APPLI

EDCHEMI
STRY1
(
CBCGSMAY2018)
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Q1]
(a)Di
scusst
hedr
awbackofnat
uralr
ubber
. (
3)
Ans:
-Thedr
awbacksofnat
uralr
ubberar
easf
oll
ows:

 I
tswel
l
sconsi
der
abl
yinor
gani
csol
vent
sandgr
adual
l
ydi
sint
egr
ates.
 I
thasl
i
ttl
edur
abi
l
ity
.
 Whenstr
etchedtoagreaterext
ent,i
tsuffersper
manentdefor
mat
ion,
becauseoft
he
‘
sl
idi
ng’
orslippageofsomemol ecul
archainsovereachot
her.
2
 I
tisweak:i
tst
ensi
l
est
rengt
hisonl
y200kg/
cm.

 Nat
uralr
ubberi
sbri
tt
lebelow10℃ andabov
e50℃,
itbecomessof
t.Hencei
tisusef
ul
onl
yinli
mit
edtemperat
ureranges.

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Q1]
(b)Expl
aint
hedi
sinf
ect
ionofwat
erbyaddi
ti
onofbl
eachi
ngpowder
. (
3)
Ans:
-Insmal
lwat
er-
wor
ks,
about1kgofbl
eachi
ngpowderper1,
000ki
l
oli
tr
esofwat
eri
s
mixedandwateri
sallowedtost
andundi
stur
bedf
orsev
eralhour
sthechemi
calact
ion
pr
oduceshypochl
orousacid
Ca
OCl
2
(
+H2O→CaOH)
2
+Cl
2

Cl
2
+H2O→ HCl+HOCl

g
erms+HOCl →g
ermsa
reki
ll
ed
Thedi
sinf
ect
ingact
ionofbl
eachi
ngpowderi
sduet
othechl
ori
nemadeav
ail
abl
ebyi
t.
Dr
awbacks:
1.Bl
eachi
ngpowderi
ntr
oducescal
cium i
nwat
er,
ther
ebymaki
ngi
tmor
ehar
d.
2.Bl
eachi
ngpowderdet
eri
orat
es,duet
oitscont
inuousdecomposit
iondur
ingstor
age.So
whenev
eri
tisadded,i
thastobeanal
ysedforit
seffect
ivechl
ori
necont
ent.
3.Onl
yacalcul
atedquant
it
yofbleachingpowdershoul
dbeused,
sinceanexcessofi
t
gi
vesabadtasteandsmellt
otreated-
water
.

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Q1]
(c)Whatar
ethel
i
mit
ati
onsofPhaser
ule? (
3)
Ans:
-Thel
i
mit
ati
onsofphaser
ulear
easf
oll
ows:
1.Itcanbeappliedtosy
stem i
nequi
l
ibr
ium.I
tisnotofmuchhel
pwhensy
stem at
tai
n
equil
ibr
ium v
er ysl
owl
y.
 2.I
tappl
iesonl
ytosi
ngl
eequi
l
ibr
ium st
ate.I
tdoesnoti
ndi
cat
eot
herpossi
bleequi
l
ibr
ium
i
nthesyst
em.
3.Phaserul
econsi
deronl
ythenumberofphase,butnotthei
rquanti
ti
es.Ev
enami
nut
e
quant
it
yofphaseswhenpresentaccount
stowardsnumberofphases.
4.Al
lphasesmustbepr esentundert
hesamecondi
ti
onoft
het
emper
atur
e,pr
essur
eand
gr
avi
tati
onalf
orces.
Sol
i
dandl
i
qui
dphasesmustnotbei
nfi
nel
y-
div
idedst
ate,
other
wisedev
iat
ionsoccur

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Q1]
(d)Di
scussf
ull
erenes.Gi
vei
tsappl
i
cat
ions. (
3)
Ans:
-:-Oneoft
henano-
for
msoft
hecar
boni
sBuckmi
nst
erf
ull
erene( .Af
C60) ull
erenei
sa
mol eculeofcar boninthefor
m ofahol l
owspher e,el
li
psoid,t
ubeandmanyot hershapes.
Spher i
calful
ler
enear eal
socalledasbuckyballsandresembl esfootball.Ful
l
erenehave12
pent agonsand20hexagons.Acommonmet hodusedt oproducef ul
lereneistosendal ar
ge
currentbet weent wonearbygraphit
eelect
rodesinani ner
tatmospher eofAr gon.Theresult
ing
carbonpl asmaar cbetweentheelect
rodescoolsintosootyresiduesfrom whichmany
ful
ler enescanbei solat
ed.
PROPERTI
ESOFFULLERENE:
 I
tismust
ardcol
our
edsol
i
d,whi
chappear
sbr
ownt
obl
ackwi
thi
ncr
easi
ngt
hicknessof
i
tsfi
l
m.
 Onsubl
i
mat
ion,
itf
ormst
ransl
ucentmagent
aface-
cent
eredcubi
ccr
yst
als.
 I
tismoder
atel
ysol
ubl
einar
omat
ichy
drocar
bonsgi
vi
ngmagent
asol
uti
on.
 Asapur
esolid,iti
sel
ectr
ical
l
yinsul
ating.Wi
thpr
operi
mpur
it
yaddi
ti
on,
itcanbemade
hi
ghl
yconducti
veandsuperconduct
ive.
USESOFFULLERENE:
 I
tisusedf
ort
hepr
epar
ati
onofel
ect
roni
candmi
croel
ect
roni
cdev
ices.
 I
tisusedf
ort
hepr
epar
ati
onofnon-
li
nearopt
icaldev
ices.
 I
tisusedf
ort
hepr
epar
ati
onofbat
ter
iesaschar
gecar
ri
ers.
 I
tisusedf
ort
hepr
epar
ati
onofsuperconduct
ors.
 I
tisusedf
ort
hepr
epar
ati
onofsof
tfer
romagnetwi
thzer
oremanence.

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Q1]
(e)Wr
it
eanot
eonGr
eases. (
3)
Ans:
-lubr
icat
inggr
easei
sasemi
sol
i
dconsi
sti
ngoft
hickeni
ngagentsuchasmet
all
i
csoaps,
di
spersedt
hroughoutl
i
qui
dlubri
cat
ingoi
l.Theli
quidlubr
icantmaybepetr
oleum oi
lorev
en
sy
ntheti
coi
landitmaycontai
nanyoftheaddit
ivesforspecif
icr
equi
rement.
GREASESAREUSEDUNDERFOLLOWI
NGCONDI
TION:
-
  I
nsituat
ionswheretheoi
lcannotr
emaininpl
aceduet
ohi
ghl
oad,
lowspeed,
i
nter
mi t
tentoper
ati
ons,suddenj
erkset
c.
 Whent
hemachi
nei
swor
kedatsl
owspeedandhi
ghpr
essur
e.
 I
nsituat
ionswherebeari
nghastobeprot
ectedagai
nstent
ryofdi
rt,
dust
,moi
stur
eet
c
becausegreasesar
elessli
abl
etocont
aminati
onbythese.
 I
nsituat
ionswheredr i
ppingorspurt
ingofoilisundesi
rabl
ebecauseunli
keoi
ls,greases
i
fuseddonotspl ashordr i
poverart
iclesbei
ngpr epar
edbythemachinese.
g.,machines
usedinpaper
,food,texti
l
eanddy ingindustr
y.

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Q1](f
)A10mlofsampl eofwat erwasrefl
uxedwith20mlpot assium dichr
omate
solut
ionandafterref
luxingtheexcessunreact
eddichromater equir
ed26.2mlof
0.1M FASsol
ution.Abl ank10mlofdisti
ll
edwateronr ef
luxi
ngwi th20mlof
di
chromatesoluti
onr equir
ed36mlof0. 1M FASsolut
ion.CalculatetheCODof
wastewater. (3)
Ans:
-Gi
vendat
a:- Vb=36ml Vt=26.
2ml
N =0.
1M Ve=10ml
Tof
ind:
- COD

(
Vb-
Vt)
×Nor
mal
it
y×8000
Sol
uti
on:
- COD =
Ve
(
36- 2)
26. ×0.
1×8000
=
10
=784ppm
Hencet
heCODv
aluei
s784ppm.

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Q1]
(g)Di
scusst
her
oleofpol
ymeri
nmedi
cineandsur
ger
y. (
3)
Ans:
-Mat
eri
alswhi
char
enotcausi
ngadv
erseef
fectonbl
oodandot
hert
issuescanbeused
i
ndiagnost
ic,sur
gicalandcanbeimplantedi
nthebody.Theycanbedevelopedfr
om metal
s,
cer
amicsandpol ymers.Usesofpol
ymersinthef
iel
dofmedi ci
neandsurgeryar
eincr
easi
ng
daybyday.Character
isti
csofbi
omedicalpol
ymersar
e:
1.
shoul
dbebi
o-compat
ibl
e,canbef
abr
icat
edi
ntodesi
reshapeorf
orm wi
thoutbei
ng
degr
aded.
2.canbeeasil
yst
er i
l
izedwi
thnoal
ter
ati
oni
npr
oper
ti
es,
shoul
dhav
eopt
imum phy
sicaland
chemicalpr
opert
ies.
Exampl
esar
easf
oll
ows:
POLYMER APPLI
CATI
ON
1.PMMA. Cont
actl
enses.
2.si
l
iconr
ubber
,pol
yur
ethane. Hear
twal
l
s,dr
aint
ubes.
3.Pol
yvi
nylchl
ori
de. Di
sposabl
esy
ringes.
4.pol
yal
kylsul
phone. Membr
aneoxy
genat
or.

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Q2](a)Cal
culat
etheamountofli
me( 85%pur
e)andsoda(95%pure)requi
redt o
softenonemi l
l
ionl
it
reofwaterwhi
chcontai
nsCaCO3=12.
5ppm,Mg CO3=8. 4ppm,
CaCl2
=22.2ppm,MgCl2
=9.
5ppm,CO2=33ppm,HCl=7.3ppm,or
ganicmat ter=
16.8ppm (
6)
Ans:
-

I
mpur
it
ies(
mg/
li
t) Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionf
act
or CaCO3equi
val
ent Requi
rement
(mg/l
it
)
CO3=12.
Ca 5 100 100 L
12.
5× =12.
5
100 100
CO3=8.
Mg 4 100 100 2L
8.
4× =10
84 84
Ca
Cl =22.
2 100 100 S
2 22.
2× =20
111 111
Mg
Cl =9.
5 100 100 L+S
2 9.
5× =10
95 95
CO2=33 100 100 L
33× =75
44 44
HCl=7.
3 100 100 L+S
7.
3× =10
73 73

NaCldoesnotr
eactwi
thl
i
meandsoda.
74
LI
ME=
100
[CaCO3equiva
lentof2×Mg
C03+Ca
CO3+Mg
Cl2
+CO2]
+HCl ×
Vol
umeofwa ter 100
×
1000 % pur
ity
6
=74×[
2×10+12.
5+10+10+75]
×
10 100
×
100 1000 85
=111000gms.
106 Vol
umeofwat
er 100
SODA=
100
[
CaCO3e
qui
val
entofCa
Cl2
+Mg
Cl2
]×
1000
×
%pur
ity
.
 6
106 10 100
= [
20+10]
× × .
100 1000 95
=33473.
68gms.
Thel
i
mer
equi
rementi
s111000gmsandsodar
equi
rementi
s33473.
68gms.

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Q2]
(b)(
i)Gi
vet
hepr
epar
ati
ons,
proper
ti
esandusesofKev
lar
. (
3)
Ans:
-:-
Iti
sanar
omat
icpol
yami
dewi
thbenzener
ingsl
i
nkedt
otheami
degr
oup,
-CONH-gr
oup.
1.
PREPARATI
ON.
I
tispreparedbypolycondensati
onbet
weenar
omati
cdichlor
idel
iketer
epht
hali
caciddi
chl
ori
de
(t
erephthal
oylchl
ori
de)andar omat
icdi
ami
nesli
ke1,
4-phenyl
enediamine(
1,4-
diami
ne
benzene).
2.
PROPERTI
ES.
 Itisexcept
ional
l
yst
rong,
5ti
messt
rongert
hanst
eeland10t
imesst
rongert
han
aluminium.
 I
thashi
ghheatst
abi
l
ityandf
lexi
bil
i
ty.
 I
thasr
esi
stanceagai
nstal
mostal
lthesol
vent
sexceptsomepower
fulaci
ds.
 I
tdoesnotl
osei
tsst
rengt
hat-
196℃ .

3.
USES.
 I
tisusedi
naer
ospaceandai
rcr
afti
ndust
ri
es.
 I
tisusedf
ort
hepr
epar
ati
onpfcarpar
tssuchast
yres,
brakes,
clut
ch,
li
ninget
c.
 Usedf
ort
hepr
epar
ati
onofr
opes,
cabl
es,
hel
met
set
c.

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Q2]
(b)
(i
i)Def
ineCl
oudpoi
ntandPourpoi
ntofal
ubr
icant
. (
2)
Ans:
-i
)CLOUDPOI
NT.
Whenoi
liscool
edslowl
y,t
het
emper
atur
eatwhi
chi
tbecomecl
oudyorhazyi
nappear
ancei
s
cal
l
edit
scloudpoi
nt.
i
i
)POURPOI
NT.
Af
tercool
i
ngoi
l
,thet
emper
atur
eatwhi
chi
tceasest
ofl
owi
scal
l
edi
tspourpoi
nt.
Goodl
ubr
icantshoul
dhav
elowPOURPOI
NT.
Cloudandpourpointi
ndicatesthesuit
abili
tyofthelubr
icat
ingoilincoldcondit
ions.Lubr i
cant
usedinamachi neworki
ngatl owtemper at
ureshouldpossesslowpourpoi nt.Otherwise
soli
dif
icat
ionofthel
ubri
cantwi l
lcausethejammi ngofthemachi ne.
ithasbeenf oundt hat
presenceofwaxesintheoilrai
sesthepourpoi nt
.
Goodl
ubr
icat
ingoi
lshoul
dhav
elowcl
oudandpourpoi
nt.

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Q2]
(c)Wr
it
eanot
eondecayofconcr
ete. (
4)
Ans:
-Thecementconcr
eteal
thoughmechani
cal
l
yst
rong,
butduet
othepr
esenceoff
reel
i
me
i
tbecomesuscept ibl
etotheattackofacidi
cwat er
.Alkal
inewat erdonothav emar kedeff
ecton
concretestr
engt
h.Alsoli
meismor esolubl
einsoftwaterthanhar dwat erandhence
deter
iorat
ionofconcret
eincontactwithsoftwaterismore.Pr esenceofsulphatescause
maximum damagebecausei treactswithtr
ical
cium al
umi natetoform sulphoal
umi nat
eswhich
occupiesmor ev
olumeandhenceunder goexpansionmaki ngthecementst ruct
ureweak.
PROTECTI
ONOFCONCRETE
 Bygiv
ingacoat
ingofbi
tumi
nousmat er
ial
.Thi
spr
event
sdi
rectcont
actbet
ween
concr
eteandwater
.Thi
sisaver
yinexpensi
vemet
hod.
 Bycoat
ingthesur
facewit
hsil
i
conf l
uori
deinasolubl
efor
mtoget
herwithoxi
desofZn,
MgorAl.thepr
eci
pitat
eofcal
cium f
luor
ideso-
for
medi nt
hecapi
l
lar
iesprev
ents
di
ssol
uti
onofli
me.

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Q3](a)Def
ineMoul
ding.Li
stt
hedi
ffer
entt
echni
quesofmoul
ding.Expl
ain
i
njecti
onmouldi
ngwiththehel
pofneatdi
agr
am. (
6)
Ans:
-Fabr
icat
ionofpl
ast
ici
sthet
echni
queofgi
vi
nganydesi
redshapet
othepl
ast
icsbyt
he
useofmoul d.Becauseofthepr
oper t
iesofpolymersiti
spossibletomoul dthem andchange
thei
rshapeusi nganumberofdif
ferentrepet
it
ionsmanuf actur
ingprocesses.Apropermethod
i
st obeselecteddependi
ngupontheshapeandt ypeofresinbeingused.Themosti mportantof
thesearecompr essi
onmouldi
ng,tr
ansf ermouldi
ng,ext
rusionandinjecti
onmoulding.
I
NJECTI
ONMOULDI
NG:
Thismethodisonlyappli
cabl
et oThermopl ast
icresin.Themouldi
ngplasti
cpowderi sfedint
oa
heatedcyl
inder.From t
herei
tisinj
ectedi ntot
het i
ghtlyl
ockedmouldatacont rol
l
edr at
eby
meansofascr ewar r
angementorbyapi stonpl
unger .Themouldiskeptcoldtoallowthehot
pl
astict
ocur eandbecomer i
gid.Whent hemat eri
alhav ebeencur
edsuffi
cient
ly,halfofthe
moul di
sopenedt oall
owtheinject
ionoft hefi
nishedar t
icl
ewit
houtanydeformation.heati
ng
i
sdonebyoi lorelect
ri
cit
y.
1.ADVANTAGE:-Thismet hodhashighspeedpr
oduct
ion,l
owmouldcost,
ver
ylowcostof
materi
alandlowfinishi
ngcost.Henceiti
sthemostwidel
yusedmethodf
ormouldi
ngof
ther
moplasti
cs.
2:
-DI
SADVANTAGE:-
Sincealar
geamountofcav
iti
escannotbef
il
ledsi
mul
taneousl
y,t
her
eis
l
imit
ati
onofdesi
gnofart
icl
estobemoul
ded.

-
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--
--
--
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--
--
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--
--
--
--
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--
--
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--
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--
--
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--
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--
--
--
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--
--
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--
--
--
--
--
Q3]
(b)
(i
)Expl
aint
het
erm‘
phase’
wit
happr
opr
iat
eexampl
es. (
3)
Ans:
-1.PHASE:Aphasei
sdef
inedasanyhomogenous,
phy
sical
l
ydi
sti
nctandmechani
cal
l
y
separabl
eport
ionofasy
stem ,
whi
chi
ssepar
atedf
rom ot
herpar
tsoft
hesy
stem bydef
ini
te
surf
ace.Example:
-
 I
naf r
eezingwat ersy
stem i
ce,
waterandwat
erv
apourar
ethet
hreephaseswhi
char
e
phy
sical
lydist
inctandhomogenous.
 Agaseousmi
xtur
ewhi
chi
sthor
oughl
ymi
sci
blei
nal
lpr
opor
ti
onconsi
stsofasi
ngl
e
phase.
 I
ftwol
i
qui
dsar
emi
sci
blet
heywi
l
lfor
m onel
i
qui
dphaseonl
y.
 Thermaldecomposi
ti
onofCaCO3consi
stsoft
hreephasesnamel
y,t
wosol
i
dsandone
gaseous.
 Ami
xtur
eofCaOandCaCO3consi
stsoft
wophases.

 Twoi
mmi
sci
blel
i
qui
dsl
i
kewat
erandoi
lwi
l
lfor
mtwosepar
atephases.

-
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--
--
--
Q3](
b)(
ii
)Di
scusst
her
oleofgy
psum dur
ingt
hemanuf
act
uri
ngofPor
tl
and
cement. (2)
Ans:
-C3Ar
eadi
l
ycombi
neswi
thwat
erandl
i
ber
atesal
argeamountofheat
.Theaddedgy
psum
ret
ardsthedissol
uti
onofC3Abyf orminginsolubl
ecal
cium sulpho-
aluminat
e
3CaO.AlO.
2 3
xCaSO4.
7H2O.Thi
sreacti
onpr event
shighconcentrati
onofaluminai
nthecement
sol
utionwhichretar
dstheearl
yinit
ialsetofthecement.

-
--
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--
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--
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--
--
--
Q3]
(c)Cal
cul
atet
het
otalhar
dnessi
nppm i
ngi
venwat
ersampl
e.
:50mlofst
andardhar
dwat
er,
cont
aini
ng1mgpur
eCaCO3permlconsumed20ml
EDTAsolut
ion.
:50mlofwat
ersampl
econsumed30mlEDTAsol
uti
onusi
ngEBTi
ndi
cat
or. (
4)
Ans:
- 1mlSHW ≡ 1mgofCaCO3eq.

∴ 50ml
SHW ≡ 50mgofCaCO3eq.

50mlofSHW ≡ 20mlofEDTAsol
uti
on.
20mlofEDTA ≡ 50mgofCaCO3eq.

50
∴ 1ml
ofEDTA ≡ mgofCaCO3eq.
20
= 2.
5mgofCaCO3eq.

50mlofwat
ersampl
e ≡ 30mlofEDTAsol
uti
on.

1000×30
∴ 1000ml
ofwat
ersampl
e ≡
50
= 600mlofEDTAsol
uti
on
1mlofEDTA ≡ 2.
5mgofCaCO3eq.

∴ 600ml
ofEDTA ≡ 2.
5×600
= 1500mgofCaCO3eq.

∴ Tot
alhar
dnessofwat
ersampl
e =1500mg/
L
=1500ppm.

-
--
--
--
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--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
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--
--
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--
Q4](
a)Explai
nthezeol
it
emethodforsof
teni
ngofwatergi
vi
ngsui
tabl
edi
agr
am
andreact
ions.Whatar
ethel
i
mi t
ati
onsofthi
smethod. (
6)
Ans:
-Zeol
i
tei
schemi
cal
l
yhy
drat
edsodi
um al
umi
nosi
l
icat
eNa2O.
Al O.
2 3
xS
i yH2Owher
O2. ex=2
t
o10andy
=2t
o6.t
her
ear
etwot
ypesofzeol
i
te(
1)Nat
uralzeol
i
te(
2)Sy
nthet
iczeol
i
te.
PROCESS:
-
Zeoli
tesoft
enerismadeupofacy li
nderi
nwhichtherei
sabedofzeoli
te.Har dwateri
s
percol
atedthroughthebedofzeol
i
teataspeci
fi
cr at
e.Thehar
dnessproducingionslkeCa2+,
i
2+
Mg etcarer et
ainedbythezeol
i
tefor
mingCaZeandMgZe.Theoutgoi
ngwat ercontai
nssodium
sal
ts.
Ther
eact
ionst
aki
ngpl
acedur
ingt
hesof
teni
ngpr
ocessar
e:-
Na
2
(HCO3)2 → CaZe+ 2NaHCO3
Ze+ Ca

Na
2
(HCO3)2 → MgZe+2NaHCO3
Ze+ Mg
 Na
2
Ze+Ca
Cl2
(orCaSO4)→ CaZe+ 2NaCl(orNa2SO4)
Na
2
Ze+ Mg
Cl2
(orMgSO4)→ MgZe+2NaCl(orNa2SO4)

REGENERATI
ONOFZEOLI
TE:
-
Duri
ngsof t
eningofwaterCa2+andMg2+ionsareretai
nedbyzeolitef
ormingCaZeandMgZei .
e.,
cal
cium zeol
it
eandmagnesi um zeolit
e.Onceallthezeoli
tegetscompletel
yconvert
edtoCaZe
andMgZei tissaidtobeexhausted.Atthisst
agezeol i
tei
sunabl et
osoftenmor eofthehar
d
water.Thesupplyofhardwateristhenstopped.Theyexhaustedzeoli
tewhichisCaZeand
MgZei str
eatedwithconcentrat
edbrinesolut
ioni.e.
,NaClsol
ution.
Ca
Ze+ 2Na
Cl→ Na
2
Ze+ Ca
Cl2

Mg
Ze+ 2Na
Cl→ Na
2
Ze+Mg
Cl2

Thewashingcont
aini
ngCaCl
2
andMgCl
2
ar
edi
scar
dedandt
her
egener
atedzeol
i
tei
susedagai
n
forsof
teni
ngofwater
.
LI
MITATI
ONSOFZEOLI
TE:
-
1.I
fthesupplyofwateri
stur
bid,t
hesuspendedmatt
ermustberemov
edbeforethewat
er
i
sadmi t
tedtothezeol
it
ebed.Other
wiset
hetur
bidi
tywi
l
lclogt
heporesofzeol
i
tebed
t
herebymakingiti
nacti
ve.
2.Ifwatercont ai
nl ar
gequanti
ti
esofcolour onssuchasMn2+andFe2+,
edi theymustbe
remov edf i
rstbecausethesei
onsproducemanganeseandi
ronzeol
it
es,whichcannotbe
easi
lyr egenerated.
3.Mineralacids,
ifpresenti
nwaterdestr
oythezeoli
tebedandther
eforetheymustbe
neutr
alisedwithsodabeforeadmit
tingthewatert
othezeol
it
esofteningplant
.

-
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--
--
--
Q4](
b)(i
)6gmsofoilwassaponi
fi
edwit
h50mlof0.
5Nalcohol
i
cKOHsolut
ion.
Aft
errefl
uxi
ngf
or2hour st
hemixtur
ewasti
tr
atedwi
th25ml0.5NHCl
.Fi
ndthe
saponi
fi
cati
onval
ueofOil. (3)
Ans:
-Gi
venDat
a :
-Wei
ghtofoi
l=6mgs Bl
ankt
it
rat
ionr
eadi
ng=50ml=V2
Backt
it
rat
ionr
eadi
ng=25ml=V1
Sol
uti
on :
-Vol
umeof0.
5NKOHr
equi
redf
orsaponi
fi
cat
ioni
nter
msof0.
5NHCl
=V2–V1=50–25=25ml
Vol
umeofKOH×Norma l
it
yofKOH×56
Saponi
fi
cat
ionv
alueofoi
l=
we
ightofoil
25×0.
5×56
= =116.
66mgofKOH
6
Ther
efor
etheSaponi
fi
cat
ionv
alueoft
heoi
li
s116.
66mgofoi
l
.

-
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--
--
Q4]
(b)
(i
i)Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weent
hewetanddr
ypr
ocessf
ormanuf
act
uri
ngof
Por
tl
andcement. (2)
Ans:
-
DRYPROCESS WETPROCESS
1.Thi
sisusedwhent
her
awmat
eri
alar
e 1.Thi
sisusedf
oranyt
ypeofr
awmat
eri
al.
hard.
2.
Fuelconsumedi
sless. 2.
Fuelconsumedi
smor
e.
3.
Processi
ssl
ow. 3.
Processi
sfast
er.
4.
Cementpr
oducedi
sofi
nfer
iorqual
i
ty. 4.
Cementpr
oducedi
sofsuper
iorqual
i
ty.
5.
Cost
lypr
ocess. 5.
Cheaperpr
ocess.

-
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--
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--
--
--
--
--
--
Q4]
(c)Di
scusst
hef
oll
owi
ngaddi
ti
vesi
ncompoundi
ngofpl
ast
ics
(
a)Fi
l
ler
s (
b)Pl
ast
ici
zer
s. (
4)
Ans:
-:-1.
FILLERS(
orEXTENDERS)
.
Fi
ll
ersareaddedtoabasepoly
mertol
owert
hemanuf
act
uri
ngcastofapr
oductmadef
rom i
t.
Funct
ionsoffi
ll
ersar
easfol
lows:
 Reduci
ngt
hecostofpl
ast
ic.
 I
ncr
easest
het
ensi
l
est
rengt
handhar
dness.
 Reducest
hef
lexi
bli
ty.
 Decr
easest
heshr
inkagedur
ingmoul
ding.
 Gi
vesopaci
tyt
othepr
oduct
.
 Exampl
es:
-mi
ca,
tal
c,asbest
os,
sawdust,
chal
ket
c.
2.
PLASTI
CIZERS.
ThePlasti
cizermolecul
eoccupiesbet
weenthepol
ymericchai
nsandneut
ral
izest
he
i
nter
mol ecularf
orcesofat
tract
ionandthusal
l
owsfreedom ofmovement
.Thefunct
ionsof
pl
asti
cizersareasfoll
ows:
-
 I
ncr
easest
hepl
ast
ici
tyoft
hepl
ast
ics.
 Lowersthesoft
eni
ngt
emper
atur
eandhencemoul
dingandr
emoul
dingcanbedoneat
l
owt emperat
ure.
 I
mpar
tsf
lamespr
oof
ness.
 Reducesr
esi
stancet
owar
dschemi
cal,
sol
vent
set
c.
 Exampl
es:
-est
ersoff
att
yaci
ds,
veget
abl
esoi
l
set
c.

-
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--
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--
--
--
--
--
--
Q5]
(a)
Wri
tenot
eon(
anyt
wo)
:-
(
a)Gl
asst
ransi
ti
ont
emper
atur
e (
b)Buna-
S (
c)Vul
cani
sat
ion (
6)
Ans:
-1.
GLASSTRANSI
TIONTEMPERATURE:
-
Thetemper at
ureatwhi chpolymerexperiencethetransi
ti
onf r
om rubberyt origi
dst ateis
ter
medast he‘Glasstransit
iontemperature’( .
Tg)Thebehaviourofapol ymeri stemper atur
e
sensi
ti
ve.Glasstransi
tiontemperaturei
sal sodefi
nedast helowestt emper at
urebel owwhi ch
thepol
y merbecomeshar dandbrit
tleandabov ewhi chi
tbecomessof tandf l
exible.The
poly
merbecomest oosof t
,thati
tbehavesl i
keaf l
uidcall
edast heviscofluidstate.The
temperatur
eatwhi chthesof t
,fl
exi
blepolymergoest ot
hev i
scoflui
dst ateiscalledt hemelti
ng
temperatur
eTm.

Fact
orsI
nfl
uenci
ng Tg.

1.
Crossl
i
nki
ngi
ncr
easest
heTgv
alue.

2.
Presenceofbul
kygr
oupsi
ncr
easest
heTgv
alue.

3.
Addi
ti
onofpl
ast
ici
zerdecr
easest
heTgv
alue.

4.
Pol
ymer
shav
ingst
rongi
nter
mol
ecul
arf
orcesofat
tr
act
ioni
ncr
easesTgv
alue.

5.
Pol
arsi
deat
omsorgr
oupsofat
omsi
ncr
easest
heTgv
alue.
 2.BUNA-
S(orSTYRENERUBBER)
 PREPARATI
ON:
Thi
sisthemostimpor
tantt
ypeofsy
nthet
icr
ubberwhichispr
oducedbycopoly
mer i
zat
ion
ofbut
adiene,
CH2=CH-CH=CH2(75% bywei
ght)andstyr C6H5CH=CH2(
ene, 25% byweig )
ht.

 PROPERTI
ES
1.
St yr
ener
ubberr
esembl
esnat
uralr
ubberi
npr
ocessi
ngchar
act
eri
sti
csaswel
lasqual
i
tyof
fi
nishedpr
oduct
s.
2.
Itposseshi
ghabr
asi
on-
resi
stance,
highl
oad-
bear
ingcapaci
tyandr
esi
l
ience
3.
Itswel
l
sinoi
l
sandsol
vent
s.
 USES
1.
Mai
nlyusedf
ort
hemanuf
act
ureofmot
ort
yres.
2.Ot
herusesoft
hisel
ast
omerarefl
oorti
l
es,shoesol
es,gasket
s,f
oot
-wearcomponent
s,wi
re
andcabl
einsul
ati
ons,
car
petbacki
ng,adhesi
ve,t
ank-
li
ning,
etc.

3.VULCANI
ZATI
ON:
-
Whenr ubberisheatedwithsul
phur,
itst
ensi
lestrengt h, elast
ici
tyandresi
stancetoswel
li
ngare
i
ncreasedtremendously.Thi
sprocessisnamedasVul canizati
on.Vulcani
zati
onbri
ngsabouta
sti
ff
nessoft herubberbyanchori
ngandrestr
ict
ingt hei ntermolecul
armov ementofther
ubber
spri
ngs.Thev ul
canizat
ioncanbecarri
edoutinsev eralway s:
-
1.Thear
ti
cl
etobev
ulcani
sedi
sheat
edwi
thast
eam underpr
essur
e.
2.Thear
ti
cl
eisi
mmer
sedi
nhotwat
erunderpr
essur
e.
3.Byheat
ingt
hear
ti
clei
nai
rori
ncar
bondi
oxi
de.
4.Byv
ulcani
zi
ngt
hear
ti
clei
nthemoul
dinwhi
chi
tisshaped.
PROPERTI
ESOFVULCANI
ZEDRUBBER.
 Hi
ght
ensi
l
est
rengt
h.
 El
ast
ict
olesserext
ent
.
 Wat
erabsor
pti
oni
ssmal
l
.
 Donotswel
lmuchi
nor
gani
csol
vent
s.
 Bet
terabr
asi
onr
esi
stance.

-
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--
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--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Q5]
(b)
(i
)Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weenBODandCOD. (
3)
Ans:
-
BOD COD
1.
Itmeanstheoxy
gendemandofbi
o-degr
adabl
e 1.
Itmeasur estheoxygendemandfor
pol
lut
antsonl
y. bi
o-degradablepoll
utant
salongwi
th
non-bi
odegr adabl
epoll
utant
s.
2.Lessst ablemeasurementmet hodasituses 2.Morest
ablemeasurementmethodas
mi cr
o-organism whicharesusceptibl
etopH, i
tusespotassi
um di
chromatewhich
temper atureandothervari
abl
eint hewater
. oxidi
sesr
egardl
essofwatercondi
ti
on.
3.
Slowpr
ocess.I
ttakes5day
s. 3.
Fastpr
ocess.I
ttakes2-
3hour
s.
4.
BODv
aluesar
egener
all
ylesst
hanCODv
alues. 4.
CODvaluesar
egener
all
ygr
eat
ert
han
BODval
ues.
5.
COD=
5.
(V1-V2)×N×8000
Volumeofundil
utedsampl
e Y
BOD =(
DOb-DOi)
×
Volumeofdi
lute
ds a
mple.

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Q5]
(b)
(i
i)Def
ineOi
l
iness.Whati
sit
ssi
gni
fi
cance (
2)
Ans:
-Oi
l
inessofal
ubr
icanti
sthemeasur
eofi
tscapaci
tyt
ost
ickont
othesur
faceofmachi
ne
par
tsundercondi
ti
onofpr
essur
eorl
oad.Whenal
ubr
icat
ingoi
lofpooroi
l
inessi
sappl
i
edunder
highpr
essure,i
tgetssqueezedoutfrom t
hesurfaceandthel
ubri
cati
onstops.Ift
heoilhas
goodoil
inessi
tcanr emai
ninplaceandcangivelubri
cat
ionev
enunderpressure.Miner
aloi
l
hasverypooroi
li
nesswhereasv eget
abl
eoilspossessgoodoi
li
ness.Nodirectt
estareavai
labl
e
formeasuri
ngoil
iness.

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--
Q5]
(c)Discusstheappl
icat
ionofPhaser
ulet
otheonecomponentsy
stem based
on:
Diagr
am, tr
ipl
epoint
. (4)
Ans:
-Phaser
ulehel
pst
ost
udydi
ff
erentequi
l
ibr
iaandcl
assi
fyt
hem accor
dingl
y.I
tindi
cat
es
behavi
ourofthesyst
em underaparti
cul
arsetofconditi
ons.Dif
ferentsystemswiththesame
degreeoff
reedom behaveinasi
milarmanner.Helpstofindoutunderasetofconditions
whetheral
lsubst
ancesinvolv
edinanequil
ibr
ium canexistoraparti
cularphasesceasesto
exi
storwhetheranytr
ansformat
ionhastakenplace.
Onecomponentsy
stem wi
tht
hephasedi
agr
am.
Inwaterthereisonlyonecomponenti .
e.,
wat erandi
tst
hreephases:i
ce,wat
er,st
eam which
aresoli
d,li
quid,andgaseousrespecti
vel
y.Figurebel
owrepresent
sphasedi
agram orpr
essur
e
v/stemperaturediagr
am fort
hewat ersystem.
Thr
eecur
vesOA,
OB,
andOCr
epr
esent
stheequi
l
ibr
ium condi
ti
onsbet
weent
wophasessol
i
d

wi
thv
apour,
vapourwi
thl
i
qui
dandl
i
qui
dwi
thsol
i
dphaseofwat
er.

CurveOBr epr
esentstheequil
ibr
ium betweenl i
quidandvapour.Iti
sknownasv apor
izati
on
curve.Hereal
soi ti
snecessar
ytost at
eeithertemperatur
eorpr essure.E.
g.,
atatmospheric
pressure,waterandvapourcanexisti
nequi l
ibri
um onl
yat1t emper atur
ei.
e.,t
heboili
ngpoint
ofwat er
.Water-vapoursy
stem hasonedegr eeoff r
eedom F=C-P+2=1.
CurveOCr epr
esentstheequili
bri
um betweensoli
dandl i
quidphaseofthewater
.Thiscurvei
s
knownasf usi
onpressureormel ti
ngpointcurv
e.Alongthiscurvet
her
ear etwophasesin
equil
ibr
ium t
hati
siceandwat er
.Atatmosphericpressur
e,iceandwatercanbeinequi
li
bri
um
onlyatonetemperaturei
.e.
,thefreezi
ngpointofwater.
Wehav
eC=1,
P=2t
hus,
F=C-
P+2=1.
TRIPLEPOINT:-Thethr
eecurv esOA,OB,andOCmeetatOatwhi
chsol
id,
liqui
dandvapourco-
exi
stinequil
i
brium.Thi
spointat273.16K(0.
0075℃)and4.
58mm ofHgpressurei
scal
led
Tri
plepoi
nt.Thesystem i
sinvari
ant
.
F=C-
P+2 ∴ F=3-
P=3-
3=0 ∴F=0
Thismeanst hedegreeoffreedom iszerot her
eforenei
therpressur
enortemper
aturecanbe
changedwithoutcausi
ngt hedisappearanceofoneoft hephases.Ifeit
hert
emperatur
eor
pressur
eischangedev enslight
ly,oneoft hethreephasesdisappearsandt
hesystem changes
fr
om non-vari
enttounivar
iant.

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Q6]
(a)Def
inelubri
cant
sandlubri
cati
on.Menti
onthevari
ousmechani
sms
i
nvol
vedinlubri
cat
ionofmachine.Di
scussboundar
ylubr
icat
ion. (
6)
Ans:
-Anysubst
ancepl
acedbet
weent
womov
ingorsl
i
dingsur
faceswi
thav
iewt
oreducet
he
f
ri
cti
onalr
esi
stancebet
weent
hem i
sknownasl
ubr
icant
.
Lubri
cant
smaybeusedinsoli
d,l
iqui
dorsemisol
idfor
m.Thepr
ocessofreduci
ngfr
ict
ion
betweentwomet
all
i
csli
dingsurf
acesbythei
ntr
oducti
onofl
ubr
icant
siscal
ledasl
ubri
cati
on.
BOUNDARYorTHI
N-FI
LM LUBRI
CATI
ON.
Boundaryl
ubricat
ionoccurswhenthefi
lmthi
cknessbet
weentwosurfacesinrel
ati
vemoti
onis
sothi
nsot hatthefor
mat i
onhydr
odynamicoilf
il
misnotpossi
bleandresul
tindi
rectmet
al-
metalcont
act.Suchasituati
onmayarisewhen.
1.Thel
oadi
sver
yhi
gh.
2.Ashaf
tst
art
sfr
om r
est
.
3.Lowspeedr
esul
ti
ngi
ninsuf
fi
cientsuppl
yofoi
l
.
4.Vi
scosi
tyoft
heoi
li
stool
ow.
Inboundar yl
ubricat
ionthespacebet weenthemetalsurf
aceislubri
cat edwithoillubri
cantsa
thi
nlay erofwhichisabsor bedchemical
lyorphysi
cal
lyandav oi
ddirectmet altomet alcontact
.
Thet hinfi
lm wi
llhavethicknessaround10A°andconsistsofoneort womol ecularlayer
s.The
coeffici
entoffr
icti
onisabout0. 05to0.15.thel
oadiscarr
iedbythel ayeroftheabsor bed
l
ubricantorbothmet alsurfaces.Theextentwit
hwhichthelubri
cantget sadheredt othemet al
surf
acedependsonoi li
nessofl ubr
icant
.
Mineraloil
sblendedwit
hv eget
abl
esandani
maloi
l
s,gr
aphi
temol
ybdenum di
sul
phi
deet
car
e
usefulforboundaryl
ubr
icati
on.
Gear
s,r
ail
way
str
ackj
oint
s,t
ract
ors,
rol
l
erset
car
epr
ovi
dedwi
tht
hist
ypeofl
ubr
icat
ion.
Forboundar
ylubr
icat
iont
obeef
fect
ivemol
ecul
esshoul
dhav
e:-
1.Longhy
drocar
bonchai
ns.
2.Pol
argr
oupst
opr
omot
espr
eadi
ngandor
ient
ati
onov
ert
hemet
all
i
csur
facesathi
gh
pr
essur
e.
3.Lat
eralat
tract
ionbet
weent
hechai
ns.
4.Act
ivegr
oupsorat
omst
hatcanf
orm chemi
call
i
nkageswi
tht
hemet
alsorot
hersuf
aces.

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Q6]
(b)
(i
)Whati
sreducedorcondensedphaser
ule. (
3)
Ans:
-Insomesy
stems,
anequi
l
ibr
ium exi
stsbet
weensol
i
d–l
i
qui
dphasesandgaseous
phaseispr
act
ical
l
yabsent.Hencet
heef
fectofpr
essur
eonsuchsy
stem canbenegl
ect
ed.
Theniti
s
Necessar
ytot
akei
ntoaccountonl
ytwov
ari
abl
esv
iz.t
emper
atur
eandconcent
rat
ion.
Suchsystem showingsoli
d–li
quidequi
l
ibr
ium i
scal
l
edcondensedsy
stem andphaser
ule
appl
iedtosuchsy st
em isasf
oll
ows:-

F=C–P+1…knownascondensedphaser
ule.

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Q6]
(b)
(i
i)Di
scussRev
erseOsmosi
s. (
2)
Ans:
-Whent
wosol
uti
onsofunequalconcent
rat
ionsar
esepar
atedbyasemi
per
meabl
e
membr anewhichsel
ect
ivelydoesnotper mitt
hepassageofdi ssol
vedsolut
epar ti
cles,
i.
e.,
molecules,i
onsetcf
lowofsol venttakespl
acefrom di
lut
et oconcentr
atedsidesduet o
osmosis.Ifahydr
ost
ati
cpr essureinexcessofosmoticpressureisappl
iedont heconcentr
ated
si
detodi l
utesi
deacr
osst hemembr ane.
Thisprocessiscal
ledasrever
seosmosis.Thusi
nrever
seosmosi
smethodspur
esolventi
s
separatedfr
om it
scontaminat
es,r
athert
hanremovi
ngcontami
nant
sfr
om thewater
.

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Q6](
c)Whatar
ecarbonnanot
ubes.whatar
eit
sty
pes.Di
scusst
hel
asermet
hod
fori
tspr
oduct
ion. (
4)
Ans:
-Car
bonnanot
ubesr
epr
esent
soneoft
hebestexampl
esoft
henov
elnanost
ruct
ures
deri
vedbybot t
om-upchemicalsynthesi
sapproaches.Nanotubeshavethesimplestchemical
composi t
ionandatomicbondingconfi
gurati
onbutexhibi
tperhapsthemostextremedi v
ersi
ty
andrichnessamongnanomat eri
ali
nst r
uctur
eandst r
uctur
e-proper
tyrel
ati
ons.Thediff
erent
ty
pesofcar bonnanotubesareasfoll
ows;
1.SI
NGLEWALLEDNANOTUBES.
2.MULTI
WALLEDNANOTUBES.
LASER VAPORI
ZATI
ON METHOD.
Thismet hodisusedt opr
oduceCNT’ swi th70%pur i
ty.I
nthi
sprocess, agr aphiterodwi th
50:50cat al
ystmixturesofcobaltandni ckelat1200℃ i nfl
owingargoni susedt opr epare
sampl e.Theuniformv apor
izati
onoft hetargetcanbeachievedbyusingt heinitiall
aser
vaporizati
onpulsef ol
lowedbyasecondpul se.Theamountofdeposi ti
onofcar bonsooti s
pri
mar il
ymi ni
mizedbyt heusageoft heset wosuccessivel
aserpulses.Thel argepar t
iclesar e
brokenbyappl yi
ngt hesecondlaserpul se.TheCNT’ sproducedthrought hi
spr ocessar e10-
20nm i ndiaand100μm ormor einlengt h.Theaveragenanotubediamet erandsi zedistributi
on
canv aryfordif
ferentgrowthtemper ature,catal
ystcompositi
on,andot herprocesspar amet ers.
DRAWBACKS.
1.Thismethodinvolvesevapor
ati
onofcar
bonsour
ce,
soi
tisuncl
eart
oscal
eupt
he
product
iont
oi ndustr
iall
evel
.
2.Vapor
isat
ionmet hodsgr
owCNT’
sinhi
ghl
ytangl
edf
orm,
mixedwi
thunwant
edf
ormsof
Candmet alspecies.
3.CNT’
spr
oducedar
edi
ff
icul
ttopur
if
y.

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