MODULE/UNIT 2B ACTIVITY

Name: Darlene Krizian G. Dayuha Section: A8a56

Instructions: Put your answers in a short size paper. Indicate your name and section.

1. Compare and contrast Apoplastic and Symplastic pathways of water in plants.

Water absorbed from the root hairs travels deeper into the root by two distinct
pathways; the apoplastic pathway and symplastic pathway. It is called an apoplastic
pathway when water travels without having to crossing any membranes of the cell.
This means it only goes through the intercellular air spaces and a continuous cell wall
system, called apoplast. It is symplastic pathway when water passes from cell to cell
through a narrow channel called pasmodesmata.

2. What causes the opening and closing of guard cells of stomata during transpiration?
The opening and closing of guard cells has something to do with the presence of
abscisic acid. It is a plant hormone which causes water pressure within the guard
cells to decrease by triggering the guard cells’ efflux of potassium. This makes the
guard cells to become flaccid, thus closing the stomatal pores.

3. Differentiate sources and sinks.

Sources are the plant structures that performs photosynthesis, thus produces
photosynthates, such as sucrose. Sinks are somewhat the recipient of these products.
These structures could be roots, young shoots and developing seeds which highly
requires energy from the photosynthates.

4. Define transpiration and give some of its significance.

Transpiration is a process in which the water found inside the leaves turns into water
vapor, evaporating to the air through an open pore called stoma or stomata in plural
form. The significant thing about this phenomenon is that it triggers a transpiration
pull, making the water and other essential minerals that is still in the root system to
travels up to the leaves. This also prevents the water from becoming stagnant and
prevents leaf surfaces from overheating with the help of the evaporation.

5. How do root hairs absorb water?

Root hairs absorb water from soil through a process called osmosis. In osmosis,
water will move from higher water concentration or with low solute to the regions
with lower water concentration or with high solute. The root hair has lower water
concentration compared in the soil, therefore water molecules moves into the root
 hairs through osmosis.

6. A plant hormone was first discovered in Japan when rice plants were suffering from Bakanae disease caused
by Gibberella fujikoroi. Based on this information answer the following questions:
a. Identify the hormone involved in this process.
Gibberellin is the plant hormone involved in this process.
b. Which property of this hormone causes the disease?
The ability of the gibberellins to induce a hyper elongation of the stem tissues is
seen as the cause for the intermodal elongation disease of a plant.

7. Name the gaseous plant hormone and describe three different actions of this hormone in plants.
The plant hormone which exists in a gaseous form is the ethylene. Ethylene promotes
ripening of a fruit once the fruit begins producing ethylene, this hormone takes over
and carries on the ripening process.
This gaseous plant hormone also stimulates the senescence aging of the plants
and the abscission shedding of leaf fruit which are observably related. Ethylene
has the ability to increase the destruction of auxins, which are vital in preventing
abscission.
Thirdly, ethylene is considered as a stress-responsive hormones since various stress
condition such as salt stress results to the production of ethylene which can able to
induce a curvature of the leaves in a downward direction or also called epinasty.

8. Explain how the auxin cytokinin ratio affects plant growth.

It able to grow varying plant structure from an undifferentiated cells or callus. Cell
cultures with a ratio wherein there is higher auxin than cytokinin generates into root
systems. On the other hand, in a ratio of high cytokinin to auxin, shoot system will be
produced.
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9. Which plant hormones are considered as growth inhibitors? Why?
Abscisic acid ABA is the plant hormone which inhibits or hinders the growth of the
plant because it has this ability to induce seed dormancy through preventing the
germination of the seed, thus making the seed unable to grow structures. The abscisic
acid promotes the synthesis of storage proteins instead.

10. How does auxin promote phototropism?

Auxins aid in the phototropism of a plant, a phenomenon in which the plant tends to
move away from sunlight, this is because the auxins which are present on the shaded
side of the shoot, thus are not being eradicated of the sunlight are able to promote
division and elongation of cells, the plant then able to bend towards the sunlight, as a
result of a lopsided growth caused by the cell elongation and division with the auxins
inducing it.