APPLI

EDCHEMI
STRY1
(
CBCGS,DEC-
2017)
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Q1](
a)Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weenBODandCOD. (
3)
Ans:
-
BOD COD
1.
Itmeanstheoxy
gendemandofbi
o-degr
adabl
e 1.
Itmeasur estheoxygendemandfor
pol
lut
antsonl
y. bi
o-degradablepoll
utant
salongwi
th
non-bi
odegr adabl
epoll
utant
s.
2.Lessst ablemeasurementmet hodasituses 2.Morest
ablemeasurementmethodas
mi cr
o-organism whicharesusceptibl
etopH, i
tusespotassi
um di
chromatewhich
temper atureandothervari
abl
eint hewater
. oxidi
sesr
egardl
essofwatercondi
ti
on.
3.
Slowpr
ocess.I
ttakes5day
s. 3.
Fastpr
ocess.I
ttakes2-
3hour
s.
4.
BODv
aluesar
egener
all
ylesst
hanCODv
alues. 4.
CODvaluesar
egener
all
ygr
eat
ert
han
BODval
ues.
5.
COD=
5.
(V1-V2)×N×8000
Volumeofundil
utedsampl
e Y
BOD =(
DOb-DOi)
×
Volumeofdi
lute
ds a
mple.

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Q1](
b)Gi
vet
hepr
epar
ati
on,
proper
ti
es,
andusesofKev
lar
. (
3)
Ans:
-I
tisanar
omat
icpol
yami
dewi
thbenzener
ingsl
i
nkedt
otheami
degr
oup,
-CONH-gr
oup.
1.
PREPARATI
ON.
I
tispreparedbypolycondensati
onbet
weenar
omati
cdichlor
idel
iketer
epht
hali
caciddi
chl
ori
de
(t
erephthal
oylchl
ori
de)andar omat
icdi
ami
nesli
ke1,
4-phenyl
enediamine(
1,4-
diami
ne
benzene).
2.
PROPERTI
ES.
 Itisexcept
ional
l
yst
rong,
5ti
messt
rongert
hanst
eeland10t
imesst
rongert
han
aluminium.
 I
thashi
ghheatst
abi
l
ityandf
lexi
bil
i
ty.
 I
thasr
esi
stanceagai
nstal
mostal
lthesol
vent
sexceptsomepower
fulaci
ds.
 I
tdoesnotl
osei
tsst
rengt
hat-
196℃ .
3.
USES.
 I
tisusedi
naer
ospaceandai
rcr
afti
ndust
ri
es.
 I
tisusedf
ort
hepr
epar
ati
onpfcarpar
tssuchast
yres,
brakes,
clut
ch,
li
ninget
c.
 Usedf
ort
hepr
epar
ati
onofr
opes,
cabl
es,
hel
met
set
c.

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Q1](
c)Cal
cul
atet
otalhar
dness,
inppm,
ingi
venwat
ersampl
e. (
3)
i
)50mlst
andar
dhar
dwat
er,
cont
aini
ng1mgpur
eCaCO3perml,
consumed20ml
EDTAsol
uti
on.
i
i
)50mlwat
ersampl
econsumed30mlEDTAsol
uti
onusi
ngEBTi
ndi
cat
or.
Ans:
- 1mlSHW ≡ 1mgofCaCO3eq.

∴ 50ml
SHW ≡ 50mgofCaCO3eq.

50mlofSHW ≡ 20mlofEDTAsol
uti
on.
20mlofEDTA ≡ 50mgofCaCO3eq.

50
∴ 1ml
ofEDTA ≡ mgofCaCO3eq.
20
= 2.
5mgofCaCO3eq.

50mlofwat
ersampl
e ≡ 30mlofEDTAsol
uti
on.

1000×30
∴ 1000ml
ofwat
ersampl
e ≡
50
= 600mlofEDTAsol
uti
on
1mlofEDTA ≡ 2.
5mgofCaCO3eq.

∴ 600ml
ofEDTA ≡ 2.
5×600
= 1500mgofCaCO3eq

∴ Tot
alhar
dnessof = 1500mg/
L
wat
ersampl
e = 1500ppm.
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Q1](
d)Def
inef
lashpoi
ntandf
ir
epoi
nt?Gi
vei
tssi
gni
fi
cance. (
3)
Ans:
-:-
Fl
ashpoi
nt:
-Fl
ashpoi
nti
sdef
inedast
hel
owestt
emper
atur
eatwhi
cht
hel
ubr
icant
gi
vesoffenoughv
apour
stocauseamoment
aryf
lashwhenast
andar
dtestf
lamei
sbr
ought
neari
t.
Fir
epoint
:-Fi
repointi
sthelowesttemper
atur
eatwhi
cht
heoi
lvapour
scat
chf
ir
esf
oratl
east5
seconds,onbeingli
ghtedbyatestfl
ame.
Fi
repointisusual
l
y5-40℃ abovetheflashpoint
.Agoodlubri
cantshouldhaveflashpointat
l
eastabovethewor ki
ngtemperat
ure.Thisensuressafet
yagainstther
iskhazards.Thusflash
pointact
sasagui defort
hesafestorage,t
ranspor
tat
ionandusei nmachine.Goodlubri
cantoil
shouldhavehighfl
ashandfir
epoint.

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Q1](
e)St
atet
henumberofphases,
component
,fort
hef
oll
owi
ngequi
l
ibr
ium
i
)H2O(s)↔H2O(l)↔H2O(g)

i
i
)Mi
xtur
eofRhombi
candmonocl
i
nicsul
phur
. (
3)
Ans:
-i)No.of
.Phases=3 (
sol
i
d,l
i
qui
dandgas)
No.of.component
s=1 (
H2O)
.

i
i
)No.of
.Phases=2 (
rhombi
candmonocl
i
nic)
No.of.component
s=1(
sul
phur
).

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Q1](
f)Whatar
epl
ast
ici
zer
s?Gi
vei
tsusesandexampl
es. (
3)
Ans:
-Pl
ast
ici
zer
sar
eaddedt
oincr
easet
hepl
ast
ici
tyandf
lexi
bil
i
tyoft
hepol
ymer
s.
ThePlasti
cizermolecul
eoccupiesbet
weenthepol
ymericchai
nsandneut
ral
izesthe
i
nter
mol ecularf
orcesofat
tract
ionandthusal
l
owsfreedom ofmovement
.Thefuncti
onsof
pl
asti
cizersareasfoll
ows:
-
 I
ncr
easest
hepl
ast
ici
tyoft
hepl
ast
ics.
 Lowersthesoft
eni
ngt
emper
atur
eandhencemoul
dingandr
emoul
dingcanbedoneat
l
owt emperat
ure.
 I
mpar
tsf
lamespr
oof
ness.
 Reducesr
esi
stancet
owar
dschemi
cal,
sol
vent
set
c.
 Exampl
es:
-est
ersoff
att
yaci
ds,
veget
abl
esoi
l
set
c.
Thepresenceofsmal
lmolecul
esofplast
ici
zer
sreducestheat
tr
act
ionofthel
argepol
ymer
molecul
esforoneanot
herandthuspermitmorefl
exi
bil
i
tyandeasi
ersl
ip.
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-
Q1](
g)Wr
it
eabr
iefnot
eonCNT’
s. (
3)
Ans:
-:-
Car
bonnanot
ubesr
epr
esent
soneoft
hebestexampl
esoft
henov
elnanost
ruct
ures
deri
vedbybot t
om-upchemicalsynthesi
sapproaches.Nanotubeshavethesimplestchemical
composi t
ionandatomicbondingconfi
gurati
onbutexhibi
tperhapsthemostextremedi v
ersi
ty
andrichnessamongnanomat eri
ali
nst r
uctur
eandst r
uctur
e-proper
tyrel
ati
ons.Thediff
erent
ty
pesofcar bonnanotubesareasfoll
ows;
1.SI
NGLEWALLEDNANOTUBES.
SWNTsar eani mportantvar
iet
yofcar
bonnanotube.InSWNTshav edif
fer
entchi
ral
i
tiesof
carbonnanotubesthatincl
udeArmchai
r,Zi
gzag,Chi
ral.Thesecanbeeasi
l
ytwist
ed.SWNT
synthesi
srequir
escatalyst
.
2.MULTI
WALLEDNANOTUBES.
Mul t
i-
wallednanot
ubes( MWNTs)consi
stofmul
ti
plerol
ledl
ayers(
concent
ri
ctubes)of
graphene.Thi
stypesofCNT’scannotbeeasi
l
ytwi
sted.Puri
tyofMWNTi shi
ghalsocanbe
easil
yproducedwithoutcat
aly
st.

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Q2](a)
Cal
culat
et hequant
ityofl
imeandsodarequi
redf
orsoft
eningof1,00,000
l
it
resofwatercontai
ningt
hef ol
l
owingi
mpuri
ti
esinppm.Thepurityofli
mei s70%
andsodais85% Ca( HCO3)=30.2,MgHCO3)=20.
( 8,Ca
Cl2
=28.1,Mg Cl
2
=8. 78,
CaSO4=35,Mg SO4=6.7. (
6)
Ans:
-

I
mpur
it
ies(
mg/
li
t) Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionf
act
or CaCO3equi
val
ent Requi
rement
(mg/l
it
)

(HCO3)=30.
Ca 2 100
30.
2×
100
=18.
64
L
162 162

(HC03)2=20.
Mg 8 100
20.
8×
100
=14.
24
2L
146 146
Ca
Cl =28.
1 100 100 S
2 28.
1× =25.
32
111 111
Ca
SO4=35 100 100 S
35× =25.
74
136 136
Mg
SO4=6.
7 100 100 L+S
6.
7× =5.
58
120 120
Mg
Cl =8.
7 100 100 L+S
2 8.
7× =9.
16
95 95

74
LI
ME=
100
[CaCO3equivalentofCa(HCO3)+2×Mg(HCO3)2+MgCl2+MgSO4]×
Vol
umeofwa ter 100
×
1000 % pur
ity

=74×[
18.
64+2×14.
25+9.
16+5.
58]
×
100000 100
×
100 1000 70
=6541.
6gms.
106 Vol
umeofwat
er 100
SODA=
100
[
CaCO3e
qui
val
entofCa
Cl2
+Mg
Cl2
+Mg
SO4+Ca
SO4]
×
1000
×
%pur
ity
.

106 100000 100

= [
25.
31+9.
16+25. 58]
73+5. × × .
100 1000 85
=8203.
15gms.
Thel
i
mer
equi
rementi
s6541.
6gmsandsodar
equi
rementi
s8203.
15gms.

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-
Q2](
b)i
)Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weent
her
mopl
ast
icandt
her
moset
ti
ngr
esi
ns. (
3)
Ans:
-Ans:
-
THERMOPLASTI
C THERMOSETTI
NG
1.
For
medbyaddi
ti
onpol
ymer
izat
ion. 1.For
medbycondensat
ionpol
ymer
izat
ion.
2.
Canbemoul
dedandr
emoul
ded. 2.
Remoul
dingi
snotpossi
ble.
3.Theysoft
ensonheat
ingbecausethe 3.
Theydonotbecomesof tonheat
ing,because
l
inearchai
nscansl
ipovereachother cr
osslinksr
etai
nthestr
engthonheati
ng.But
veryeasi
ly
. pr
olongedheati
ngcauseschar
ri
ng.
4.
Sof
t,weakandl
essbr
it
tl
e. 4.Har
d,st
rongandbr
it
tl
e.
5.
Sol
ubl
einsomeor
gani
csol
vent
s. 5.
Insol
ubl
einal
mostal
lor
gani
csol
vent
s.
6.
Rel
ati
vel
ylowmol
ecul
arwei
ght
. 6.
Rel
ati
vel
yhi
ghmol
ecul
arwei
ght
.
7.
Exampl
e:PVC,
PE,
Tef
lon. 7.
Exampl
e:UF,
PF,
Nyl
on6-
6,et
c.

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Q2](
b)i
i
)Whatar
ethef
unct
ionsofl
ubr
icant
s. (
2)
Ans:
-1.I
treducessur
facedef
ormat
ion,
wearandt
earbecausedi
rectcont
actbet
weent
he
r
ubbi
ngsur
facei
sav
oided.
2.I
treducest
hef
ri
cti
onalheat
,ori
tact
sasacool
ant.Thi
sreducest
heexpansi
onofmet
al.
3.I
tincr
easest
hemai
ntenancecostandr
unni
ngcost
sofmachi
ne.
4.I
tmakest
her
elat
ivemot
ionofsl
i
dingpar
tssmoot
handnoi
sef
ree.
5.Iti
ncr
easest heeff
ici
encyofmachi
nebymi
nimi
zi
ngt
hel
ossofmechani
cal,
elect
ri
calor
chemicalenergy
.

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-
Q2]
(c)
Whati
sDecayofconcr
ete?Di
scussi
tspr
event
ion. (
4)
Ans:
-Thecementconcr
eteal
thoughmechani
cal
l
yst
rong,
butduet
othepr
esenceoff
reel
i
me
i
tbecomesuscept ibl
etotheattackofacidi
cwat er
.Alkal
inewat erdonothav emar kedeff
ecton
concretestr
engt
h.Alsoli
meismor esolubl
einsoftwaterthanhar dwat erandhence
deter
iorat
ionofconcret
eincontactwithsoftwaterismore.Pr esenceofsulphatescause
maximum damagebecausei treactswithtr
ical
cium al
umi natetoform sulphoal
umi nat
eswhich
occupiesmor ev
olumeandhenceunder goexpansionmaki ngthecementst ruct
ureweak.
PROTECTI
ONOFCONCRETE
 Bygiv
ingacoat
ingofbi
tumi
nousmat er
ial
.Thi
spr
event
sdi
rectcont
actbet
ween
concr
eteandwater
.Thi
sisaver
yinexpensi
vemet
hod.
 Bycoat
ingthesur
facewit
hsil
i
conf l
uori
deinasolubl
efor
mtoget
herwithoxi
desofZn,
MgorAl.thepr
eci
pitat
eofcal
cium f
luor
ideso-
for
medi nt
hecapi
l
lar
iesprev
ents
di
ssol
uti
onofli
me.

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Q3](
a)Def
ineFabr
icat
ion.Li
stt
hemet
hodsused.Di
scussext
rusi
onmoul
ding
i
ndet
ail
. (
6)
Ans:
-Fabr
icat
ionofpl
ast
ici
sthet
echni
queofgi
vi
nganydesi
redshapet
othepl
ast
icsbyt
he
useofmoul d.Becauseofthepropert
iesofpolymersi
tispossibletomoul dthem andchange
thei
rshapeusi nganumberofdiffer
entrepet
it
ionsmanuf actur
ingprocesses.Apropermethod
i
st obeselecteddependi
ngupont heshapeandt ypeofresinbeingused.Beforemoulding,
iti
s
essent
ialt
odr ytheresi
ninordertoachieveopti
mum performanceoff ini
shedproducts.
Themet
hodsusedar
e:
1.compr
essi
onmoul
ding.
2. t
ransf
ermoul
ding.
3. ext
rusi
onmoul
ding.
4. i
nject
ionmoul
ding.
EXTRUSI
ONMOULDI
NG.
 Thethermoplasti
cmat er ial
saremoul dedbyt hi
smet hod.Theyunder gocont inuous
mouldingtofrom art
iclesofuni f
orm cross-secti
on.Thesear ti
clesi ncludet ubes,rods,st
ri
ps,
i
nsulatedel
ectri
calcabl es, et
c.I
nthi
smet hod, ther
mopl asti
cmat erialsareheat edto
plast
iccondi
tionandt henpushedbymeansofascr ewconv eyorint oadi ehav ingthe
requi
redshapeoft hear ticl
etobemanuf actur
ed.Her etheplasticmassget scool eddueto
theatmosphereexposur e.Alongconv eyorcarr
iersawayt hecool edpr oductcont i
nuousl
y.

-
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Q3](
b)i
)Whatar
ethel
i
mit
ati
onsofPhaser
ule? (
3)
Ans:
-:-
Thel
i
mit
ati
onsofphaser
ulear
easf
oll
ows:
1.Itcanbeappliedtosy
stem i
nequi
l
ibr
ium.I
tisnotofmuchhel
pwhensy
stem at
tai
n
equil
ibr
ium v
er ysl
owl
y.
2.I
tappl
iesonl
ytosi
ngl
eequi
l
ibr
ium st
ate.I
tdoesnoti
ndi
cat
eot
herpossi
bleequi
l
ibr
ium
i
nthesyst
em.
3.Phaserul
econsi
deronl
ythenumberofphase,butnotthei
rquanti
ti
es.Ev
enami
nut
e
quant
it
yofphaseswhenpresentaccount
stowardsnumberofphases.
4.Al
lphasesmustbepr esentundert
hesamecondi
ti
onoft
het
emper
atur
e,pr
essur
eand
gr
avi
tati
onalf
orces.
5.Sol
i
dandl
i
qui
dphasesmustnotbei
nfi
nel
y-
div
idedst
ate,
other
wisedev
iat
ionsoccur
.

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Q3]
(b)i
i
)Dr
awaneat,
label
l
eddi
agr
am oft
her
otat
oryki
l
n. (
2)
Ans:
-

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-
Q3](c)
15000lit
resofhardwaterwaspassedthr
oughazeol
itesoft
ener.The
exhaustedzeol
iterequi
red120li
tr
esofNaClhavi
ngst
ream of30g/lofNaCl.
Calcul
atethehardnessofwater
.
(4)
Ans:
-1l
i
treofNaClsol
uti
on = 30gm ofNaCl
.

∴120l
i
treofNaCl = 120×30×103mgofNaCl
.
3 50
∴ 3600×10 mgofNaCl
. = 3600×103×
58.
5
= 7692×105mgofCaCO3equi
30. val
ent
.

15000l
i
tresofwat
er = 7692×105mgofCaCO3equi
30. val
ent
.
5
30.
7692×10
∴1l
i
tresofwat
er = = 205.
1ppm
15000
∴Har
dnessofwat
ersampl
e = 205.
1ppm

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Q4]
(a)Whatisact
ivat
edsludge?Howi st
heprocesscar
ri
edoutf
ort
reat
mentof
wastewat
er?Expl
ainwit
haf lowsheetdi
agr
am. (6)
Ans:
-Sewagei
sthel
i
qui
dwhi
chi
ncl
udeshumanandhousehol
dwast
ewat
er,
indust
ri
alwast
e,
groundwasteandst
reetandstor
m wat
er.Henceduet
othet
oxi
cit
ythesewagehav
etobe
tr
eatedbecauseoft
hereasonsli
ke:
 1.Topr
eventpol
l
uti
onofwat
eri
ntowhi
cht
hesewagei
slef
tof
f.
2.Topr
eventof
fensi
veodouri
nthewat
er,
andt
hedest
ruct
ionoff
ishandot
heraquat
icl
i
fe.

SEWAGETREATMENTBYACTI
VATEDSLUDGEPROCESS.
1.Pr
eli
minar
yTr
eat
ment
.
Theprincipalobj
ecti
veofprel
iminaryt
reatmentistheremov alofgrosssol
idsi.
e.,
lar
ge
fl
oati
ngandsuspendedsol i
dmat t
er,gri
t,oi
l,andgreasesifpresenti
nconsider
able
quanti
ties.Forremovingi
norganicmatter,sewagei sal
lowedt opassthr
oughbarscreen
andmeshscr een.
2.
Pri
mar
yTr
eat
ment
.
Forremovingsuspendedmat t
ereff
ici
entl
yandeconomical
ly,sedi
mentati
onpr ocessi
s
car
riedout.Sewageistreat
edwithcert
ainchemi
cals(
e.g.,
alum,hydr
atedli
meet c.)whi
ch
for
m aflocthatabsorbsandentr
apsthesuspendedandcolloi
dalpar
ti
clespresent.

3.
Secondar
yorBi
ologi
calTr
eat
ment.
Iti
sanessent ialanaerobicchemi caloxidati
onwhichincludesfi
lt
rati
onandact i
vat
edsl udge
process.Sewagewat eri
sfil
teredthroughspeci al
l
ydesignedsprinkl
ingfil
terstomai nt
ain
aerobicconditi
ons.Carbonoft heor ganicmatteri
sconv ert
edintoCO2;andni t
rogenintoNH3
andfinall
yintonitr
atesandni t
rit
es.Tr i
ckli
ngfil
ter
sareusedf orbiol
ogicaloxidati
onof
sewage.Tr i
ckledsewagest artspercolati
ngdownwar dsant heaerobicbacteri
abr i
ngabout
thebiologi
caloxidati
onofor ganicmat terofsewage.
Hencet hesl
udgeformedi sknownasAct i
vatedSludge.Thefur
therprocessincl
udesmi xi
ng
ofsedimentalsewagewithproperquant i
tyofacti
vatedsludgeandmi xt
ureisthenagit
ated
for4-5hrsbyblowingair
.Suspendedanddi ssolvedorganicmatteri
soxidisedbyaerobi
c
bacteri
a.aft
erallt
heseprocessapar tofsludgedeposi t
edisusedfornextoxidati
onbatch
andt heremai
nderiseit
herspreadonl andasf er
til
emat t
erorusedforbiogasordumpedi n
sea.

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-
Q4](b)i)20mlofl
ubri
cati
ngoilwasdi
ssolv
edinalcohol.Thesol
uti
onwasti
trat
ed
against0.1NKOHsoluti
on.Attheendpoi
nttheburettereadi
ngwasfoundt
obe
2.5ml.calcul
atet
heacidval
ueoftheoi
l.
(densi
tyofoil=0.86g/ml) (3)
Ans:
-Gi
vendat
a :
- Nor
mal
i
tyofKOH = 0.
1N
 Vol
umeofKOH = 2.
5ml
Densi
tyofoi
l = 0.
86g/
ml
Vol
umeofoi
l = 20ml
.
Tof
ind :
- Aci
dval
ueofoi
l

Vol
.ofKOH×Normali
tyofKOH×56
For
mul
a :
- Ac
idva
lue =
Wei
ghtofoil
Sol
uti
on :
- wei
ghtofoi
l = Densi
ty×Vol
ume
= 0.
86×20
= 17.
2gms.

Vol
ofKOH×Normali
ty×56
Aci
dval
ue =
Weightofoi
l
2.
5×0.
1×56
=
17.
2
= 0.
814mg
∴ Aci
dval
ue = 0.
814mg/gm oft
heoi
l
.

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Q4]
(b)i
i
)Dist
ingui
shbet
weent
hedr
yandwetpr
ocessf
ormanuf
act
uri
ngof
Por
tl
andcement. (2)
Ans:
-
DRYPROCESS WETPROCESS
1.Thi
sisusedwhent
her
awmat
eri
alar
e 1.Thi
sisusedf
oranyt
ypeofr
awmat
eri
al.
hard.
2.
Fuelconsumedi
sless. 2.
Fuelconsumedi
smor
e.
3.
Processi
ssl
ow. 3.
Processi
sfast
er.
4.
Cementpr
oducedi
sofi
nfer
iorqual
i
ty. 4.
Cementpr
oducedi
sofsuper
iorqual
i
ty.
5.
Cost
lypr
ocess. 5.
Cheaperpr
ocess.

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-
Q4]
(c)Li
stt
heusesofpol
ymeri
nmedi
cineandsur
ger
y. (
4)
Ans:
-Mat
eri
alswhi
char
enotcausi
ngadv
erseef
fectonbl
oodandot
hert
issuescanbeused
i
ndiagnost
ic,sur
gicalandcanbeimplantedi
nthebody.Theycanbedevelopedfr
om metal
s,
cer
amicsandpol ymers.Usesofpol
ymersinthef
iel
dofmedi ci
neandsurgeryar
eincr
easi
ng
daybyday.Character
isti
csofbi
omedicalpol
ymersar
e:
1.
shoul
dbebi
o-compat
ibl
e,canbef
abr
icat
edi
ntodesi
reshapeorf
orm wi
thoutbei
ng
degr
aded.
2.canbeeasil
yst
er i
l
izedwi
thnoal
ter
ati
oni
npr
oper
ti
es,
shoul
dhav
eopt
imum phy
sicaland
chemicalpr
opert
ies.
3.Theyshoul
dnotdest
roycel
l
ularel
ement
sofbl
ood,
enzy
mesorpr
oducedt
oxi
coral
l
ergi
c
reacti
ons.
4.
Theyshoul
dhav
epur
it
yandr
epr
oduci
bil
i
ty.
Exampl
esar
easf
oll
ows:

POLYMER APPLI
CATI
ON
1.PMMA. Cont
actl
enses.
2.si
l
iconr
ubber
,pol
yur
ethane. Hear
twal
l
s,dr
aint
ubes.
3.Pol
yvi
nylchl
ori
de. Di
sposabl
esy
ringes.
4.pol
yal
kylsul
phone. Membr
aneoxy
genat
or.
5.
Acr
yli
chy
drogel
s Gr
aft
ing

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-
Q5](
a)Wr
it
enot
eson(
anyt
wo) (
6)
i
)Gl
asst
ransi
ti
ont
emper
atur
e (
3)
Ans:
-Thet
emper
atur
eatwhi
chpol
ymerexper
iencet
het
ransi
ti
onf
rom r
ubber
ytor
igi
dst
atei
s
ter
medast he‘Glasstransit
iontemperatur
e’( .
Tg)Thebehaviourofapolymeristemper atur
e
sensi
ti
ve.Glasstransi
tiontemperaturei
salsodef i
nedast helowesttemperatur
ebel owwhi ch
thepol
y merbecomeshar dandbrit
tleandabov ewhichitbecomessof tandfl
exible.The
poly
merbecomest oosof t
,thati
tbehaveslikeaf l
uidcal
ledast hevi
scoflui
dstate.The
temperatur
eatwhi chthesof t
,fl
exi
blepoly
mergoest othev i
scoflui
dstatei
scalledt hemelti
ng
temperatur
eTm.

Fact
orsI
nfl
uenci
ng Tg.

1.
Crossl
i
nki
ngi
ncr
easest
heTgv
alue.

2.
Presenceofbul
kygr
oupsi
ncr
easest
heTgv
alue.

3.
Addi
ti
onofpl
ast
ici
zerdecr
easest
heTgv
alue.
4.
Pol
ymer
shav
ingst
rongi
nter
mol
ecul
arf
orcesofat
tr
act
ioni
ncr
easesTgv
alue.

5.
Pol
arsi
deat
omsorgr
oupsofat
omsi
ncr
easest
heTgv
alue.

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Q5]
(a)i
i
)Conduct
ingpol
ymer
s (
3)
Ans:
-Pol
ymer
sar
einsul
atedbecauseoft
heabsenceoff
reeel
ect
rons.I
nbecomi
ngel
ect
ri
cal
l
y
conducti
v e,apolymerhastoimi t
atemet althatist
heelectr
onneedst obef reetomov e.Such
typeofpolymerarecalledConductingpolymer .Pol
ymerswithconjugateπ-elect
ronbackbones
displ
ayunusualelectr
onicpropert
iessuchasl owenergyopti
caltr
ansiti
on, l
owi oni
zat
ion
potenti
alsandhighelectr
onaffini
ti
es.Ther esulti
saclassofpolymer sthatcanbeoxidisedor
reducedmor eeasil
yandmor ereversibl
ythanconv enti
onalpoly
mer s.Theeffectofthi
s
oxidat
ionorreducti
ononpol ymeriscalleddopi ngi
.e.
,convertaninsulati
ngpolymerto
conducti
ngone.

Twocondi
ti
onsf
orapol
ymert
obecomeconduct
ingar
e:-
1.Pol
ymerpossessconj
ugat
edoubl
ebonds.
2.Pol
ymerhast
obedistr
ibut
edei
therbyr
emov
ingoraddi
ngel
ect
ront
othemat
eri
al.Thi
s
pr
ocessi
scal
leddopi
ng.

-
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Q5]
(a)i
i
i)Vul
cani
zat
ion. (
3)
Ans:
-Whenr
ubberi
sheat
edwi
thsul
phur
,it
stensi
l
est
rengt
h,el
ast
ici
tyandr
esi
stancet
o
swell
ingareincr
easedt r
emendousl y
.Thispr
ocessisnamedasVulcanizat
ion.Vulcani
zat
ion
bri
ngsaboutast i
ffnessoft
her ubberbyanchor
ingandrest
ri
cti
ngtheinter
mol ecul
armovement
oftherubberspri
ngs.Thevulcanizat
ioncanbecarr
iedouti
nsever
alway s:
-
1.Thear
ti
cl
etobev
ulcani
sedi
sheat
edwi
thast
eam underpr
essur
e.
2.Thear
ti
cl
eisi
mmer
sedi
nhotwat
erunderpr
essur
e.
3.Byheat
ingt
hear
ti
clei
nai
rori
ncar
bondi
oxi
de.
4.Byv
ulcani
zi
ngt
hear
ti
clei
nthemoul
dinwhi
chi
tisshaped.
PROPERTI
ESOFVULCANI
ZEDRUBBER.
 Hi
ght
ensi
l
est
rengt
h.
 El
ast
ict
olesserext
ent
.
 Wat
erabsor
pti
oni
ssmal
l
.
 Donotswel
lmuchi
nor
gani
csol
vent
s.
 Bet
terabr
asi
onr
esi
stance.

-
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Q5]
(b)i
)Di
scusst
het
reat
mentofwat
erusi
ngbl
eachi
ngpowder (
3)
Ans:
-Insmal
lwat
er-
wor
ks,
about1kgofbl
eachi
ngpowderper1,
000ki
l
oli
tr
esofwat
eri
s
mixedandwateri
sallowedtost
andundi
stur
bedf
orsev
eralhour
sthechemi
calact
ion
pr
oduceshypochl
orousacid
Ca
OCl
2
(
+H2O→CaOH)
2
+Cl
2

Cl
2
+H2O→ HCl+HOCl

g
erms+HOCl →g
ermsa
reki
ll
ed
Thedi
sinf
ect
ingact
ionofbl
eachi
ngpowderi
sduet
othechl
ori
nemadeav
ail
abl
ebyi
t.
Dr
awbacks:
1.Bl
eachi
ngpowderi
ntr
oducescal
cium i
nwat
er,
ther
ebymaki
ngi
tmor
ehar
d.
2.Bl
eachi
ngpowderdet
eri
orat
es,duet
oitscont
inuousdecomposit
iondur
ingstor
age.So
whenev
eri
tisadded,i
thastobeanal
ysedforit
seffect
ivechl
ori
necont
ent.
3.Onl
yacalcul
atedquant
it
yofbleachingpowdershoul
dbeused,
sinceanexcessofi
t
gi
vesabadtasteandsmellt
otreated-
water
.

-
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--
Q5]
(b)i
i
)Expl
aint
hemechani
sm ofExt
remepr
essur
elubr
icat
ion. (
2)
Ans:
-Underheav
yloadandhi
ghspeedoper
ati
ngcondi
ti
ons,
lar
geamountoff
ri
cti
onalheati
s
gener
ated.Undert
hesecondi
ti
onsaliqui
dlubricantfai
l
stostickandmaydecompose.To
wit
hstandsuchextr
emecondit
ions,
specialaddit
ivesareaddedtothel
ubr
icat
ingoi
l
.Addit
ives
aregeneral
lyorganiccompoundshav i
ngact i
ver adical
sorgroupsuchaschlor
ine,sulphur,
phosphorousetc.Theyr eactwi t
ht hemetalsur f
acesathi ghtemper
atur
eandfor m durabl
e
fi
lmsofmet all
i
cchl or
ides, sul
phidesandphosphi des.Thesecompoundsposseshi ghmel t
ing
pointandgoodt hermalstabi l
i
tyandhence, serveasgoodl ubri
cant
.However,theyarenot
effect
iveonchemi cal
lyi
ner tmet alsurf
acesofAg, Ti,andCu.Thist
ypeofl
ubricati
oni sused
forcutt
ingtool
s, i
nwiredr awing,rocketcrushingmachi nesetc.

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Q5](
c)Whatisreducedphaser
ule?Dr
awt
hephasedi
agr
am oft
heAg-
Pbsy
stem
wit
hproperl
abell
ing. (
4)
Ans:
-Insomesy
stems,
anequi
l
ibr
ium exi
stsbet
weensol
i
d-l
i
qui
dphasesandgaseous
phaseispr
acti
call
yabsent
.Hencetheeff
ectofpr
essur
eonsuchsy
stem canbenegl
ected.
Theniti
snecessaryt
otakeint
oaccountonl
ytwovari
abl
esvi
z.t
emperat
ureandconcentr
ati
on.

Suchsystem showingsol
i
d-l
i
quidequi
li
bri
um i
scal
l
edcondensedsy
stem andphaser
ule
appl
iedtosuchsy st
emsisasfol
lows:

F=C–P+1…knownascondensedphaser
ule.

Phasedi
agr
am ofAg-
Pbsy
stem

I
nt wocomponentsy st
emst herearefourpossi
blephasessoli
dAg, sol
i
dPb,soluti
onofAg,+
Pbandv apour
.Sincethepressurehasnoef f
ectonequili
bri
um sothesyst
em canbe
representedbytemperatur
econcent r
ati
ondiagram atconst
antatmospher
icpressure.As
pressureisnegl
ectedthephaser ul
eiscall
edcondensedphaser ul
e.
1)CurveAo.  
Iti
safreezi
ngpointcurveofAg.AgCoexistsassoli
dandli
qui
d.Mel
ti
ngpointof
Agf al
lsgradual
lyonaddingPbtil
lthelowestpoi
nti
sreached.Thesol
uti
onget
ssatur
atedwit
h
respecti
vetolead.
2)CurveBo.
 I
tisaf
reezi
ngpointcur
v eofPb.Att
hiscur
vet
hemel
ti
ngpoi
ntgr
adual
l
yfal
l
son
theaddi
ti
onofAgti
lll
owestpointi
treach.
3)Poi
ntO. 
Iti
seut
ect
icpoint
.Here3phasesco-
exi
stsandpoi
ntOr
epr
esent
saf
ixed
composi
ti
onandsyst
em isinvar
iant
.
Bel
owt
het
emper
atur
eli
neofeut
ect
ict
emper
atur
e,wehav
etwor
egi
ons.
a)Theregi
onmar
kedeut
ect
icpl
ussol
i
dAgi
nwhi
chcr
yst
all
i
nesi
l
verandsol
i
deut
ect
icar
e
stabl
e.
b)Theregi
onmar
kedeut
ect
icpl
ussol
i
dPbi
nwhi
chcr
yst
all
i
nel
eadandsol
i
deut
ect
icar
e
st
able.
4)AreaAOB. 
Itrepresentssol
uti
onofPbAg.Onl
ower
ingt
emper
atur
ethel
eadbegi
nst
o
separat
eoutt
illthepointOisreached.

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-
Q6](
a)Whatar
et hecondi
ti
onsf
oruseofsol
i
dlubr
icant
s?Di
scusst
hest
ruct
ure
andusesofGraphit
e. (6)
Ans:
-Dr
ylubr
icant
sorsol
i
dlubr
icant
sar
emat
eri
alwhi
chcanr
educet
hef
ri
cti
onwi
thouta
l
i
qui
dmedi
um .
theyar
eusedwher
e,
1.Oper
ati
ngcondi
ti
onsar
esucht
hatal
ubr
icat
ingf
il
m cannotbef
ormedormai
ntai
ned.
2.Contami
nati
onsofl
i
qui
dorsemi
-sol
i
dlubr
icant,
wit
hdustordi
rti
snotdesi
rabl
e;e.
g.,
opengear
s.
3.Combusti
blel
ubr
icant
smustbeav
oidedduet
othehi
ghoper
ati
ngt
emper
atur
eand
pr
essur
e.
4.Heav
ymachi
ner
ywor
kingonacr
udej
obatv
eryhi
ghl
oadsandsl
owspeed.
5.Wher
ethepar
tst
obel
ubr
icat
edar
enoteasi
l
yaccessi
ble.
GRAPHI
TE:
Graphi t
eist hemostwi delyusedofal lsolidlubri
cant s.Itconsi st
sofal ayeredl att
icestructure.
2
Alay erofhexagonal lyarrangeds phy bridi
zedcar bonat om i nt heplanargraphi t
emol ecule
bondedcov al
entl
y.Thet wonei ghbour i
ngpar all
ellayer sar e3. 7A°apartandar eheldtogetherby
weakv anderwaal sforces.Ther eforethef or
cesr equiredt oshearl ayersisv erylowandt he
mol eculescansl ipovereachot hereasilybymechani calf orces.Hence, graphi t
epowderi sv ery
soapyt ot ouchorv eysof tandcanactasl ubri
cant.Itisnoti nflammabl eandnotoxi disedi nair
below375℃.I ntheabsenceofai r,Itcanbeusedupt ov er yhight emperatur e.Usuall
ysome
organicsubst ancesar emi xedwi thsolidlubri
cant ssot hatt heymayst i
ckf i
rml ytothe
met al(call
ed“ Aquadag” )oroi l
(call
ed“ Oildag”)
.Oi ldagi susedi nICengi nes.Aquadagi s
usefulinai rcompr essors, generalmachi neshopwor k,lathesandf ormachi ner yusedinf ood
i
ndust ry.Graphiteisalsomi xedwithgreasest ofor m gr aphi tegreases, whichar eusedat
hi
ghert emper at
ure.
-
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Q6]
(b)i
)Di
scusst
ri
plepoi
nti
nonecomponentsy
stem (
3)
Ans:
-TRI
PLEPOI
NT:
-Thet
hreecur
vesOA,
OB,
andOCmeetatOatwhi
chsol
i
d,l
i
qui
dand
vapourco-
existi
nequil
i
bri
um.Thispoi
ntat273.
16K(
0.0075℃)and4.
58mm ofHgpr
essur
eis
cal
ledTri
plepoint
.Thesyst
em i
sinvar
iant
.

F=C-
P+2 ∴ F=3-
P=3-
3=0 ∴F=0
Thismeanst hedegreeoffreedom iszerot her
eforenei
therpressur
enortemper
aturecanbe
changedwithoutcausi
ngt hedisappearanceofoneoft hephases.Ifeit
hert
emperatur
eor
pressur
eischangedev enslight
ly,oneoft hethreephasesdisappearsandt
hesystem changes
fr
om non-vari
enttounivar
iant.

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Q6]
(b)i
i
)Expl
ainr
ever
seosmosi
s. (
2)
Ans:
-Whent
wosol
uti
onsofunequalconcent
rat
ionsar
esepar
atedbyasemi
per
meabl
e
membr anewhichsel
ect
ivelydoesnotper mitt
hepassageofdi ssol
vedsolut
epar ti
cles,
i.
e.,
molecules,i
onsetcf
lowofsol venttakespl
acefrom di
lut
et oconcentr
atedsidesduet o
osmosis.Ifahydr
ost
ati
cpr essureinexcessofosmoticpressureisappl
iedont heconcentr
ated
si
detodi l
utesi
deacr
osst hemembr ane.
Thisprocessi
scalledasrever
seosmosi
s.Thusi
nrever
seosmosismethodspuresolv
enti
s
separ
atedfrom i
tscontaminat
es,
rat
hert
hanremovi
ngcont
aminantsf
rom thewater
.

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-
Q6]
(c)
Wri
teanot
eonf
ull
erene. (
4)
Ans:
-Oneoft
henano-
for
msoft
hecar
boni
sBuckmi
nst
erf
ull
erene( .Af
C60) ull
erenei
sa
mol eculeofcar boninthefor
m ofahol l
owspher e,el
li
psoid,t
ubeandmanyot hershapes.
Spher i
calful
ler
enear eal
socalledasbuckyballsandresembl esfootball.Ful
l
erenehave12
pent agonsand20hexagons.Acommonmet hodusedt oproducef ul
lereneistosendal ar
ge
currentbet weent wonearbygraphit
eelect
rodesinani ner
tatmospher eofAr gon.Theresult
ing
carbonpl asmaar cbetweentheelect
rodescoolsintosootyresiduesfrom whichmany
ful
ler enescanbei solat
ed.
PROPERTI
ESOFFULLERENE:
 I
tismust
ardcol
our
edsol
i
d,whi
chappear
sbr
ownt
obl
ackwi
thi
ncr
easi
ngt
hicknessof
i
tsfi
l
m.
 Onsubl
i
mat
ion,
itf
ormst
ransl
ucentmagent
aface-
cent
eredcubi
ccr
yst
als.
 I
tismoder
atel
ysol
ubl
einar
omat
ichy
drocar
bonsgi
vi
ngmagent
asol
uti
on.
 Asapur
esolid,iti
sel
ectr
ical
l
yinsul
ating.Wi
thpr
operi
mpur
it
yaddi
ti
on,
itcanbemade
hi
ghl
yconducti
veandsuperconduct
ive.
USESOFFULLERENE:
 I
tisusedf
ort
hepr
epar
ati
onofel
ect
roni
candmi
croel
ect
roni
cdev
ices.
 I
tisusedf
ort
hepr
epar
ati
onofnon-
li
nearopt
icaldev
ices.
 I
tisusedf
ort
hepr
epar
ati
onofbat
ter
iesaschar
gecar
ri
ers.
 I
tisusedf
ort
hepr
epar
ati
onofsuperconduct
ors.
 I
tisusedf
ort
hepr
epar
ati
onofsof
tfer
romagnetwi
thzer
oremanence.

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