i
ed)
.
Nev
ert
hel
ess,ast
hepr
inci
pleunder
lyi
ngt
heconceptofadopt
ioni
sthewel
far
e
and besti
nter
estoft
he chi
l
d,and wher
ethe pr
oposed adopt
ion bet
ween
r
elat
ivespr
omot
est
hispr
inci
ple,t
heexi
stenceofanat
uralbondbet
weent
he
adopt
erandt
headopt
eeshoul
dnotbet
akenasav
ice.Ofcour
se,wher
ethe
cour
thav
ingr
egar
dtot
heci
rcumst
ancesoft
hecaset
hinkst
hatt
headopt
ioni
s
agai
nstt
hei
nter
estandwel
far
eoft
hechi
l
d,i
tmaydi
sappr
ovei
tinaccor
dance
wi
thi
tspowerv
est
edunderAr
t.194.
9.
2.2.
4.Nat
ional
it
yoft
heAdopt
er
TheRev
isedFami
l
yCodeexpr
essl
yst
atedt
hataf
orei
gnnat
ionalmayadopta
chi
l
dsol
ongasot
heressent
ialcondi
ti
onsofadopt
ionar
eful
fi
ll
ed.Thi
sshows
t
hatt
hel
aw doesnotmakedi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenEt
hiopi
ansandf
orei
gner
swi
th
r
egar
dtobei
nganadopt
er.Butt
hisdoesnotmeant
hataspeci
alpr
ecaut
ioni
s
notmadewhent
headopt
eri
saf
orei
gner
.Thel
aw i
smuchmor
est
ri
cti
nthe
adopt
ionagr
eement
,whent
headopt
eri
snotanEt
hiopi
anandsuchadopt
er
i
ntendst
otaket
hechi
l
dabr
oad.(
ReadAr
t.193)
.
Ar
ti
cle193–Wher
etheAdopt
eri
saFor
eigner
1)Wher
etheadopt
eri
saf
orei
gner
,thecour
tmaynotappr
ovet
headopt
ion
unl
essanaut
hor
it
yempower
edt
ofol
l
ow t
hewel
lbei
ngofchi
l
dren,af
ter
col
l
ect
ingandanal
yzi
ngr
elev
anti
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
heper
sonal
,soci
al
andeconomi
cposi
ti
onoft
headopt
er,
giv
esi
tsopi
niont
hatt
heagr
eement
i
sbenef
ici
alt
othechi
l
d.
2)Notwi
thst
andi
ngt
hepr
ovi
sionsofsub–ar
t(1)oft
hisar
ti
cle,wher
ethe
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egram channelvi
athi
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nk 248
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
cour
tthi
nkst
hatt
heagr
eementi
snotbenef
ici
alt
othechi
l
d,i
tmay
di
sregar
dtheopi
nionoft
heaut
hor
it
yandr
ejectt
heagr
eement
.
3)Wher
ethecour
tfi
ndst
hatt
hei
nfor
mat
ionpr
ovi
dedbyt
heconcer
ned
aut
hor
it
yisi
nsuf
fi
cienti
tmayor
dert
he aut
hor
it
yto conductf
urt
her
i
nvest
igat
ion and submi
taddi
ti
onali
nfor
mat
ion.I
tmay al
so or
der
i
ndi
vi
dual
soror
gani
zat
ionst
opr
ovi
deanyr
elev
anti
nfor
mat
ioni
nthei
r
possessi
onort
ogi
vet
est
imony
.
Now,l
etusseewhet
hert
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodeunderAr
t.193put
ssuf
fi
cient
saf
eguar
dst
othe adopt
ed wher
ethe adopt
eri
sa f
orei
gner
.Fr
om v
ari
ous
conv
ent
ions or i
nter
-count
ry adopt
ions,we can i
dent
if
y at l
east t
hree
r
equi
rement
sthatshoul
dbemetbef
oreappr
ovi
ngadopt
ionbyaf
orei
gner
.Fi
rst
,
t
he f
orei
gn adopt
ershoul
d pr
esentev
idences gi
ven f
rom t
he compet
ent
aut
hor
it
iesoft
hecount
ryt
hathei
sel
i
gibl
eandsui
tedt
oadoptachi
l
d,t
hathi
s
per
sonal
,soci
alandeconomi
cposi
ti
oni
senabl
i
ngt
orai
seachi
l
dinat
ruel
y
f
ami
l
y si
tuat
ion.Secondl
y,i
tshoul
d be made cl
eart
hatt
he chi
l
d wi
l
lbe
aut
hor
izedandper
mit
tedt
oent
erandr
esi
deper
manent
lyi
nthecount
rywher
e
t
headopt
eri
sanat
ionalorr
esi
dent
.Andt
hir
dly
,weshoul
dmakesur
ethatt
he
adopt
ionappr
ovedbyourcour
tsshal
lber
ecogni
zedandgi
venef
fectbyt
he
adopt
er’
sst
ate.Recogni
ti
onmaybeast
othel
egalpar
ent
-chi
l
drel
ati
onshi
p
bet
weent
hechi
l
dandt
headopt
ivepar
ent
;ast
otheper
sonalaut
hor
it
yoft
he
adopt
ivepar
entf
ort
hechi
l
d.
Ar
t.193(
1)(
3)andAr
t194(
3)(
e)r
equi
ret
hatsuf
fi
cienti
nfor
mat
ionshoul
dbe
pr
ovi
ded byacompet
entaut
hor
it
ybef
oret
hecour
tappr
ovest
headopt
ion.
Cur
rent
ly,t
heaut
hor
it
yfol
l
owi
ngt
hewel
lbei
ngofchi
l
dreni
stheMi
nist
ryof
LabourandSoci
alAf
fai
r.TheMi
nist
ryi
snowhandl
i
ngt
hei
ssueofadopt
ionofan
Et
hiopi
anchi
l
dbyaf
orei
gneri
naccor
dancewi
tht
hepr
ocedur
essetoutf
ort
his
pur
posei
na“
Gui
del
i
neonAl
ter
nat
iveChi
l
dCar
ePr
ogr
ammes,
(2001)
.”
Thus,
inaccor
dancewi
tht
hegui
del
i
neaf
orei
gnappl
i
canti
sel
i
gibl
eforadopt
ion
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 249
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
i
fhe/
shei
s:
- abl
etopr
oduceadocumentcer
ti
fyi
ngt
hatt
heappl
i
cant
sst
atel
aw
i
sconsi
stentwi
tht
hel
egal
requi
rement
sofEt
hiopi
anadopt
ion;
- atl
east
,twent
y–f
ivey
ear
sofage;
- abl
eto pr
oduce a documentf
rom a compet
entand speci
fi
ed
gov
ernment
albodycer
ti
fyi
ngt
hathe/
shehasani
ncomet
hati
s
suf
fi
ci
entt
orai
set
hechi
l
d;
- Fr
eeofanyi
ncur
abl
eand/
orcont
agi
ousdi
seaseandment
alheal
th
pr
obl
em.
- Fr
eef
rom anycr
imi
nal
act
ivi
ti
es;
- abl
etopr
oduceamar
ri
agecer
ti
fi
cat
eift
heappl
i
canti
smar
ri
ed;
and abl
e t
o pr
oduce a document cer
ti
fi
ed by a r
elev
ant
gov
ernment
albody
,indi
cat
ing t
he consentoft
he appl
i
cant
’s
spouset
oadoptt
hechi
l
d.
Wecan,t
her
efor
e,sayt
hatt
her
equi
rement
ssetbyt
heMi
nist
ryofLabourand
Soci
alAf
fai
rs concer
ning i
ntercount
ry adopt
ions ar
e compat
ibl
e wi
tht
he
r
equi
rement
swhi
cht
hev
ari
ousi
nter
nat
ional
conv
ent
ionsset
.
9.
2.3.WhoMaybeAdopt
ed?
Whenwel
ookatourl
aws;t
hati
stheCi
vi
lCodeandt
heTi
graiRegi
onalFami
l
y
Lawont
heonehand,andt
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodeont
heot
her
,wemaycome
upwi
thdi
ff
erentanswer
stot
hequest
ionposedi
nthet
it
le.
TheCi
vi
lCodeandt
heTi
grai
Fami
l
yCodehav
enotexpr
essl
yst
atedt
hati
tisonl
y
mi
nor
swhocanbeadopt
ed.I
nsuppor
toft
hisar
gument
,Ar
t.802oft
heCi
vi
l
Codemaybeci
ted.I
nthi
sar
ti
cle,i
tisst
atedt
hatt
he“
cont
ractofadopt
ionshal
l
bemadebet
weent
headopt
erandt
headopt
edchi
l
d,i
fthel
att
eri
smor
ethan
f
if
teeny
ear
sofage.
”(Emphasi
sadded)
.Itseemst
hatev
enanadul
tcanbe
adopt
ed.Atl
east
,ther
eisnoexpr
essl
i
mit
ati
oni
mposedbyt
hel
aw.
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athi
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Att
hisj
unct
ure,onecannothel
paski
ngwhyshoul
dthel
aw i
nthef
ir
stpl
ace
per
mitanadul
ttobeadopt
ed?Manyr
easonsmaybef
orwar
ded.Onesuch
r
easonmaybet
hecaseoft
hechi
l
dwhohasbeenr
aisedbyf
ost
erpar
ent
swho,
duet
ooner
easonoranot
her
,fai
l
edt
oadopthi
m bef
oreheat
tai
nedmaj
ori
ty.The
secondr
easoni
spr
esent
edbyt
hecaseofapar
entwhor
emar
ri
esaf
tert
he
deat
hofaf
ormerspouseandwhosenew spousewi
shest
oadoptt
headul
t
chi
l
drenoft
heear
li
ermar
ri
age.Anot
herr
easoni
sthecaseofchi
l
drenwi
th
ment
alorphy
sicali
ncapaci
tywhodi
dnotgetadopt
ivepar
ent
swhi
l
etheywer
e
mi
nor
sbutnowt
heyar
epr
oposed.
Ev
eni
ftheabov
ereasonsar
einv
okednott
oli
mitt
hemaxi
mum ageoft
he
adopt
ee,t
heFeder
alandt
heAmhar
aFami
l
ycodescomeupwi
tht
hepr
inci
ple
t
hatonl
ymi
nor
sar
etobeadopt
ed.I
nthi
sregar
d,Ar
t.185oft
heRFCsay
sthata
per
sonwhoi
slesst
hanei
ght
eeny
ear
sofageandunderguar
dianshi
pcanbe
adopt
ed.Thi
sposi
ti
oni
sjust
if
iedbyt
hef
actt
hatt
hemai
npur
poseofadopt
ioni
s
t
o ext
end duecar
eand pr
otect
ion t
o ami
norchi
l
d.Mor
eov
er,unl
esst
he
maxi
mum ageofadopt
eei
srest
ri
cted,hi
sagemayexceedt
heageoft
he
adopt
eri
nwhi
chcaseasenseofnor
malf
ather/
mot
her–chi
l
drel
ati
onshi
pwi
l
l
bel
ost
.
Thus,aper
sonwhoi
slesst
hanei
ght
eeny
ear
sofagemaybeadopt
ed.Buta
cl
oser
eadi
ngofAr
t.185r
eveal
sthatt
hisr
equi
rementshal
lbeaccompani
edby
anot
herr
equi
rement
;thati
s,t
heper
sonshal
lbeunderguar
dianshi
p.Thi
sshows
t
hatev
eni
faper
soni
slesst
hanei
ght
eeny
ear
sofage,
hemaynotbeadopt
edi
f
hei
snotunderguar
dianshi
pori
fhei
semanci
pat
ed.I
npr
inci
ple,
anyper
sonwho
i
slesst
hanei
ght
eeny
ear
sofageshal
lbeunderaguar
dian.Andaper
sonshal
l
beemanci
pat
edwher
eheat
tai
nst
hef
ullageof18.Except
ional
l
y,howev
er,a
per
sonmaybeemanci
pat
edorbeoutofguar
dianshi
padmi
nist
rat
ionev
eni
fhe
doesn’
tat
tai
nthef
ullageof18.Thi
sper
soncannotbeadopt
edbecausehef
ail
s
t
omeett
hesecondcr
it
eri
aindi
cat
edunderAr
t.185.Ther
ear
etwosi
tuat
ions
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
wher
ebyaper
sonwhodoesnotat
tai
nedt
heageof18maybeemanci
pat
ed.
Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngar
ti
clesf
rom t
heRev
isedFami
l
yCode.
Ar
ti
cle311–Mar
ri
age
Wher
eami
nori
smar
ri
edi
naccor
dancewi
thAr
t.7(
2)oft
hiscode,he
shal
lbeemanci
pat
edbyt
hesol
efactofsuchmar
ri
age.
Ar
ti
cle312–Expl
ici
tEmanci
pat
ion
1)Wher
eami
norhasat
tai
nedt
heageoff
our
teeny
ear
s,hi
sguar
dianorhi
s
t
utororanyi
nter
est
edper
sonmayappl
ytot
hecour
tforhi
semanci
pat
ion.
2)Thecour
tmaydeci
det
o emanci
pat
ethemi
noraf
terconsi
der
ing hi
s
condi
ti
ons,t
he r
easons appl
i
ed f
or,and wher
eitf
inds t
hat t
he
emanci
pat
ioni
sint
hebesti
nter
estoft
hemi
nor
.
Fi
nal
l
y,i
nrel
ati
ont
otheageoft
headopt
ee,onepoi
nti
swor
thment
ioni
ng.That
i
s,t
hemi
nimum ageoft
headopt
ee.Thel
awhasnotf
ixedt
hemi
nimum ageof
t
headopt
ee.Ami
noratanyagemaybeadopt
ed.Thel
awhasev
engonef
urt
her
andper
mitadopt
ionofamer
elyconcei
vedchi
l
dsubj
ectt
othemot
her
’sr
ightof
uni
l
ater
alr
evocat
ionwi
thi
nsi
xmont
hsf
oll
owi
ngt
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
d.(
Art
.187)
.
9.
2.4.I
mpossi
bil
it
yofAdopt
ionbySev
eralPer
sons
Nochi
l
dmaybeadopt
edbysev
eralper
sonsunl
esst
hesear
etwospouses.(
Art
.
189(
1))
.Hadt
hel
awper
mit
tedadopt
ionoft
hesamechi
l
dbysev
eralper
sons,
it
woul
dhav
eopenedar
oom f
orconf
li
ctofpat
erni
tybet
weent
headopt
ers.Buti
n
casewher
esuchconf
li
ctmaynotar
ise,
achi
l
dmaybeadopt
edbymor
ethanone
per
son.Par
ti
cul
arl
y,i
ncaseofdeat
hoft
headopt
er,
anewadopt
ioni
sper
mit
ted.
(
Art
.189(
2))
.Besi
des,wher
eachi
l
dhasbeenadopt
edbyt
wospousesandone
ofsuchspousesdi
es,t
hechi
l
dmaybeadopt
edbyt
henew spouseoft
he
sur
viv
or(
Art
s.189(
3))
.Al
thought
hel
awf
ail
stoexpr
essl
ypr
ovi
de,achi
l
dmay
beadopt
edbyanot
herper
sonwher
eaf
ormeradopt
ioni
srev
okedasperAr
t.195
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egram channelvi
athi
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
–196.
9.
2.5.Appr
ovaloft
heCour
t
I
not
heror
dinar
yjur
idi
calact
s,appr
ovaloft
heagr
eementbyt
hecour
tisnot
essent
ialcondi
ti
onofv
ali
dit
y.Theyshal
lbev
ali
dsol
ongast
hepar
ti
est
her
eto
agr
ee and t
he agr
eementi
s concl
uded i
n conf
ormi
ty wi
tht
he mandat
ory
pr
ovi
si
ons oft
he l
aw.Butwhen we come t
o adopt
ion;t
he f
actt
hatt
he
r
equi
rement
sofage,consentandot
her
sar
eful
fi
ll
edmaynotmeant
hatt
he
adopt
ionagr
eementi
sval
i
d.Anagr
eementofadopt
ionshal
lbeofnoef
fect
unl
essi
tisappr
ovedbyt
hecour
t(Ar
t.194(
1))
.Thecour
tshal
l
,inappr
ovi
ng
adopt
ion,
begui
dedbyt
hepr
inci
pleoft
he“
besti
nter
estoft
hechi
l
d”whi
chl
i
esat
t
hef
oundat
ionoft
hei
nst
it
uti
onofadopt
ion(
Art
.194(
2).
Cour
tsar
e,howev
er,
facedwi
thdi
ff
icul
ttaskofdet
ermi
ningwhatconst
it
utest
he
“
besti
nter
estoft
hechi
l
d.”Thel
awhasnowher
edef
inedt
het
erm.Thi
spr
inci
ple,
bei
ngi
ncapabl
eofpr
eci
sedef
ini
ti
on,i
tsmeani
ngandappl
i
cat
iongr
eat
lydi
ff
ers
dependi
ngupont
hev
alueoft
hedeci
sionmaker
.Thus,
int
heabsenceofpr
eci
se
def
ini
ti
on,cour
tscandet
ermi
newhet
hert
headopt
ioni
sint
hebesti
nter
estof
t
hechi
l
dornotbasedont
hei
rappr
eci
ati
onoft
headopt
er’
sper
sonal
,economi
c,
soci
alcondi
ti
on,
andot
herci
rcumst
ances.
Theconsi
der
ati
ont
obemadei
ndet
ermi
ningt
hebesti
nter
estoft
hechi
l
dar
e
many
.Butt
hedi
ff
erencei
nrel
i
gionoft
headopt
erandt
hechi
l
disonewhi
ch
at
tr
act
sat
tent
ioni
nadopt
ionpr
oceedi
ngs.Shoul
drel
i
giousbel
i
efbeconsi
der
ed
asanel
ementconst
it
uti
ngt
hebesti
nter
estoft
hechi
l
d?Nodoubt
,li
ket
he
economi
candsoci
alwel
far
eoft
hechi
l
d,hi
sspi
ri
tualwel
far
eshoul
dbegi
vena
par
amounti
mpor
tance.Thequest
ioni
s,howev
er,how cancour
tsaccompl
i
sh
t
hist
ask?Shal
litbedet
ermi
nedhav
ingr
egar
dtot
heconsentoft
headopt
ee,i
f
hei
sofageandhi
spar
ent
s?Di
scuss.
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egram channelvi
athi
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Wi
thoutpr
ejudi
cet
othegener
algui
del
i
nesl
ocat
edunder
,Ar
ts.192,
193and194
(
2)whi
cht
hecour
tshal
lver
if
ybef
oreappr
ovi
ngt
heagr
eementofadopt
ion,t
he
sameshal
ltaket
hef
oll
owi
ngi
ntoconsi
der
ati
onbef
oresuchappr
oval(
Art
.194
(
3))
:
a)t
heopi
nionoft
hechi
l
daboutt
headopt
ion;
b)t
heopi
nionoft
heguar
dianort
utoroft
hechi
l
difhehasnotpr
evi
ousl
y
gi
venhi
sconsent
;
c)t
hecapabi
l
ityoft
headopt
ert
orai
seandt
akecar
eoft
hechi
l
d;
d)wher
etheadopt
eri
saf
orei
gner
,theabsenceofaccesst
orai
set
hechi
l
d
i
nEt
hiopi
a;
e)t
heav
ail
abi
l
ityofi
nfor
mat
ionwhi
chwi
l
lenabl
ethecour
ttoknowt
hatt
he
adopt
erwi
l
lhandl
etheadopt
edchi
l
dashi
sownchi
l
dandwi
l
lnotabuse
hi
m.
9.
3.Ef
fectofAdopt
ion
Onceanadopt
ionagr
eementi
sconcl
udedi
naccor
dancewi
tht
her
equi
rement
s
oft
hel
awdi
scussedabov
e,i
tshal
lpr
oducel
egalef
fect
s.Fort
hepur
poseoft
his
di
scussi
on,wecanseel
egalef
fect
sofadopt
ionundert
woheadi
ngs;namel
y,
gener
alef
fectofadopt
ionandspeci
fi
cef
fect
sofadopt
ion.
9.
3.1.Gener
alEf
fect
sofAdopt
ion
I
nrel
ati
ont
oef
fectofadopt
ion,t
her
ear
etwomet
hodsofadopt
ionwhi
chneed
consi
der
ati
on.Theyar
ecompl
eteadopt
ion and i
ncompl
eteadopt
ion.I
nthe
compl
eteadopt
iont
headopt
edchi
l
dshal
lbef
ull
yassi
mil
atedt
otheadopt
ive
f
ami
l
iesandacqui
rest
hest
atusofachi
l
dwi
thoutanyr
eser
vat
ion.Theadopt
ion
i
ssocompl
etet
hati
tser
vesal
lther
elat
ionshi
ptheadopt
edchi
l
dhast
owar
ds
hi
snat
uralpar
ent
s.Thechi
l
dloseshi
sri
ghtofi
nher
it
anceandsuppor
tfr
om hi
s
nat
uralpar
ent
sandr
elat
ives.Byt
hesamet
oken,t
henat
uralpar
ent
sloset
hei
r
r
ightofi
nher
it
anceandot
herr
ight
sresul
ti
ngf
rom t
hebond.
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egram channelvi
athi
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Ont
heot
herhand,
incompl
eteadopt
ion,
alt
hought
headopt
edchi
l
dacqui
rest
he
st
atusofachi
l
dint
headopt
ivef
ami
l
y,t
hebondbet
weent
headopt
edchi
l
dand
hi
s/hernat
uralf
ami
l
yremai
nsi
ntact
.Thechi
l
dret
ainshi
sri
ghtofi
nher
it
ance
f
rom hi
s/hernat
ural
par
ent
sandki
nsandv
icev
ersa.
Ourl
awofadopt
ionr
ecogni
zest
hei
ncompl
eteadopt
ion.Theadopt
edchi
l
dshal
l
,
f
oral
lpur
poses,
deemedt
obechi
l
doft
headopt
er(
Art
.181)
.Exceptwi
thr
espect
t
otheascendant
sorcol
l
ater
alsoft
headopt
erwhohav
eexpr
essl
yopposedt
he
adopt
ion,t
he adopt
ed chi
l
d shal
lbe l
egal
l
yrel
ated t
o al
lmember
s oft
he
adopt
er’
sfami
l
y.(
Art
.182)
.Thi
sdoesnotmean,
howev
er,
thatt
headopt
ionshal
l
sev
eral
lli
nksbet
weent
headopt
edchi
l
dandhi
sfami
l
yofor
igi
n.Theadopt
ed
chi
l
dshal
lret
ainhi
sbondwi
tht
hef
ami
l
yofor
igi
n.(
Art183(
1))
.Thespouseand
descendant
soft
headopt
edchi
l
dwi
l
lal
sober
elat
edt
othenat
uralf
ami
l
yoft
he
adopt
ee,(
Art
.183(
2))
.Ofcour
se,wher
eachoi
cehast
obemadebet
weent
he
f
ami
l
yofadopt
ionandt
hef
ami
l
yofor
igi
n,t
hef
ami
l
yofadopt
ionshal
lpr
evai
l
(
Art
.183 (
3))
.Hence,al
thoughpr
efer
encei
sgi
vent
otheadopt
ivepar
ent
s,
adopt
ioni
nourl
awdoesnothav
etheef
fectoft
otal
l
yext
ingui
shi
ngal
lther
ight
s
andobl
i
gat
ionsoft
headopt
edper
soni
nrespectofhi
snat
uralf
ami
l
yandv
ice
v
ersa.
9.
3.2.Speci
fi
cEf
fect
sofAdopt
ion
Hav
ingdi
scussedt
hegener
alef
fectofadopt
ion,l
etusnow t
urnt
ospeci
fi
c
ef
fect
sitmaycr
eat
eont
headopt
edchi
l
d,adopt
ivepar
ent
sandhi
sfami
l
ies.
9.
3.2.
1.St
atusoft
heAdopt
ivePar
entandt
heAdopt
edchi
ld
Adopt
ionconf
ersal
egalst
atusofpar
entandchi
l
duponadopt
ingpar
ent
sand
adopt
ivechi
l
drenwi
tht
hel
egalr
ight
sanddut
iesf
lowi
ngf
rom t
her
elat
ionofa
nat
ural
par
entandchi
l
d.
Theef
fectofadopt
ionconcer
ningt
henameoft
headopt
edchi
l
dhasbeen
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athi
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
expr
essl
ygov
ernedbyt
heCi
vi
lCode.Ar
t.41oft
heCi
vi
lCodest
atest
hatt
he
adopt
ed chi
l
d shal
ltake t
he name oft
he adopt
er.Thi
sresul
tsf
rom t
he
di
vest
it
ureoft
henat
ural
par
ent
’sr
ightt
otheadopt
ivepar
ent
s.
Al
so,
thedomi
ci
leoft
headopt
edchi
l
dbecomest
hatoft
headopt
ivepar
ent
.Ar
t.
190oft
heCi
vi
lCodest
atest
hatt
henat
ural
chi
l
dofaper
sonwhoi
sami
norshal
l
hav
ethedomi
ci
leofhi
sguar
dian,whoi
sinmostcasest
hepar
ent
.Byt
hesame
t
oken,t
headopt
edchi
l
dwhoi
sdeemed,t
oal
lint
ent
sandpur
posest
obet
he
chi
l
doft
headopt
er,
shal
ltaket
hel
att
er’
sdomi
cil
e.
9.
3.2.
2.Ri
ght
sandDut
iesoft
heAdopt
ivePar
entandt
heAdopt
ed
Chi
ld
Adopt
iont
ransf
erst
henat
uralpar
ent
sri
ghtofex
clusi
vecust
odyov
ert
hechi
l
dto
t
headopt
ivepar
ent
.Af
teradopt
ion,t
headopt
ivepar
entwi
l
lhav
ecust
odyoft
he
chi
l
d,t
her
ightt
ocont
roli
tseducat
ion,t
hedut
yofobedi
enceowi
ngbyt
hechi
l
d,
andal
lot
herr
ight
sfl
owi
ngf
rom t
henat
ural
par
ent–chi
l
drel
ati
onshi
p.
Theadopt
ivepar
entshal
l
,asoft
headopt
ion,
assumet
hepr
imar
ydut
yofsuppor
t
oft
hechi
l
d.Theadopt
ivepar
enti
sdut
yboundt
omai
ntai
nthechi
l
dandaccor
d
t
hesamehumant
reat
mentasi
fhewer
eanat
ural
par
ent
.
Theadopt
edchi
l
d,t
oo,hast
hesamer
ight
sanddut
iesanat
uralchi
l
dhast
o
war
dshi
snat
uralpar
ent
.Hehast
her
ightt
obecar
ed,
educat
ed,
mai
ntai
nedand
deser
vest
hesamet
reat
mentt
headopt
ivepar
entgi
vest
ohi
snat
uralchi
l
d.He
al
soowest
otheadopt
ingpar
entdut
ieswhi
chhewoul
dot
her
wiseowet
ohi
s
nat
ural
par
ent
.
9.
3.2.
3.Ef
fectofAdopt
ionont
heRi
ghtofI
nher
it
ance
Asdi
scussedear
ier
,theadopt
edchi
l
dshal
lforal
lpur
posesbeconsi
der
edt
obe
t
hechi
l
doft
headopt
er.Fr
om t
hisi
tfol
l
owst
hatt
headopt
edchi
l
dhasar
ightof
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 256
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
i
nher
it
ancef
ort
headopt
ivepar
entandv
icev
ersa.Butsi
nceadopt
ioni
nourl
aw
doesn’
ttot
all
ysev
ert
henat
uralr
elat
ionshi
poft
headopt
edchi
l
dandt
hef
ami
l
y
ofor
igi
n,i
ssuesr
evol
vi
ngar
oundt
hei
nher
it
ancewi
l
linev
itabl
yar
ise.
9.
3.2.
3.1.I
nher
it
ancef
rom t
heAdopt
edChi
ld
Whent
headopt
edchi
l
ddi
esi
ntest
atewi
thoutl
eav
ingdescendant
sbutl
eav
ing
hi
snat
uralpar
ent
sandadopt
ivepar
ent
s,uponwhom shal
lhi
sest
atedev
olv
e
mustbeanswer
edi
nli
ghtofAr
t.181,182,and183oft
heRev
isedFami
l
yCode
andAr
t.836(
2),
843oft
heCi
vi
lCode.
Ar
t.843oft
heCi
vi
lCodest
atest
hatwher
ethedeceasedi
snotsur
viv
edby
descendant
s,hi
sfat
herandmot
hershal
lbecal
l
edt
ohi
ssuccessi
on.Butwher
e
t
hedeceasedi
sanadopt
edchi
l
dther
ear
etwopar
ent
s,v
iz,t
headopt
ivef
ather
andmot
herandt
henat
uralf
atherandmot
her
.Uponwhom shoul
dtheest
ateof
t
headopt
edchi
l
ddev
olv
emustbeanswer
edi
nli
ghtofAr
t.183(
3).Thear
ti
cle
say
sthat“
wher
eev
er,achoi
cehast
obemadebet
weent
hef
ami
l
yofadopt
ion
andt
hef
ami
l
yofor
igi
n,t
hef
ami
l
yofadopt
ionshal
lpr
evai
l
.”Wecant
hussaf
ely
sayt
hatal
thought
henat
uralpar
ent
shav
est
il
lri
ghtofi
nher
it
ancef
rom t
he
deceased,
thei
rcl
aim shal
lnothav
epr
ior
it
ytot
headopt
ivepar
ent
s.
Aquest
ionmay
,howev
er,ar
isewher
etheadopt
edchi
l
disnotsur
viv
edbyt
he
adopt
ivepar
ent
sbutbyhi
snat
uralpar
ent
s.Thecompet
ingcl
aimant
sint
his
si
tuat
ionar
ethehei
rsandnextofki
noft
heal
readydeceasedadopt
ivepar
ent
s
andt
henat
uralpar
ent
soft
headopt
eddeceasedchi
l
d.I
sther
ightoft
henat
ural
par
ent
sst
il
lsubor
dinat
etot
her
ight
soft
hehei
rsoft
hedeceasedadopt
ive
par
ent
s?Theanswert
othequest
ionagai
nli
esi
nAr
t.183(
3).Butt
hisar
ti
clei
s
f
arf
rom cl
ear
.Itsay
sthe“
fami
l
yofadopt
ion”shal
lbepr
efer
redt
othe“
fami
l
yof
or
igi
n.”Thepr
obl
em i
sthemeani
ngt
hel
egi
slat
urei
ntendedt
oat
tacht
othewor
d
“
fami
l
y”.I
nchapt
erone,whenwedef
inet
het
erm“
fami
l
y”,wehav
esai
dthat
,
al
thoughi
tsdef
ini
ti
oni
snotexpr
essl
ypr
ovi
dedi
ntheCode,t
hecommut
ati
ve
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 257
htt
ps:
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.me/j
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
r
eadi
ngofpr
ovi
sionsdeal
i
ngwi
thr
elat
ionr
evealt
hatf
ami
l
yisunder
stoodi
nit
s
nar
rowersense.Asdef
inedbyPl
ani
e,nar
rowl
y,f
ami
l
yconnot
esagr
oupof
per
sonsr
elat
edbybl
ood,mar
ri
ageandadopt
ion.Thus,ev
enundert
henar
rower
def
ini
ti
on,t
het
ermf
ami
l
yisbr
oadenoughsoast
oincl
udedescendant
sand
ascendant
s oft
he adopt
ive par
ent
s.Thi
s shows t
hatt
he phr
ase f
ami
l
yof
adopt
ioni
ncl
udest
headopt
ivepar
ent
sandt
hei
rbl
oodr
elat
ives.Wher
ethe
adopt
edpar
ent
soft
hedeceasedadopt
edchi
l
ddi
es,
theywi
l
lber
epr
esent
edf
or
i
nst
ancebyt
hei
rdescendent
stosucceedt
heest
ateoft
headopt
edchi
l
d.Fr
om
t
his one can possi
bly ar
gue t
hatt
he r
ightoft
he nat
uralpar
ent
sis st
il
l
subor
dinat
etot
her
ight
soft
hehei
rsoft
headopt
ivepar
ent
s.Thenat
uralpar
ent
s
cannotcl
aimt
heest
ateoft
hei
rdeceasedchi
l
dunl
esst
heest
atei
stodev
olv
eup
ont
hest
ate.
9.
3.2.
3.2.I
nher
it
ancebyt
heAdopt
edChi
ld
Ouranal
ysi
srev
eal
edt
hatadopt
ioni
nourl
aw doesnott
otal
l
yext
ingui
sht
he
r
ight
sandobl
i
gat
ionst
headopt
edchi
l
dhast
owar
dshi
snat
uralpar
ent
s.Thi
sin
ef
fecti
mpl
i
est
hatt
headopt
edchi
l
dis,i
nal
egalsense,t
hechi
l
dofbot
hthe
adopt
iveand nat
uralpar
ent
s,and hence,hei
snotdepr
ived ofhi
sri
ghtof
i
nher
it
ancef
rom t
headopt
ivepar
ent
s.
Theadopt
edchi
l
d’sr
ightofi
nher
it
ancef
rom t
heascendant
sorcol
l
ater
alsoft
he
adopt
ive par
ent
s,i
s howev
er,dependentup on t
he l
att
er’
s consentt
othe
adopt
ion.Thel
aw pr
eser
vest
hei
rri
ghtofopposi
ti
ont
otheadopt
ionunderAr
t.
182.Thus,i
ntheabsenceofexpr
essandv
ali
dopposi
ti
onofadopt
ion,t
he
adopt
edchi
l
dhasar
ightt
oinher
itt
heascendant
sandcol
l
ater
alsofhi
sadopt
ive
par
ent
s.
Thel
astpoi
ntwor
thconsi
der
ingi
sthepossi
bil
i
tyofi
nher
it
ancet
hrought
he
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 258
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
adopt
edchi
l
d;t
hati
s,byr
epr
esent
ati
on.Wher
etheadopt
edchi
l
ddi
esdur
ingt
he
l
i
feoft
headopt
ingpar
entl
eav
ingdescendant
s,whet
hersuchdescendant
sar
e
ent
it
led t
oinher
itf
rom t
he est
ate of t
he adopt
ive par
ent
s by way of
r
epr
esent
ati
oni
snotanswer
edi
ntheRev
isedFami
l
yCode.TheCi
vi
lCodei
sver
y
cl
earwi
tht
hisr
egar
d.Ar
t.796(
2)pr
ovi
dest
hatbondsofconsangui
nit
yoraf
fi
nit
y
r
esul
ti
ngf
rom adopt
ionasr
egar
dst
her
elat
ionsbet
weent
headopt
erandt
he
f
ami
l
yoft
headopt
edchi
l
dandbet
weent
headopt
edchi
l
dandt
hef
ami
l
yoft
he
adopt
erar
esetf
ort
hint
it
leI
Vchapt
er1oft
heCi
vi
lCode.Thi
simpl
i
est
hat
adopt
ioncr
eat
esconsangui
nalandaf
fi
nalr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hedescendant
s
andspouseoft
headopt
edchi
l
dandt
headopt
er.
Asf
arast
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodei
sconcer
ned,i
tisar
guabl
ewhet
her
,int
he
absenceofcl
earpr
ovi
si
on,
thedescendant
sandspouseoft
headopt
edchi
l
dar
e
r
elat
edwi
tht
headopt
ivepar
entbyconsangui
nit
yandaf
fi
nit
yrespect
ivel
y.I
tmay
,
howev
er,
besai
dthatast
hepur
poseofadopt
ioni
stocr
eat
eanar
ti
fi
cialf
il
iat
ion
whi
cht
akesaf
tert
henat
uralbondofr
elat
ionshi
p,t
hedescendant
sandspouse
oft
headopt
edchi
l
dshal
lber
elat
edasi
ftheywer
erel
atedt
othenat
uralpar
ent
s
oft
headopt
edchi
l
d.
9.
4.Rev
ocat
ionofAdopt
ion
Undert
heCi
vi
lCode,adopt
iononcemademaynotber
evokedf
oranyr
eason.
Thi
spr
ovi
sionseemst
opr
otectt
headopt
ivef
ami
l
yfr
om f
raudul
entandar
bit
rar
y
act
ionoft
hef
ami
l
yofor
igi
n.Thati
s,wher
etheadopt
ivepar
ent
sopt
edf
or
adopt
ionpar
ti
cul
arl
yforf
inanci
alr
eason(
const
rai
nt)t
oupkeept
hechi
l
d,t
hey
mayl
ateronchanget
hei
rmi
ndaf
tert
hepr
obl
em i
scur
bed.Howev
er,i
tisv
ery
muchdoubt
fulwhet
hert
hest
andoft
heCi
vi
lCodeont
hispoi
ntaccommodat
es
t
hebesti
nter
estoft
hechi
l
d.
Wehav
eear
li
erseent
hatt
hewor
kingpr
inci
plei
nadopt
ionpr
oceedi
ngsi
sthe
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 259
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
besti
nter
estoft
hechi
l
d.Anydeci
sionconcer
ningadopt
ionshoul
dbebasedon
t
hef
indi
ngsr
eveal
i
ngt
hesust
ainabi
l
ityoft
headopt
eri
nupbr
ingi
ngt
headopt
ed
chi
l
d.I
tgoeswi
thoutsay
ingt
hatt
hesamepr
inci
pleshoul
doper
ateaf
tert
he
adopt
ionbegi
nst
ohav
eef
fect
.Inot
herwor
ds,
wher
eadopt
ionf
ail
stoachi
evei
ts
pur
pose,t
hebesti
nter
estoft
hechi
l
drequi
rest
headopt
ionber
evoked or
t
ermi
nat
ed.
Theposi
ti
vemat
eri
alf
act
sgat
her
edi
nrespectoft
heper
sonal
,economi
cand
soci
alcondi
ti
onoft
headopt
erwhi
chl
edt
heappr
ovaloft
headopt
ionmayl
ater
t
urn ot
her
wise and j
eopar
dize t
he wel
l
-bei
ng oft
he chi
l
d.I
tmay al
so be
di
scov
eredt
hatt
heconsentoft
henat
uralpar
ent
s,whower
eot
her
wisecapabl
e
ofr
aisi
ngt
hei
rchi
l
d,wasobt
ainedunderdur
essorf
raud.I
nsuchcases,al
egal
r
egi
mewhi
chpur
por
tst
ooper
atei
nthebesti
nter
estoft
hechi
l
dshoul
ddev
isea
mechani
sm t
oneut
ral
i
zet
headv
erseef
fectofadopt
ionont
hechi
l
d.
I
tis,
thus,
logi
calt
hatanadopt
ionshoul
dber
evokedwher
eiti
sagai
nstt
hebest
i
nter
estoft
hechi
l
d.Thepr
obl
em i
s,howev
er,whatshoul
dbet
her
easonst
hat
l
ead t
he r
evocat
ion ofadopt
ion.We mayappr
oach t
hispr
obl
em f
rom t
wo
per
spect
ives.Thef
ir
stonei
sfr
om t
hepoi
ntofv
iewoft
henat
uralpar
ent
s’r
ight
t
orequestr
evocat
ion due t
o,f
orexampl
e,change ofphy
sicalorf
inanci
al
condi
ti
onorl
ackoff
reeandf
ullconsentt
otheadopt
ion.Thesecondwayof
appr
oachi
ngt
hepr
obl
em i
sast
owhet
hert
headopt
eri
shandl
i
ngt
hechi
l
d
pr
oper
lyornot
.
Somet
imeswhent
hephy
sicalorf
inanci
alcondi
ti
onoft
henat
uralpar
ent
sar
e
i
mpr
ovedsi
ncet
headopt
iont
heymayappl
ytot
hecour
tthatt
headopt
ionbe
r
evoked.Whet
hert
hiscoul
dbeagr
oundt
orev
okeadopt
ioni
snotopent
odebat
e.
I
nsof
arast
hei
rconsentwasgi
venf
reel
yandt
rul
ythei
mpr
ovementi
nthei
r
f
ami
l
ysi
tuat
ionshoul
dnotj
ust
if
yther
evocat
ionofadopt
ion.Nev
ert
hel
ess,t
he
si
tuat
ionmaybedi
ff
erentwher
ethei
rconsentwasobt
ainedunderdur
essor
f
raud.No doubtt
henat
uralpar
ent
sshoul
dgi
vet
hei
rconsentwi
thoutany
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 260
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
i
nfl
uence.Theymayonl
ybedepr
ivedoft
hei
rconsentwi
thoutanyi
nfl
uence.
Theymayonl
ybedepr
ivedoft
hei
rpar
ent
alr
ight
,soci
etyoft
hei
rchi
l
dandt
hei
r
r
ightt
ocl
aim mai
ntenancewhen,knowi
ngt
heconsequencesofadopt
ion,t
hey
gi
vet
hei
rconsent
.Itseemst
hent
hatconsentobt
ainedunderdur
essorf
raud
shoul
dbeagr
oundt
orev
okeadopt
ion.
Oneshoul
d,howev
er,askast
owhet
heradopt
ionmayber
evokedont
hegr
ound
off
raud ordur
esswher
ethe chi
l
discomf
ort
abl
ypl
aced and successf
ull
y
assi
mil
atedi
ntheadopt
ivepar
ent
s.Wel
l
,wehav
enow f
acedwi
thchoosi
ng
bet
weent
hei
nal
i
enabl
epar
ent
alr
ight
sandt
hewel
far
eandi
nter
estoft
hechi
l
d.
Whi
choneshoul
dwegi
vepr
ior
it
y?Theanswershoul
d,accor
dingt
othewr
it
er’
s
opi
nion,
dependont
hecur
rentf
inanci
alandot
herf
ami
l
ycondi
ti
onoft
henat
ural
par
ent
s.Wher
etheposi
ti
onoft
henat
uralpar
ent
saf
for
dthechi
l
d,t
hesame
f
ami
l
ymi
l
ieuast
headopt
edchi
l
disnow enj
oyi
ngi
nhi
sadopt
ivef
ami
l
y,t
he
adopt
ionshoul
dber
evokedont
hegr
oundofl
ackoff
reeandt
rueconsentand
hence,nat
uralpar
ent
-chi
l
drel
ati
onshi
pshal
lresume.Ot
her
wiset
hewel
far
eand
besti
nter
estoft
hechi
l
dshoul
dpr
evai
lov
ert
henat
ural
par
ent
s’r
ight
.
Theot
herr
easont
hatmaygi
ver
iset
other
evocat
ionofadopt
ioni
stheadopt
er’
s
f
ail
uret
otakecar
eofandupbr
ingt
hechi
l
d.Adopt
ionmayber
evokedwher
ethe
adopt
erf
ail
edt
oli
veupt
hemi
nimum st
andar
dsexpect
edt
orai
seachi
l
dor
negl
ect
edhi
s/herpar
ent
aldut
ies.
Asment
ionedear
ier
,amongourl
aws,t
heCi
vi
lCodesur
pri
singl
ymadeadopt
ion
i
rr
evocabl
eforanyr
eason.I
ttot
all
yav
oidst
hepossi
bil
i
tyofr
esci
ndi
ngadopt
ion
nomat
terhowhar
sht
henewf
ami
l
ysi
tuat
ionmaybet
othechi
l
d.Thi
sput
sthe
Code’
spr
inci
plebehi
ndadopt
ioni
ntoquest
ion.Someoft
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
he
Codedeal
i
ngwi
thadopt
iondepi
ctst
hatt
hebesti
nter
estoft
hechi
l
dshoul
dbea
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 261
htt
ps:
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oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
pr
imar
y consi
der
ati
on i
n appr
ovi
ng agr
eementofadopt
ion.Noone knows,
howev
er,
whysuchpr
inci
pledoesnotext
endt
othepostadopt
ionsi
tuat
ionoft
he
chi
l
d.
Wher
eas,t
heRev
isedFami
l
yCodehasper
mit
tedr
evocat
ionofadopt
ioni
nfew
except
ionalsi
tuat
ional
thoughi
npr
inci
plei
tisf
orbi
dden(
Art
.195)
.Ar
t.195(
2)
pr
ovi
dest
hatt
hecour
tmayr
evoket
headopt
ionwher
etheadopt
eri
nst
eadof
l
ooki
ngaf
tert
headopt
edchi
l
dashi
sownchi
l
d,handl
eshi
m asasl
ave,ori
n
condi
ti
onsr
esembl
i
ngsl
aver
y,ormakeshi
m engagei
nimmor
alact
sforhi
sgai
n,
orhandl
eshi
minanyot
hermannert
hati
sdet
ri
ment
alt
ohi
sfut
ure.Thi
sseems
t
oai
m atgi
vi
ngef
fectt
otheconst
it
uti
onalpr
ovi
sionont
her
ight
soft
hechi
l
d
andt
heobl
i
gat
iont
hecount
ryassumedundert
heconv
ent
ionont
her
ight
soft
he
chi
l
d.TheCodehas,wi
thoutpr
ejudi
cet
othegener
ali
tyofAr
t.195(
2),howev
er,
ov
err
uledot
hergr
oundsofr
evocat
ionofadopt
ionwehav
edi
scussedear
ier
.
Thel
asti
ssuet
hatshoul
dber
aisedi
nrel
ati
ont
orev
ocat
ioni
stheper
sons
ent
it
ledt
opet
it
ionf
orr
evocat
ionandt
heef
fectofr
evocat
ion.Theadopt
edchi
l
d,
t
hegov
ernmentor
ganaut
hor
izedt
ofol
l
owt
hewel
l
-bei
ngofchi
l
dren,
oranyot
her
i
nter
est
edper
son,maypet
it
iont
othecour
tforr
evoki
ngt
headopt
ion(
Art
.196
(
1))
.Wher
eapet
it
ioni
smadet
oitbyt
heaf
orement
ionedper
sons,
thecour
tshal
l
,
bef
ore summoni
ng t
he adopt
ert
o appearbef
orei
tdet
ermi
ne whet
hert
he
gr
oundsf
ort
hepet
it
ionar
ereal
andsuf
fi
cientt
owar
rantr
evocat
ion.(
Art
.19(
2))
.
Ther
evocat
ionofadopt
ionbr
ingsal
ltheef
fectofadopt
iont
oanend.That
meanst
her
ight
sand obl
i
gat
ionsoft
headopt
ed and t
headopt
ivepar
ent
s
t
owar
dseachot
hershal
lbeext
ingui
shed.
Exer
cise
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 262
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
1.Assumet
hat“
A”,
thehusband,
adopt
edachi
l
dbef
orehemar
ri
ed“
B”.Now
“
B”doesnotwantt
obet
hemot
heroft
hechi
l
dwhowasadopt
edbyher
husband.Whatki
ndofr
elat
ionshi
pwi
l
lther
ebebet
ween“
B”andt
hechi
l
d?
Whydoy
ousayso?
2. Consi
dert
hat“
A”and“
B”ar
ehusbandandwi
fe.Theyhad10chi
l
drenof
t
hei
rown.I
naddi
ti
ont
othesenat
uralchi
l
dren,t
heydeci
dedt
oadopt
anot
herchi
l
d.Doy
out
hinkt
hecour
twoul
dappr
ovet
headopt
ion?Whyor
whynot
?
3.I
fachi
l
disf
oundabandonedandi
tisnotknownwhot
hemot
herandt
he
f
atherar
e,who do y
ou t
hinkwi
l
lactast
heguar
dian oft
hechi
l
dif
someonewant
stoadoptt
hechi
l
d?Expl
ainwhyy
ousayso?
4.Whydo y
ou t
hink t
he l
egi
slat
urel
ays down r
ule ofi
rr
evocabi
l
ityof
adopt
ion?
5.Whydoy
out
hinki
sthel
awsost
ri
cti
ntheadopt
ionagr
eementoft
hechi
l
d
whent
headopt
eri
saf
orei
gner
.
6.At
o“X”ser
iousl
yseeksf
orashepher
dsi
ncet
her
eisnobodyt
olookaf
ter
hi
ssheepf
oral
lhi
schi
l
drenar
einschool
.Hegotachi
l
dtoadoptf
rom hi
s
nei
ghbour
stol
ookaf
terhi
ssheep.I
fyouar
eaj
udge,
doy
ouappr
ovet
his
adopt
ionagr
eement
?Whyorwhynot
?
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 263
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
CHAPTERTEN
OBLI
GATI
ONTOSUPPLYMAI
NTENANCE
Deardi
stancel
ear
ner
,thi
slastchapt
eroft
hemodul
ecanbet
akenast
he
cont
inuat
ionofchapt
eroneoft
hesame.Asdi
scussedi
nchapt
erone,
oneoft
he
l
egalobl
i
gat
ionswhi
chemanat
efr
om f
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
pist
heobl
i
gat
iont
o
suppl
ymai
ntenance.Undert
hischapt
er,
wewi
l
lrai
seanddi
scussi
ssuesr
elat
ing
t
othi
sobl
i
gat
ion.
Gener
all
y,ast
udentwhosuccessf
ull
ycompl
etet
hest
udyoft
hisuni
twi
l
lbeabl
e
t
o:
 Def
inet
hesubj
ectmat
terofobl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
ymai
ntenance;
 Enumer
atet
heper
sonsbet
weenwhom t
heobl
i
gat
ionexi
sts;
 Li
stcondi
ti
onst
hatmustbef
ulf
il
ledf
ort
heobl
i
gat
iont
oexi
st;
 St
atet
her
easonswhyaper
sonl
oseshi
sri
ghtt
obemai
ntai
ned;
and
 El
abor
ateast
ohowt
heobl
i
gat
ionshal
lbeexecut
ed.
10.
1Subj
ectMat
teroft
heObl
igat
ion
The obl
i
gat
ion t
o suppl
ymai
ntenance i
s an obl
i
gat
ion t
hatexi
sts bet
ween
r
elat
iveswher
eoneoft
hem i
sinneedandnoti
nast
ateofear
ninghi
sli
vel
i
hood
byhi
swor
k.I
nspi
teoft
hef
actt
hatf
ami
l
ylaw r
est
ri
ctst
heexi
stenceoft
his
obl
i
gat
ionbet
weenspeci
fi
crel
ati
ves,br
oadl
yspeaki
ng,t
heobl
i
gat
ionmayar
ise
f
rom agr
eement
,wi
l
lorl
aw.Forexampl
e,i
ncaseofcont
ractofdonat
ion,wher
e
t
hedonori
sinneed,t
hedoneei
sdut
yboundt
osuppl
ymai
ntenance(
Art
.2458
C.
C).Besi
des,i
ncaseofsuccessi
on,t
het
est
ator
,inhi
swi
l
l,mayor
derhi
shei
rs
orl
egat
eest
opr
ovi
deacer
tai
nser
vicef
rom t
hepr
oper
tyt
heyr
eci
eiv
edf
orone
ormor
eper
sons.(
Art
.820C.
C)Anobl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
ymai
ntenancecanbe
i
ncl
udedt
her
ein.Mor
eov
erAr
t.2558oft
heCi
vi
lCodepr
ovi
dest
hatwher
ethe
wor
kerl
oseshal
formor
eofhi
scapaci
tyt
owor
kbecauseofempl
oymenti
njur
y
ordi
sease,t
heempl
oyershal
lsuppl
ymai
ntenancet
o mi
norchi
l
drenoft
he
wor
ker
.Inr
ulesofext
ra–cont
ract
uall
i
abi
l
ity
,thet
ortf
easormaybeobl
i
gedt
o
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 264
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
suppl
ymai
ntenancet
othespouseanddescendant
sofaper
sonwhodi
edasa
r
esul
tofamor
talacci
dent(
Art
.2095C.
C).Al
thoughal
ltheaf
orement
ionedones
ar
esi
tuat
ionswher
ebyanobl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
ymai
ntenancemayar
ise,our
di
scussi
onwi
l
lber
est
ri
ctedt
otheobl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
ymai
ntenancet
hatexi
sts
bet
weenr
elat
ivesasi
ncl
udedi
ntheRev
isedFami
l
yCode.
Ar
t.197oft
heRFC,apr
ovi
sionpr
ovi
dingf
ort
heext
entoft
heobl
i
gat
iont
o
suppl
ymai
ntenance,
stat
esasf
oll
ows.
Ar
ti
cle197–Subj
ectMat
teroft
heObl
igat
ion
Theper
sonboundt
osuppl
ymai
ntenanceunderAr
ti
cle198oft
hiscode
shal
l
suppl
ytohi
scr
edi
tort
hemeanst
ofeed,l
odge,cl
othe,andt
ocar
eforhi
s
heal
th
andeducat
ion,ast
hecasemaybe,i
nadescentmannerhav
ingr
egar
dto
soci
al
condi
ti
onsandl
ocal
cust
om.
Twopoi
ntsmustbebor
nei
nmi
nd.Fi
rst
ly,t
heper
sonwhoi
sobl
i
gedt
osuppl
y
mai
ntenancei
sdut
yboundt
opr
ovi
dehi
scr
edi
torwi
tht
hingst
hatar
enecessar
y
f
ort
hel
i
vel
i
hoodoft
hecr
edi
tori
ncl
udi
ngt
hemeanst
ofeed,
lodge,
clot
heandt
o
car
eforhi
sheal
thandeducat
ion.Si
nceeducat
ionbecameoneoft
hebasi
c
needsi
nmoder
nli
fe,
iti
sincl
udedi
nmai
ntenance.Thi
sisonear
eaofdepar
tur
e
f
rom t
heCi
vi
lCode.Fr
om t
her
eadi
ngoft
hepr
ecedi
ngar
ti
cle,
iti
spossi
blet
osay
t
hatt
hedebt
or(
theonewhoi
sobl
i
gedt
osuppl
ymai
ntenance)i
snotboundt
o
suppl
ytot
hecr
edi
tort
hingst
hatwoul
dfaci
l
itat
eluxur
iousl
i
fe.I
naddi
ti
ont
othe
basi
cneedsoft
hecr
edi
tor
,theper
sonwhoi
sboundt
osuppl
ymai
ntenanceshal
l
payt
hef
uner
alexpensesofsuchper
son.(
Art
.213(
1))
.Theper
sonwhohas
i
ncur
redsuchexpensesmaycl
aimr
epay
mentf
rom t
hedebt
orf
ormai
ntenance.
(
Art213(
2))
.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 265
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Secondl
y,t
heext
entoft
heobl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
ymai
ntenanceshal
lbedet
ermi
ned
hav
ingr
egar
dtosoci
alcondi
ti
onsandl
ocalcust
om oft
hear
eai
nwhi
cht
he
cr
edi
torl
i
ves.Theappl
i
cat
ionoft
hesecr
it
eri
amaybr
ingaboutv
ari
ati
oni
nthe
t
ypeandamountofmai
ntenance.Thecr
edi
torwhol
i
vesi
nthecount
rysi
demay
notcl
aimt
obegi
venexpensi
vecl
othest
hatar
ewor
nbyf
ashi
on–consci
ous
y
oungpeopl
eofbi
gci
ti
es.Ar
t.202(
2)i
stot
hepoi
nti
nthi
sregar
d.I
tpr
ovi
des
t
hatt
heamountofmai
ntenanceal
l
owanceshal
lal
sobef
ixedbyt
aki
ngi
nto
consi
der
ati
ont
heneedsoft
heper
soncl
aimi
ngi
tandt
hemeansoft
heper
son
l
i
abl
ether
eto.
10.
2.Per
sonsBet
weenwhom t
heObl
igat
ionExi
sts
I
nchapt
eroneand t
hei
ntr
oduct
orypar
toft
hischapt
er,
ithasbeensai
dthatt
he
obl
i
gat
iont
opr
ovi
demai
ntenanceexi
stsbet
weenr
elat
ives.Butt
hismustbe
under
stood wi
th due car
eto av
oid unwar
rant
ed concl
usi
on.Thati
s,t
he
obl
i
gat
ionsi
snotuni
for
mlyappl
i
cabl
eto al
lrel
ati
ves.Ar
t.198,t
aki
ng i
nto
consi
der
ati
ont
hepr
oxi
mit
yoft
hei
rrel
ati
on,l
i
stsoutper
sonsbet
weenwhom
suchobl
i
gat
ionexi
sts.
Ar
ti
cle198–Per
sonsBet
weenWhom t
heObl
igat
ionExi
sts
1)Wi
thoutpr
ejudi
cet
othepr
ovi
sionsofar
ti
cl
e49(
1),
anobl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
y
mai
ntenanceexi
stsbet
weenascendant
sanddescendant
s,andbet
ween
per
sonsr
elat
edbyaf
fi
nit
yint
hedi
rectl
i
ne.
2)Anobl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
ymai
ntenancel
i
kewi
seexi
stsbet
weenbr
other
sand
si
ster
s.
Sub-
art
icl
e(1)r
eveal
sthatt
heobl
i
gat
ionexi
stsbet
weenconsangui
nalr
elat
ives
i
nthedi
rectl
i
ne.Thusaper
soni
sunderobl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
ymai
ntenancet
oal
l
hi
sdi
rectr
elat
ivessuchashi
sfat
her
,mot
her
,chi
l
dren,gr
andchi
l
dren,gr
and
par
ent
sandgr
eatgr
andpar
ent
s.I
nthecol
l
ater
all
i
ne,howev
er,t
heobl
i
gat
ion
exi
stsbet
weenbr
other
sandsi
ster
s.Ther
efor
e,noper
sonmaybeobl
i
gedt
o
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 266
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
suppl
ymai
ntenancet
ohi
suncl
es,aunt
s,nephews,ni
ecesandot
hercol
l
ater
al
r
elat
ives.Whenwecomet
oaf
fi
nalr
elat
ion,t
heobl
i
gat
ionexi
stsbet
weenal
l
af
fi
nalr
elat
ivesi
nthedi
rectl
i
ne.Thusaper
soni
slegal
l
yboundt
o suppl
y
mai
ntenance t
o al
lascendant
s and descendant
s ofhi
s/herspouse.The
obl
i
gat
ionwi
l
lnott
otal
l
yar
isebet
weenaf
fi
nal
rel
ati
vesi
nthecol
l
ater
all
i
ne.
Dearst
udent
!whatdoest
hephr
ase“
wit
houtpr
ejudi
cet
othepr
ovi
sionsofAr
ti
cle
49(
1)…“
underAr
t198(
1)i
ndi
cat
e?Ar
t.49(
1)mandat
ori
l
ypr
ovi
dest
hatt
he
spousesoweeachot
herr
espect
,suppor
tandassi
stance.Si
ncet
hespousesar
e
l
egal
l
yrequi
redt
osuppor
tandassi
steachot
her
,oneoft
hem mustbeobl
i
gedt
o
suppl
ymai
ntenancet
otheot
herspousewher
ehe/
shei
sinneed.Forexampl
e,
whi
l
edi
vor
cepr
oceedi
ngi
spendi
ngt
hecour
t,underAr
t.82(
5),i
sexpect
edt
o
gi
veappr
opr
iat
eor
derr
egar
dingt
hemai
ntenanceoft
hespouses.Toputi
nshor
t,
t
heobl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
ymai
ntenance,i
naddi
ti
ont
orel
ati
ves,exi
stsbet
ween
spousesasl
ongast
hemar
ri
agei
snotdi
ssol
ved.
Despi
tet
he f
actt
hatt
he obl
i
gat
ion t
o suppl
ymai
ntenance exi
sts bet
ween
r
elat
iveswi
thi
nthemeani
ngofAr
t198,t
heCodehasenv
isagedexcept
ionwi
th
r
egar
dtor
elat
ioncr
eat
edbyagr
eementofadopt
ion.Asy
oumayr
ecal
li
nchapt
er
ni
ne,t
headopt
edchi
l
dhast
wof
ami
l
ies;v
iz,f
ami
l
yofadopt
ionandf
ami
l
yof
or
igi
n.I
fwest
ickonl
ytoAr
t.198,t
headopt
edchi
l
dmay
,ashewi
shesdemand
mai
ntenanceei
therf
rom hi
sfami
l
yofor
igi
norf
ami
l
yofadopt
ion.Butwhenwe
r
eadAr
t.198i
nconj
unct
ionwi
thAr
t.212(
1),
suchr
ighti
srest
ri
cted.Thati
s,t
he
adopt
edchi
l
d,hi
sspouseandhi
sdescendant
smaynotcl
aim mai
ntenancef
rom
t
hef
ami
l
yofor
igi
noft
headopt
edchi
l
dunl
esst
headopt
ivef
ami
l
yisnoti
na
posi
ti
ont
osuppl
ymai
ntenance.Thi
sisbecausesi
ncet
hepar
ent
alr
ightoft
he
f
ami
l
y ofor
igi
nist
ransf
err
ed t
othe adopt
ivef
ami
l
y,t
he l
att
ershal
lbe
r
esponsi
blet
o suppl
y mai
ntenance t
othe adopt
ed chi
l
d.The r
elat
ionshi
p
bet
weent
headopt
edchi
l
dandt
hef
ami
l
yofor
igi
nwi
l
lnotbet
otal
l
yter
minat
ed.
Consequent
ly,t
hef
ami
l
yofor
igi
nshal
lbehel
dli
abl
etosuppl
ymai
ntenancet
o
t
headopt
edchi
l
dwher
etheadopt
ivef
ami
l
yfai
l
stodoso.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
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ps:
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oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Whenweseet
hemat
terf
rom t
hev
iew poi
ntoft
heobl
i
gat
ionoft
headopt
ed
chi
l
d,i
tissi
mil
art
othef
oregoi
ngsi
tuat
ion.Thati
s,t
headopt
edchi
l
dshal
lnotbe
boundt
osuppl
ymai
ntenancet
otheascendant
soft
hef
ami
l
yofor
igi
nunl
esst
he
l
att
ercannotcl
aim mai
ntenancef
rom anot
hermemberoft
hef
ami
l
y.(
Art
.212
(
2))
.
10.
3.Possi
bil
it
yofLosi
ngt
heRi
ghtt
oCl
aim Mai
ntenance
Dearst
udent
,int
hef
oregoi
ngsect
ion,wehav
est
udi
edt
hatt
heobl
i
gat
iont
o
suppl
ymai
ntenanceexi
stsbet
weencer
tai
ngr
oupofr
elat
ives.Theexi
stenceof
suchr
elat
ionwi
l
lnot
,howev
er,necessar
il
yimpl
ytheexi
stenceoft
heobl
i
gat
ion.
Ther
ear
eti
mest
hatt
hecr
edi
torwoul
dlosehi
sri
ghtt
ocl
aimf
ormai
ntenance.
AsshownunderAr
t.199,t
heobl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
ymai
ntenanceshal
lnotsubsi
st
bet
weenr
elat
ivesbyaf
fi
nit
yunl
esst
hemar
ri
agewhi
chcr
eat
edt
heaf
fi
nit
yis
di
ssol
vedbydeat
h.Theacont
rar
ireadi
ngoft
hisar
ti
cledi
scl
osest
hatt
her
ight
t
o cr
aim mai
ntenanceshal
lbel
ostbet
ween r
elat
ivesbyaf
fi
nit
ywher
ethe
mar
ri
age whi
ch cr
eat
ed t
he af
fi
nit
yis di
ssol
ved bydi
vor
ce,decl
arat
ion of
absencebyt
hecour
tandnon-
obser
vanceofmi
nimum mar
ri
agecondi
ti
ons.
Concer
ningt
hepoi
ntathand,Ar
t.199oft
heRFChasdepar
tedf
rom Ar
t809of
t
heC.
C.Undert
heCi
vi
lCode,t
heobl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
ymai
ntenancebet
ween
af
fi
nalr
elat
ivesshal
lbel
ostonl
ywher
ethemar
ri
agewhi
chcr
eat
edt
heaf
fi
nit
yis
di
ssol
vedbydi
vor
ce.Undert
heRev
isedFami
l
yCode,howev
er,di
ssol
uti
onof
mar
ri
ageei
therbecauseofdecl
arat
ionofabsencebyt
hecour
tornon-
ful
fi
ll
ment
ofessent
ialr
equi
rement
s ofmar
ri
age ar
etaken as addi
ti
onalr
easons t
o
t
ermi
nat
etheobl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
ymai
ntenancet
hatpr
evai
l
sbet
weenaf
fi
nal
r
elat
ives.Dearst
udent
,howcoul
dyouaccountf
orsuchdi
ff
erence?
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 268
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ps:
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oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
I
n addi
ti
on t
o abov
e st
ated r
easons,t
he cr
edi
torshal
llose hi
sri
ghtf
or
mai
ntenancewher
ehehascommi
tt
edorat
tempt
edt
ocommi
tcr
imi
nalacton
t
hel
i
feorpr
oper
tyoft
hedebt
or,orofascendant
sordescendant
s,oroft
he
spouseoft
hel
att
er.(
Art
.200)
.Letusel
abor
ateAr
t.200bywayofexampl
e.The
per
sonwhohast
her
ightt
ocl
aim mai
ntenancef
rom y
oumayl
osehi
sri
ghti
fhe
ki
l
lsy
ou,
yourspouse,
yourascendantory
ourdescendant
.Thesamewi
l
lhappen
i
fhe at
tempt
sto ki
l
l(e.
g he shoot
s and mi
sses)y
ou,y
ourspouse,y
our
ascendantory
ourdescendant
s.Suchper
sonal
sol
oseshi
sri
ghtofmai
ntenance
i
fhe,f
orexampl
e,bur
nsdowny
ourhouse,orpoi
sonsy
ourf
ather
’scat
tl
e,or
st
eel
syourson’
smoney
.Thesamewi
l
lal
sohappeni
fhesi
mpl
yat
tempt
soneof
t
hesecr
imes,wi
thoutcompl
eti
ngt
hem.I
ngener
al,Ar
t.200i
ncl
udedal
i
mit
ati
on
agai
nstacr
edi
torwhoi
nbadf
ait
hcommi
tsorat
tempt
stocommi
tacr
ime
agai
nstt
hedebt
or,hi
s/herspouseandr
elat
ives.I
nlaw ofsuccessi
on,t
oo,a
per
sonwhocommi
tssi
mil
aract
ioni
sregar
dedasunwor
thyt
osucceedt
he
pr
oper
tyoft
hedeceased.
10.
4.Condi
ti
ons f
or t
he Exi
stence of t
he Obl
igat
ion and I
ts
Execut
ion
Basi
cal
l
y,t
her
ightt
ocl
aim mai
ntenanceemanat
esf
rom al
egalr
elat
ionshi
p
bet
weent
hecl
aimant(
credi
tor
)andt
heper
sonboundt
osuppl
ymai
ntenance
(
debt
or)wi
thi
nthemeani
ngofAr
t.198.Nev
ert
hel
ess,
itshoul
dbenot
edt
hatnot
bet
weenal
lrel
ati
vesunderAr
t.198doest
her
ightandobl
i
gat
ionexi
st.Ther
ight
andobl
i
gat
ionofmai
ntenancemaynott
her
efor
enecessar
il
yfol
l
ow f
rom t
he
exi
stenceofal
egalr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenper
sons.Thi
sshowst
hatt
her
ightdoes
notco-
ext
endt
oaanyr
elat
ionshi
pal
thought
hel
att
eri
sthebasi
soft
hef
ormer
.
Ther
efor
e,t
oident
it
yper
sonswhoqual
i
fyf
ort
her
ight
,itseemsessent
ialt
o
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 269
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
consi
deraddi
ti
onalessent
ialcondi
ti
onsf
ort
he obl
i
gat
ion t
o exi
st.We can
cl
assi
fyt
hecondi
ti
onsf
ort
heexi
stenceoft
her
ightofmai
ntenancei
ntot
wo
t
hoseat
tr
ibut
abl
etot
heeconomi
ccondi
ti
onoft
hecr
edi
tor
.(Ar
t.201)andt
hose
at
tr
ibut
abl
etot
heeconomi
cposi
ti
onoft
hedebt
or.(
Art
.202(
2))
.
I
nconnect
ionwi
thcondi
ti
onsat
tri
but
abl
etot
hecr
edi
tor
,Ar
t.201oft
heRFC
pr
ovi
dest
hatt
heobl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
ymai
ntenanceshal
lnotexi
stunl
ess t
he
per
sonwhocl
aimsi
tsf
ulf
il
lmenti
sinneedandnoti
nast
ateofear
ninghi
s
l
i
vel
i
hoodbyhi
swor
k.Foraper
sont
ocl
aim mai
ntenance,t
wor
equi
rement
sar
e
at
tachedundert
hisar
ti
cle.Fi
rst
ly,t
heper
sonmustbei
nneed.Thati
s,hi
sbasi
c
needssuchasf
ood,
clot
h,shel
ter
,et
car
enotf
ulf
il
led.Secondl
y,t
heper
sonwho
cl
aimsmai
ntenancei
snoti
nast
ateofear
ninghi
sli
vel
i
hoodbyhi
swor
k.
Butt
hephr
ase“
noti
nast
ateofear
ninghi
sli
vel
i
hoodbyhi
swor
k”i
nAr
t.201
mayr
aiseaquest
ion;
isi
tanact
uali
ncapaci
tyt
obeengagedi
nwhat
everact
ivi
ty
cont
empl
atedordoesi
tal
soi
ncl
udepot
ent
iali
nabi
l
ityt
owor
kandhel
ponesel
f?
Byact
uali
ncapabi
l
ityi
tmaymeant
hef
ail
ureofapot
ent
ial
l
ypr
oduct
iveandsel
f
–hel
pingi
ndi
vi
duali
nbei
ngengagedi
nanyi
ncomeear
ningact
ivi
tyf
orr
easons
at
tr
ibut
abl
enott
ohi
swor
kingabi
l
itybutduet
osomeot
herobj
ect
ivesoci
aland
economi
ccondi
ti
ons.I
fther
efer
encei
sofact
ualear
ningi
ncapaci
tyt
hebenef
it
ofmai
ntenancewi
l
lbel
i
mit
edonl
ytot
hosewhoar
eabsol
utel
yincompet
entf
or
wor
kduet
ool
dage,mi
nor
it
yet
c.Suchper
sonscannotbeengagei
nagai
nful
act
ivi
tyandhel
pthemsel
vesandhenceneedmai
ntenance.I
fthei
nter
pret
ati
oni
s
wi
denedsoast
oref
ert
obot
hact
ualandpot
ent
ialabi
l
ityt
owor
k,t
hepr
obabi
l
ity
oft
heexi
stenceoft
heobl
i
gat
ionwi
l
lincr
easeast
hegr
oupofbenef
ici
ari
esmay
i
ncr
easenumer
ical
l
y.Aboyof21i
scapabl
eenought
owor
kandhel
phi
msel
fin
al
laspect
.Butf
orsomeobj
ect
iver
eason,hemaybel
i
vingi
dleandexpect
antof
assi
stance.A degr
eehol
derwhodoesnothav
eanyki
ndofj
obi
swi
thf
ull
pot
ent
ialofwor
kingcapaci
ty.Howev
er,i
nvi
ew ofpoorj
oboppor
tuni
ty,hemay
bei
nast
ateofsi
tuat
ionwher
eheneedst
hemeansofsubsi
stencef
rom ot
her
s.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 270
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ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
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Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Whet
hert
hedebt
ori
sabl
efi
rstt
o suppor
thi
msel
frepr
esent
san essent
ial
condi
ti
onf
ort
heexi
stenceoft
heobl
i
gat
ionofmai
ntenance.Hei
snotr
equi
redt
o
pr
ovi
dehi
scr
edi
torwi
tht
hemeansofsubsi
stenceatt
heexpenseofmaki
ng
hi
msel
fdest
it
ute.Thecl
aim shoul
dnott
hreat
ent
heeconomi
cormat
eri
alwel
l–
bei
ngoft
hedebt
or.Hence,f
oracr
edi
torhav
eav
iabl
eofmai
ntenanceagai
nst
hi
sdebt
or,
thel
att
ermustbeeconomi
cal
l
ybet
terof
f.
Comi
ngt
othemodeofpay
mentofmai
ntenance,wehav
etwot
ypes.Fi
rst
ly,t
he
obl
i
gat
ion t
o suppl
ymai
ntenance shal
l
,asa r
ule,be f
ulf
il
led bymeansof
mai
ntenanceal
l
owancepai
dbyt
hedebt
ort
othecr
edi
torf
ormai
ntenance.(
Art
.
202 (
1))
.The amountof such al
l
owance shal
lbe f
ixed by t
aki
ng i
nto
consi
der
ati
ont
heneedsoft
heper
soncl
aimi
ngi
tandt
hemeansoft
heper
son
l
i
abl
ether
eto(
Art
.202(
2).I
tshal
ltot
heext
entpossi
ble,bepai
datapl
ace
conv
eni
entt
othecr
edi
tor(
Art
.204)
.Asi
ndi
cat
edunderAr
t.203,t
hedeci
sion
whi
chf
ixedt
heamountofmai
ntenanceal
l
owanceorr
esi
denceoft
hecr
edi
tor
f
ormai
ntenancemayber
evi
ewedatanyt
imeupont
hedemandoft
hedebt
oror
oft
hecr
edi
tor
.
Ast
hemai
ntenanceal
l
owancei
sbel
i
evedt
obeext
remel
ynecessar
yfort
he
sur
viv
aloft
hecr
edi
tor
,itcannotbeat
tachednorcani
tbeassi
gned.Forexampl
e,
suchper
sonmaybeadebt
orofanot
herper
son.Hi
scr
edi
torcannotat
tacht
he
mai
ntenance al
l
owance.Al
so t
he cr
edi
toroft
his per
son cannotask t
he
mai
ntenanceal
l
owancebeassi
gnedt
ohi
m.Exampl
e,assumet
hat“
X”,ason
pay
smai
ntenanceal
l
owancet
ohi
sfat
her“
Y”.“
Y”t
akessomemoneyi
nloan
f
rom hi
sfr
iend“
Z”t
odr
inkal
cohol
.“Z”cannotask“
X”t
oassi
gnt
hemai
ntenance
al
l
owancet
hati
stobepai
dto“
Y”. Al
so“
Z”cannotat
tacht
hemai
ntenance
al
l
owancepai
dto“
Y”.
Thi
srul
ehasanexcept
ioni
ntheabov
eexampl
e,assumet
hat“
Z”suppl
i
ed“
Y”
t
hingst
hatar
enecessar
yfort
hel
i
vel
i
hoodof“
Y”.(
Fori
nst
ancehesuppl
i
ed“
Y”
wi
thf
ood,orgav
ehi
m medi
cineorgav
emoneyt
opayhouser
ent
,et
c.)I
nthi
s
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 271
htt
ps:
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.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
case,
“Z”hast
her
ightt
orequi
ret
heassi
gnmentorat
tachmentoft
heal
l
owance
t
hati
sgoi
ngt
obepai
dto“
Y”(
SeeAr
t.205)
.
Ar
ti
cle205Ar
rear
s(1)MayNotbeAssi
gnedorAt
tached
1)Thear
rear
sofamai
ntenanceal
l
owancemaynotbeassi
gnedorat
tached.
2)Notwi
thst
andi
ngt
hepr
ovi
sionsofsub-
art
icl
e(1)oft
hisar
ti
cle,t
heymay
,
ev
en bef
oret
hey f
alldue,be assi
gned i
nfav
ourofi
nst
it
uti
ons of
assi
stance whi
ch pr
ovi
ded f
ort
he needs oft
he benef
ici
ary oft
he
al
l
owance.
3)Thepr
ovi
si
onsofsub-
art
icl
e(1)oft
hisar
ti
cleshal
lnotappl
yregar
ding
per
sonswhohav
esuppl
i
edt
othebenef
ici
aryoft
heal
l
owancewhatwas
necessar
yforhi
ssubsi
stence.
Anot
herpoi
ntwor
thconsi
der
ingi
sthef
actt
hatar
rear
sofmai
ntenancecannot
beaccumul
ated.Tot
hatef
fectAr
t.206pr
ovi
dest
hatal
lar
rear
swhi
chhav
enot
beenr
ecei
vedorcl
aimedwi
thi
nthr
eemont
hsf
rom t
hei
rfal
l
ingdueshal
lcease
t
obedueunl
esst
hecr
edi
torpr
ovest
hatsuchar
rear
swer
enecessar
yforhi
s
subsi
stence.Thel
aw hol
dthi
sposi
ti
onbecausei
fthecr
edi
torf
ail
stot
ake
ar
rear
s of mai
ntenance wi
thi
nthr
ee mont
hs f
rom t
hei
rfal
l
ing due;t
he
assumpt
ioni
sthatt
hecr
edi
tori
snoti
nneedofmai
ntenance.
Thesecondmodeoff
ulf
il
lmentoft
heobl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
ymai
ntenancei
sby
t
aki
ngt
hecr
edi
tort
othedebt
or’
shome.Aswehav
eseenabov
e,t
hedebt
or
shoul
ddi
schar
gehi
sobl
i
gat
ionofmai
ntenancebypr
ovi
dingt
hecr
edi
torwi
th
money
.Yetwhen i
tis appr
opr
iat
e,he may al
so suppl
ythe cr
edi
torwi
th
necessi
ti
esl
i
kef
ood,
shel
ter
,cl
othe,
etci
nki
nd.I
nthi
srespect
,thel
awi
tsel
fhas
madeacl
earexcept
ioni
nAr
t.207whi
chsuppor
tst
hepossi
bil
i
tyoff
ulf
il
li
ngt
he
obl
i
gat
iont
hroughmat
eri
alpr
ovi
sion.Whent
hecr
edi
torhol
dst
hatsuchamode
off
ulf
il
lmentoft
heobl
i
gat
ionwi
l
lnotbedet
ri
ment
alt
othei
nter
estoft
he
cl
aimant
,itmayal
l
owt
hedebt
orhi
scr
edi
tort
ohi
shouseandpr
ovi
dehi
m wi
th
f
ood,l
odgi
ng…et
c.(
Art
.207(
1)(
2).Nev
ert
hel
ess,t
hedebt
orf
ormai
ntenance
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
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nk 272
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ps:
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oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
may nev
erbe compel
l
ed t
otake hi
s house t
he per
son ent
it
led t
o cl
aim
mai
ntenance(
Art
.207(
3))
.
Bef
oreconcl
udi
ngt
hedi
scussi
oni
nthi
ssubsect
ion,l
etusr
aiseonei
mpor
tant
quest
ion.Thati
s,canacr
edi
torcl
aim al
umpsum pay
mentwhenmai
ntenancei
s
t
obepai
dint
ermsofmoney
?Thought
hel
aw doesnothav
ear
eadymade
answert
othequest
ionposed,i
tcanbear
guedi
nthenegat
ive.Whi
chmeans,
mai
ntenanceal
l
owanceshal
lbepai
dper
iodi
cal
l
y.Thi
sisbecausei
fthepay
ment
ofmai
ntenanceal
l
owancei
sef
fect
edi
nlumpsum,
thecr
edi
toraf
terf
ini
shi
ngt
he
moneymaybeexposedt
opr
obl
em.Thi
sar
gumenti
sal
sosuppor
tedbyAr
t.206
whi
chpr
ohi
bit
saccumul
ati
onofar
rear
sofmai
ntenanceal
l
owance.Besi
dest
he
debt
orandt
hecr
edi
torcannotv
ali
dlyagr
eebecauseal
lmai
ntenancepr
ovi
sions
ar
emandat
oryt
hatcannotbesetasi
ded(
Art
.214)
.
10.
5.Pl
ural
it
yofDebt
ors
Aper
sonmayber
elat
edt
omor
ethanonei
ndi
vi
dualei
therconsangui
nal
l
yor
af
fi
nal
l
y.Asar
esul
t,t
hisi
ndi
vi
duali
slegal
l
yent
it
ledt
odemandmai
ntenance
f
rom t
hoseper
sonswi
thwhom hei
srel
ated.Wher
esev
eralper
sonsar
eli
abl
eto
suppl
y mai
ntenance t
o a cr
edi
torof mai
ntenance,t
he l
att
ermay cl
aim
mai
ntenancef
rom anyoneofsuchper
sons.(
Art
.208)
.Ar
t208gi
vest
hecr
edi
tor
ofmai
ntenancei
nthathecancl
aimt
hemai
ntenancef
rom anydebt
orwhom he
t
hinksi
sinabet
terf
inanci
alposi
ti
onwi
thoutduer
egar
dtot
hedegr
eeof
r
elat
ionshi
p.I
nvi
ew oft
hef
actt
hatmai
ntenancecl
aim i
sur
genti
nnat
ure,
enabl
i
ngt
hecr
edi
tort
odemandacr
edi
torofhi
schoi
ceseemst
obeper
suasi
ve.
Wher
esev
eralper
sonsar
eli
abl
etopaymai
ntenance,
thedebt
orswhohav
epai
d
t
heal
l
owanceshal
lhav
erecour
seagai
nstt
hosewhohav
enotpai
dthei
rshar
es.
(
Art
.209 (
1).Wher
e a di
sput
e ar
ises bet
ween t
he debt
orwho pai
dthe
mai
ntenanceandot
herr
elat
ivesoft
hedebt
orwhohav
enotpai
dthei
rshar
es,
the
cour
tmaycondemnt
hel
att
ert
orepayt
hewhol
eorpar
toft
heal
l
owance,
taki
ng
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 273
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
i
ntoaccountt
hei
rmeansandt
hei
rdegr
eeofr
elat
ionshi
pbyconsangui
nit
yorby
af
fi
nit
ywi
tht
heper
soncl
aimi
ngmai
ntenance.(
Art
.209(
2))
.
Ev
enadi
stantr
elat
ivemaybeobl
i
gedt
opayt
hemai
ntenancebyt
hemer
efact
t
hathei
sinabet
terposi
ti
oned r
elat
ivet
oot
herdebt
ors.Buti
nor
dert
odeci
dea
r
elat
iveuponwhom t
heul
ti
mat
ebur
denr
est
s,t
her
eisanor
derofpr
ecedence
t
hatwehav
etoadher
.ReadAr
t.210RFC)
.
Ar
ti
cle210–(
3)Or
derofDebt
ors
Theper
sonswhoar
eli
abl
etosuppl
ymai
ntenanceunderAr
ti
cle198oft
hiscode
shal
lfi
nal
l
ybeart
hei
rli
abi
l
ityi
nthef
oll
owi
ngor
der
:
a)i
nthef
ir
stpl
ace,
thespouse;
b)i
nthesecondpl
ace,
thedescendant
s,accor
dingt
othei
rdegr
ee;
c)i
nthet
hir
dpl
ace,
theascendant
s,accor
dingt
othei
rdegr
ee;
d)i
nthef
our
thpl
ace,
thebr
other
sandsi
ster
s;
e)i
nthef
if
thpl
ace,
thedescendant
sbyaf
fi
nit
y,accor
dingt
othei
rdegr
ee;
f
)int
hesi
xthpl
ace,
ascendant
sbyaf
fi
nit
y,accor
dingt
othei
rdegr
ee.
Her
e,i
tmustbebor
nei
nmi
ndt
hatt
hedebt
orsf
ormai
ntenancemayv
ali
dly
agr
ee,
asr
egar
dst
hei
rreci
procalr
elat
ionst
hatmai
ntenanceshal
lbesuppl
i
edt
o
t
hei
rcommon cr
edi
torby one oft
hem (
Art
.211 (
1))
.Ift
he cr
edi
torf
or
mai
ntenancehasadher
edt
osuchagr
eement
,hemaynotmakeacl
aim agai
nst
t
heot
herdebt
orst
oobt
ainmai
ntenanceunl
esshehasaser
iousr
easonf
ornot
r
espect
ingsuchagr
eement(
Art
.211(
2))
.
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 274
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Exer
cises
1.I
fyourbr
otherneedssomemoneyt
opasst
heni
ghti
nni
ghtcl
ubwi
th
f
amoussi
nger
sanddancer
s,canhecl
aimt
hemoneyf
rom y
ouundert
he
t
it
leoft
heobl
i
gat
iont
osuppl
ymai
ntenance?Whyorwhynot
?
2.Accor
dingt
oAr
t.199RFC ,i
famar
ri
agei
sdi
ssol
vedbydi
vor
ce,t
he
husbandwoul
dnotbeobl
i
gedt
osuppl
ymai
ntenancet
otheascendant
s
and descendant
s of hi
s ex-
wif
e,nor woul
d t
he ascendant
s and
descendant
sofsuchl
adybeobl
i
gedt
oherex-
husband.Thesamei
str
ue
f
ort
hewi
fe.Whydoy
out
hinkhast
hel
egi
stat
urei
ncl
udedsuchar
ulei
n
t
hel
aw?
3.Whoi
saper
soni
nneedofmai
ntenanceandnoti
nast
ateofear
ninghi
s
l
i
vel
i
hoodbyhi
swor
kwi
thi
nthemeani
ngofAr
t.201?
4.I
sther
eanypossi
bil
i
tyf
ort
headopt
edchi
l
dtocl
aim mai
ntenancef
rom
hi
sfami
l
yofor
igi
n?
Joi
nourtel
egram channelvi
athi
sli
nk 275
htt
ps:
//t
.me/j
oinchat
/UF5AOBWciuf
Loyj
S
የስለ-
ህግ*
Joi
nourt
elegr
am channel
viat
hisl
i
nkht
tps:
//t
.me/
joi
nchat
/UF5AOBWci
ufLoy
jS i

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