A.

Who were the Ilustrados and how did various 19th century
development created them? At least 5 sentences (10 pts)

Ilustrados, also called gente de razón (people of reason), generally belong to the middle class but
some are from poorer families. Philippines emerged as one of the top exporting countries in 19th
century, giving many Indio’s and Chinese mestizos business opportunities increased the
movement of trade and led to the creation of new agricultural methods. Filipino merchants and
small-scale businesses became prominent because of many economic opportunities. Historical
consciousness Because of the access to books, many Filipinos had an idea of their past, inspired
by the uprisings in Germany.Jesuits were expelled from the country to Spain and then to Italy
and the Manila archbishop turned to native priests to govern parishes. Reason: political
maneuvering and economic success
 B. Summarize the Calamba Agrarian Trouble of 1880s. (short answers
only. One sentence each)

 Cause

A financial hardship to the tenants, and worsened by other factors such as poor harvests,
crops destroyed by the unfavorable weather and pestilence

 Reaction from Rizal’s family and tenants

Rizal’s older brother and the tenants asked him to conduct an investigation regarding the
controversial fertile lands owned by the Dominican friars in relation to the agricultural problem
that pitted the tenants against the wealthy powerful owners.

 Actions taken by the tenants

The other tenants followed suit and refused to pay rentals.

 Rizal findings
1. The hacienda of the Dominican Oder comprised not only the lands around
Calamba, but also the town of Calamba.
2. High rates of interests were charged the tenants for delayed payments of
rentals, and when the rentals could not be paid, the hacienda management
confiscated their carabaos, tool, and homes.
 Aftermath

Upon his return from Europe in 1887, the beleaguered Calamba farmlands tenants, led by his
own brother Paciano, asked Rizal to conduct an investigation into the controversial fertile lands
owned by the Dominican friars in relation to the agricultural problem that pitted the tenants
against the wealthy powerful owners.
 C. Modern Day Cabesang Tales: Search for a news about a modern day
Cabesang Tales (individual group) and summarize the news. 2000 and
up only. Answer:

Hacienda Luisita

o Where and when

Tarlac, Philippines on November 16, 2004

o What land are they fighting for?

The Hacienda Luisita

o Who are they fighting against (corporation, rich clan, or gov't)?

The rich clan, The Aquino-Cojuangco family.

o How is the individual/group similar to Cabesang Tales? At

least 3 sentences.

Ang naghahangad ng karapatan sa pagmamayari ng lupa na sinasaka na

inaangkin ng mga may matataas na posisyon sa pilipinas. The primary difficulty with this piece
of property is who owns it. The Cojuangcos were granted ownership of the property on the
condition that it be subdivided among the tenants. The renters in this case were the farmers.
Later, the planned land allocation at Hacienda Luisita never occurred. The Cojuangcos were able
to modify numerous terms in the agreement in order to keep possession of the land until 2012.