Introduction

The scientific trend toward the study of biomass wastes ant its potential utilization for
energy generation become very promising and inevitable for two main reason. First the
most spreading energy source in the whole world start to run out of , to the extent that
the consumption needs already exceeds the production capacity . of course , from time
to other there is new discoveries , but this new discoveries no matter what volume it is ,
never handle the gap between consumption and production . second, the quantity of
agricultural wastes rises dramatically to about tens of million tons , from this
tremendous quantity , only few of it is utilized for second use .

What mentioned above, made it clear for the necessity to turn our focus to seek our
opportunities to produce energy from these millions tons of wastes. The most important
question need to be answered now , How biomass wastes is converted to energy ? To
answer this , we need first to study deeply the nature of these wastes , its exact
composition and physical chemical properties , knowing this will help determine the
appropriate conversion process . Which achieve both energy generation and keep
pollution at the low level .

physicochemical characteristics of the agricultural residues and its relation with energy
potentials is of great importance to achieve the rightful selection . Unluckily there is a
shortage in the data available for different agricultural wastes in Egypt, hence it is
consequent energy potential. Here comes the need for data evaluated the potential of
waste energy in Egypt based on data for properties of non-Egyptian residues.

The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) method has been used to study biomass’s
thermal cracking and perform pyrolysis and kinetics studies and its related reactions.
Different heating rates (temperature scanning rates) have been studied starting from
very low heating rates such as 1,2,5,10 C/min, while higher heating rates within the
range of 10–40 C/min were also studied.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and differential thermal analysis (DTA)

schemes evaluate the heat flow caused by biomass’s thermal decomposition.
The lignocellulosic structure either crystalline or amorphous have asignificant impact on
the thermal degradation .the impact applies on cellulose . meaning that different
crystallinity lead to different pyrolysis characteristics . The kinetic parameters of
biomass have been obtained from TGA using several models. Two methods, namely
Coats-Redfern (CR) and direct-Arrhenius plot (DA), were also applied to obtain kinetic
parameters. studies are needed to better determine the relationship between biomass’s
structure and the physicochemical characteristics , pyrolysis, and kinetics
characteristics.

To study physicochemical properties, pyrolysis, kinetics, and structural characteristics

several types of agricultural wastes sampled from Egypt, including herbaceous and
woody type residues. These residues include okra stems (OK), ficus tree wood chips
(FW), camphor tree wood chips (CW), desert olive tree woodchips (DOW), and
blueberry tree woodchips (BW)