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Adaptive façades in temperate climates. An in-use assessment of an office

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Conference Paper · October 2016

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.29634.99527

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 Adaptive façades in temperate climates.
An in-use assessment of an office building

Miren Juaristi, Aurora Monge-Barrio

School of Architecture, University of Navarra
Pamplona, Spain, mjuaristi@alumni.unav.es

Abstract
Adaptive façades have emerged strongly in extreme climate countries, as their behaviour contributes to
optimize the energy efficiency of buildings and the well-being of the occupants. Its development in temperate
climates could contribute to the achievement of European environmental objectives for 2020 and 2050.
These will only be obtained if occupants accept and know how to use buildings, hence the need for in-use
assessments of buildings, especially of the most innovative ones. In the literature review, very few post-
occupational evaluations or assessments of Adaptive Façades have been found, even less in temperate
climates, where the façade must adapt to varied conditions at a short time scale. This article shows the Case
Study of an office building, the Media-TIC, located in Barcelona (Spain), which has a Mediterranean Climate
with mild winters and warm summers. Media-TIC has two different Adaptive Facades facing southeast and
southwest, and the innovative technology consists on inflatable sheets and cushions made of ETFE
(Ethylene Tetrafluor Ethylene). The study was conducted with a small sample of occupants distributed in
different floors and orientations of the building. The behaviour of the Adaptive Façades, the occupants’
acceptance in respect to the innovative system and the possibilities for its improvement were analysed.
Keywords: Inflatable ETFE sheets, In-use assessment, Survey of occupants satisfaction

1. Introduction
1.1 Adaptive building skins
Energy demand in buildings has to be reduced as it is established by European environmental objectives by
2020 and 2050. Nowadays, in Europe a third part of the end-user energy is consumed by HVAC and lighting
systems of the buildings. Development of buildings envelopes is needed to reduce that demand in 13% for
the first stage, 2020, and 71% for the second one, 2050. Even if façade and skins play a key role in energy
sustainability targets, architectonic qualities and users comfort and wellbeing cannot be replaced for only
efficient machinery obviating occupants’ well-being. This is why post-occupational evaluations are needed to
ensure that new innovative systems have social acceptation, and their performance is as designed and
simulated. Emerging adaptive façades are one of these innovations systems. They consist on highly
multifunctional and changeable systems that behave depending on interior and exterior conditions
contributing to high levels of occupant’s satisfaction. Adaptiveness can be seasonal, daily or even each
minute. It can be self-adaptive, because the façade is developed with smart materials, or has active controls
with automatic systems [1].
The adaptive building skins concept cannot be considered mature. Even as several subsystems and
components have been developed these last years and some prototypes have been built, only a few built
examples were found with climate adaptive building shells [2] and only a low percentage of them belong to
temperate climates. The assessed building in this research is one of them: the Media-TIC building, known
now as the Barcelona Growth Centre, and located in Barcelona (Spain).
The assessments related with these technologies are even fewer. Some studies about optimization of
primary energy for the development of this technology were made, especially in glazed façades with different
reaction times for an office building case study like Favoino et al research [3]. Mock-ups, prototypes and/or
experiments were also made to measure both the performance and the users´ satisfaction with dynamic
façade, as Karlsen et al research [4] or Favoino et al research [5]. Questionnaires according to the
evaluation of an adaptive facade in different scenarios in a full-scale test room where made by Bakker et al
[6], who conclude that most users had a good experience with the dynamic façade, and having more control
is a “basic requirement for enabling successful operation of CABS” (CABS: Climate Adaptive Building
Shells). In this research, no clear link between automated façade operation and discomfort was found,
although other authors have found evidences about this [2]. A comprehensive initial review about adaptive
facades system assessment was made by Attia et al [7]
We could not find any evaluation of comfort level in a building composed by adaptive façades in a temperate
climate. A post occupational assessment of Media-TIC building is done to evaluate its performance and the
perception of the users. The results are compared with design estimations of the project [8, 9], and also
those summarized by Colturi´s research [10] in order to draw conclusions.

1.2 Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (EFTE) cushions in façades

There are several significant buildings that have EFTE cushions as façade skin. Some of the most
emblematic are Allianz Arena Stadium in Munich (Germany) by Herzog & de Meuron, Mercedes-Benz
Stadium in Atlanta (USA) by BuroHappold, San Mamés Stadium in Bilbao (Spain) by ACXT Architects or The
Eden Project by Grimshaw in London (United Kingdom). Nevertheless, Media-TIC building goes one step
ahead as its cushions are adaptable to exterior and interior climate conditions.
2
The qualities of this innovative building material allow that adaptation. It is light, with a density of 350g/m . It
is elastic and adaptable to any shape. It has a great durability, and the degradation of the material is
prevented, as its UV ratio is 85% confers resistance to the solar radiation. Cleaning is no needed because of
its non-stick quality. It is proven to be compliant with international fire safety standards, and it does not
contribute to the spread of flames or the production of smoke.

2. Understanding the assessed building

2.1 Architectural concept
The Media-TIC building is located in the new 22@ district of Barcelona, where Information Technology
companies were placed as the result of The Urban Regeneration Plan of the industrial neighbourhood Poble
Nou. Cloud 9 Studio, led by Enric Ruiz-Geli, designed the office building and it was constructed between
1997-2007 [8, 9, 10]. The energy study of the building performed was developed by PGI Engineering.
Barcelona (Spain) has a temperate climate with mild winters and warm summers (1.419 Heating Degree
Days, and 588 Cooling Degree Days), being the average annual temperature 15,68ºC, the average cooler
month temperature 8,2ºC and the hotter month temperature 24,1ºC. Located in the latitude 41º16’, it has an
2
average annual global Radiation of 3.995Wh/m , and the relative humidity is remarkable with an annual
average of 74%.
Three main types of activities are developed in the building: public and private disclosure of new medias,
small offices for entrepreneurs and offices for the property developer. Ground floor, mezzanine and first floor
include exhibit areas, classrooms and an Auditorium for a 300 audience close to the entrance hall.
Between the second and fifth floor a business “incubator”, for Media start-ups is located. Floor plan is divided
into many small offices arranged around the main façades and the rectangular courtyard that ends in the
centre of the southwest façade. Last three floors are designed for the rental of offices, with open, flexible
floor plans.

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Figure 1: Media-TIC, Barcelona. The entrance hall Figure 2: Media-TIC, Barcelona. First Floor:
provides exhibitions and disclosure areas for dissemination and training areas in new
private and public Media and Technology technologies and Medias.
companies.

Figure 4: Media-TIC, Barcelona. Sixth Floor: Figure 3: Media-TIC, Barcelona. Second Floor:
Flexible-opened area enables the rental and Start-up offices as flexible “boxes”.
easy disposition of offices.

2.2 Building´s Skin

The building has four facades: the Northwest facade, virtually blind since it hosts the communications and
services; the Northeast facade, consisting of a regular curtain wall with interior and manual screens as
shading systems; the Southeast; and the Southwest. The latter ones are adaptive facades of EFTE; being
their skin changed depending on the external conditions. Different solutions were adopted, as the solar
radiation that each façade receives is different.
2.2.1 Southeast façade: patterned EFTE cushion
The southeast façade (facing Sancho d’Avila street, so also named SA skin) is exposed to solar radiation
approximately 6h per day and receives 2.000W/h, according to the previous studies. To control solar gains,
innovative adaptive building skin of ETFE was designed. It consists of various inflatable elements. There are
four types:
- Type A: It is composed of three EFTE layers leaving two air chambers between them. The first layer is
transparent, the second and the third have a pattern of reverse design that, to deflate and couple, causes
shade and creates a single opaque layer. The air chambers between different layers not only slightly
improve thermal insulation, but also enable the control of solar radiation through a pneumatic system and a
pressure sensor located in each cushion. The air of the interior of the cushion is managed individually
through a lighting sensor. It can also be manipulated and scheduled with an IP address. This way, the solar

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factor is controlled, ranging from the 0,35 when it is open, to 0,25 when it is closed, according to the
estimation made in the project. Furthermore, lighting sensors are located in the first 3m of the façade to
control the energy consumption of the artificial lighting.
-Type B: double-layer system. The outer layer contains silver circles and the interior is composed of ETFE
coloured in green. The solar factor is around 0,55.
-Type C: double-layer system. The outer layer is transparent and the interior is composed of ETFE coloured
in green. The solar factor is around 0,65.
-Type D: double-layer system. The outer layer is transparent and the interior contains silver circumferences.
The solar factor is around 0,50.

Figure 5: The cushions generate shade when they are deflated. The pneumatic system allows light to go in
the building changing the pressure of air in the chamber.

Figure 6: Media-TIC, Barcelona. Southeast façade. Figure 7: Media-TIC, Barcelona. Inflatable

EFTE element through a pneumatic system. 104
sensors with smalls CPU are connected to each
cushion.

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2.2.2 Southwest façade: double layered EFTE cushion
The southwest façade (also named CAC skin, because this
street separates Media-TIC from de Catalan Audiovisual
Council) is exposed to a strong input of heat energy from direct
sunlight, with 6 hours per day and 6.000W/h, according to
previous studies. Due to climate conditions; this radiation is
very variable even during the same day. To respond to it and
preserve both the transparency and the comfort of the user,
new adaptive skin was developed for this project. It consists of
two ETFE sheets filled with nitrogen and oil coalescence to
provide the necessary shading. This shading varies depending
on the density of the air, obtaining the desired solar filter. Thus
the solar factor (g) goes from 0,40 to 0,10. The system is
activated automatically to changing conditions through a
network of temperature sensors. Nitrogen Fog Prototype was
tested at Vector Foiltec headquarter (Bremen, Germany)

Figure 8: Media-TIC, Barcelona.

Southwest façade
2.3 Energy performance of the building
District 22@ has a district heating and cooling system. Seawater helps in the production of cold, while
vapour generated by urban waste is used to produce heat. This system supplies heat and cold, saving 20%
of the energy, according to the project´s calculations [10]. Inside the building, the control of the HVAC system
is variable, as we could verify in the assessment. The users of first and second floors control their
thermostat, whereas the maintenance team of the building controls the other floors.
Part of the electricity consumed in the building comes from the photovoltaic panel located in the roof,
reducing the fossil energy required and emissions a 10%. The previous studies suggest that with ETFE
shading systems, the CO2 emissions due to cooling consumption is reduced in 55%. According to normative,
the energy performance certification of the building is A, with 66,1 kg CO 2/m2·of total emissions [8]. Besides
the water supplied through the urban network, the roof collects water from the rain, and it is kept in a water
tank located in the basement floor.

3. Post occupational assessment

3.1 Methodology
A post occupational study is very important to understand how buildings work, and especially those ones
who are innovative as those with adaptive facades. However, ad hoc POE methodologies for adaptive
facades do not exist. [7]
This post occupational evaluation of the Media-TIC Building is based on surveys about wellness and usage
patterns. The study consists of online surveys, some of which were made face to face. Special effort was
made to collect information from different floors and orientations. In addition, energy consumption data were
required from different agents involved in the building, without any success.
The surveys were developed based on well-known comfort standards as UNE EN 15251 [11], ISO 7730 [12]
and ASHRAE 55 [13], joint to questions related on purpose to the adaptive façade. The structure of the
questionnaire has five main parts:
- A. General data about the occupant: age, gender, level of activity, clothing in winter and summer,
typical schedule in winter and summer, situation of the working place in the building (main
orientation, floor, distance to the façade or the windows)

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 - B. Thermal and lighting comfort in winter: general thermal sensation and level of satisfaction with the
temperature, personal knowledge about the origin of discomfort in case it exists (directly related to
adaptive façade or to HVAC system) and when it is more likely to be given, level of satisfaction with
illumination, problems with the illumination level if it exists.

- C. Behaviour of the adaptive façade in winter: question about what element of their façade is
adaptive (to know if the occupants know the special characteristics of it), comfortability or level of
satisfaction with it, causes of the discomfort related to adaptive facades in case they exist, devices
that they can control manually (curtains, blinds, thermostat, windows openings, etc.) including the
necessity of extra personal devices and if occupants would like that some manual devices existent in
the building were adaptive.

- D. Thermal and lighting comfort in summer: the same than B but for summer conditions.

- E. Behaviour of the adaptive façade in summer: the same than C but for summer conditions.

3.2 Studio
In total, 19 test subjects (9male, 10 female) have participated in the assessment. Most of the participants
were between the ages of 25-50 years, and filing-seated (supposed 1,2met) was the main working position.
All the subjects knew the building because they work there regularly. The schedule of the occupants work is
flexible, being the entrance between 8-10h and the exit between 15-19h.
As most studies based on surveys, they are very difficult to obtain, because in general people do not like to
participate in these studies and the access to the offices in Media-TIC building is not allowed to people that
do not work there. It is remarkable that the answers are distributed throughout the building (Fig.9); from
ground floor to eighth floor, there is at least one answer per floor, except from the ninth floor. 45% of them
are located close to an adaptive façade, and there are also responses of people that are located close to the
patio (west), curtain wall (east), and the service area.

Figure 9: Location of subjects surveyed. In total 19 questionnaires were answered over the whole building
(note: the subjects who are not situated on the floors, respond to the uncertainty in the answers)

3.3 Results and analysis of design hypotheses

The questionnaire reveals that as first and basic passive measure, occupants’ behaviour is adequate, as the
clothing was in general appropriate to the season: 70% dress adequately in winter and 84% in summer,
although 20% of them need to go more wrapped up than they desire.
It is also notable HVAC function, as the building does not have a uniform control system. It varies depending
on the floor. Educational and business “incubator” areas have the control of their own thermostat (25% of
surveyed people), whereas rental offices and ground floor are controlled by maintenance service. Therefore,

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adaptive façade inputs are not connected to the air conditioning or heating system, so the adaptability of the
skin only works according to natural lighting, and does not perform in a holistic way.
Adaptability of the building is not only automatic, as 55% of interviewees have manual control of interior
curtains. 50% of the occupants would not wish other devices in an automatized way.
3.3.1 Thermal and lighting comfort in winter
50% of the survey respondents consider that there is not an adequate thermal comfort level in winter (See
Chart 1). 15% of them demand control of the thermostat. It is curious that only 10% are conscious of the
adaptability of the facades in winter, even if 45% are sitting next to EFTE´s skins, and they think that
frequency of change is too small. 20% would like to be able to control them selves the façade manually.
Thermal comfort is always difficult to measure. However, more specific answers helped us to a better
understanding of the building. Chart 1 shows heterogeneous results when users were asked about thermal
sensation. 22% of them assure that discomfort comes from the adaptive façade, while 67% think that it is
due to the HVAC system. 70% of the surveyed feel discomfort before 11am, as the HVAC does not have a
proper timing (taking into account that the building does not work on weekends). The problem of the heating
system is also reflected in the feedback of 25% of interviewees, as they need to bring their own heater to
adjust thermal comfort, or wear extra clothes for the season.
General lighting satisfaction is showed in Chart 1. Although one of the main objectives of the façade design
was to prevent lighting problems, there are still aspects to improve performance. 40% of the users have no
problems with the light, 25% has glare problems and 15% has not enough natural light, especially the ones
that are sitting close to the core of the building in divided spaces.

Chart 1: Intervieweers' answers in winter conditions

3.3.2 Thermal and lighting comfort in summer

The perception of thermal comfort in summer is slightly better, even if 55% is still discontent (See chart 2)
due to different reasons. The appreciation of the façade is divided: 50% does not want them adaptable, while
40% would like to become automatic the manual systems. More people want the control of the thermostat in
summer, 20% against 15% in winter.
The results are similar to winter conditions, with heterogeneous results and same perception of cooling
problems (68%) compared to the 37% that believes it is due to adaptive façade. Nevertheless, discomfort is
not concentrated in any period of the day.
General lighting satisfaction is showed in Chart 2. Lighting problems are practically the same as in winter:
glare (45%) and not enough natural lighting (20%) in some parts of the building. There is also a problem of
excess light for the 20% of the users. It is remarkable that 50% of the people are conscious of the
adaptability of SE and SW façade in summer, much more than in winter, when they were only the 10%.

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 Chart 2: Intervieweers' answers in summer conditions

4. Discussion
4.1 Measuring comfort level: complexity of assessment methods
Both in summer and winter charts, the heterogeneous results are evident. Post-occupational assessment
does not only evaluate objective data to verify if the building works in the expected way, it also assumes the
complexity of each user asking about their sensation and satisfaction with thermal and lighting comfort.
The need of POE is evident to recalibrate buildings systems and help clarify evident disturbances. In this
assessment, for example, the glare problem was evident according to the responses.

4.2 Post occupancy evaluation and monitoring

There is no evidence that the design team of Media-TIC building has made post occupancy monitoring and
assessment, although we have tried to find those data. Post-occupational evaluation after the building
construction should be as important as mock-ups, laboratory tests, and energy simulations, especially with
innovative systems, as the reality is always more complex and diverse. Our assessment was not as
complete as we would like, because getting the permission of the owner to monitor the building and collect
energy consumption data is really hard if you have not been in the design team or work in the building.
It would be also helpful to involve users in the adjustment of the system explaining to them the way it
operates. This way subjective appreciations would be included in the general performance. Large proportion
of the interviewees never thought about the reason of discomfort or the innovative aspect of the building, and
they were positively surprised when they know about the pioneering system. A better involvement of the
occupants would be probably helpful to improve the building´s performance.

4.3 Advantages of adaptive façades in office buildings in temperate climate

Adaptive façades are especially interesting in temperate climates, as they should deal with variable
conditions even in the same day, and have to react in a different way in winter and summer conditions. The
reaction time of the façade is crucial to adapt in such changeable boundary conditions, especially in lighting
terms. We could assess that reaction time is not fast enough in Media-TIC to prevent glare, even if the
system could resolve that easily as each cushion has its own sensor and CPU. In addition, EFTE cushions
are really flexible to shape adaptations. CABS should not find theatrical, impressive performance with each
change, as its architecture nature could be damaged. Nevertheless, user satisfaction studies, as the one led
by Bakker, show that smooth façade transitions are not as decisive as the efficiency of each change [6].
Office building is an adequate typology to develop adaptive façades. A shared space makes it difficult to
personalize adaptation, and automation could ensure the standard comfort level and responsible
consumption, although some kind of personal control is clearly showed by occupants in different researches.
A variety of users working in the same space is a complex and variable interior boundary condition for a
façade to deal with.

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On the other side, designed open spaces can be partitioned along their use time without taking into account
the adaptability of the façade (as done in some floors of Media-TIC) and its involvement in a better
performance of the building, to ensure a low energy demand and an adequate comfort for occupants, in
terms of thermal and lighting sensations. Both in the design phase and in the in-use phase the possibility of
change on the work space should be considered, taking into account a necessary flexibility of the
architecture is a must due to the long life of buildings.

4.4 Coherent and holistic architectural design

Innovation should always have the objective of improving the performance of existing systems. While
designing innovative façade systems, Architecture cannot be forgotten nor its holistic understanding. EFTE
skins that were analysed in this article are definitely advances in the development of adaptive building
façades, although the design project could have had more coherence to achieve better results.
Besides, in the architectural design, the decision of placing the services and communications in an opaque
façade oriented to the north could be improved. Barcelona’s climate and current technology allows offices to
face north without great heat loses and with homogenous natural light provided without glare problems. The
main reasons to develop EFTE skins were adverse solar radiation conditions, but glare problems could be
avoided through an adequate design from the beginning of the project.
Innovation in the district cooling and heating system is shadowed due to the varied solutions of HVAC
systems in the building, without the expected results. Neither the complete automation that does not care
about users´ sensation, nor the manual control that can bring to some irresponsible behaviour, are optimal
options. Adaptive façades should be connected or interact to HVAC systems to perform in a holistic way. In
addition, the occupant should have a range of operations to adapt the comfort level without threatening
responsible energy consumption.

5. Conclusions
This post occupancy assessment analyses human factors that indicate the comfort level of building users.
There is a clear thermal and lighting dissatisfaction, although not all of it can be associated to the adaptive
façade. Most of the occupants are open to innovative systems but they would not renounce completely to
manual control. The presence and use of interior curtains or the appreciation of the thermostat, demonstrate
it. On the other hand, the two EFTE skin systems designed for this building were developed to solve lighting
problems without renouncing to transparency. There are still some lighting problems, as glare, associated to
these façades, but they could be easily recalibrated. Cushions with individual sensors and CPU could help
on that.
It seems logical to establish a dialog between users and the designing team when you test a unique, new
system. Both users and technicians need to understand the complexity and its real function to ensure a
successful performance. Human complexity is not easily predictable, so a POE would help to calibrate the
system. In addition, users´ implication always helps in a responsible building use. Understanding the building
would avoid, for example, the uncontrolled compartmentalisation of the building that disables the holistic
performance of heating, cooling and lighting.
More research in product development and post occupancy assessments in buildings are needed to answer
for the complexity of office buildings in temperate climates, especially with adaptive facades, if we have to
achieve low energy buildings and occupants comfort as some of the main goals of responsible buildings.

6. Acknowledgments
We would like to thank María Martinez Ruidiaz and Rita Riba Estape, and all the occupants of Media-TIC
building that have kindly accessed to participate in the study.
In addition, the authors would like to gratefully acknowledge COST Action TU1403 “Adaptive Facades
Network” for providing excellent research networking.

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 7. References
[1] A. Luible, “Memorandum of understanding for the implementation of an European Concerted
Research Action designated as COST Action TU1403. Adaptive Facades Network. 2014
[2] R.C.G.M. Loonen, M. Treka, D. Cóstola, and J.L.M. Hensen, “Climate adaptive building shells: State-
of-the-art and future challenges”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 25, 2013, pp.
483-493.
[3] F. Favoino, Q. Jin, M. Overend, “Towards an ideal adaptive glazed façade for office buildings”, Energy
th
Procedia (6 International Conference on Sustainability in Energy and Buildings 2014, SEB-14) Vol
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[4] L. Karlsen, P. Heiselberg, I. Bryn, H. Johra “Solar shading control strategy for office buildings in cold
climate”, Energy and Buildings, Vol. 118, 2016, pp 316-328.
[5] F. Favoino, F: Goia, M. Perino and V. Serra “Experimental assessment of the energy performance of
an advanced responsive multifunctional façade module”, Energy and buildings, Vol. 68, pp.647-659.
[6] L.G. Bakker, E.C.M. Hoes-van Oeffelen, R.C.G.M. Loonen, J.L.M. Hensen, “User satisfaction and
interaction with automated dynamic facades: A pilot study”, Building and Environment, Vol. 78, 2014,
pp. 44-52.
[7] S. Attia, F: Favoino, R. Loonen, A. Petrovsky and A. Monge-Barrio “Adaptive facades system
th
assessment: An initial review”, 10 Conference of Advanced Building Skins, Bern, 2015, pp. 1275-
1283.
[8] http://www.ruiz-geli.com/projects/built/media-tic
[9] http://www.22barcelona.com/content/view/41/427/lang,es/
[10] P. Colturi “Distrito 22@:el edificio Media-TIC en el marco del desarrollo de un área de excelencia”,
Escola Técnica Superior d’Enginyers de Camins, Canals y Ports. Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya.
[11] UNE-EN 15251:2008 “Parámetros del ambiente interior a considerar para el diseño y la evaluación de
la eficiencia energética de edificios incluyendo la calidad del aire interior, condiciones térmicas,
iluminación y ruido”
[12] UNE-EN ISO 7730:2005, “Ergonomía del ambiente térmico. Determinación analítica e interpretación
del bienestar térmico mediante el cálculo de los índices PMV y PPD y los criterios de bienestar
térmico local” (ISO 7730:2005)
[13] ASHRAE 55-2010 “Condiciones de ambiente térmico para ocupación interior”

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